CH 3 PDF

CHAPTER 3 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
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1. REASONING AND SOLUTION In addition to the x and y axes, the z axis would be
required to completely describe motion in three dimensions. Motion along the z axis can be
described in terms of the kinematic variables z, az, vz, v0 z , and t. In analogy with the
equations of kinematics for the x and y components, the following equations would be
necessary to describe motion along the z axis:
vz = v0 z + a z t z = v 0 z t + 21 a z t 2
z = 21 ( v 0 z + v z ) t v z2 = v 0 2z + 2 a z z
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2. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION An object thrown upward at an angle will

follow the trajectory shown below. Its acceleration is that due to gravity, and, therefore,
always points downward. The acceleration is denoted by ay in the figure. In general, the
velocity of the object has two components, vx and vy. Since ax = 0, vx always equals its
initial value. The magnitude of the y component of the velocity, vy, decreases as the object
rises, drops to zero at the highest point, and then increases as the object falls downward.
a. Since vy = 0 when the object is at its highest point, the velocity of the object points only
in the x direction. As suggested in the figure below, the acceleration will be perpendicular to
the velocity when the object is at its highest point and vy = 0.
ay v0x
ay ay
v0y
v0x
v0x v0y
vf
b. In order for the velocity and acceleration to be parallel, the x component of the velocity
would have to drop to zero. However, vx always remains equal to its initial value; therefore,
the velocity and the acceleration can never be parallel.
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96 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS
3. REASONING AND SOLUTION As long as air resistance is negligible, the acceleration of

a projectile is constant and equal to the acceleration due to gravity. The acceleration of the
projectile, therefore, is the same at every point in its trajectory, and can never be zero.
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4. REASONING AND SOLUTION If a baseball were pitched on the moon, it would still fall
downwards as it travels toward the batter. However the acceleration due to gravity on the
moon is roughly 6 times less than that on earth. Thus, in the time it takes to reach the batter,
the ball will not fall as far vertically on the moon as it does on earth. Therefore, the pitcher's
mound on the moon would be at a lower height than it is on earth.
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5. REASONING AND SOLUTION The figure below shows the balls trajectory. The
velocity of the ball (along with its x and y components) are indicated at three positions. As
long as air resistance is neglected, we know that ax = 0 and ay is the acceleration due to
gravity. Since ax = 0, the x component of the velocity remains the same and is given by v0x.
The initial y component of the velocity is v0y and decreases as the ball approaches the
highest point, where vy = 0. The magnitude of the y component of the velocity then
increases as the ball falls downward. Just before the ball strikes the ground, the y velocity
component is equal in magnitude to v0y. The speed is the magnitude of the velocity.
a. Since vy = 0 when the ball is at the highest point in the trajectory, the speed is a
minimum there.
b. Similarly, since vy is a maximum at the initial and final positions of the motion, the speed
is a maximum at these positions.
v0x
v0y v0
v0x
v0x v0y
vf
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6. REASONING AND SOLUTION If there were a wind blowing parallel to the ground and
toward the kicker in Figure 3.12, the acceleration component in the horizontal direction
would not be zero. The horizontal component of the velocity would decrease as time goes
on. The flight time of the ball, however, depends only on the vertical component of the
initial velocity. Thus, the flight time of the ball would not be affected by the wind. The
horizontal range of the football will be shortened, but the flight time will remain the same.
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Chapter 3 Conceptual Questions 97
7. REASONING AND SOLUTION The wrench will hit at the same place on the deck of the
ship regardless of whether the sailboat is at rest or moving with a constant velocity. If the
sailboat is at rest, the wrench will fall straight down hitting the deck at some point P. If the
sailboat is moving with a constant velocity, the motion of the wrench will be two
dimensional. However, the horizontal component of the velocity of the wrench will be the
same as the velocity of the sailboat. Therefore, the wrench will always remain above the
same point P as it is falling. This situation is analogous to the falling care package which is
described in Example 3 in the text.
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8. REASONING AND SOLUTION The two bullets differ only in their horizontal motion.
One bullet has vx = 0, while the other bullet has vx = v0x. The time of flight, however, is
determined only by the vertical motion, and both bullets have the same initial vertical
velocity component (v0y = 0). Both bullets, therefore, reach the ground at the same time.
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9. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION Since the launch speed of projectile A is twice
that of B, it follows that
( v0 x ) A = 2( v0 x ) B and ( v0 y ) A = 2( v0 y ) B
As seen from the result of Example 6 in the text, the maximum height attained by either
projectile is directly proportional to the square of v 02 y ; therefore, the ratio of the maximum
heights is H A / H B = ( 2 ) = 4 . Example 8 in the text shows that the range of either
2
projectile is directly proportional to the product of v0x and t. Example 7 in the text shows
that t is proportional to v0y; thus,
RA (v0 x ) A t A (v0 x ) A (v0 y ) A 2(v0 x ) B 2(v0 y ) B
= = = =4
RB ( v0 x ) B t B ( v0 x ) B ( v0 y ) B (v0 x ) B ( v0 y ) B
This ratio is apparent in the following drawing.

