EMBRYOLOGY LABORATORY 7mm

Whole Mount SPINAL CORD LEVEL

Exercise 4.2 - Neural Tube Brain: Pronephros & Midgut Section
Prosencephalon - Rhombencephalon Spinal Cord
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FROG EMBRYO Telencephalon - Notochord
Diencephalon - Somites
Mesencephalon - Pronephric Tubules
Rhombencephalon - Dorsal aorta
OUTLINE - Adhesive Gland - Glomus
4mm - Olfactory Organ - Nephrostomes
- Optic Vesicles - Midgut
Whole Mount Cloaca Section
- Pharynx - Otic Vesicle
- Neural Tube Brain: Post. Thyroid - Spinal Cord
- Heart
Prosencephalon Post. Pharyngeal pouch - Somite
- Intestine
Mesencephalon - Ant. Otic Placode - Notochord
- Spinal cord
Rhombencephalon Post. Otic Vesicle - Dorsal aorta
- Melanocytes
- Otic Capsule Post. Otic Lens - External Gills - Pronephric Duct
- Eye - Adhesive Gland - Anus - Yolk endoderm
- Adhesive Glands - Post. Pericardial cavity - Tail Fin - Peritoneal cavity
- Pharynx - Post. Oropharyngeal - Coelom
Transverse Section
- Heart Region membrane - Hypomere
TELENCEPHALON & OLFACTORY PIT LEVEL
- Somites Embryonic Heart Section - Hindgut
- Telencephalon
- Liver Diverticulum - Rhombencephalon - Post. Proctodeum
Prosocoel
- Spinal Cord - Somite - Post. Dorsal fin
- Head Mesenchyme
- Notochord - Notochord - Post. Ventral fin
- Olfactory Placode
- Yolky Endoderm - Pharynx (Dorsal) Olfactory Pit
- Hindgut - Heart - Epiphysis
- Tail Endocardium DIENCEPHALON & OTIC CUPS LEVEL
Transverse Section Epimyocardium
- Diencephalon
PROSENCEPHALON & NASAL RUDIMENTS LEVEL - Pericardium - Mesencephalon
- Prosencephalon (Forebrain) - Mesocardium
- Optic Cup
Prosocoel - Pericardial cavity Lens Vesicle
- Mesenchyme Liver Diverticulum Section Pigmented Layer
Head Mesenchyme - Spinal Cord
- Infundibulum
- Olfactory Placode - Somite - Pharynx
- Epidermis - Notochord
- Mandibular Arch
MESENCEPHALON & OTIC CUPS LEVEL - Pronephric Tubules - Adhesive Glands
- Mesencephalon (Midbrain) - Pharynx - Stomodeum
Mesocoel - Liver diverticulum
RHOMBENCEPHALON LEVEL
- Prosencephalon Pronephros & Midgut Section
Thyroid Section
- Oral Cavity - Spinal Cord
- Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
- Oral Plate (Oropharyngeal Membrane) - Notochord
Rhombocoel
- Optic Vesicle Subnotochordal rod
- Mesencephalon
Optic Cup - Somites
- Cranial Nerve Ganglion
Optic Stalk - Pronephric Duct
- Pharynx
- Lens Vesicle - Dorsal aorta
Thyroid
- Lymph space - Midgut
Otic Vesicle Section
- Stomodeum - Yolky Endoderm
- Rhombencephalon
- Hypophysis Hindgut Section
- Notochord
- Infundibulum - Spinal Cord
- Pharynx
- Mandibular Arch - Somite
- Pericardial coelom
- Adhesive Glands (Cement Glands / Mucus Glands / - Notochord
Truncus arteriosus
Oral Suckers) - Subnotochordal rod
Bulbus cordis
RHOMBENCEPHALON LEVEL - Somites
- Otic Capsules
Pharynx Section - Pronephric Duct
Heart Section
- Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain) - Coelom
- Rhombencephalon
Rhombocoeel - Hypomere
- Notochord
- Ant. Choroid Plexus - Hindgut
- Pharynx
- Notochord - Post. Proctodeum
- External gills
- Trigeminal Nerve - Post. Dorsal fin
- Esophageal plug
- Mandibular Arch - Post. Ventral fin
- Atrium

NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017

10mm Structure Location Formed by Fate
Whole Mount MYELENCEPHALON & AUDITORY VESICLE LEVEL
Epidermis Outermost skin layer Ectoderm
- Neural Tube Brain: - Myelencephalon
Prosencephalon - Auditory Vesicle between head ectoderm Mid-dorsal Evagination
Epiphysis Pineal body
Telencephalon Endolymphatic duct and brain of the brain vesicle
Diencephalon Uticulus Anterior of embryonic Telencephalon
Semicircular canals Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon brain Diencephalon
Rhombencephalon sacculus Telencephalon Anterior of Forebrain Cavity: lateral ventricle
Metencephalon - auditory capsule
at the anterior end of Evagination of the side of
Myelencephalon - auditory ganglion lateral ventricle
the neurocoel the neural tube
- Adhesive Gland - notochord
- parachords Adjacent to the
- Eye Mantle layer Gray matter of CNS
- Heart ependymal layer
- Heart
- Intestine Pericardial Cavity Marginal layer Outermost brain layer White matter of CNS
- Spinal cord Conus Arteriosus at the region of the
INvagination of the
- Melanocytes Ventricle Nasal Organ telencephalon and lying
Atrium
ectoderm
- External Gills ventrolateral to it
- Anus Sinus venosus Jacobsons organ Evagination of the nasal
- Tail Fin - Opercular cavity (vomeronasal region) organ
- Dorsal Aorta
Transverse Section Beneath the
- Aortic Arches Prechordal cartilage chondocranium
TELENCEPHALON OLFACTORY ORGANS LEVEL telencephalon
- Ganglia
- Telencephalon
Facial Ganglion (VII) Diencephalon Posterior of forebrain
Lateral Vesicle
Trigeminal Ganglion (V)
- Layers of Brain wall region of the Evagination of the
Glossopharyngeal ganglion (IX)
Ependymal Layer diencephalon to the diencephalic roof
- Operculum Frontal Organ
Mantle Layer region of the together with the
- Metencephalon
Marginal Layer telencephalon epiphysis
- Nasal Organ PRONEPHROS & THE FIRST SPINAL GANGLION LEVEL
On the floor of the Develops as a depression
- Nasal Cavity - Spinal posterior portion of the
Infundibulum prosencephalon in the floor of the
External Naris - Neural Canal pituitary gland
- Gray Matter (diencephalon) prosecephalon
Intertal Naris
- White Matter Ventral to the inward growing cord of
Frontal Organ Hypophysis anterior portion of
Jacobsons Organ - Meninges infundibulum; b/n oral & ectoderm from
(rathkes pocket) pituitary gland
Buccal Cavity - First Spinal Ganglia brain cavity stomodeum
- Prechordal Cartilage - Myotomes Mid region of brain;
- Pleroperitinial cavity
Mesencephalon
- Melanocytes posterior to eye
- Mesenchyme - Esophagus Lateral to floor of the Part of the peripheral
- Dorsal Aorta cranial nerve ganglion Fr. Neural Crest cells
- Epidermis mesencephalon nervous system
DIENCEPHALON & THE EYE LEVEL - Pronephros
Metencephalon
- Diencephalon - Pronephric Tubules
Myelencephalon
- Infundibulum - Posterior Cardinal Veins Rhombencephalon Most caudal
- NEphrostome
Anterior expansion: IV
- Mesencephalon ventricle
- Pituitary body (hypophysis) - Nephric Duct
- Glomus behind the optic lobes
- Eye
- Stomach Metencephalon and medial to the V
Optic Cup
- Duodenum ganglion
Retina
- Intestine Most posterior part of
Ganglion Layer Myelencephalon
- Liver hindbrain
Bipolar Layer
- Gallbladder Fr. posterior region of
Rods and Cones Spinal cord
- Bile Duct neural tube
Pigmented Eithelium
- Pancreas
Iris b/n organs and Loose reticulum:
Lens Mesenchyme outermost cells
epidermis
Lens Epithelium dermis;
mesoderm and neural
Lens Fibers Connective tissues;
b/n the presumptive crest cells
Cornea Epithelial tissues;
Head Mesenchyme epidermis) and the walls
Choroid and Sclera Muscular tissues;
- Pharynx of prosencephalon
Nervous tissues
- Hypobranchial Cartilages either side of the Paired pigment
- Thyroid
Olfactory Placodes prosocoel in the head INvagination on either Evaginate: Olfactory Pits
- Skeletal Muscle
mesenchyme side of the prosocoel
- Oral Suckers

NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017


lateral to ventral portion
Olfactory Pits
of prosencephalon
Otic Placode Closed chamber in the
Level of
Otic Lens Rhombencephalon
Otic vesicle on each side of hind
(hallow organ) brain
Otic capsules Laterally located and Paired INvagination of of
(auditory vesicle) ventral to brain;
Optic vesicles
INvagination of the distal
Optic cups Lateral to infundibulum
Thick inner layer of optic
Retina
cups
Outer walls of the optic
Pigmented epithelium
cup
anterior to the olfactory
Lens Placodes
pits
Lens Vesicle Left side of Optic Cups
Enclosed by the optic Thickenings of inner wall
Lens
cup
Assembly of ectodermal
Superficial covering of
Cornea
the eye
Ventral to the CNS;
Notochord dorsal to the gut
on each side of the
Somites
notochord subdivided into segments
Deep INvagination of the
antero-ventral region of
Stomodeum antero-ventral ectoderm
the head
Oropharyngeal in contact with anterior
Membrane / oral plate wall of the foregut
Suckers / adhesive Ventrolateral to oral
glands region; ventral
At the cranial end of the
Oral Cavity
alimentary canal
Region where the nasal
Buccal Cavity
cavity & mouth opens
Pharynx Foregut
at the floor of the
Thyroid pharynx; beneath the endodermal cells at the
hypobranchial cartilages
Evagination of Olfactory caudal border of
nasal passages with
Placodes Most cranial branchial stomodeum; maxillary
olfactory receptors Mandibular Arch Pharynx
fr. ECTODERM arch process cranial to
stomodeum;
ECTODERM Evaginate: Otic lens
Ventral chamber of the Lower vert. : lagena
Sacculus
auditory vesicle Higher vert. : cochlea
Evagination of otic Surrounding the
placodes Auditory capsule Cartilaginous ear
auditory vesicle
Protrude from each side Fr. Branchial arches 3 to
External Gills Replaced by internal gills
Inner Ear of the head 6
otic placode Beneath the floor of the
Evagination from the Optic cups foregut; Below the Organization of Loose
Heart
lateral wall of ectodermal parts of eye pharynx; in pericardial Mesodermal Cells
prosencephalon (except lens & cornea) coelom
Inner layer retina; migration of heart
portion of the optic Outer layer Pigmented midventral region of the mesoderm to midventral
Pericardium
vesicle layer pericardial cavity region of the pericardial
cavity
Ganglion Layer
Mesenchymal cells
Bipolar Neurons Layer
organize into a
Rods and Cones Endocardium Inner layer of the heart Lining of heart wall
continuous endothelial
Fr. Medial half of the
Iris lining of the heart
optic vesicle
Epimyocardium Outer layer of the heart Muscle
Thickening of the head
Evaginate: Lens Vesicle Beneath the pharynx;
ectoderm
Truncus Arteriosus most anterior portion of
Evagination of Lens the heart
Eye lens
Placodes
Bulbus Cordis Anterior heart chamber
Paired bulges below Pronephric Tubules
of lens vesicle
Mesomeres horizontal level of (pronephros, pronephric
notochord kidney)
and mesodermal cells Lateral side of the Degenerates:
Pronephros
b/n ectoderm and lens specimen Mesonephric Kidney
Ventral to the dorsal
Chordamesoderm Disappears Glomus
aorta
Sclerotome axial Deep groove in the floor
Liver diverticulum Liver
Dorsal Mesoderm skeleton of the pharynx
Myotome muscle Posterior of the
Spinal cord
Dermatome dermis hindbrain
Subnotochordal rod b/n notochord & midgut disappears
Midgut Middle part of the gut Fr. Archenterons Small intestine
of the head
Ectodermal INvagination
Rupture: Mouth Proctodeum At the base of the tail that meets with the Break: Anus
endoderm of the hindgut
Paired Ectodermal
Cloacal membrane Perforated: posterior
thickenings b/n the proctodeum &
(ectodermal & opening of the digestive
Evagination of the hindgut
endodermal plate) tract
foregut cloaca, colon, small
intestine & rectum
from stomodeum Posteriormost region of
Hindgut dorsal wall post anal
the embryonic gut
Mandibular Arch gut (disappears)
amp. Urinary bladder
Evagination of
Dorsal midline of the Extension of the body
Dorsal fin Degenerates
trunk & tail wall
floor of the pharynx
NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017
 4mm 7mm 10mm Invagination vs. evagination
Telencephalon Telencephalon
Prosencephalon 3 Layers:
Diencephalon Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Ependymal outside
evagination Invagination projection inside | Evagination projection
Mantle outside
Metencephalon
Rhombencephalon Rhombencephalon Marginal inside invagination
Myelencephalon
Adhesive Gland / Oral suckers
Mesenchyme
Olfactory Internal Naris
Olfactory Placode Olfactory Pit
Placode External Naris
Layer of Ganglian 4MM EMBRYO
Cells
Optic
Optic Vesicle Inner Retina Layer of Bipolar
Optic Cup Cup Whole Mount
Optic Cup Neurons

Eye
Rods & cones
Outer Pigmented Epithelium Iris 4mm frog embryo is characterized by the presence of a clearly recognizable:
Lens Lens Epithelium 1. Tail
Lens Vesicle Lens Vesicle
Lens Fibers
2. Neural tube
Stomodeum Stomodeum Tooth Germ 3. Notochord
Oral Plate Oral Plate Buccal Cavity Horny Mandible
Oral Papilla
4. Segmented mesoderm
Oral Cavity Oral Cavity
5. Fin folds
Hypophysis Pituitary Body
Infundibulum
Pharynx
Thyroid
Mandibular Arch Mandibular Arch
Notochord Notochord
Endolymphatic Duct
Otic Utriculus
Otic Vesicle Otic Vesicle Auditory Vesicle
Placode Semicircular Canals
Sacculus
Otic Capsule Otic Capsule Auditory Capsule
Pericardial Cavity
Somites Somites Skeletal Muscle
Somatic Mesooderm
Hypomere
Sphlancnic Mesoderm
Endocardium Truncus Arteriosus Bulbus Cordis
Heart Ventricle Ventricle
Heart Heart
Epimyocardium Atrium Atrium
Sinus Vesonus Sinus Vesonus Neural System differentiates from just a form of closed tube into distinct parts of
Spinal Cord
Pronephric Tubules
the brain indicated by the appearance of thickening and constrictions
Pronephros Nephric Duct o Prosencephalon foremost part
Pronephric Duct Pronephric Duct o Mesencephalon middle part
Glomi Glomi o Rhombencephalon hind part
Nephrostome Nephrostome
Liver Diverticulum Liver Liver
Dorsal Aorta Epiphysis slight mid-dorsal Evagination of the brain vesicle
Yolky Endoderm Yolky Endoderm o Form: pineal body in the adult
Coelom
Proctodeum Anus Anus Olfactory placodes thickenings on the lateral surface of the head anterior
Dorsal Aorta
Ventral Aorta
o Form: olfactory pits (evagination) cavities
Tail Bud Tail Tail Fin Tail Tail Fin
Mid Gut Mid Gut
intestine
Lens placode anterior to the olfactory placodes
Hind Gut Hind Gut o paired thickening of the head ectoderm
Melanocytes Melanocytes
o Form: lens vesicle (evagination) eye lens
External Gills External Gills
Esophageal Plug Esophagus

NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017


otic lens a closed chamber at the level of the rhombencephalon
o formed by the evagination of the otic placode
Notochord extends from the midbrain up to the posterior end of the body
mesoderm on each side of the notochord
o subdivided into segments referred to as somites
Stomodeum ectodermal rudiment of the mouth
o formed by the invagination of the antero-ventral ectoderm of the head (in
contact with the anterior wall of the foregut)
o oropharyngeal membrane separates stomodeum fr endodermal foregut
will eventually rupture to form: mouth
suckers other ectodermal thickenings ventrolateral to the oral region
loose mesodermal cells beneath the floor of the foregut and anterior to the
mass of yolk which
o will become organized to form: heart
liver diverticulum median posteroventrally directed diverticulum of the foregut
o forerunner of the liver
Yolk fills the bulk of the body
o Origin: endoderm
o serve as nutrition for continued growth and differentiation of the embryo
Proctodeum ectodermal invagination found at the base of the tail
o will break to open into the hind gut as the Form: anus
Transverse Section
Level of the Prosencephalon and Nasal Rudiments
Prosencephalon anterior part of the embryonic brain
o Cavity prosocoel
Mesenchyme embryonic tissue derived from mesoderm and neural crest cells
o Form: (1) Connective tissues (2) Epithelial tissues (3) Muscular tissues (4)
Nervous tissues
Head Mesenchyme Fills the spaces between the presumptive epidermis (skin
ectoderm) and the walls of prosencephalon
o Origin: Mesoderm with additional cells of neural crest
Olfactory placodes paired pigment invaginations on either side of the prosocoel
o found in the head mesenchyme
Epidermis outermost skin layer
o Derived from the ectoderm
Level of the Mesencephalon and Optic Cups
Mesencephalon (midbrain) mid-region of the developing brain with a thick roof
o cavity mesocoel
o appears dorsal to a portion of the prosencephalon called the ifundibulum
Ifundibulum develops as a funnel-like depression in the floor of prosencephalon
o Forms: posterior portion (lobe) of pituitary gland together w/ stomodeum
o smaller, ventral component of the diencephalon with thin roof and thick sides
Hypophysis ventral to the ifundibulum; lying between the oral and brain cavity
o Small knot of tissue
o Solid ingrowth or nodular aggregation of cells
o Develops as an inward growing cord of ectoderm from stomodeum
o Term can be used into two different manners:
1. Rathkes pocket The invagination of stomodeum which fuses with
infundibulum to form: complete adult gland
2. pituitary gland an endocrine gland formed from an ingrowth from the
stomodeum (Rathkes pocket) and the infundibulum
o Form: anterior portion of the pituitary gland
Optic cups lateral to the ifundibulum
o Lens vesicle present on the left side
NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017
 Oral cavity ventral to the ifindibulum and the hypophysis Level of the Rhombencephalon
o Oral evagination of the foregut
o Walls surrounding are composed of the endoderm Section through the anterior pharynx
o The cavity at the cranial end of the alimentary canal
Rhombencephalon
o Spherical in appearance
- Most caudal region of the brain of the developing embryo with a thin roof
- Cavity is rhombocoel
Oral plate (pharyngeal plate / oropharyngeal membrane) Syn: hindbrain
o Thickened region where the cranial portion of the alimentary canal comes in
contact with the ectoderm portion of the head. Notochord
- Round structure originating from the mesoderm
Stomodeum - Lying dorsal to the gut
o Ectodermal rudiment of the mouth - Ventral to the hindbrain
o Formed from the invagination of the ectoderm at the anteroventral region of - Defines the anterior/posterior axis in the developing embryo
the head - Provides skeletal support during early development
Pharynx
Mandibular arch - Broad region of the foregut
- Most cranial branchial arch - Its paired evagination
Form: caudal border of the stomodeum and also the maxillary process cranial to the corresponds to the
stomodeum pharyngeal pouches
Otic Paired invagination of the otic
Adhesive glands placode
- Paired ectodermal thickenings - Laterally located and slightly
- Found in the ventral surface of anuran embryos ventral to the brain
- Secrete adhesive mucus for attachment to floating objects Form: inner ear (separation from
Syn: cement glands, mucous glands, oral suckers the head ectoderm)
Optic vesicle Syn: auditory vesicle

