1

Circuit Variables and Circuit

Elements

Drill Exercises

Z 1
DE 1.1 q = 20e5000t dt = 4000 C
0

dq di di 1
DE 1.2 i = = tet ; = (1 t)et ; =0 when t = ;
dt dt dt

1 1
Therefore imax = = = 10 A
e 0:03679e

DE 1.3 [a]

Therefore
(a) v = 20 V; i = 4 A; (b) v = 20 V, i = 4A
(c) v = 20 V, i = 4 A; (d) v = 20 V, i = 4A
[b] Using the reference system in Fig. 1.3(a), p = vi = (20)(4) = 80 W, so
the box is absorbing power.
[c] The box is absorbing 80 W.

1
 2 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

Z 1
DE 1.4 p = vi = 20 104 e10;000t W; w= 20 104 e10;000t dt = 20 J
0

DE 1.5 p = 800 103 1:8 103 = 1440 106 = 1440 MW

from Oregon to California

DE 1.6

The interconnection is valid:

is = 10 + 15 = 25 A

p100V = 100is = 2500 W (absorbing)

p10A = 100(10) = 1000 W (generating)

100 + vs 40 = 0 so vs = 140 V

p15A = 15(140) = 2100 W (generating)

p40V = 15(40) = 600 W (absorbing)

X
pdev = p10A + p15A = 3100 W

X
pabs = p100V + p40V = 3100 W

X X
pdev = pabs = 3100 W

DE 1.7 [a] vl vc + v1 vs = 0; il Rl ic Rc + i1 R1 vs = 0

is Rl + is Rc + is R1 vs = 0

[b] is = vs =(Rl + Rc + R1 )

DE 1.8 [a] 24 = v2 + v5 v1 = 3i5 + 7i5 (2i5 ) = 12i5

Therefore i5 = 24=12 = 2 A
[b] v1 = 2i5 = 4 V
[c] v2 = 3i5 = 6 V
[d] v5 = 7i5 = 14 V
 Problems 3

[e] p24 = (24)(2) = 48 W; therefore 24 V source is delivering 48 W.

DE 1.9

i2 = 120=24 = 5 A
i3 = 120=8 = 15 A
i1 = i2 + i3 = 20 A

200 + 20R + 120 = 0

R = 80=20 = 4

DE 1.10 [a] Plotting a graph of vt versus it gives

Note that when it = 0, vt = 25 V; therefore the voltage source must be 25

V. When vt is zero, it = 0:25 A, hence the resistor must be 25=0:25 or
100.
A circuit model having the same v i characteristic is a 25 V source in
series with a 100 resistor.
 4 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

[b]

25
it = = 0:2 A; p = (0:2)2 (25) = 1 W:
125
DE 1.11 [a] Since we are constructing the model from two elements, we have two
choices on interconnecting them|series or parallel. From the v i
characteristic we require vt = 25 V when it = 0. The only way we can
satisfy this requirement is with a parallel connection. The constraint that
vt = 0 when it = 0:25 A tells us the ideal current source must produce
0:25 A. Therefore the parallel resistor must be 25=0:25 or 100.

[b]

vt vt
0:25 + + = 0; 5vt = 25; vt = 5 V
100 25
vt2
p= = 1 W:
25

Problems

dq
P 1.1 i= = 24 cos 4000t
dt

Therefore, dq = 24 cos 4000t dt

 Problems 5

Z q(t) Z t
dx = 24 cos 4000y dy
q(0) 0

sin 4000y t
q(t) q(0) = 24
4000 0

But q(0) = 0 by hypothesis, i.e., the current passes through its maximum
value at t = 0, so q(t) = 6 103 sin 4000t C = 6 sin 4000t mC

P 1.2 p = (6)(100) 103 = 0:6 W; w = (0:6)(3)(60)(60) = 6480 J

P 1.3 Assume we are standing at box A looking toward box B, then p = vi.

[a] p = (120)(5) = 600 W from A to B

[b] p = (250)(8) = 2000 W from B to A
[c] p = (150)(16) = 2400 W from B to A
[d] p = (480)(10) = 4800 W from A to B

P 1.4 [a]

p = vi = (40)(10) = 400 W
Power is being delivered by the box.
[b] Entering
[c] Gain

P 1.5 [a] p = vi = (60)(10) = 600 W, so power is being absorbed by the box.

