Catenarias Parabolas y Suspension de Puejtes Ver Best PDF

CATENARIES, PARABOLAS AND SUSPENSION BRIDGES
DAVID GRIFFIN
SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

TALK CONTENTS
A Brief, Pictorial History of Suspension Bridges.

Famous Examples
Problems and Solutions.
Galileo
The Equations for the Chain Curve of a Suspension Bridge.
The Equation for a Hanging Chain. Parabola or Catenary?
The Catenary and Jakob Bernoullis Challenge.
Leibniz
Hugens
Bernoulli
The Methods for Deriving the Equation for the Catenary.
Calculus.
Differential Equation.
The Calculus of Variations.
The Relationship Between the Parabola and the Catenary.
The Inverted Parabola.
Arch Bridges
The Inverted Catenary.
Arches
Can Catenaries Help You to Cycle with Square Wheels?

A Suspended-deck Suspension Bridge
The remains of the Maya Bridge at Yaxchilan, Mexican/Guatemalan border.
The earliest known suspension-deck suspension bridge. 100m in three spans. 7th Century.

Faust Vrani
In 1595 the Croation bishop Faust Vrani designed a

suspension bridge, but it was never constructed.

James Creek Suspension Bridge, Pennsylvania.
James Finlay, 1801.
Bridge demolished 1833.
The first modern suspension bridge.
It used wrought-iron cables.

Union Bridge, River Tweed, 1820.
The oldest suspension bridge still
carrying traffic.
Dryburgh Bridge, River Tweed.

Opened1817. Collapsed 1818.

The Menai Suspension Bridge
Thomas Telford, Completed 1826

The Clifton Suspension Bridge
I K Brunel, Completed1864.

Two cables
support one
deck.

BROOKLYN BRIDGE
John Augustus Roebling,1883.

Four cables, two decks.

A light walkway is suspended between the two decks of the Brooklyn Bridge.

The Golden Gate Suspension Bridge
Irving Morrow, Charle Alton Ellis, Leon Moissieff, 1937.
Tacoma Narrows Bridge
Leon Moissieff. Opened1940.
PC LT SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN
New Tacoma Narrows Bridge (Background: Mt Rainier)
Charles E Andrew and Dexter R Smith,1950
Map
A second bridge at Tacoma Narrows was built in 2007.
The Severn Bridge
William Brown, 1966
Brown designed the Severn Bridge to avoid
the problems of the Tacoma Bridge. It has
a slender, aerodynamic deck.

The Humber Bridge
John Hyatt, Douglas Strachan and others, 1981.
THE TOP TEN SUSPENSION BRIDGES
Suspension bridge are typically ranked by the length of their main span.
Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge (Japan) 1991 m 1998
Xihoumen Bridge (China) 1650 m 2007
Great Belt Bridge (Denmark) 1624 m 1998
Runyang Bridge (China) 1490 m 2005
Humber Bridge (England) 1410 m 1981

(The longest span from 1981 until 1998.)
Jiangyin Suspension Bridge (China) 1385 m 1997
Tsing Ma Bridge (Hong Kong), 1377 m 1997

(Longest span with both road and metro.)
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (USA) 1298 m 1964

Golden Gate Bridge (USA) 1280 m 1937

Yangluo Bridge (China) 1280 m 2007

Millenium Bridge 2000
Arup, Foster and Partners
Synchronous Lateral Excitation

http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~den/ICSV9_06.htm
PC LT SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN
Dampers on Millenium Bridge to prevent synchronous lateral excitation.

The first person to study the physics and mathematics of the
suspension bridge was Galileo.
Galileo Galilei
1564 - 1642

SUSPENSION BRIDGE: FORCES
y
Cable
Tension at P.
Tension at O.
To 0 Section of cable between O and P.

P has horizontal coordinate x.
Deck
Section of deck supported by

cables segment OP. Length = x.
Weight of red
section of deck.
W
y
y
T
TT
P
P
0
To
To
x
W W
x
The three forces T0, T and W are in equilibrium. T

W
They form a triangle of forces with tan = W / To.