- Evagination from the lateral wall of the prosencephalon

- First indication of the formation of the eye Section through the embryonic heart
- Walls give rise to the various ectodermal parts of the eye except the lens and the
cornea Presence of rhombencephalon, notochord, somites and pharynx. Below the pharynx the heart
Optic cup appears suspended within the pericardial coelom by the dorsal mesocardium.
- Double-walled structure
- Formed from the invagination of the distal portion of the optic vesicle Heart
Inner layer is thicker than the outer layer.
- Located beneath the enlarged foregut
Optic stalk - Appears suspended within the pericardial coelom by the dorsal mesocardium
- Connection of the optic cup with the brain The pericardial coelom is delimited by a thin layer of somatic mesoderm called the
pericardium (membrane enclosing the heart). Its formation is brought about by the migration
of the heart mesoderm to the midventral region of the pericardial cavity.

Loose mesenchymal cells

- Makes up the thick mass of mesoderm of the heart
- Organize into a continuous endothelial lining of the heart, the endocardium
Two layers of the heart
1) Endocardium inner layer
Form: lining of the heart wall
2) Epimyocardium outer layer
Form: muscle

NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017

 - Degenerates and is replaced by the mesonephric kidney in adults
Somites

- Segmented mesodermal blocks

- Located on either side of the spinal cord
- Arise from the dorsal mesoderm
Differentiates into:

Sclerotome (located above the neural tube and notochord)

- Forms part of the axial skeleton
Myotome forms muscle
Dermatome forms dermal layer of the skin

Section through the liver diverticulum

Observe the spinal cord and the notochord with adjacent somites.

Mesomeres
- Paired bulges located just below the
horizontal level of the notochord
Form: pronephric tubules and may
collectively be called the pronephrosor
pronephric kidney

Liver diverticulum
- Rudiment of the liver
- Found at the floor of the pharynx
- Extremely deep groove
Section through the midgut
Section through the pronephros
The spinal cord gradually tapers off in diameter from the rhombencephalon to its caudal end.
Note the spinal cord, notochord, somites, pronephros and coelomic activities. This section is Note that in this section the diameter of the spinal cord approximates that of the notochord.
at level caudal to the liver diverticulum. In this region, the foregut (pharynx) narrows into the Wedged between the notochord and the midgut, a small knot of cells can be identified that
midgut. are part of the subnotochordal rod.

Yolky endoderm Subnotochordal rod

- Nutrient supply for the developing embryo - Transient structure of endodermal origin
Spinal cord - Unknown function that will later disappear

- Cavity that replaces the hindbrain

- Smaller than the hindbrain Section through the hindgut
- Thick lateral sides almost touches at the roof part unlike the hindbrain
This section through the base of the tail, is at level of the proctodeum. The proctodeum is an
Pronephros
ectodermal invagination that meets with the endoderm of the hindgut.
- Paired structure located on the lateral side of the specimen
Cloacal membrane (ectodermal and endodermal plate)
- Appear as spherical structures clustered together
- Delicate strand of tissue between the proctodeum and the hindgut
- Some are more elongated than spherical
- Initial excretory organ found in developing vertebrate embryos - Will become perforated
- Functional in larval amphibians and fish Form: posterior opening of the digestive tract

NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017

Dorsal fin with developed external gills and a functional heart
already a tadpole
- Flat extension of the body wall along the dorsal midline of the trunk and the tail
with lateral segmented somites and finfolds on the dorsal and ventral sides
- Structure degenerates during the metamorphosis of the tadpole
forebrain has differentiated into:
Hindgut
o the telencephalon
- Posterior most region of the embryonic gut
o the diencephalon
Form: cloaca, colon, small intestine, rectum
stomodeum is deeply invaginated
Proctodeum olfactory pit is surrounded by pigment cells
- Ectodermal invagination on the ventral side of the trunk at the base a circular knob of cells from the brain forms the epiphysis
- Later breaks into the hindgut
Form: anus
Syn: anal pit midgut is excluded
hindgut persists as the cloaca
o its dorsal wall becomes extended as the postanal gut
it will be broken up and will disappear
o the hindgut gives rise to the urinary bladder
a ventral evagination of the hindgut
Transverse Section

Level of the Telencephalon and Olfactory Pits

olfactory pits began as olfactory placodes, paired lateral thickenings of

the head ectoderm
o olfactory pits will develop into nasal passageswith olfactory
receptors
The beginning of the oral cavity is marked by the indentation on the
ventral surface of the embryo
o oral plate has now perforated
7 MM FROG o embryo has an open mouth

telencephalon - paired hemispheres at the anterior region of the

prosencephalon
diencephalon - posterior region of the prosencephalon
olfactory pit - a cavity on the lateral surface of the head
epiphysis - middorsal evagination of the prosencephalon
o becomes the pineal body
head mesenchyme - loose mesenchymal cells between the head
ectoderm and the brain

Level of the Diencephalon and Optic Cups

oral cavity is surrounded by presumptive jaw cartilages

adhesive glands are present on the ventral surface

Whole Mount diencephalon - posterior region of the forebrain

o appears as a laterally compressed region
Characteristics:
o site of attachment for the:

NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017

 opticstalks
infundibulum
epiphysis
optic cup - structures lateral to the brain
o lens vesicle lies in its concavity
o outerpigmented layer and innerretinal portion are now
distinguishable
pharynx - a large, rounded cavity
o a clustered mass of cells on each side of the pharynx will give
rise to the mandibular arch
the mandibular arch is the posterior border of the
stomodeum
stomodeum - a deep invagination of the midventral ectoderm located at
the anterior end of the pharynx
adhesive glands - paired ectodermal thickenings at the ventral surface of
the head
o secrets adhesive mucus for attachment
Level of the Rhombencephalon
Section through the thyroid
a developing cranial nerve ganglion can be observed lateral to the
floor of the mesencephalon
o it is derived from neural crest cells
o it is part of the peripheral nervous system
at this point, the width of the pharyngeal cavity exceeds the height
o in the 4 mm stage, the width is equal to the height
thyroid gland - an evaginationof the endodermal cells of the
pharyngeal floor
Section through the otic vesicle
a single layer of flattened cells comprises the roof of the
rhombencephalon
notochord is now visible, ventral to the rhombencephalon
the truncus arteriosus, the most anterior portion of the heart, can
be seen within the pericardial coelom
the 4 subdivisions of the heart include:
1. thetruncus arteriosus(anterior most)
2. the ventricle
3. the atrium
4. the sinus venosus(posteriormost)
Blood Flow:
sinusvenosus ->atrium ->ventricle->truncusarteriosus
otic capsules are now visible
o ectodermal
o gives rise to the inner ear
rhombencephalon - the third brain vesicle
o internal organization is similar to the spinal cord
o will expand anteriorly to form the IV ventricle
o will further differentiate into the anterior metencephalon
and the posterior myelencephalon
notochord - structure derived from the mesoderm and lies dorsal to
the gut and ventral to the hindbrain
o defines the anterior and posterior axis of the embryo
o provides skeletal support
otic vesicle - hollow organ lateral to the hindbrain
o formed by the invaginationof the otic placode
heart - located beneath the pharynx
o bulbus cordis - anteriormost heart chamber
pericardial coelom - cavity that surrounds the heart
o lined by the pericardium
Section through the heart
small portions of the external gills are visible
o the external gills are the finger-like projections lateral
to the head
o ventricle may be visible, with the atrium above it
esophageal plug - a mass of cells that temporarily block the
esophagus
atrium - the thin-walled chamber of the heart that receives
blood from the sinus venosus and delivers it to the ventricle
external gills - the filamentous respiratory organ derived from
the third to sixth pharyngeal arches (pharyngeal arches number
3 to 6)
o will be replaced by the internal gills
Section through the pronephros and midgut
the rhombencephalon and its roof decreases in width and
height
o it will taper off in the spinal cord
the coiled nature of thedeveloping gutis evident at this point
o a long intestine is a necessity for the filter-feeding
tadpole
NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017
 glomi- a pair of triangular structures that hang down to the
coelom and is ventral to the dorsal aorta
o possess tufts of small blood vessels surrounded
laterally and ventrally by the wall of the coelom
o they are the functional components of the
pronephros,where the waste products diffuse to the
coelomic fluid
spinal cord - originates from the posteriormost region of the
neural tube
somite - segmented mesodermal blocksderived from the dorsal
mesoderm and lateral to the spinal cord
o gives rise to the dermatome (outermost; forms the
dermis), myotome (forms muscles), and sclerotome
(located above the neural tube and notochord; forms
part of the axial skeleton)
dorsal aorta - paired longitudinal arteries of the trunk beneath
the notochord and anterior to the gut
pronephros - the excretory organ of developing larval embryos
of frogs and fish; seen as spherical structures
o replaced by the metanephric kidney
Flow of Nitrogenous Wastes:
pronephric tubules -> pronephric ducts -> hindgut (cloaca) -> exterior
nephrostomes- funnel-shaped opening of the pronephric
tubules where coelomic fluid is swept
migut- middle part of the gut with a thick, yolky floor and a
small lumen
o derived from the archenteron
o forms the small intestine
Section through the cloaca
dorsal fin - extension of the body wall along the middorsal side
of the trunk
o will degenerate with age
cloaca - posteriormost chamber of the digestive system
proctodeum- an ectodermal invaginationon the ventral side of
the trunk at the base of the tail
o will form the anus
10MM FROG EMBRYO
Whole Mount
Same as the 7mm frog.
Transverse section
Level of the Telencephalon and Olfactory Organs
Telencephalon
- Anterior division of the prosencephalon
- Paired and each unit is roughly hemispherical but flattened at the midline
- Each contains a cavity, known as the lateral ventricle formed by the evagination of
the side of the neural tube at the anterior end of the neurocoel
Layers of brain under HPO:
- Ependymal layer
One cell thick, ciliated layer immediately surrounding the neurocoel
Cilia aid in the movement of the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of
the brain and in the central canal of the spinal cord
- Mantle layer
Broad layer adjacent to the ependymal layer
Form: gray matter of the central nervous system
- Marginal layer
Outermost layer
Contains neuroblast from the inner layers and nerve fibers
Form: white matter of the central nervous system
Nasal Organ
- Found at the region of the telencephalon and lying ventral to it
- Formed by the invagination of the ectoderm
The olfactory nerve connecting the olfactory lobes to the brain arises from the olfactory
epithelium.
Syn: olfactory organ
External naris
- Opening of the nasal cavity to the outside
- Marks the point of the original ectodermal invagination
Internal naris
- Opening of the nasal cavity into the buccal region
Syn: choana
Frontal organ
- Structure arises as an evagination of the diencephalic roof together with the
epiphysis
- Beneath the epidermis, it migrates forward from the region of the diencephalon to
the region of the telencephalon.
- Contains photoreceptors and may function as a third eye
NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017
 Pituitary body