[b] Entering
[c] Lose

P 1.6 [a] Looking from A to B the current i is in the direction of the voltage rise
across the 12 V battery, therefore p = vi = 12(30) = 360 W.
Thus the power ow is from B to A, and Car A has the \dead" battery.
Z t Z t
[b] w = p dx = 360 dx
0 0

w = 360t = 360(1 60) = 21:6 kJ

 6 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

Z t
P 1.7 p = vi; w= p dx
0
Since the energy is the area under the power vs. time plot, let us plot p vs. t.

p(0) = (6)(15 103 ) = 90 103 W

p(216 ks) = (4)(15 103 ) = 60 103 W

1
w = (60 103 )(216 103 ) + (216)(30) = 16:2 kJ
2

Note: 60 hr 216;000 s = 216 ks

P 1.8 [a] p = vi = 30e500t 30e1500t 40e1000t + 50e2000t 10e3000t

p(1 ms) = 3:1 mW
Z t
[b] w(t) = (30e500x 30e1500x 40e1000x +
0
50e2000x 10e3000x )dx
= 21:67 60e500t + 20e1500t + 40e1000t
25e2000t + 3:33e3000t J
w(1 ms) = 1:24J
[c] wtotal = 21:67J

P 1.9 [a] v(20 ms) = 100e1 sin 3 = 5:19 V

i(20 ms) = 20e1 sin 3 = 1:04 A
p(20 ms) = vi = 5:39 W
 Problems 7

[b]
p = vi = 2000e100t sin:2 150t

100t 1 1
= 2000e cos 300t
2 2
= 1000e100t 1000e100t cos 300t
Z 1 Z 1
100t
w = 1000e dt 1000e100t cos 300t dt
0 1 0( )1
e100t e100t

= 1000 1000 [100 cos 300t + 300 sin 300t]
1000 (100)2 + (300)2
0
100
= 10 1000 = 10 1
1 10 + 9 104
4

w = 9 J

P 1.10 [a] 0 t 10 ms:

v = 1000t V; i = 0:6 mA; p = 0:6t mW
10 t 25 ms:
v = 10 V; i = 0:6 mA; p = 6 mW
25 t 35 ms:
v = 75 2500t V; i = 0 mA; p = 0 mW
35 t 60 ms:
v = 50 + 1000t V; i = 0:4 mA; p = 20 400t mW
60 t 70 ms:
v = 50 + 1000t V; i = 0 mA; p = 0 mW
70 t 80 ms:
v = 20 V; i = 0:5 mA; p = 10 mW
80 t 90 ms:
v = 180 2000t V; i = 0 mA; p = 0 mW
90 t 95 ms:
v = 180 2000t V; i = 0:9 mA; p = 162 1800t mW
95 t 100 ms:
v = 200 + 2000t V; i = 0:9 mA; p = 180 + 1800t mW
 8 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

1
[b] w(25) = 2
(6)(10) + (6)(15) = 120 J
w(60) = 120 + 12 (15)(6) 12 (10)(4) = 145 J
w(90) = 145 (10)(10) = 45 J
w(100) = 45 12 (10)(9) = 0 J

P 1.11 [a] p = vi = (2e500t 2e1000t ) W

dp
= 1000e500t + 2000e1000t = 0 at t = 1.4 ms
dt
pmax = p(1:4 ms) = 0:5 W
Z
1 2 500t 2 1
[b] w = [2e500t 2e1000t ] dt = e e1000t
0 500 1000 0

= 2 mJ

P 1.12 [a] p = vi = 900 sin(200t) cos(200t) = 450 sin(400t) W

Therefore, pmax = 450 W
[b] pmax (extracting) = 450 W
Z 5103
[c] pavg = 200 450 sin(400t) dt
0
3
cos 400t 2:510
4 225
= 9 10 = [1 cos 2] = 0
400 0
180 180
[d] pavg = [1 cos 2:5] = = 57:3 W

P 1.13 [a] q = area under i vs. t plot

h i
1
= 2
(5)(4) + (10)(4) + 12 (8)(4) + (8)(6) + 12 (3)(6) 103
= [10 + 40 + 16 + 48 + 9]103 = 123;000 C
 Problems 9

Z Z
[b] w = pdt = vi dt
v = 0:2 103 t + 9 0 t 15 ks
0 t 4000s
i = 15 1:25 103 t
p = 135 8:25 103 t 0:25 106 t2
Z 4000
w1 = (135 8:25 103 t 0:25 106 t2 ) dt
0
= (540 66 5:3333)103 = 468:667 kJ
4000 t 12;000
i = 12 0:5 103 t
p = 108 2:1 103 t 0:1 106 t2
Z 12;000
w2 = (108 2:1 103 t 0:1 106 t2 ) dt
4000
= (864 134:4 55:467)103 = 674:133 kJ
12;000 t 15;000
i = 30 2 103 t
p = 270 12 103 t 0:4 106 t2
Z 15;000
w3 = (270 12 103 t 0:4 106 t2 ) dt
12;000

