HET 228 Tutorial 1(SOLUTION) Semester 2, 2014

SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (SARAWAK CAMPUS)

HET 228 Electrical Actuators and Sensors

Semester 2, 2014

Tutorial 1 (SOLUTION)

Q1 A linear machine shown in Figure Q1 has a magnetic flux density of 0.5 T

directed into the page, a resistance of 0.25 , a bar length l = 1.0 m, and a
battery voltage of 100 V.

a) Determine the initial force on the bar at starting.

b) Determine the initial current flow.
c) Determine the no-load steady-state speed of the bar.
d) If the bar is loaded with a force of 25 N opposite to the direction of
motion, determine the new steady-state speed.
e) Under these circumstances, determine the efficiency of the machine.

Pout
(Hint: Efficiency, = 100% )
Pin

t=0s B = 0.5 T
i
(into the
page)
R = 0.25

VB = 100 V

Figure Q1

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HET 228 Tutorial 1(SOLUTION) Semester 2, 2014

Q1 (SOLUTION)

Given: B = 0.5 T (into the page)

R = 0.25

l = 1.0 m
VB = 100 V

a) Determine the initial force:

F = ilB = 400 1 0.5 = 200 N (to the right)

b) Determine the initial current flow:

V 100
i= B = = 400 A
R 0.25

c) Determine the no-load steady-state:

VB = eind = vBl
VB 100
vss = = = 200 m/s
Bl 0.5 1

d) Determine the applied force:

Fapp = Find = ilB

Determine the current:

F 25
i = app = = 50 A
Bl 0.5 1
Take note of the following correction:
Determine the induced emf:
eind = VB iR = 100 (50 0.25) = 87.5 V

Hence, the new steady-state speed Correction:

V 87.5
vss = B = = 175 m/s eind 87.5
Bl 0.5 1 v ss = = = 175 m/s
Bl 0.5 1

e) Determine the efficiency of the machine:

input power = 10050 = 5000 W
output power = 87.550 = 4375 W
P 4375
= out 100% = 100% = 87.5%
Pin 5000

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Q2 The linear DC machine of Figure Q1 has been modified to have the following
characteristics:

Flux density, B = 5 T out of page

Resistance, R = 0.5

Battery voltage, VB = 150 V

Note: the bar length is maintained at 1 m.

a) If the bar has a load of 10 N attached to it opposite to the direction of

motion, determine the steady state speed of the bar.
b) If the bar runs into a region where the flux density falls to 4 T,
determine the final steady state speed of the bar.
c) If the circuit resistance is increased to 1 , with everything else running
as in part (b), determine the final steady state speed of the bar.
d) Suppose VB is further increased to 175 V, with everything else running
as in part (b), determine the new steady state speed of the bar.

Q2 (SOLUTION) Take note of the following corrections:

a) Fapp = Find = ilB
Fapp 10
i= = = 2A
Bl 5 1
eind = VB iR = 150 (2 0.5) = 149V Correction:
e 149
vss =
VB 149
= = 29.8 m/s v ss = ind = = 29.8 m/s
Bl 5 1
Bl 5 1
Conclusion:
b) Fapp = Find = ilB
Fapp When B , vss
10
i= = = 2.5 A
Bl 4 1 When VB , vss
eind = VB iR = 150 (2.5 0.5) = 148.75V
VB 148.75 Correction:
vss = = = 37.19 m/s
Bl 4 1 e 148.75
vss = ind = = 37.19 m/s
Bl 4 1
c) eind = VB iR = 150 (2.5 1) = 147.5V
VB 147.5 Correction:
vss = = = 36.88 m/s
Bl 4 1 e
v ss = ind =
147.5
= 36.88 m/s
Bl 4 1
d) eind = VB iR = 150 (2.5 0.5) = 173.75V
VB 173.75 Correction:
vss = = = 43.44 m/s eind = VB iR = 170 (2.5 0.5) = 173.75V
Bl 4 1

Correction:
e 147.5
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Bl 4 1
HET 228 Tutorial 1(SOLUTION) Semester 2, 2014

Q3 A ferromagnetic core is shown in Figure Q3. The depth of the core (into the
page) is 0.05 m. The other dimensions of the core are as shown in Figure Q3.
The relative permeability of the core is 1000 and is assumed to be constant.

a) Determine the value of the current that will produce a flux of 0.005 Wb.
b) With the current from part (a), determine the flux density at the top of
the core.
c) With the current from part (a), determine the flux density at the right
side of the core.

