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Cardiovascular diseases

Cardiogenic shock is based upon an inadequate circulation of blood due to primar


y failure of the ventricles of the heart to function effectively
Diagnosis
Electrocardiogram
Radiology
Swan-ganz catheter
Biopsy
Treatment
In cardiogenic shock: depending on the type of myocardal infarct
ion one can infuse fluids or in shock refractory to infusing fluids inotropica.
In case of cardiac arrhythmia several anti-arrhythmic agents may be administered
, i.e. adenosine, verapamil, amiodarone, β- locker or glucagon. Positive inotropic
agents, which enhance the heart's pumping capa ilities, are used to improve the
contractility and correct the hypotension. Should that not suffice an intra-aor
tic alloon pump (which reduces workload for the heart, and improves perfusion o
f the coronary arteries) can e considered or a left ventricular assist device (
which augments the pump-function of the heart).
Cardiogenic shock may e treated with intravenous do utamine, wh
ich acts on β1 receptors of the heart leading to increased contractility and heart
rate.
NURSING MANAGEMENT:
Nursing Intervention:
• Administer morphine sulfate intravenously as prescri ed to decrease pulm
onary congestion and relieve pain
• Administer oxygen as prescri ed
• Intu ation and mechanical ventilation if needed
• Administer diuretic and nitrates as prescri ed
• Prepare for insertion of intraaortic alloon pump, PTCA or coronary arte
ry ypass graft if prescri ed
• Monitor arterial lood gas levels
• Monitor urinary output
• Monitor distal pulses
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
PERICARDITIS
Treatment
pericardiocentesis
▪ anti iotics
▪ steroids
▪ colchicine
▪ surgery

▪ Nursing Interventions for patients with pericarditis:
▪ Assess and monitor vital signs and heart sound.
▪ Administer pain medication to treat malaise and other flulike symptoms a
s prescri ed.
▪ Administer NSAIDs as prescri ed.
▪ Give patient time for rest.
▪ Assess and monitor the signs of decreases cardiac output.
▪ Comfort patient: increased fluids, rest periods, and distraction techniq
ue.
▪ Teach patient to adhere to medication schedules.
▪ Guide patient to adopt ways to modify lifestyle especially to conserves
energy and reduce fatique during acute episode of illness.
▪ Teach patient how to recognize signs of recurrence: chest pain, malaise,
and fever.

▪ HEART FAILURE - is generally defined as ina ility of the heart to supply
sufficient lood flow to meet the ody's needs.[1][2][3] It has various diagnos
tic criteria, and the term heart failure is often incorrectly used to descri e o
ther cardiac-related illnesses, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack) or
cardiac arrest.
▪ Nursing Mangement:

▪ MYOCARDITIS - inflammation of heart muscle (myocardium). It resem les a
heart attack ut coronary arteries are not locked.
▪ DIAGNOSIS:
▪ a. ECG
▪ . Biopsy
▪ c. Cardiac MRI
▪ d. Cardiac Enzyme level
▪ e. Echocardiography
▪ f. Chest Radiography
▪ NURSING MANAGEMENT:
▪ a. Monitor respiratory rater, depth, and ease of respiration.
▪ . Note pattern of respiration
▪ c. Auscultate reath sounds noting decreased or a sence of sounds, crack
les or wheezes.
▪ d. Monitor presence of pain and provide pain medication as for needed.
▪ MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:

▪ ENDOCARDITIS - is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the e
ndocardium.
Infective endocarditis is a form of endocarditis caused y infectious agents. Th
e agents are usually acterial, ut other organisms can also e responsi le.
DIAGNOSIS:
a. Echocardiography
Nursing Management:
a. Patient education and self-care
Medical Management:
a. Drug Therapy or Medication
. Diet and Fluid intake

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