Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
jiguparmar
Content
Configuration of Capacitor:
3. Delta-connected Banks
1. Parallel Connection
2. Series Connection
The reactive power supplied by the fixed capacitor bank is constant irrespective of any
variations in the power factor and the load of the receivers.These capacitor banks are
switched on either manually (circuit breaker / switch) or semi automatically by a remote-
controlled contactor.
This arrangement uses one or more capacitor to provide a constant level of compensation.
These capacitors are applied at the terminals of inductive loads (mainly motors), at bus
bars.
Disadvantages:
Fixed Capacitor may provide leading power factor under light load conditions, Due to
this result in overvoltages, saturation of transformers, mal-operation of diesel
generating sets, penalties by electric supply authorities.
Application:
Where the kvar rating of the capacitors is less than, or equal to 15% of the supply
transformer rating, a fixed value of compensation is appropriate.
Go to Content
The reactive power supplied by the capacitor bank can be adjusted according to variations
in the power factor and the load of the receivers.
These capacitor banks are made up of a combination of capacitor steps (step = capacitor
+ contactor) connected in parallel. Switching on and off of all or part of the capacitor bank
is controlled by an integrated power factor controller.
Where the kvar rating of the capacitors is less than, or equal to 15% of the supply
transformer rating, a fixed value of compensation is appropriate.
Go to Content
Automatic Power Factor correction equipment is divided into three major categories:
Advantages:
Automatically switch on/off relevant capacitors steps for consistent power factor.
Application:
Automatic bank Best for variable loads, prevents Higher equipment cost
over voltages, low installation
cost
Go to Content
Application:
Application
2. Heavy-
Heavy-duty
Application:
4. Harmonic filtering
3. LT Capacitor
Application:
The size of the inductive load is large enough to select the minimum size of capacitors that
is practical.
For HT capacitors the minimum ratings that are practical are as follows:
11 KV 200 Kvar
22 KV 400 Kvar
33 KV 600 Kvar
Unit sizes lower than above is not practical and economical to manufacture.
When capacitors are connected directly across motors it must be ensured that the rated
current of the capacitor bank should not exceed 90% of the no-load current of the motor to
avoid self-excitation of the motor and also over compensation.
Precaution must be taken to ensure the live parts of the equipment to be compensated
should not be handled for 10 minutes (in case of HT equipment) after disconnection of
supply.
Crane motors or like, where the motors can be rotated by mechanical load and motors with
electrical braking systems, should never be compensated by capacitors directly across
motor terminals.
For direct compensation across transformers the capacitor rating should not exceed 90
% of the no-
no-load KVA of the motor.
Go to Content
Calculation of Non liner Load, Example: Transformer Rating 1MVA,Non Liner Load
100KVA
Standard Duty
Above 30%
Go to Content
Configuration of Capacitor
Power factor correction capacitor banks can be configured in the following ways:
3. Star-Ungrounded Bank.
Go to Content
Go to Content
2. Star-
Star-Ungrounded
Industrial and commercial capacitor banks are normally connected ungrounded Star, with
paralleled units to make up the total kvar.
If only one unit is needed to make the total kvar, the units in the other phases will not be
overloaded if it fails.
In industrial or commercial power systems the capacitors are not grounded for a variety of
reasons. Industrial systems are often resistance grounded. A grounded Star connection on
the capacitor bank would provide a path for zero sequence currents and the possibility of
a false operation of ground fault relays.
Also, the protective relay scheme would be sensitive to system line-to-ground voltage
Unbalance, which could also result in false relay tripping.
Go to Content
Therefore, unbalance detection is not required for protection and they are not treated
further in this paper.
Go to Content
Parallel Connection
This is the most popular method of connection. The capacitor is connected in parallel to
the unit.The voltage rating of the capacitor is usually the same as or a little higher than the
system voltage.
Go to Content
Series Connection
This method of connection is not much common. Even though the voltage regulation is
much high in this method,
One is that because of the series connection, in a short circuit condition the capacitor
should be able to withstand the high current. The other is that due to the series connection
due to the inductivity of the line there can be a resonance occurring at a certain capacitive
value.
This will lead to very low impedance and may cause very high currents to flow through the
lines.
Go to Content