T is tangential to the chain at P. To

y
y
T
TT W
P
P
0
x
To To
W
x
y
The triangle of forces is similar to the differential x

triangle at P.
They both have gradient tan = W / To.

y T
W

x To
y
Gradient Gradient
W
x TO
y W

x TO
x = horizontal distance from the point O.
W xg mass / length
y xg has the dimensions of mass/length: m.l-1

x TO g has the dimensions of acceleration: l.t -2
g
k To has the dimensions of force: m.l.t -2
TO
Thus k has the dimensions of length-1: l-1
y dy
kx In the limit: kx
x dx
THE EQUATION FOR THE CHAIN-CURVE OF A SUSPENSION BRIDGE
dy
kx
dx
kx 2
y kx.dx y
2
C
Since y = 0 when x = 0 C must = 0
2 k has the dimensions of length-1.

kx A Parabola x has the dimensions of length.
y Thus:
2 y has the dimensions of length.

Tension in the Cable
T
xg

To
T g 2 x 2 TO2
The tension in the cable is greatest at the towers.

The tension in the cable is a minimum at the lowest point and = To.

Other Applications of Suspension-bridge Technology
BRASSIERES:
An Engineering Miracle
From Science and Mechanics, February, 1964
By Edward Nanas
There is more to brassiere design than meets the eye. In many respects, the challenge of
enclosing and supporting a semi-solid mass of variable volume and shape, plus its adjacent
mirror image - together they equal the female bosom - involves a design effort comparable to that
of building a bridge or a cantilevered skyscraper.
http://www.firstpr.com.au/show-and-tell/corsetry-1/nanas/engineer.html
THE CATENARY
Catenary, Alysoid, Chainette.

A spiders web: multiple catenaries.

Simple suspension bridges
or rope bridges are catenaries,
not parabolas.
Sderskr Bridge, Finland.

GALILEO AND THE CATENARY
Galileo believed that a catenary had the equation of a parabola.

He had studied the parabola in various contexts and was the first
to state that a projectile would follow the path of a parabola.
In 1669 a posthumous publication by Joachim Jungius proved that
the function describing a catenary could not be algebraic and could
not therefore be a parabola.
Joachim Jungius
1587 1657.

THE JAKOB BERNOULLI CHALLENGE.
In 1690 Jakob Bernoulli issued a challenge to Leibniz, Christiaan Huygens
and Johann Bernoulli to derived the equation for the catenary.
The solutions were presented in 1691.
Gottfried Leibniz Christiaan Huygens

Johann Bernoulli
Newton also solved the

problem: anonymously.
The Age of Big Hair.
Jakob Bernoulli
The Bernoulli Family Tree
Several generations of
mathematical geniuses.
Jakob
Johann (I)
Daniel
Nicolaus (II)
Johann (II)
Johann (III)
Nicolaus (III)

Jakob Bernoulli
(1654-1705)
First studied to be a minister.
Studied at Basel University.
Received degree in theology.
Fascinated by mathematics.
Furthered the calculus he had

learned from Leibniz.
Studied catenaries.
Worked on the design of bridges.
Studied the brachistochrone

problem with Johann.
Was a professor at Basel until

his death.
THE SOLUTIONS TO THE BERNOULLI CHALLENGE.
Leibniz used calculus, but did not show his method.
Johann Bernoulli used the calculus of variations.

This involves finding the shape which minimizes
the potential energy of the system.
Huygens used a complicated geometric proof.
A solution using differential equations can also used.
In 1691, when the derivation of the equation for the catenary was
published, the Jesuit priest Ignace Gaston Paradies published a
text-book on forces and geometry which included the derivation of
the equations for the suspension-bridge cable and the catenary.

y
Cable
Tension at P.
Tsin

P
Tension at O. s
Tcos
To 0
W = sg

y
Cable
Tension at P.
T
T
Tsin
P

To
Tension at O. s
Tcos
To 0
W = sg sg
The three forces T0, T and sg are in equilibrium.

T
sg
They form a triangle of forces with tan = sg / To.

