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Core Module
1
About CST
Founded in 1992
170 employees
World-wide distribution network
Focus on 3D EM simulation
2
CST Worldwide
CST West Coast CST of America CST Europe CST China CST of Korea AET Japan
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CST Products
Common Easy-To-Use Pre-
CST STUDIO SUITE and Post-processing Engine
RF Simulations
CST CABLE STUDIO
Applications
CST MICROWAVE STUDIO
for Special
CST PCB STUDIO
Our Flagship Product
for RF Simulations CST MICROSTRIPES
Circuit Simulator
Allows Coupling of 3D Models
4
Built-In Help
Mechanisms
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Documentation
<CST_INSTALLATION_DIR>\Documentation\
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Tutorials
Step-by-Step tutorials are available for CST MICROWAVE STUDIO
and CST EM STUDIO.
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Examples Overview
Many pre-calculated examples are available.
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Online Help (I)
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Online Help (II)
- Links to Online Help -
www.cst.com
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CST Support Site
Tutorial Videos
FAQ Section
12
CST User Forum
Ask your questions. Answers are provided by other users or CST engineers.
13
CST Customer Support
CST Malaysia
Phone: +60 (3) 7731 5595
Fax: +60 (3) 7722 5595
Email: info@sea.cst.com
Support available from
9am 5pm
14
CST Training Courses
The training courses for CST STUDIO SUITE provide you with the
knowledge needed for an efficient start with the software.
Currently the following trainings are offered on a regular basis. All
upcoming courses are announced on the CST webpage.
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Basic and Advanced
Modeling
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Common User Interface
Menu Bar
Tool Bars
Primary
Window
Navigation
Tree
Message
17
Customize Your Environment
E.g., define a shortcut key
to call your favorite macro.
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View Options
19
Primitives
Cylinder Cone Torus
Sphere
Rotation
Brick
Elliptical
Hints:
Cylinder Press the tab-key to enter
a point numerically.
Press backspace to delete
a previously picked point.
Extrusion
20
Picks
Pick a point, an edge, or a face in the structure.
Hints:
Press "s" to activate all pick tools.
Picked Point Picked Edge Picked Face To pick a point by given coordi-
nates, press p and the tab-key.
2nd time picking an element
unselects it.
Pick face
Pick circle Pick face (f)
center (a)
center (c)
Pick corner Clear picked elements (d)
point (p)
Pick edge Edge from
center (m) coordinates
Pick point Pick edge (e)
21 on circle (r)
Working Coordinate System
22
Working Coordinate System
24
Boolean Operations
Add Subtract
Brick
Brick + Sphere Brick - Sphere
Basic Curves
Generation
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Curve Modeling Tools Overview (II)
Solids can be created from curves.
Creation of a
Sheet from a
Planar Curve
Extrusion of a
Planar Curve
Sweep Curve
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Curve Modeling Tools Overview (III)
Creation of a
Trace
Creation of
Loft from two
Curves
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Rotation of Profile
Rotation Axis
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Analytical Modeling (I)
3D curves and faces can be created using analytical expressions.
Enter parameterization
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Analytical Modeling (II)
3D curves and faces can be created using analytical expressions.
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Loft Operation
Two picked faces can be used to create a new shape by a loft
operation.
Preview
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Bending
It is possible to bend a sheet on a solid object.
Example:
Creation of a Helix
Sheet
Solid
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Blend and Chamfer Edges
Select edges.
Specify radius.
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Shell Operation
A solid object can be shelled.
Example:
A waveguide bend consisting of three shapes is shelled.
solid2
solid3
solid1
Create a single shape
by a Boolean add.
35
Transform Operation
Existing objects can be translated, rotated, mirrored, and scaled.
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Local Modifications Face Modifications
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Local Modifications Remove Feature
Cutting Plane
Wireframe Mode
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View Options
Several options are available to gain better insight into the structure.
Working Plane
Coordinate Axes
40
Copy / Paste Structure Parts
Ctrl+C stores the selected solids on the active working coordinate
system (WCS) to the clipboard. Ctrl+V pastes the clipboard into the
active working coordinate system.
Copy and paste of structure parts works even between different CST
projects.
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Interactive CAD Modeling Using the Mouse
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Notes
44
Solver Overview
Which solver is best suited to my application?
45
Which Solver is the Best?
Unique answer to this question is not easily possible as the
performance and accuracy depend on many parameters:
Electrical size and geometry of the problem,
Material models and material parameters used,
Resonant behavior of the model,
Type of the mesh and the boundary conditions,
Architecture of the workstation used for the simulation,
etc.