0.05 m
0.1 m 0.2 m

0.15 m

i

500 turns 0.15 m

0.15 m

Core depth = 0.05 m

Figure Q3

Q3 (SOLUTION)
0.1 m 0.05 m

0.2 m
Step 1: Determine the mean path lengths

1 1
l1 = 0.15 + 0.15 + 0.15 = 0.3 m l1 = 0.275 m
2 2
0.15 m

1 1
l2 = 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.05 = 0.275 m
2 2
l1 = 0.3 m

l3 = 0.3 m

l3 = l1 = 0.3 m 0.15 m

l4 = l2 = 0.275 m
0.15 m
l4 = 0.275 m

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Step 2: Determine the cross-sectional areas for each core leg

(A = width depth)

A1 = 0.1 0.05 = 0.005 m 2 cross-sectional area for left side of the core

A2 = 0.15 0.05 = 0.0075 m 2 cross-sectional area for the top of the core

A3 = 0.05 0.05 = 0.0025 m 2 cross-sectional area for right side of the core

A4 = A2 = 0.0075 m 2 cross-sectional area for the bottom of the core

Step 3: Determine the reluctances for different cross-sectional areas (or the
core legs)

l1 0.3
R1 = = = 47746.48 A.t/wb
o r A1 (4 10 )
7
1000 0.005

l2 0.275
R2 = = = 29178.41 A.t/wb
o r A2 ( )
4 10 1000 0.0075
7

l3 0.3
R3 = = = 95492.97 A.t/wb
o r A3 (4 10 )
7
1000 0.0025

R4 = R2 = 29178.41 A.t/wb

Step 4: Draw the magnetic circuit

R2

R1 RTOT

R3

mmf NI mmf NI

R4

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Step 5: Answer the question (or sub-questions)

a) Determine the value of the current that will produce a flux of 0.005 Wb.

Refer to Step 4, from the magnetic circuit:

NI = RTOT = (R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 )
(R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 ) 0.005 (47746.48 + 29178.41 + 95492.97 + 29178.41)
I = = = 2.016 A
N 500

b) With the current from part (a), determine the flux density at the top of the core.

The top of the core has cross-sectional area of A2

0.005
Btop = = = 0.67 T
A2 0.0075

c) With the current from part (a), determine the flux density at the right side of
the core.

The right side of the core has cross-sectional area of A3

0.005
Bright = = = 2T
A3 0.0025

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Q4 A ferromagnetic core with a constant relative permeability of 1500 is shown in

Figure Q4. The dimensions are as shown in Figure Q4, and the depth of the
core (into the page) is 0.07 m. The air gaps on the left and right sides of the
core are 0.0007 m and 0.0005 m respectively. Because of fringing effects, the
effective area of the air gaps is 5 percent larger than their physical size.

a) If there are 300 turns in the coil wrapped around the centre leg of the
core and if the current in the coil is 1.0 A, determine the flux in each of
the left, centre, and right legs of the core.
b) Determine the flux density in each air gap.

0.07 m 0.07 m 0.07 m

0.3 m 0.3 m

0.07 m l2 l4

i
l1 Air gap length, lg2
Air gap length, lg1 l5

0.3 m 0.0007 m 300 turns 0.0005 m

Take note of
l9 l6 the following
l3
corrections:
0.07 m
l8 l7

Figure Q4 Core depth = 0.05 m

Q4 (SOLUTION)

Step 1: Determine the mean path lengths Correction:

1 1 Core depth = 0.07 m

l1 = 0.07 + (0.3 0.0007 ) = 0.18465 m
2 2

1 1
l2 = 0.07 + 0.3 + 0.07 = 0.37 m
2 2

l9 = l1 = 0.18465 m

l8 = l3 = l 4 = l7 = l 2 = 0.37 m

1 1
l5 = 0.07 + (0.3 0.0005) = 0.18475 m
2 2

l6 = l5 = 0.18475 m

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Step 2: Determine the cross-sectional areas for each core leg

(A = width depth) & the air-gaps
cross-sectional
A1 = A2 = A3 = A4 = A5 = A6 = A7 = A8 = A9 = 0.07 0.07 = 4.9 10 3 m 2
area (throughout)