Since T is tangential to the curve formed by the chain
tan is equal to the gradient at the point P. To
Gradient = sg / To.
Derivation of the Catenary Equation Method 1
sg
We have shown: tan
TO
TO
s tan
g
To has the dimension of force: m.l.t-2

TO has the dimension of mass/length: m.l-1
Define: k g has the dimension of acceleration: l.t-2
g Thus:
k has the units of length: l
s k tan

Consider the differential triangle. S dx

In the limit s approaches the value y cos
of the hypotenuse.
ds

x
The above triangle is similar to the T

triangle of forces. sg

To

s k tan
S
y

ds
k sec 2 (1) x
d
dx
From (1) and (2):
dx dx ds
cos (2)
d ds d ds
dx dx
k . sec 2 . cos k sec k sec
d d

s k tan
S
y

ds x
k sec 2 (1)
d
dy dy ds dy
From (1) and (2): sin (2)
d ds d ds
dy dy
k sec 2 . sin k sec . tan
d d

Derivation of the Catenary Equation Method 1 Deriv
dx
k sec
d
Separate variables and integrate
x dx k sec .d
y
x k .ln sec tan C T
x 0, 0
0 k . ln 1 0 C C0 P
x
x k . ln sec tan
Parametric equation of the catenary (1)

dy
k sec . tan
d
Separate variables and integrate
y dy k sec . tan .d
y k sec C
We have not defined where the axis y = 0 is.

Define C = 0.
Thus when = 0 y = k. } k
x
y k sec
Parametric equation of the catenary (2)

We now have the two parametric equations for the catenary.
We need to eliminate to obtain the cartesian x-y equation.
x k . ln sec tan (1) y k sec (2)
y
From (2): sec (3)
k
1 tan 2 sec 2 tan sec 2 1 (4)
2
y y
From (1), (3) and (4): x k . ln 1
k k
Recall the identity: cosh 1 u ln u u 2 1

2
y y cosh 1 u ln u u 2 1
x k . ln 1 (1)
(2)
k k
y
From (1) and (2): x k cosh 1
k
Rearranging and taking the
cosh function of both sides
of the equation gives: x y
cosh
k k
x If x has the dimensions of length:

y k cosh x/k is dimensionless.
k y has the dimensions of length.
Jungius was correct. The catenary is not described

by an algebraic function; and is thus not a parabola.

The Derivation of the Catenary by Differential Equations.
We have previously shown: s k tan (1)
S dy
y tan (2)
dx

x
dy
From (1) and (2): s k.
dx
ds d2y
k. 2
dx dx

S
y ds 2 dx 2 dy 2

x
2
ds dy
1 (1)
dx dx
ds d2y
We have just shown: k. 2 (2)
dx dx
2
From (1) and (2): d2y dy
k. 2 1
dx dx

2
d2y dy
k. 2 1
dx dx (1)
dy
Let: y' (2)
dx
From (1) and (2): k.

dy ' 1 y '
2
dx
Separate variables
d y ' 1 y ' .
2 dx
k
d y ' dx d y '
dx
k 1 y '
1 y '
2
k 2

dx d y '
k 1 y '
2 (1)
du
Recall the standard integral: 1 u2
sinh 1 u (2)
When x0 y' 0
sinh 1 y ' C
x
From (1) and (2): Thus: C 0
k
sinh 1 y '
x
k
Take sinh function of both sides:
x x
sinh y '
dy
sinh
k dx k
Separate the variables
x x
y k cosh C
k dy sinh k .dx
x
Once again we can define the
y k cosh
coordinate axes so that C = 0. k
The Relationship Between
the Parabola and the Catenary

A Comparison of a Parabola and a Catenary
Online function plotter: http://www.mathe-fa.de/en#anchor

x x2
y 2.cosh 2 y
2 2 SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN
The Relationship Between the Parabola and the Catenary.
The MacLaurin Series for a Catenary
x
k cosh
k
x x 2n
cosh 2 n
k 0 k .( 2 n)!
x x2 x4 x6 x2n
cosh 1 2 4 6 ........ 2 n ........
k k .2! k .4! k .6! k .( 2n)!
x x2 x4 x6 x2n
k cosh k (1 2 4 6 ........ 2 n ........)
k k .2! k .4! k .6! k .( 2n)!
x x2 x4 x6 x2n
k cosh k ........ 2 n 1 ........)
k k .2! k 3 .4! k 5 .6! k .( 2n)!
x x2 If k is >1 the catenary can be approximated