Jacobsons organ - Oval mass beneath the thin floor of the infundibulum
- Saccular structure fromed by the evagination of the nasal organ - Endocrine gland derived from the infundibulum and a solid ingrowth from the
- Function in picking up the smell of food from the buccal region stomodeum
Syn: vomeronasal organ If tracing is continued posteriorly, the hypophysis disappears and the tip of the
notochord, flanked by parachordal cartilages will be seen.
Buccal cavity Syn: hypophysis
- Region where the nasal cavity and mouth opens
- Lined with epithelium and is derived from stomodeum Eye
- Jaws are tipped with many horny material and tooth germs at this region Optic cup
- External to the jaws are lobose structures called the oral papillae Layers of the optic cup:
- Retina
Prechordal cartilage Thick inner layer of the optic cup
- Hyaline cartilages beneath the telencephalon which will form the cartilaginous Differentiated into the following layers:
cranium called the chondocranium o Layer of ganglian cells (innermost sublayer of the retina)
Syn: trabecular cartilage The axons of the nerve cells in this sublayer form the optic
Melanocytes nerve. The region where the optic nerves cross in the floor of
- Stellate cells scattered over the dorsolateral region of the brain and lateral to the the diencephalon is known as the optic chiasma.
nasal organs o Layer of the bipolar neurons
- Fine granules of melanin (light brown individually; black in aggregate) Middle layer of cells that will synapse the receptor and the
ganglian cells.
Mesenchyme o Rods and cones
- Stellate , mesodermal cells filling up the space between the organs and the Outermost sublayer of the retina where the photoreceptoral
epidermis process is formed.
- Form a loose reticulum with the outermost cells forming the dermis of the
integument Pigmented epithelium
- outer wall of the optic cup formed from the medial half of the optic vesicle
Epidermis Forms: iris of the eye
- Outer layer of the skin composed of two strata of ectodermal cells
Free melanin granules and melanocytes can be seen here under the HPO Lens
- spherical body, partly enclosed by the optic cup
- formed by the thickenings of the inner wall of the lens vesicle
- Lens epithelium
Level of the Diencephalon and the eye One-cell thick outer layer
- Lens fibers
Diencephalon
Columnar cells at the core of the lens that will later become long fibers
- Posterior subdivision of the prosencephalon that is ventrally elongated and
arranged in layers
possesses a cavity called the III ventricle
Cornea
Ifundibulum
- Superficial covering of the eye formed by an assembly of ectodermal and
- Funnel-like evagination of the diencephalic floor
mesodermal cells between the ectoderm and the lens
- Subsequently evaginatates the posterior or neural tube of the pituitary together
with the stomodeum Choroid and sclera
In the more posterior sections of the diencephalons, this is seen as a smaller, ventral - Outer investments of the optic cup
component of the diencephalon with thin roof and thick sides. - At this stage of development, they are represented by the mesodermal cells
aggregating outside the pigmented epithelium.
Mesencephalon
- Middle region of the brain dorsal to the diencephalons Pharynx
- Bears the 3rd and 4th cranial nerves - Broad gut at this level which is lined by endodermal cells
- Possesses a cavity known as the cerebral aqueduct

NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017

 - Mesenchymal cells surrounding the auditory vesicle that will form the cartilaginous
ear capsule that surrounds and protects the inner ear

Auditory ganglion
Hypobranchial cartilages - Mass of nerve cells on the medial side of the auditory vesicle
- Long masses of cartilages under the floor of the foregut that make up parts of the Syn: acoustic ganglion
visceral skeleton and support the pharynx
Thyroid
- A pair of small endocrine bodies associated with the pharynx located beneath the
hypobranchial cartilages Notochord

Skeletal muscle - Round structure originating from mesoderm

- Mesodermal masses lying on the lateral and ventral side of the pharynx - Lying dorsal to the gut and ventral to the hindbrain
- Defines the anterior/posterior axis in the developing embryo
Oral suckers - Provides skeletal support during early development
- A pair of glandular structures
- Composed of elongated columnar cells Mesenchymal cells of the notochord
- Ventral surface of the tadpole that produce a sticky slime for attachment to Form: notochordal sheath
floating objects
Parachordals
Syn: cementglands, mucous glands, adhesive glands
- Cartilages flanking the notochord on each side