46
Transient Simulation - Behind the Scenes
Excitation Time Signal Output Time Signal
Port 1 Port 2
in out in out
Time Domain Frequency Domain Frequency Domain Calculation
in in
out out
General Purpose
+AR-Filter
for S-parameter
calculation only
Resonant Fast
52
Solver Choice (IV) - Bandwidth
The following rules of thumb apply:
Narrowband Broadband
54
Notes
55
Optional Workflow Example
Patch Antenna Array
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Single Patch Design
Frequency range: 3 8 GHz
Port size:
2*width in y-direction Copper
Substrate (Rogers RT 5880)
5*height in z-direction
40mm
20mm
h = 0.787mm
0.035mm
0.5mm
7.5mm
20mm
w = 2.38mm
40mm
Copper groundplane,
thickness = 0.035 mm
58
Construction (i)
Choose template: Load materials:
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Construction (ii)
Construct the substrate:
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Construction (iii)
Construct the patch:
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Construction (iv)
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Construction (v)
Construct the feed line
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Construction (vi)
Pick point
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Construction (vii)
Construct the feed
gaps
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Construction (viii)
Pick two points to form a
translation vector
Select solid1 by double-
clicking it
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Construction (ix)
Transform solid1 to make a copy
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Construction (x)
Select component patch
Select component solid1
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Construction (xi)
69
Construct Port
70
Construct Port
Construct waveguide port
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Simulation Settings
72
Simulation
Define monitors (E-, H-, Farfield @ 5.25 GHz)
Start transient solver
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Visualize Results
Farfield result
E-field result
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Notes
75
Parameter Sweep
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Parameter Sweep Results: S11
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Optimization of Single Patch
Optimizer Parameters
Optimizer Goal
78
Optimizer Results (i)
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Optimizer Results (iii)
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Farfield Efficiency
Before optimization:
81
Patch Array
82
Combine Farfields (1)
83
Phaseshift = -45 (1R)
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Phaseshift = 135 (2L)
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Combine Farfields (2)
86
Combine Farfields (2)
87
Combine Farfields (2)
1 2
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Farfield Results (L)
89
Farfield Results (R)
90
Feeding Network Design (DS)
lg/4
lg/4
Z0
Z0/sqrt(2)
91
DS MWS co-simulation
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Notes
93
Definition of Ports
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Available Port Types
Ports for S-Parameter Computation
Input: Knowledge of TEM Mode and Input: Area for eigenmode solution
line impedance is required. Output: Pattern of E- and H-field,
Output: Voltage and current line impedance,
Propagation constant
Discrete ports can be used for TEM-like modes, not for higher order
modes (cutoff frequency > 0).
Waveguide ports provide a better match to the mode pattern as well
95
as higher accuracy for the S-parameters.
S
Discrete Ports
S-Parameter Port Current Port Voltage Port
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Discrete Edge Port Definition
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Discrete Face Port Definition
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Available Port Types
Ports for S-Parameter Computation
Input: Knowledge of TEM Mode and Input: Area for eigenmode solution
line impedance is required. Output: Pattern of E- and H-field,
Output: Voltage and current line impedance,
propagation constant
Discrete ports can be used for TEM-like modes, not for higher order
modes (cutoff frequency > 0).
Waveguide ports provide a better match to the mode pattern as well
99
as higher accuracy for the S-parameters.
S
Port Definition (I) Closed Structures
Typically, waveguide ports are defined based on a geometric object. Use the
pick tools to select a unique port plane.
The port size is equal to the smallest rectangular area which includes all picked objects.
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Port Definition (II) Open Structures
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Port Definition (III) - Backing
For the I-solver and the F-solver waveguide ports must be backed with
a PEC solid (or by electric boundaries).
Pick port using
the pick tools.
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Materials
&
Boundary Conditions
104
Basic Materials
Define a new material or load materials from the large material database.
Material Types
PEC = Perfect Electrical Conductor ( )
Normal: General material model. This is
typically used for dielectric materials.
106
Lossy Metal
Why is it required?
Sampling of skin depth would require very fine mesh steps at
the metal surface when defining conductor as a normal material
(skin depth for copper at 1 GHz approx. 2 m).
This results in a very small time step, which leads to a very long
simulation time.
Solution:
1D model which takes skin depth into account without spatial
sampling.
107
Boundaries
CST MWS uses a rectangular grid system, therefore, also the complete calculation
domain is of rectangular shape 6 boundary surfaces have to be defined at the
minimum and maximum position in each coordinate direction (xmin, xmax, ymin,
ymax, zmin, zmax).
Example: T-Splitter
xmin
ymax
zmin
zmax
ymin
xmax
108
Boundary Settings (I)
Seven different settings are available.
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Boundary Settings (II)
Electric Boundaries (default setting): No tangential electric field at surface.