= (810 486 219:6)103 = 104:4 kJ

wT = w1 + w2 + w3 = 468:667 + 674:133 + 104:4 = 1247:2 kJ

P 1.14 [a] p = vi
= 400 103 t2 e800t + 700te800t + 0:25e800t
= e800t [400;000t2 + 700t + 0:25]
dp
= fe800t [800 103 t + 700] 800e800t [400;000t2 + 700t + 0:25]g
dt
= [3;200;000t2 + 2400t + 5]100e800t
dp
Therefore, = 0 when 3;200;000t2 2400t 5 = 0
dt
so pmax occurs at t = 1:68 ms.
[b] pmax = [400;000(:00168)2 + 700(:00168) + 0:25]e800(:00168)
= 666 mW
 10 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

Z t
[c] w = pdx
Z0t Z t Z t
2 800x 800x
w = 400;000x e dx + 700xe dx + 0:25e800x dx
0 0t 0
400;000e800x
4 2
= [64 10 x + 1600x + 2] +

512 10 6
t t 0
700e800x e800x

(800x 1)

+ 0:25
64 104 800
0 0
When t = 1 all the upper limits evaluate to zero, hence
(400;000)(2) 700 0:25
w= + + = 2:97 mJ.
512 106 64 104 800

P 1.15 [a] p = 0 t < 0; p=0 t>3s

p = vi = t(3 t)(6 4t) = 18t 18t2 + 4t3 mW 0t3s
dp
= 18 36t + 12t2 = 12(t2 3t + 1:5)
dt
dp
= 0 when t2 3t + 1:5 = 0
dt p p
3 96 3 3
t = =
2p 2 p
t1 = 3=2 3=2 = 0:634 s; t2 = 3=2 + 3=2 = 2:366 s
p(t1 ) = 18(0:634) 18(0:634)2 + 4(0:634)3 = 5:196 mW
p(t2 ) = 18(2:366) 18(2:366)2 + 4(2:366)3 = 5:196 mW
Therefore, maximum power is being delivered at t = 0:634 s.
[b] pmax = 5:196 mW (delivered)
[c] Maximum power is being extracted at t = 2:366 s.
[d] pmax = 5:196 mW (extracted)
Z t Z t
[e] w = pdx = (18x 18x2 + 4x3 )dx = 9t2 6t3 + t4
0 0

w(0) = 0 mJ w(2) = 4 mJ
w(1) = 4 mJ w(3) = 0 mJ
 Problems 11

P 1.16 [a] p = vi = 12 105 t2 e1000t W

dp
= 12 105 [t2 (1000)e1000t + e1000t (2t)]
dt
= 12 105 te1000t [t(2 1000t)]
dp
= 0 at t = 0; t = 2 ms
dt
We know p is a minimum at t = 0 since v and i are zero at t = 0.
[b] pmax = 12 105 (2 103 )2 e2 = 649:61 mW
 12 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

Z 1
[c] w = 12 10 5
t2 e1000t dt
(0 1 )
e1000t
5 6 2
= 12 10 [10 t + 2;000t + 2]

= 2:4 mJ
(1000)3 0

P 1.17 [a] From the diagram and the table we have

pa = va ia = (46:16)(6) = 276:96 W (del)
pb = vb ib = (14:16)(4:72) = 66:8352 W (abs)
pc = vc ic = (32)(6:4) = 204:80 W (abs)
pd = vd id = (22)(1:28) = 28:16 W (del)
pe = ve ie = (33:60)(1:68) = 56:448 W (del)
pf = vf if = (66)(0:4) = 26:40 W (del)
pg = vg ig = (2:56)(1:28) = 3:2768 W (abs)
ph = vh ih = (0:4)(0:4) = 0:16 W (abs)
X
Pdel = 276:96 + 28:16 + 56:448 + 26:40 = 387:9680 W
X
Pabs = 66:8352 + 204:80 + 3:2768 + 0:16 = 275:072 W
X X
Therefore, Pdel 6
= Pabs and the subordinate engineer is correct.
[b] We can also check the data using Kirchho's laws.
From Fig. P1.17 the following equations should be satised:
ia ib id = 0 (ok)
ib + ic ie = 0 (no)
if ia ic = 0 (ok)
id = ig (ok)
ig + ie + ih = 0 (no)
ih = if (ok)
Using Kirchho's current law, it appears ie is in error.
From Kirchho's voltage law we have
vb va vc = 0 (ok)
vd vb + ve + vg = 0 (ok)
ve + vc + vf + vh = 0 (ok)
Therefore all the voltages are consistent with Kirchho's voltage law.
Assume ie is in error. Therefore,
ie = ib + ic = ig ih = 4:72 6:40 = 1:28 0:4 = 1:68 A
So the error is in the sign of ie ; ie equals minus 1:68 A.
Correcting
X ie leads
X to
Pdel = Pabs = 331:52 W
 Problems 13