Heart
Level of the Myelencephalon and Auditory vesicle
- a lightly coiled tube twisted to the right
Myelencephalon
Pericardial cavity
- Most posterior region of the brain with a thick floor (basal plates)
- chamber enclosing the hear
- In later development, its thin roof becomes vascularized to Form: posterior
choroids plexus Conus arteriosus
- Cavity is the IV ventricle - most anterior region of the heart
- connects the ventricle with the ventral aorta
Auditory vesicle
Syn: bulbuscordis
- A completely closed hallow organ on each side of the medulla
- Endolymmphatic duct Ventricle
Thick-walled tube between the medulla and the ear vesicle - heart chamber that receives blood from the sinus venosus and delivers it to the
Marks the course of the invagination of the auditory vesicle from the ventricle
ectoderm
- Utriculus Atrium
Large dorsal chamber of the ear vesicle - dorsal, thin-walled chamber that receives blood from the sinus venosus and
- Semicircular canals delivers it to the ventricle
The three mutually perpendicular folds of the auditory vesicle that is
Sinus venosus
observed in older specimens
- most posterior chamber lying on the right, anterior to the liver
The sensory epithelium is represented here by the thickened horizontal
- receives the venous blood and delivers it to the atrium
canal
- Sacculus Opercular cavity
Ill-defined ventral chamber of the auditory vesicle - paired chamber continuous with the gut and lying on each side of the heart
Forms: lagenain lower vertebrates - contains the internal gills with branchial blood vessels
Forms: cochlea in higher vertebrates Syn: gill chamber

Auditory capsule Dorsal aorta

- blood vessel located above each gill chamber

NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017

Aortic arches Myotomes
- blood vessels lying within the branchial arches and encircling the pharynx - Thickened primordia of skeletal muscles on each side of the notochord
- connect the dorsal aorta with the ventral aorta - Skeletal muscle fibers are arranged longitudinally
The aortic arches that are involved are 3-6 because they are gill bearing.
Pleroperitineal cavity
Ganglia - Coelomic cavity containing the viscera except the heart
- Facial ganglion (VII) - The pleural cavity that contains the lungs and the peritoneal cavity that contains
Large mass of nerve cell bodies the digestive organs, associated glands, kidney, and reproductive organs are still
Anterior to the auditory ganglion continuous.
Acoustico-facialis ganglion body arising from the fusion of the facial
and auditory ganglia Esophagus
Syn:geniculate ganglion - Tubular organ with folded mucosal lining located below the notochord

Dorsal aorta
- Paired blood vessel between the notochord and the esophagus
- Trigeminal ganglion (V) - Fuse into a single blood vessel posteriorly
A larger mass of nerve cells bodies anterior and dorsal to the acoustico-
facialis ganglion
Syn: semilunar ganglion
- Glossopharyngeal ganglion
External wall of the opercular cavity formed by a body fold Pronephros
- Paired excretory organs that arise from the nephrotome
Metencephalon - Located at the ventrolateral region of the body cavity
- Anterior subdivision of the rhombencephalon
- Lies behind the optic lobes and medial to the V ganglion Pronephric tubules
- Ducts of the pronephros lined by cuboidal epithelium

Posterior cardinal veins

Level of the Pronephros and first spinal ganglion - Blood vessels within the pronephros and supplies the latter with blood
Spinal cord Nephrostome
- Derived from the posterior region of the neural tube - Opening of the pronephric tubules into the coelom
Neural Canal Nephric duct
- The cavity that is laterally compressed by the thick lateral walls of the spinal cord - Lone duct that can be observed at the most caudal section of the pronephros
- Ependymal cells that line the central canal possess cilia and pigment granules - Moves medially and eventually joins the cloaca where it empties its contents
Syn: central canal
Glomus
Gray matter - Two triangular shaped strucutres
- Inner layer of the spinal cord close to the ependymal - Seen ventrally to the dorsal aorta that hang down into the coelomic cavity
- Composed of a compact mass of neuroblast and neuroglia - Tufts of small blood vessels surrounded on their lateral and ventral surfaces by the
thin wall of coelom
White matter
- Glomi are functional components of the pronephric kidney
- Peripheral layer of the spinal cord containing the axons of the neurons in the gray
- Waste products from the blood diffuse from the glomi into the coelomic fluid
matter
Stomach
Meninges
- Posterior continuation of the esophagus with folded lining and thick muscular walls
- Membranous covering of the central nervous system which begins to form at this
- Evaginations of the endodermal lining form the rudiments of the gastric glands
developmental stage
Duodenum
First spinal ganglia
- Region of the gut between the pyloric end of the stomach and the intestine
- Masses of nerve cell bodies ventrolateral to the spinal cord

NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017

 - Represented here in the upper right corner of the body cavity

Intestine
- Located posterior to the duodenum and is filled with the abundant yolk platelets

Liver
- Highly vascularized and enlarged organ to the right of the midline
- Spaces in it are called sinusoids

Gall bladder
- Once-cell thick, large vesicle associated with the liver

Bile duct
- Thick-walled tube that appears in place of the gallbladder

Pancreas
- Large organ within the curvature of the stomach
- Located to the right of the liver and bile duct
- Identified by the presence of the nest of cells (alveoli) surrounding small ducts

NexCab, JoFred, et. al (pictures). 2017