PROJECTILE A
HA
PROJECTILE B
HB
RB
RA
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10. REASONING AND SOLUTION

a. The displacement is greater for the stone that is thrown horizontally, because it has the
same vertical component as the dropped stone and, in addition, has a horizontal component.
b. The impact speed is greater for the stone that is thrown horizontally. The reason is that it
has the same vertical velocity component as the dropped stone but, in addition, also has a
horizontal component that equals the throwing velocity.
c. The time of flight is the same in each case, because the vertical part of the motion for
each stone is the same. That is, each stone has an initial vertical velocity component of zero
and falls through the same height.
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11. REASONING AND SOLUTION A leopard springs upward at a 45 angle and then falls
back to the ground. If we neglect air resistance, the leopard will follow the usual parabolic
trajectory of projectile motion. If we let v0 denote the initial speed of the leopard, then, at
any time t, the x and y components of the velocity of the leopard are given by
v x = v 0 cos 45 = 2
2
v0
v y = v 0 sin 45 + a y t = 2
2
v0 + a y t
The speed at any time t is then given by

v = v x2 + v y2
As the leopard rises, its speed decreases reaching a minimum at the highest point in the
trajectory. Then, as the leopard falls back to the ground, its speed increases. To determine
Chapter 3 Conceptual Questions 99
the minimum speed of the leopard, we note that when the leopard is at the highest point in
its trajectory, v y = 0 . Therefore, the minimum speed of the leopard is
e j
2
v = v x2 + v y2 = 2
2
v0 + 0 = 0.707 v 0
In other words, as the leopard moves upward, its speed decreases from its initial value of
v 0 to its minimum value of 0.707 v 0 at the leopard's highest point. We can conclude,
therefore, that the leopard never has a speed that is one-half of its initial value.
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12. REASONING AND SOLUTION Since air resistance is being ignored, the equations of
kinematics apply. Therefore, the maximum height is determined solely by the vertical
component v0y of the launch velocity and the acceleration due to gravity (ay = 9.80 m/s2,
upward is assumed to be the positive direction). This can be seen from Equation 3.6b
( v2y = v02y + 2a y y ) , which can be solved for the vertical displacement y when vy = 0 m/s at
the maximum height of y = H:
v02 y
v 2y = v02y + 2a y y or ( 0 m/s ) = v02y + 2a y y
2
or y=H =
2a y
Since both balls attain the same maximum height, their launch velocities must have the same
vertical components v0y. In addition, the time of flight, which is the time for the balls to rise
upward to the maximum height and fall back to earth, is the same for each ball. This can be
seen from Equation 3.3b ( v y = v0 y + a yt ) , which can be solved for the time t when
vy = 0 m/s at the maximum height:
v0 y
v y = v0 y + a y t or 0 m/s = v0 y + a y t or t=
ay
The time of flight is twice this value of t. Since v0y is the same for each ball, the time of
flight is the same. But the range is the product of the horizontal component v0x of the
launch velocity and the time of flight. Thus, the greater range of ball A means that it must
have a greater value for v0x than does ball B, since the flight times are identical. Because
both balls have the same value for v0y and ball A has the greater value for v0x, we conclude
that ball A must have the greater launch speed v0, which is the magnitude of the launch
velocity and is v0 = v02x + v02y .
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13. REASONING AND SOLUTION Since the plastic bottle moves with the current, the
passenger is estimating the velocity of the boat relative to the water. Therefore, the
passenger cannot conclude that the boat is moving at 5 m/s with respect to the shore.
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14. REASONING AND SOLUTION The plane flies at the same speed with respect to the
ground during the entire flight. Therefore, even though the earth is rotating, the speed of the
plane relative to the earth is identical in both cases, the distances are the same, and,
therefore, the two flight times are identical.
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15. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION

a. Since the child is at rest with respect to the floor of the RV and with respect to the
cannon, there is no relative motion between the child, the floor of the RV and the cannon.
Therefore, the range of the marble toward the front is the same as the range toward the rear
from the point of view of the child.
b. The velocity of the marble relative to an observer standing still on the ground is
v MG = v MV + v VG , where v MV is the velocity of the marble relative to the vehicle and v VG
is the velocity of the vehicle relative to the ground. Suppose that the RV moves in the
positive direction; then the quantity v VG is positive. When the marble is shot toward the
front of the RV, the x component of v MV will also be a positive quantity. Alternatively,
when the marble is shot toward the back of the RV, the x component of v MV is a negative
quantity. Thus, the magnitude of the x component of v MG is smaller when the marble is
shot toward the rear than when it is shot toward the front. The time that the marble is in the
air is determined by the vertical motion which is the same in both cases. Since the
magnitude of the x component of v MG is smaller when the marble is shot toward the rear, it
will cover less distance in the time it takes to hit the floor of the RV compared to when the
marble is shot toward the front. Therefore, from the point of view of an observer on the
ground, the range of the marble is greater when the marble is shot toward the front.
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16. REASONING AND SOLUTION The time required for any given swimmer to cross the
river is equal to the width of the river divided by the magnitude of the component of the
velocity that is parallel to the width of the river. All three swimmers can swim equally fast
relative to the water; however, all three swim at different angles relative to the current.
Since swimmer A heads straight across the width of the river, swimmer A will have the
largest velocity component parallel to the width of the river; therefore, swimmer A crosses
the river in the least time.
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Chapter 3 Problems 101
CHAPTER 3 KINEMATICS IN
TWO DIMENSIONS
PROBLEMS
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1. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION The horizontal and vertical components of the
plane's velocity are related to the speed of the plane by the Pythagorean
theorem: v 2 = vh2 + vv2 . Solving for vh we have
v h = v 2 v v2 = (245 m / s) 2 ( 40.6 m / s) 2 = 242 m / s

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2. REASONING The displacement is a vector drawn from the initial position to the final
position. The magnitude of the displacement is the shortest distance between the positions.
Note that it is only the initial and final positions that determine the
displacement. The fact that the squirrel jumps to an
intermediate position before reaching his final position
is not important. The trees are perfectly straight and
both growing perpendicular to the flat horizontal
ground beneath them. Thus, the distance between the A
2.5 m
trees and the length of the trunk of the second tree
below the squirrels final landing spot form the two
perpendicular sides of a right triangle, as the drawing
shows. To this triangle, we can apply the Pythagorean
theorem and determine the magnitude A of the
displacement vector A. 1.3 m
SOLUTION According to the Pythagorean theorem, we have
A= (1.3 m )2 + ( 2.5 m )2 = 2.8 m
3. REASONING AND SOLUTION The horizontal displacement is
x = 19 600 m 11 200 m = 8400 m
The vertical displacement is
y = 4900 m 3200 m = 1700 m
The magnitude of the displacement is therefore,

r = x 2 + y 2 = ( 8400 m ) + (1700 m ) = 8600 m

2 2
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4. REASONING AND SOLUTION The increase in altitude represents vy = 6.80 m/s. The
movement of the shadow represents vx = 15.5 m/s. The magnitude of the glider's velocity is
therefore
v = vx2 + v 2y = (15.5 m/s ) + ( 6.80 m/s ) = 16.9 m/s
2 2
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460 m
5. SSM REASONING The displacement of the elephant
seal has two components; 460 m due east and 750 m
downward. These components are mutually perpendicular; 750 m
hence, the Pythagorean theorem can be used to determine R
their resultant.
SOLUTION From the Pythagorean theorem,
R 2 = (460 m) 2 + (750 m) 2
Therefore,
R = ( 460 m) 2 + ( 750 m) 2 = 8.8 10 2 m
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6. REASONING To determine the horizontal and vertical components of the launch velocity,
we will use trigonometry. To do so, however, we need to know both the launch angle and
the magnitude of the launch velocity. The launch angle is given. The magnitude of the
launch velocity can be determined from the given acceleration and the definition of
acceleration given in Equation 3.2.
SOLUTION According to Equation 3.2, we have
v v0
a=
t t0
or 340 m / s 2 =
v0 m/s
0.050 s
or c
v = 340 m / s 2 hb 0.050 sg
Using trigonometry, we find the components to be
c
v x = v cos 51 = 340 m / s 2 hb 0.050 sg cos 51 = 11 m / s
vy = v sin 51 = c 340 m / s h b 0.050 s g sin 51 = 13 m / s
2
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x = r cos = (162 km) cos 62.3 = 75.3 km
y = r sin = (162 km) sin 62.3 = 143 km