P 1.18 pa = va ia = (48)(12) = 576 W (abs)

pb = vb ib = (18)(4) = 72 W (del)
pc = vc ic = (30)(10) = 300 W (abs)
pd = vd id = (36)(16) = 576 W (abs)
pe = ve ie = (36)(8) = 288 W (del)
pf = vf if = (54)(14) = 756 W (abs)
pg = vg ig = (84)(22) = 1848 W (del)
X
Pdel = 72 + 288 + 1848 = 2208 W
X
Pabs = 576 + 300 + 576 + 756 = 2208 W
X X
Therefore, Pdel = Pabs = 2208 W

P 1.19 [a] From an examination of reference polarities, the following elements employ
the passive convention: a; c; e; and f .
[b] pa = 56 W (del)
pb = 14 W (del)
pc = 150 W (abs)
pd = 50 W (del)
pe = 18 W (del)
pf = 12 W (del)
X X
Pabs = 150 W; Pdel = 56 + 14 + 50 + 18 + 12 = 150 W.

P 1.20 (a) 9 (b) 7 (c) 4 (d) va {Ra , vb {Rb , vc {Rc (e) 6

(f) (1) va { Ra { Rd { Rb { vb
(2) Rd { Rf { Re
(3) vb { Rb { Rd { Rf { Rc { vc
(4) vc { Rc { Rf { Ra { va
(5) va { Ra { Rf { Re { Rb { vb
(6) va { Ra { Rd { Re { Rc { vc
(7) vb { Rb { Re { Rc { vc
 14 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

P 1.21 The interconnect is valid since it does not violate Kirchho's laws.

60 + 20 + 40 = 0 (KVL)

8 + 4 12 = 0 (KCL)
X
Pdev = 4(60) + 8(60) = 720 W

X
Pabs = 12(20) + 12(40) = 720 W

X X
Pdev = Pabs = 720 W

P 1.22 [a] Yes, Kirchho's laws are not violated.

[b] No, because the voltages across the independent and dependent current
sources are indeterminate. For example, dene v1 , v2 , and v3 as shown:

Kirchho's voltage law requires

v1 + 20 = v3

v2 + 100 = v3

Conservation of energy requires

8(20) + 8v1 + 16v2 + 1600 24v3 = 0
or
v1 + 2v2 3v3 = 220
 Problems 15

Now arbitrarily select a value of v3 and show the conservation of energy

will be satised. Examples:
If v3 = 200 V then v1 = 180 V and v2 = 100 V. Then

180 + 200 600 = 220 (CHECKS)

If v3 = 100 V, then v1 = 120 V and v2 = 200 V. Then

120 400 + 300 = 220 (CHECKS)

P 1.23 [a] Yes, independent voltage sources can carry whatever current is required by
the connection; independent current source can support any voltage
required by the connection.
[b] 30 V source: absorbing
10 V source: delivering
8 A source: delivering

[c] P30V = (30)(8) = 240 W (abs)

P10V = 10(8) = 80 W (del)
P8A = 20(8) = 160 W (del)
X X
Pabs = Pdel = 240 W
[d] Yes, 30 V source is delivering, the 10 V source is delivering, and the 8 A
source is absorbing
P30V = 30(8) = 240 W (del)
P10V = 10(8) = 80 W (del)
P8A = +40(8) = 320 W (abs)

P 1.24 The interconnection is valid because it does not violate Kirchho's laws.

i = 25 A; 6i = 150 V

200 + 50 (150) = 0

But the power developed in the circuit cannot be determined, as the currents
in the 200 V, 50 V, and 6i sources are unspecied.

