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ABSTRACT During exercise in the heat, sweat output often at the beginning of exercise but incurs hyphohydration (a body
exceeds water intake, resulting in a body water deficit (hypohy- water deficit) over a prolonged period. Hypohydrated persons who
dration) and electrolyte losses. Because daily water losses can be exercise in the heat will incur significant adverse effects (9). Hypo-
substantial, persons need to emphasize drinking during exercise hydration increases physiologic strain, decreases exercise perfor-
as well as at meals. For persons consuming a normal diet, elec- mance, and negates the thermoregulatory advantages conferred by
trolyte supplementation is not warranted except perhaps during high aerobic fitness (10, 11) and heat acclimation (10, 12). If stren-
the first few days of heat exposure. Aerobic exercise is likely to uous exercise is performed by hypohydrated persons, the medical
be adversely affected by heat stress and hypohydration; the consequences can be devastating (13, 14).
564S Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72(suppl):564S72S. Printed in USA. 2000 American Society for Clinical Nutrition
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE SUPPLEMENTATION 565S
TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Hypohydration increases core temperature responses during
exercise in temperate (11, 53) and hot (12, 41) climates. A critical
deficit of 1% of body weight elevates core temperature during exer-
cise (54). As the magnitude of water deficit increases, there is a
concomitant graded elevation of core temperature during exercise
FIGURE 5. Effects of hydration level and climatic temperature on
heat stress (41, 55). Relations between body water loss and core
submaximal work output (17). BWL, body weight loss from dehydration.
temperature elevations reported by studies that examined several
water deficits are shown in Figure 6 (33). The magnitude of core
Hypohydration (2% BWL) was achieved by diuretic administra- temperature elevation ranges from 0.1 to 0.23 C for every percent-
tion (furosemide), which decreased plasma volume by 11%. age point of body weight lost (17, 41, 55, 56).
FIGURE 8. Local sweating rate and forearm skin blood flow (FBF) response data for euhydrated (Eu) () and hypohydrated () [5% body weight
loss (BWL)] persons during exercise heat stress.
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE SUPPLEMENTATION 569S
RESEARCH NEEDS
FIGURE 9. Subjective thirst sensation of younger () and older ()
Older adults, persons with cystic fibrosis, and persons who
men during exercise heat stress and the relation between drinking behav-
ior and thirst sensation.
have suffered a spinal cord injury all have unique problems
associated with fluid and electrolyte balance during exercise
heat stress; additional research is needed on all 3 of these
(33). Together, these findings support the notion that hyperhydra- groups. For example, older adults (> 55 y) have reduced thirst
tion might reduce the thermal and cardiovascular strain of exercise. sensation, less ability to concentrate urine, and reduced poten-
The mechanisms responsible for the lower exercise core tem- tial to dissipate body heat (9698). The reduced thirst sensation
peratures in the hyperhydrated state remain unclear. Several older persons experience when fluid homeostasis is challenged
studies reported that overdrinking before exercise lowers body (96) is illustrated in Figure 9 from the research of Mack et al
core temperature before exercise (84, 85), but this is likely due (98). Those investigators compared younger (1828 y) and older
to the energy cost of warming the ingested fluid. In these stud- (6578 y) persons for thirst sensation and fluid intake during
ies, exercise per se did not exacerbate the difference that existed exercise heat stress. After this perturbation, both groups were
before exercise. Hyperhydration, therefore, apparently did not hypohydrated by 2.5% BWL, and thirst sensation and fluid
improve heat dissipation during the exercise period. Other stud- intakes were lower in the older group. However, when matched
ies, however, reported greater exercise sweating rates when sub- fluid intakes were plotted against thirst sensation, the 2 groups
jects were hyperhydrated (84, 85, 90). In addition, Grucza et al drank the same amounts. Thus, older persons have a reduced
(87) found that sweating began earlier when subjects were thirst sensation, but for a given thirst sensation, they have the
hyperhydrated. The findings of these last 4 studies suggest that same drinking behavior. This observation is important in light of
hyperhydration may improve heat dissipation during exercise the reduced ability of older persons to conserve water and elec-
heat stress. trolytes in their kidneys when challenged by body water
Although many studies have tried to induce hyperhydration deficits. Research issues include the testing of strategies [eg,
by having subjects overdrink water or take water-electrolyte adding solute to stimulate thirst (2)] to optimize fluid and elec-
solutions, these approaches have resulted in only transients trolyte replacement in these populations and the effects of hypo-
expansions of body water. Often, much of the fluid overload is hydration on thermoregulation in this group.
rapidly excreted (91). Evidence has accrued that greater fluid Persons with cystic fibrosis, a multisystem disorder that alters
retention can be achieved with an aqueous solution containing sweat gland function, suffer a high incidence of heat injury or ill-
glycerol (91, 92). Riedesel et al (92) were the first to report that ness, probably because of fluid or electrolyte imbalances (99,
after hyperhydration with a glycerol solution, subjects excreted 100). They have high sweating rates and very high sweat sodium
significantly less of the water load than did those consuming chloride losses that are not abated by heat acclimation (100). In
water alone. addition, cystic fibrosis patients have suppressed thirst sensations
Lyons et al (90) studied whether glycerol-mediated hyperhy- because of the high sweat solute losses, which reduce the osmotic
dration improves thermoregulatory responses to exercise heat drive for thirst (2, 8, 99). Together, these factors cause large body
stress. Subjects completed 3 trials in which they exercised in a water deficits during exercise heat stress (99). If cystic fibrosis
hot (42 C) climate. For one trial, fluid ingestion was restricted to patients are forced to drink, however, they tolerate the consumed
5.4 mL/kg body wt, and in the other 2 trials subjects ingested fluid as well as do their healthy counterparts (99). Research
570S SAWKA AND MONTAIN
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