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8. REASONING
a. We designate the direction down and parallel to the ramp as the +x direction, and the
table shows the variables that are known. Since three of the five kinematic variables have
values, one of the equations of kinematics can be employed to find the acceleration ax.
x-Direction Data
x ax vx v0x t
+12.0 m ? +7.70 m/s 0 m/s
b. The acceleration vector points down and parallel to the ramp, and the ax
angle of the ramp is 25.0 relative to the ground (see the drawing). 25.0
Therefore, trigonometry can be used to determine the component aparallel aparallel
of the acceleration that is parallel to the ground.
SOLUTION
a. Equation 3.6a ( vx2 = v02x + 2ax x ) can be used to find the acceleration in terms of the three
known variables. Solving this equation for ax gives
( +7.70 m/s ) ( 0 m/s )

2 2
vx2 v02x
ax = = = 2.47 m/s 2
2x 2 ( +12.0 m )
b. The drawing shows that the acceleration vector is oriented 25.0 relative to the ground.
The component aparallel of the acceleration that is parallel to the ground is
aparallel = ax cos 25.0 = ( 2.47 m/s 2 ) cos 25.0 = 2.24 m/s 2

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9. SSM WWW REASONING AND SOLUTION The

escalator is the hypotenuse of a right triangle formed by the L
6.00 m
lower floor and the vertical distance between floors, as shown
in the figure. The angle at which the escalator is inclined
above the horizontal is related to the length L of the escalator
and the vertical distance between the floors by the sine
function:
6.00 m
sin = (1)
L
The length L of the escalator can be found from the right triangle formed by the components
of the shopper's displacement up the escalator and to the right of the escalator.
From the Pythagorean theorem, we have 9.00 m
L2 + (9.00 m)2 = (16.0 m) 2

L 16.0 m
so that
L = (16.0 m) 2 ( 9.00 m) 2 = 13.2 m
From Equation (1) we have
6.00 m
= sin 1 = 27.0
13.2 m
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10. REASONING The component method can be used to determine the magnitude and
direction of the bird watcher's displacement. Once the displacement is known, Equation 3.1
can be used to find the average velocity.
SOLUTION The following table gives the components of the individual displacements of
the bird watcher. The last entry gives the components of the bird watcher's resultant
displacement. Due east and due north have been chosen as the positive directions.
East/West North/South
Displacement Component Component
A 0.50 km 0
B 0 0.75 km
C (2.15 km) cos 35.0 = 1.76 km (2.15 km) sin 35.0 = 1.23 km
r=A+B+C 1.26 km 0.48 km
a. From the Pythagorean theorem, we have North
r = (1.26 km) 2 + (0.48 km) 2 = 1.35 km r

0.48 km

The angle is given by East
1.26 km
FG 0.48 kmIJ
= tan 1
H 1.26 km K
= 21 , north of west
b. From Equation 3.1, the average velocity is
r 1.35 km
v= = = 0.540 km/h, 21 north of west
t 2.50 h
Note that the direction of the average velocity is, by definition, the same as the direction of
the displacement.
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a. Average speed is defined as the total distance d covered divided by the time t required
to cover the distance. The total distance covered by the earth is one-fourth the circumference
of its circular orbit around the sun:
1
d = 4 x 2 (1.50 x 1011 m) = 2.36 x 1011 m
d 2 .36 10 11 m
v= = = 2.99 10 4 m / s
t 7.89 10 s
6
b. The average velocity is defined as the displacement

divided by the elapsed time.
In moving one-fourth of the distance around the sun,