k cosh k by a parabolic function for small values of x.
k 2k
If k is >1 the catenary can be approximated by a parabolic function for small values of x.
x x2
(k = 2) y 2.cosh y 2
2 4 SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN
The Relationship Between the Parabola and the Catenary
If the parabola y = x2 is rolled along the x-axis the locus

of its focus is the catenary: 1
y cosh 4 x
4

The Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge
Parabola and Catenary
During the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge

it was possible at one stage to contrast a laden
and an un-laden cable: a parabola and a catenary.

Inverted Parabolas and Catenaries
Arch Bridges
Free-standing Arches

The New River Gorge Bridge, Virginia.
A supported-deck bridge.
The Tyne Bridge
A compression-arch suspended-deck bridge
SUPPORTED ARCH BRIDGE
The forces acting on a section of the arch are compressive.

An analysis of the triangle of forces leads once again to a parabola.
The arch is rigid. I does not assume the shape of an inverted parabola.
It should be constructed as an inverted parabola if it is to have a uniform
deck supported at regular intervals.
The triangle of forces acting on a segment is analogous to that for a suspension bridge.
y W
CO x
CO
W = xg
C

THE INVERTED CATENARY
The inverted catenary is the ideal curve for

an arch which supports only its own weight.
It is the minimum energy structure.
The forces are primarily of compression.

.
St Louis Gateway Arch,

Eero Saarinen, Completed 1965. SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN
St Louis Gateway Arch
This formula is inscribed on the arch.
Thus when x = 0 and y is at a maximum

y = 630 ft.
This also gives a separation of 630 ft
for the bases.

Taqi-Kisra, Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia / Irak
Casa Mil, Barcelona.
Antoni Gaud
Antoni Gaud

Antoni Gaud

Can you ride
a cycle with
square wheels?
http://www.maa.org/mathland/mathtrek_04_05_04.html
For the rolling square the shape of the road is a series
of inverted, truncated catenary curves.
PC LT
For regular n-sided polygonal wheels the curve of the road
is made from inverted catenaries with the equation:
y = - Rcot(/n).cosh(x/A)

In practice a triangular wheel would get stuck.
The vertices puncture the road.
Road Bottom of triangular wheel

Spoke

www.exploratorium.edu/texnet/exhibits/motion/square.../square_cbk.pdf

Proving that the locus of the centre of a square as it
rolls over an inverted catenaries is a straight line.
There are several, diverse proofs. Some are long and complicated.
www.maa.org/pubs/mathmag.html
(General study on roads and non-circular wheels.)
www.macalester.edu/mathcs/documents/catenaries.pdf
(Uses two coordinate systems: polar and cartesian.)
http://www.maplesoft.com/applications/view.aspx?SID=6322
(Method using several differential equations.)
http://www.snc.edu/math/squarewheelbike.html
Follow hypertext link on the website mathematics.
(Uses standard geometry and calculus: but long.)
See: Wikipedia page on Roulette (curve).

(Generates the catenary road as a roulette in the complex plane.)
Consider the square resting
on a vertex and symmetrically y
poised between two of the
humps.
We want the centre of the
circle to remain on the line
y = a2 as the square rolls
along the road.
2a
Y = a2
a2
Road, y = f(x)

y
2a
y = a2
B
Road, y = f(x)
x
A

y
a.sec y a 2
dy
tan
dx
2a
a
y = a2 a.sec
B
Road, y = f(x)
y
x
A
Appendix
y
a.sec y a 2 sec 2 (1)
a
dy
tan
dx
2
dy
1 sec 2 (2)
dx
1 tan 2 sec 2
Let: u sec (3)
y
From (1) and (3): u 2
a
2
dy
From (2) and (3): 1 u2 (4)
dx
dy
u2 1
dx