Ag 1 = Ag 2 = A1 105% = 5.145 10 3 m 2 due to fringing effect

Step 3: Determine the reluctances for different cross-sectional areas (or the
core legs) & the air-gaps

l1 0.18465
R1 = = = 19991.81 A.t/wb
o r A1 (4 10 ) 7
(
1500 4.9 10 3 )
l2 0.37
R2 = = = 40059.41 A.t/wb
o r A2 (4 10 ) 7
(
1500 4.9 10 3 )
R8 = R3 = R4 = R7 = R2 = 40059.41 A.t/wb

l5 0.18475
R5 = = = 20002.64 A.t/wb
o r A5 (4 10 ) 7
(
1500 4.9 10 3 )
R6 = R5 = 20002.64 A.t/wb

l g1 0.0007
Rg1 = = = 108268.67 A.t/wb
o r Ag1 (4 10 ) 7
(
1 5.145 10 3 )
lg 2 0.0005
Rg 2 = = = 77334.76 A.t/wb
o r Ag 2 (4 10 ) 7
(
1 5.145 10 3 )

Step 4: Draw the magnetic circuit

R2 R4

R1 R5
R3 R3
Loop 1 Loop 2 Loop 1 Loop 2

Rg1 Rg2 RA RB
mmf NI mmf NI

R9 R6

R8 R7

= + = +

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RA = R1 + R2 + Rg1 + R8 + R9 = 228371.11 A.t/wb

RB = R4 + R5 2 + Rg 2 + R6 + R7 = 197458.86 A.t/wb

Step 5: Answer the question (or sub-questions)

a) Determine the flux in each of the left, centre, and right legs of the core.

Take note:

Flux in the left leg of the core = A. (this is also the flux in air gap with length
l g1 )

Flux in the right leg of the core = B. (this is also the flux in air gap with length
lg 2 )

Flux in the centre leg of the core = .

Refer to Step 4, from the magnetic circuit:

For Loop 1:

NI R3 RA A = 0
NI R3 ( A + B ) RA A = 0
NI R3 A R3 B RA A = 0
NI (R3 + RA ) A R3 B = 0
(300 1) (268430.52 A ) (40059.41 B ) = 0
300 (268430.52 A ) (40059.41 B ) = 0 (1)

For Loop 2:

NI R3 RB B = 0
NI R3 ( A + B ) RB B = 0
NI R3 A R3 B RB B = 0
NI (R3 + RB ) B R3 A = 0
(300 1) (40059.41 A ) (40059.41 B ) (197458.86 B ) = 0
300 (40059.41 A ) (237518.27 B ) = 0 (2 )

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Let (1) (2):

197458.86 B
A = = 0.8646 B (3)
228371.11

Sub (3) into (1):

= 0.0011 Wb (4 )
300
B =
272144.44

Finally, sub (4) into (3):

A = 0.8646 B = 0.8646 0.0011 = 9.53 10 -4 Wb

( )
= A + B = 0.0011 + 9.53 10 -4 = 0.002055 Wb

b) Determine the flux density in each air gap.

A 9.53 10 4
Bg1 = = = 0.1852 T
Ag1 5.145 10 3
B 0.0011
Bg 2 = = = 0.2138 T
Ag 2 5.145 10 3

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HET 228 Tutorial 1(SOLUTION) Semester 2, 2014

Q5 A ferromagnetic core with three legs is shown in Figure Q5(a). Its depth (into
the page) is 0.08 m, and there are 400 turns on the centre leg. The remaining
dimensions are shown in Figure Q5(a). The core is composed of a steel
having the magnetization curve shown in Figure Q5(b). The relative
permeability is not constant. Answer the following questions about the curve
shown in Figure Q5(b) :

a) Determine the required current to produce a flux density of 0.5 T in the

centre leg of the core.
b) Determine the required current to produce a flux density of 1.0 T in the
centre leg of the core. Is it twice the current in part (a)?
c) Determine the reluctances of the centre and right legs of the core
under the conditions in part (a).
d) Determine the reluctances of the centre and right legs of the core
under the conditions in part (b).
e) Draw conclusions about reluctances in real magnetic cores.

2 3 0.08 m
1

i
l2 N = 400 turns l3 0.16 m

l1
0.08 m

0.08 m 0.08 m 0.16 m 0.08 m Core depth = 0.08 m

0.16 m

Figure Q5(a)

Take Note:

1 = 2 + 3

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 HET 228 Tutorial 1(SOLUTION) Semester 2, 2014

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.2

2.0

1.8
Flux density B, (T)

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
10 20 30 40 50 100 20 30 40 50 1000 2000 5000
Magnetizing intensity H, (A.turns/m)

Figure Q5(b)

Q5 (SOLUTION)

Step 1: Determine the mean path lengths (refer to Figure Q5(a))