the earth completes the displacement shown in the r
figure at the right. From the Pythagorean theorem, r
the magnitude of this displacement is
r
r = r2 + r2 = 2r
Thus, the magnitude of the average velocity is
r 2 1.50 10 11 m
v= = = 2.69 10 4 m / s
t 7.89 10 s
6
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12. REASONING The data given in the problem are summarized as follows:
x-Direction Data y-Direction Data
x ax vx v0x t y ay vy v0y t
4.11 106 m ? 4370 m/s 684 s 6.07 106 m ? 6280 m/s 684 s
With these data, we can use Equations 3.5a and 3.5b to determine the acceleration
component ax and ay.
SOLUTION Using Equations 3.5a and 3.5b, we can solve for the acceleration components
and find that
1 2 x 2v0 xt 2 y 2v0 y t
x = v0 xt + axt 2 or ax = 2
(3.5a) 1
y = v0 y t + a y t 2 or a y = (3.5b)
2 t 2 t2
ax =
( )
2 4.11106 m 2 ( 4370 m/s )( 684 s ) ( )
2 6.07 106 m 2 ( 6280 m/s )( 684 s )
ay =
( 684 s ) 2
( 684 s )2
= 4.79 m/s 2 = 7.59 m/s 2
13. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION As shown in Example 3, the time required for the
package to hit the ground is given by t = 2 y / a y and is independent of the planes
horizontal velocity. Thus, the time needed for the package to hit the ground is still 14.6 s .
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14. REASONING The vertical component of the balls velocity v0 changes as the ball
approaches the opposing player. It changes due to the acceleration of gravity. However, the
horizontal component does not change, assuming that air resistance can be neglected.
Hence, the horizontal component of the balls velocity when the opposing player fields the
ball is the same as it was initially.
SOLUTION Using trigonometry, we find that the horizontal component is
b g
v x = v 0 cos = 15 m / s cos 55 = 8.6 m / s
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15. REASONING AND SOLUTION Using vy = 0 and
voy = vo sin = (11 m/s) sin 65 = 1.0 101 m/s
and vy2 = voy2 + 2ay y, we have
(1.0 101 m/s )

2
v02 y
y= = = 5.1 m
2a y 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 )
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16. REASONING
a. The maximum possible distance that the ball can travel occurs when it is launched at an
angle of 45.0. When the ball lands on the green, it is at the same elevation as the tee, so the
vertical component (or y component) of the ball's displacement is zero. The time of flight is
given by the y variables, which are listed in the table below. We designate "up" as the +y
direction.
y-Direction Data
y ay vy v0y t
0m 9.80 m/s2 +(30.3 m/s) sin 45.0 = +21.4 m/s ?
Since three of the five kinematic variables are known, we can employ one of the equations
of kinematics to find the time t that the ball is in the air.
b. The longest hole in one that the golfer can make is equal to the range R of the ball. This
distance is given by the x variables and the time of flight, as determined in part (a). Once
again, three variables are known, so an equation of kinematics can be used to find the range
of the ball. The +x direction is taken to be from the tee to the green.
x-Direction Data
x ax vx v0x t
R=? 0 m/s2 +(30.3 m/s) cos 45.0 = +21.4 m/s from part a
SOLUTION
a. We will use Equation 3.5b to find the time, since this equation involves the three known
variables in the y direction:
( )
y = v0 y t + 12 a y t 2 = v0 y + 12 a y t t
0 m = +21.4 m/s + 1
2 ( 9.80 m/s ) t t
2
Solving this quadratic equation yields two solutions, t = 0 s and t = 4.37 s. The first solution
represents the situation when the golf ball just begins its flight, so we discard this one.
Therefore, t = 4.37 s .
b. With the knowledge that t = 4.37 s and the values for ax and v0x (see the x-direction data
table above), we can use Equation 3.5a to obtain the range R of the golf ball.
x = v0 x t + 12 ax t 2 = ( +21.4 m/s )( 4.37 s ) + 12 ( 0 m/s 2 ) ( 4.37 s ) = 93.5 m