P 1.25 The interconnection is not valid because it violates Kirchho's current law:

3 A + (5 A) 6
= 8 A:
 16 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

P 1.26

i = 4 A so ig = 12 A

vo = 100 V

60 + v1 = 100; so v1 = 160 V

v2 80 = 100; so v2 = 180 V
X
Pdev = 180(4) + 100(8) + 60(12) = 2240 W

X
CHECK: Pdiss = 160(12) + 80(4) = 1920 + 320
= 2240 W | CHECKS

P 1.27 The interconnection is valid because it does not violate Kirchho's laws:

pVsources = (100 60)(5) = 200 W:

P 1.28 First there is no violation of Kirchho's laws, hence the interconnection is

valid.
Kirchho's voltage law requires

v1 + v2 = 150 50 = 100 V

The conservation of energy law requires

20v1 10v1 + 10v2 + 500 1500 = 0

or

v1 + v2 = 100

Hence any combination of v1 and v2 that adds to 100 is a valid solution. For
example if v1 = 80 V and v2 = 20 V

Pabs = 80(20) + 10(20) + 50(10) = 2300 W

 Problems 17

Pdev = 1500 + 80(10) = 2300 W

If v1 = 60 V and v2 = 40 V

Pabs = 60(20) + 10(40) + 500 = 2100 W

Pdev = 60(10) + 1500 = 2100 W

If v1 = 100 V and v2 = 200 V

Pabs = 10(100) + 10(200) + 10(50) = 3500 W

Pdev = 20(100) + 10(150) = 3500 W

P 1.29 [a] 1:6 = ig ia

80ia = 1:6(30 + 90) = 192 therefore, ia = 2:4 A
ig = ia + 1:6 = 2:4 + 1:6 = 4 A
[b] vg = 90(1:6) = 144 V
X
[c] Pdis = 2:42 (80) + 1:62 (120) = 768 W
X
Pdev = (4)(192) = 768 W
X X
Therefore, Pdis = Pdev = 768 W

P 1.30 [a] vo = 8ia + 14ia + 18ia = 40(20) = 800 V

800 = 10io
io = 800=10 = 80 A
[b] ig = ia + io = 20 + 80 = 100 A
[c] pg (delivered) = (100)(800) = 80;000 W = 80 kW

P 1.31 [a]

20ia = 80ib ig = ia + ib = 5ib

ia = 4ib
50 = 4ig + 80ib = 20ib + 80ib = 100ib
ib = 0:5 A, therefore, ia = 2 A and ig = 2:5 A
 18 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

[b] ib = 0:5 A
[c] vo = 80ib = 40 V

[d] p4 = i2g (4) = 6:25(4) = 25 W

p20 = i2a (20) = (4)(20) = 80 W
p80 = i2b (80) = 0:25(80) = 20 W
[e] p5V (delivered) = 5ig = 125 W
Check:
X
Pdis = 25 + 80 + 20 = 125 W
X
Pdel = 125 W

P 1.32 [a]

vo = 20(8) + 16(15) = 400 V

io = 400=80 = 5 A
ia = 25 A

P230 (supplied) = (230)(25) = 5750 W

ib = 5 + 15 = 20 A

P260 (supplied) = (260)(20) = 5200 W

X
[b] Pdis = (25)2 (2) + (20)2 (8) + (5)2 (4) + (15)2 16 + (20)2 2 + (5)2 (80)
= 1250 + 3200 + 100 + 3600 + 800 + 2000 = 10;950 W
X
Psup = 5750 + 5200 = 10;950 W
X X
Therefore, Pdis = Psup = 10;950 W
 Problems 19

P 1.33 [a]

v2 = 80 + 4(12) = 128 V
v1 = 128 24(2) = 80 V
v1 80
i1 = = =5A
16 16
i3 = i1 2 = 5 2 = 3 A
vg = v1 + 24i3 = 80 + 72 = 152 V
vg 4i4 = v2
4i4 = vg v2 = 152 128 = 24 V
i4 = 24=4 = 6 A
ig = (i3 + i4 ) = (3 + 6) = 9 A

[b] p8 = (2)2 (8) = 32 W p4 = (6)2 (4) = 144 W

p12 = (2)2 (12) = 48 W p6 = (5)2 (6) = 150 W
p4 = (2)2 (4) = 16 W p10 = (5)2 (10) = 250 W
p24 = (3)2 (24) = 216 W p12 = (4)2 (12) = 192 W
[c] vg = 152 V
[d]
X
Pdis = 32 + 48 + 16 + 216 + 144 + 150 + 250 + 192 + 80(4) = 1368 W
X
Pdel = (152)(9) = 1368 W
X X
Therefore, Pdis = Pdel
 20 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