dy y
u2 1 u 2
dx a
du du dy
du

1
dx dy dx dy a
du 1
u2 1
dx a
Separate variables.
1 du
dx
a u2 1

1 du
dx
a u 2 1
1 du
a u2 1
dx
x y
x u cosh C u 2
C cosh 1 u a
a a
Take cosh function of both sides.
x x
y a 2 a.cosh C 2
y
cosh C
a a a
When x = 0 y = f(x) = 0. Therefore:
0
0 a 2 a.cosh C 2 cosh C C cosh 1 2
a
x
y a 2 a cosh cosh1 2 The equation of the road.
a
Plots of the Inverted Catenary Road and Related Functions.
x
y a 2 a cosh cosh 1 2
a
Road equation
y cosh( x )

y cosh cosh 1 2 x

y 2 cosh cosh 1 2 x
(Road equationtion with a = 1)

x
y a 2 a cosh cosh 1 2
a
Solve for y = 0 and dy/dx = 0
(Values when a = 1)
a.cosh 1
2, a 2 a (0.8814, 0.4142)
2a.cosh 1
2, 0 (1.7627, 0)
x
(0,0)

PC PC
LT LT

APPENDIX 1
Proof that the Arc Length of the Inverted Catenaries is

Equal to the Length of a Side of the Square: i.e. 2a.
2
dx dy
tan
dx
cot
s 1 .dy (1)
dx
(2)
dy
(3)
dy
From (1) and (3): s 1 cot 2 .dy s cos ec .dy (4)
a.sec y a 2 y a 2 a sec
dy
a sec .tan (5)
d
From (4) and (5): s a.cos ec .sec .tan .d s a.sec 2 .d

y
2a
a2
45o 45o 135o

x

s a.sec 2 .d
2

s a.sec 2 .d s a tan C 2
1
1
1 45o tan 45 1
2 135o tan135 1
s a 1 1 2a

APPENDIX 2
TNB
APPENDIX 3
Conversion of FLV (e.g. Youtube) files to downloadable files (e.g. MP4).

APPENDIX 4
http://www.mathe-fa.de/en

APPENDIX 5
cosh 1 x ln x x 2 1
e x e x
cosh x
2
cosh x sinh x e x cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1
e x e x
sinh x
2
y cosh 1 x x cosh y
cosh y sinh y e y cosh 2 y sinh 2 y 1
e y cosh y cosh 2 y 1
e y x x2 1 y ln x x 2 1
cosh 1 x ln x x 2 1

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CATENARIES, PARABOLAS AND SUSPENSION BRIDGES

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

A Brief, Pictorial History of Suspension Bridges.

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

In 1595 the Croation bishop Faust Vrani designed a

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

James Finlay, 1801.

Bridge demolished 1833.

The first modern suspension bridge.

It used wrought-iron cables.

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

Dryburgh Bridge, River Tweed.

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge (Japan) 1991 m 1998

Xihoumen Bridge (China) 1650 m 2007

Great Belt Bridge (Denmark) 1624 m 1998

Runyang Bridge (China) 1490 m 2005

Humber Bridge (England) 1410 m 1981

Jiangyin Suspension Bridge (China) 1385 m 1997

Tsing Ma Bridge (Hong Kong), 1377 m 1997

Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (USA) 1298 m 1964

Golden Gate Bridge (USA) 1280 m 1937

Yangluo Bridge (China) 1280 m 2007

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

Synchronous Lateral Excitation

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

To 0 Section of cable between O and P.

Section of deck supported by

The three forces T0, T and W are in equilibrium. T

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

The triangle of forces is similar to the differential x

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

x = horizontal distance from the point O.

y xg has the dimensions of mass/length: m.l-1

Since y = 0 when x = 0 C must = 0

2 k has the dimensions of length-1.

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

The tension in the cable is greatest at the towers.

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

Catenary, Alysoid, Chainette.

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

Sderskr Bridge, Finland.

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

Galileo believed that a catenary had the equation of a parabola.

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

Gottfried Leibniz Christiaan Huygens

Newton also solved the

SUSPENSION BRIDGES / D A GRIFFIN

First studied to be a minister.

Studied at Basel University.

Received degree in theology.

Furthered the calculus he had

Worked on the design of bridges.