2
N
=R
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17. SSM REASONING The upward direction is chosen as positive. Since the ballast bag is
released from rest relative to the balloon, its initial velocity relative to the ground is equal to
the velocity of the balloon relative to the ground, so that v0 y = 3.0 m/s . Time required for
the ballast to reach the ground can be found by solving Equation 3.5b for t.
SOLUTION Using Equation 3.5b, we have
1
2
a y t 2 + v0 y t y = 0 or 1
2
(9.80 m / s 2 ) t 2 + ( 3.0 m / s) t ( 9 .5 m) = 0
This equation is quadratic in t, and t may be found from the quadratic formula. Using the
quadratic formula, suppressing the units, and discarding the negative root, we find
3.0 (3.0) 2 4 ( 4 .90 )( 9 .5)

t= = 1.7 s
2 ( 4 .90 )
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18. REASONING AND SOLUTION The maximum vertical displacement y attained by a

projectile is given by Equation 3.6b ( v 2y = v02 y + 2a y y ) with vy = 0:
v02 y
y=
2a y
In order to use Equation 3.6b, we must first estimate his initial speed v0y . When Jordan has
reached his maximum vertical displacement, vy = 0, and t = 1.00 s. Therefore, according to
Equation 3.3b ( v y = v0 y + a y t ), with upward taken as positive, we find that
v0 y = a y t = (9.80 m/s 2 ) (1.00 s) = 9.80 m/s
Therefore, Jordan's maximum jump height is
(9.80 m/s) 2
y= = 4.90 m
2(9.80 m/s 2 )
This result far exceeds Jordans maximum jump height, so the claim that he can remain in
the air for two full seconds is false.
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19. REASONING AND SOLUTION The components of the initial velocity are
v0x = v0 cos = (22 m/s) cos 40.0 = 17 m/s

v0y = v0 sin = (22 m/s) sin 40.0 = 14 m/s
a. Solving Equation 3.6b for y gives

v 2y v 02 y
y=
2a y
When the football is at the maximum height y = H, and the football is momentarily at rest, so
vy = 0. Thus,
0 v 02 y 0 (14 m/s ) 2
H= = = 6.0 101 m
2a y 2 ( 1.62 m/s 2 )
b. When the ball strikes the ground, y = 0; therefore, the time of flight can be determined
from Equation 3.5b with y = 0.
1
y = v0yt + 2 ayt2
or
0 = [(14 m/s) + 1
2
( 1.62 m / s 2 ) t] t
t = 17 s
The range is
x = R = v0xt = (17 m/s)(17 s) = 290 m
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20. REASONING AND SOLUTION The time required for the car to fall to the ground is given
by
2 y 2 ( 54 m )
t= = = 3.3 s
g 9.80 m/s 2
During this time, the car traveled a horizontal distance of 130 m. Using ax = 0 m/s2
gives
vox = x/t = (130 m)/(3.3 s) = 39 m/s
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21. SSM REASONING Since the magnitude of the velocity of the fuel tank is given by
v = v x2 + v y2 , it is necessary to know the velocity components vx and v y just before
impact. At the instant of release, the empty fuel tank has the same velocity as that of the
plane. Therefore, the magnitudes of the initial velocity components of the fuel tank are
given by v0 x = v0 cos and v0 y = v0 sin , where v0 is the speed of the plane at the instant
of release. Since the x motion has zero acceleration, the x component of the velocity of the
plane remains equal to v0 x for all later times while the tank is airborne. The y component of
the velocity of the tank after it has undergone a vertical displacement y is given by
Equation 3.6b.
SOLUTION
a. Taking up as the positive direction, the velocity components of the fuel tank just before it
hits the ground are
vx = v0 x = v cos = (135 m/s) cos 15 = 1.30 102 m/s
From Equation 3.6b, we have
v y = v 02 y + 2 a y y = ( v 0 sin ) 2 + 2 a y y
2
= ( 135 m / s) sin 15.0 + 2 ( 9 .80 m / s 2 )( 2.00 10 3 m) = 201 m / s
Therefore, the magnitude of the velocity of the fuel tank just before impact is
v = v x2 + v y2 = (1.30 10 2 m / s) 2 + ( 201 m / s) 2 = 239 m / s
The velocity vector just before impact is inclined at an angle above the horizontal. This
angle is
FG
201 m / s IJ
= tan 1
H
1.30 10 2 m / s
= 57.1
K
b. As shown in Conceptual Example 10, once the fuel tank in part a rises and falls to the
same altitude at which it was released, its motion is identical to the fuel tank in part b.
Therefore, the velocity of the fuel tank in part b just before impact
is 239 m/s at an angle of 57.1 above the horizontal .
____________________________________________________________________________________________
22. REASONING When the skier leaves the ramp, she exhibits projectile motion . Since we
know the maximum height attained by the skier, we can find her launch speed v0 using
Equation 3.6b , v 2y = v02 y + 2a y y , where v0 y = v0 sin 63 .
SOLUTION At the highest point in her trajectory, vy = 0. Solving Equation 3.6b for v0y
we obtain, taking upward as the positive direction,
2 a y y 2(9.80 m / s 2 ) ( 13 m)
v 0 y = v 0 sin 63 = 2 a y y or v0 = = = 18 m / s
sin 63 sin 63
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
23. REASONING We begin by considering the flight time of the ball on the distant planet.
Once the flight time is known, we can determine the maximum height and the range of the
ball.
The range of a projectile is proportional to the time that the projectile is in the air.
Therefore, the flight time on the distant plant 3.5 times larger than on earth. The flight time
can be found from Equation 3.3b ( v y = v0 y + a y t ). When the ball lands, it is at the same
level as the tee; therefore, from the symmetry of the motion v y = v0 y . Taking upward and
to the right as the positive directions, we find that the flight time on earth would be
v y v0 y 2v0 y 2v0 sin 2(45 m/s) sin 29