1 1
l1 = 0.08 + 0.16 + 0.08 = 0.24 m
2 2

1 1
l 2 = 0.08 + 0.16 + 0.08 3 = 0.72 m
2 2

l3 = l2 = 0.72 m

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Step 2: Determine the cross-sectional areas for each core leg

(A = width depth) (refer to Figure Q5(a))

A1 = 0.08 0.08 = 0.0064 m 2 cross-sectional area for centre side of the core

A2 = 0.08 0.08 = 0.0064 m 2 cross-sectional area for left side of the core

A3 = 0.08 0.08 = 0.0064 m 2 cross-sectional area for right side of the core

Step 3: Instead of using NI = R , we now use NI = Hl (refer to Figure Q5(a))

H 1l1 + H 2 l 2 = NI (1)

H 1l1 + H 3l3 = NI (2 )

Step 4: Draw the magnetic circuit

R1

2 3
R2 R3
mmf NI
1

1 = 2 + 3
R2=R3

Step 5: Answer the question (or sub-questions)

a) Determine the required current to produce a flux density of 0.5 T in the centre
leg of the core.

Since B1 = 0.5 T,
From Figure Q5(b), H1 = 70 A.t/m

Since the core is symmetric, 2 = 3

1 = 2 + 3 = 22 . (3)

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Also,
1 = (B1) (A1) = 0.50.0064 = 0.0032 Wb

From equation (3),

2 = (1) / 2 = (0.0032) / 2 = 0.0016 Wb

Now,
B2 = (2) / (A2) = (0.0016) / (0.0064) = 0.25 T
Form Figure Q5(b), H2 = 50 A.t/m
Since the core is symmetric, H2 = H3 = 50 A.t/m

Finally, from equation (1) :

(400)(I) = (700.24) + (500.72)
I = 0.132 A

b) Determine the required current to produce a flux density of 1.0 T in the centre
leg of the core. Is it twice the current in part (a)?

Since B1 is increased to 1.0 T,

From Figure Q5(b), H1 = 159 A.t/m

Since the core is symmetric, 2 = 3

1 = 2 + 3 = 22 . (3)

Also,
1 = (B1) (A1) = 1.00.0064 = 0.0064 Wb

From equation (3),

2 = (1) / 2 = (0.0064) / 2 = 0.0032 Wb

Now,
B2 = (2) / (A2) = (0.0032) / (0.0064) = 0.5 T
Form Figure Q5(b), H2 = 70 A.t/m
Since the core is symmetric, H2 = H3 = 70 A.t/m

Finally, from equation (1) :

(400)(I) = (1590.24) + (700.72)
I = 0.2214 A
No, it is less than twice
Is it twice the current in part (a)? of the current in part (a)

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To summarise:

From Part (a) From Part (b)

B1 = 0.5 T B1 = 1.0 T
H1 = 70 A.t/m H1 = 159 A.t/m
Centre Leg r1 = (B1) / (0 H1) r1 = (B1) / (0 H1)
= (0.5) / (410-770) = (1.0) / (410-7159)
= 5684.11 = 5004.87

B2 = 0.25 T B2 = 0.5 T
H2 = 50 A.t/m H2 = 70 A.t/m
Right Leg r2 = (B2) / (0 H2) r2 = (B2) / (0 H2)
= (0.25) / (410 50)
-7
= (0.5) / (410-770)
= 3978.87 = 5684.11

Conclusion:

(i.) In the centre leg, doubling B requires more than double of H because B
in the centre leg is saturating where r is decreasing.

(ii.) In the right leg, doubling B requires less than double of H because r is
increasing.

(iii.) The combine effect is that less than double the value of MMF is
required. Hence, less than twice the current is required.

c) Determine the reluctances of the centre and right legs of the core under the
conditions in part (a).

Use R = Hl ,

R1 = (H1l1) / 1 = (700.24) / 0.0032 = 5250 A.t/Wb centre leg

R2 = (H2l2) / 2 = (500.72) / 0.0016 = 22500 A.t/Wb right leg

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d) Determine the reluctances of the centre and right legs of the core under the
conditions in part (b).

Use R = Hl ,

R1 = (H1l1) / 1 = (1590.24) / 0.0064 = 5962.5 A.t/Wb centre leg

R2 = (H2l2) / 2 = (700.72) / 0.0032 = 15750 A.t/Wb right leg

e) Draw conclusions about reluctances in real magnetic cores.

In general, reluctance can increase or decrease with applied MMF.

Comparing part (c) and part (d), we see that reluctance of centre leg has
increased with MMF due to saturation. But the reluctance of the right leg has
decreased with MMF due to the increased r.

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