Open Boundaries: Operates like free space Waves can pass this boundary
with minimal reflections. Perfectly matched layer (PML) condition.
Open (add space) Boundaries: Same as open, but adds some extra space for
far field calculation (automatically adapted to center frequency of desired
bandwidth). This option is recommended for antenna problems.
110
Boundary Settings (III)
Periodic Boundaries: Connects two opposite boundaries where the calculation
domain is simulated to be periodically expanded in the corresponding direction.
Thus, it is necessary that facing boundaries are defined as periodic.
The resulting structure represents an infinitely expanded antenna pattern,
phased array antennas. F! (hexahedral mesh), T! + 0 phase shift
111
Boundaries: Symmetry Planes
Three different settings are available.
Three possible symmetry planes.
112
Notes
113
Meshing Basics
114
How to Get a Proper Mesh?
Question: How does a proper mesh look like and what are the
best settings to get it?
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Hierarchy of Mesh Settings
116
Mesh Generation - A Typical Workflow
Select Project Template This adjusts the global mesh properties to
values which we found to be a good starting
point for a certain area of application.
Global Mesh Settings Optimize the global mesh settings for the
geometry of your model.
Local Mesh Settings Fine tune the mesh (if necessary) to meet the
really specific requirements of your model.
Template Title
(Area of Application) Initial Mesh Settings
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Automatic Mesh Refinement (I)
It is known that the numerical solution calculated by the solvers converges to
the analytical solution if the grid is sufficiently refined.
The automatic mesh refinement in CST tries to refine the initial mesh in a
clever way such that the results are accurate.
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Automatic Mesh Refinement (II)
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Hexahedral Meshing for
Transient Simulations
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Hexahedral Meshing - Overview
122
Hexahedral Mesh (I) - Mesh View
Mesh lines in one
mesh plane are shown
in the 3D view.
View mesh.
Mesh controls are
displayed in the mesh
view.
Automatically create
and use mesh controls.
Settings to limit the
Strongly recommended!
size of the smallest
mesh step.
124
Hexahedral Mesh (III) - Global Settings
Largest Mesh Step - "Lines per Wavelength"
129
Representative Meshes (I) - Minimal Requirements
Coaxial Line
Depending on the thickness and the
1-2 mesh lines permittivity of the substrate the number
of mesh lines should be at least as shown
in the picture.
2-3 mesh lines It is NOT necessary to resolve the
(depends on thickness) thickness of the microstrip line by the
mesh.
Microstrip Line
130
Representative Meshes (II) - Minimal Requirements
Discrete Ports
131
Meshing Pitfalls - Staircase Cells (I)
Cells which contain more than two metallic
material boundaries are completely filled
with PEC (staircase cells).
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Meshing Pitfalls - Staircase Cells (II)
PBA TST
Whenever a mesh cell cuts more than two metallic material
boundaries the cell is filled with PEC material (staircase cell).
Quite often such cells do not influence the simulation result
much, but if they introduce shortcuts (as shown on the previous
slide) this might be critical.
134
Hexahedral Meshing - Overview
135
Hexahedral Meshing Performance (I)
For stability, the time step of the numerical quadrature is determined by the
smallest mesh step. Increasing the smallest mesh step will increase the
time step.
t t
The smaller the smallest mesh step width, the smaller the time
step for the numerical time integration.
136
Hexahedral Meshing Performance (II)
The smallest mesh step in a model can be visualized in the mesh
view.
137
Hexahedral Meshing Guidelines - Summary
Fine tune the mesh if necessary using the local mesh settings.
Try to avoid critical cells. Quite often they are an indicator that the
mesh is too coarse at least in some regions.
Try to avoid to use a mesh with a very high mesh line ratio limit.
Consider using subgrids for models which require a very fine mesh at
localized positions.
138
Transient Simulation - Memory Consumption
- Memory-Consumption versus Mesh Size -
139
Tetrahedral and Surface Meshing
for Frequency Domain Simulations
140
Global Mesh Properties
Steps per wavelength: This value refers to the
highest frequency of the simulation. It defines the
minimum number of mesh cells that are used for a
distance equal to this wavelength.
30 100
default = 100
If cylinders are
still not well
discretized,
increase it
to, e.g., 200-300.
145
Curvature Refinement (II)
Volume optimization:
optimization If this field is checked
(recommended), the mesh connectivity of the
preliminary volume mesh is changed to improve the
mesh quality.
Volume smoothing:
smoothing If this field is checked
(recommended), the position of mesh vertices will
be changed in order to enhance the mesh quality.
146
Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Multi-frequency adaptive mesh refinement
The adaptation frequency samples are sequentially processed before
the broadband sweep.
Example: Diplexer
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Notes
149