P 1.34 [a]

v2 = 180 100 = 80 V
v2
i2 = = 10 A
8
i3 + 4 = i2 ; i3 = 10 4 = 6 A

v1 = v2 + v3 = 80 + 6(10) = 140 V
v1 140
i1 = = =2A
70 70

[b] p5 = 82 (5) = 320 W

p25 = (4)2 (25) = 400 W
p70 = 22 (70) = 280 W
p10 = 62 (10) = 360 W
p8 = 102 (8) = 800 W
X
[c] Pdis = 320 + 400 + 280 + 360 + 800 = 2160 W

Pdev = 180ig = 180(12) = 2160 W

P 1.35 [a]
 Problems 21

v
[b] v = 20 V; i = 10 mA; R= = 2 k
i

[c] 2i1 = 3is ; i1 = 1:5is

40 = i1 + is = 2:5is ; is = 16 mA

[d] vs (open circuit) = (40 103 )(2 103 ) = 80 V

[e] vs (open circuit) = 55 V
[f ] Linear model cannot predict the nonlinear behavior of the practical
current source.

P 1.36 [a] Plot the v i characteristic

From the plot:

v (125 50)
R= = = 5
i (15 0)
When it = 0, vt = 50 V; therefore the ideal current source has a current
of 10 A
 22 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

[b]

10 + it = i1 and 5i1 = 20it

Therefore, 10 + it = 4it so it = 2 A

P 1.37 [a]

24 18 6
[b] R = = = 0:25
24 0 24

24
[c] i = = 19:2 A; v = 24 19:2(0:25) = 19:2 V
1:25
24
[d] isc = = 96 A
0:25
[e] isc = 48 A (from graph)
[f ] Linear model cannot predict nonlinear behavior of voltage source.
 Problems 23

P 1.38 [a] Plot the v|i characteristic:

From the plot:

v (420 100)
R= = = 20
i (16 0)
When it = 0, vt = 100 V; therefore the ideal voltage source has a voltage
of 100 V

[b]

it = 100=(20 + 20) = 2:5 A; Therefore, p20 = (2:5)2 (20) = 125 W

P 1.39 [a]

vb = 5(20 + 12) = 160 V

vb + va = 250 V, so va = 90 V
ib = 90=(20 + 10) = 3 A
 24 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

id = 5 ib = 2 A

vc = vb + 10(id ) = 180 V

vd = 250 vc = 70 V = 14(ia ); therefore, ia = 5 A

ic = ia id = 5 2 = 3 A

R = vc =ic = 180=3 = 60

[b] ig = 5 + 3 = 8 A

pg (supplied) = (250)(8) = 2000 W

P 1.40

vab = 240 180 = 60 V; therefore, ie = 60=15 = 4 A

ic = ie 1 = 4 1 = 3 A; therefore, vbc = 10ic = 30 V

vcd = 180 vbc = 180 30 = 150 V;

therefore, id = vcd =(12 + 18) = 150=30 = 5 A

ib = id ic = 5 3 = 2 A

vac = vab + vbc = 60 + 30 = 90 V

R = vac =ib = 90=2 = 45

CHECK: ig = ib + ie = 2 + 4 = 6 A
pdev = (240)(6) = 1440 W
X
Pdis = 1(180) + 4(45) + 9(10) + 25(12)
+25(18) + 16(15) = 1440 W (CHECKS)
 Problems 25

P 1.41 [a] 15:2 = 10;000i 0:80 + (200)30i

16 = (16;000)i

i = 1 mA

200(30i ) + vy + 500(29i ) 25 = 0

vy = 25 6000i 14;500i

Therefore, vy = 4:5 V
X
[b] Pgen = 15:2i + 25(29)i + 0:8i = 741i = 741 mW
X
Pdis = 104 (i )2 + 200(30i )2 + 29i (4:5) + 500(29i )2
= 741 mW.

P 1.42 [a] i2 = 0 because no current can exist in a single conductor connecting two
parts of a circuit.
[b]

60 = 6000ig ig = 10 mA

v = 5000ig = 50 V 6 103 v = 300 mA

2000i1 = 500io ; so i1 + 4i1 = 300 mA; therefore, i1 = 60 mA

[c] 300 60 + i2 = 0, so io = 240 mA.

P 1.43 [a]
26 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements

[b]