t= = = = = 4.45 s
ay ay ay 9.80 m/s 2
Therefore, the flight time on the distant planet is 3.5 (4.45 s) = 15.6 s. From the symmetry
of the problem, we know that this is twice the amount of time required for the ball to reach
its maximum height, which, consequently, is 7.80 s.
SOLUTION
a. The height y of the ball at any instant is given by Equation 3.4b as the product of the
average velocity component in the y direction 21 v 0 y + v y and the time t:e j
y= 1
2 ev 0y j
+ vy t . Since the maximum height H is reached when the final velocity
component in the y direction is zero (vy = 0), we find that
H = 21 v 0 y t = 21 v 0 (sin 29 ) t = 21 (45 m / s) (sin 29 ) (7.80 s) = 85 m
b. The range of the ball on the distant planet is
x = v 0 x t = v 0 (cos 29 ) t = ( 45 m / s) (cos 29 ) (15.6 s) = 610 m

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
24. REASONING The vertical displacement y of the ball depends on the time that it is in the air
before being caught. These variables depend on the y-direction data, as indicated in the
table, where the +y direction is "up."
y-Direction Data
y ay vy v0y t
? 9.80 m/s2 0 m/s ?
Since only two variables in the y direction are known, we cannot determine y at this point.
Therefore, we examine the data in the x direction, where +x is taken to be the direction from
the pitcher to the catcher.
x-Direction Data
x ax vx v0x t
+17.0 m 0 m/s2 +41.0 m/s ?
Since this table contains three known variables, the time t can be evaluated by using an
equation of kinematics. Once the time is known, it can then be used with the y-direction
data, along with the appropriate equation of kinematics, to find the vertical displacement y.
SOLUTION Using the x-direction data, Equation 3.5a can be employed to find the time t
that the baseball is in the air:
x = v0 xt + 12 axt 2 = v0 x t ( since a x
= 0 m/s 2 )
Solving for t gives
x +17.0 m
t= = = 0.415 s
v0 x +41.0 m/s
The displacement in the y direction can now be evaluated by using the y-direction data table
and the value of t = 0.415 s. Using Equation 3.5b, we have
y = v0 y t + 12 a y t 2 = ( 0 m/s )( 0.415 s ) + 12 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.415 s ) = 0.844 m

2
The distance that the ball drops is given by the magnitude of this result, so
Distance = 0.844 m .
______________________________________________________________________________
25. SSM REASONING The speed of the fish at any time t is given by v = v x2 + v y2 , where
vx and vy are the x and y components of the velocity at that instant. Since the horizontal
motion of the fish has zero acceleration, vx = v0 x for all times t. Since the fish is dropped by
the eagle, v0x is equal to the horizontal speed of the eagle and v0 y = 0 . The y component of
the velocity of the fish for any time t is given by Equation 3.3b with v0 y = 0 . Thus, the
speed at any time t is given by v = v 02 x + ( a y t ) 2 .
SOLUTION
a. The initial speed of the fish is v 0 = v 02 x + v 02 y = v 02 x + 0 2 = v 0 x . When the fish's speed
doubles, v = 2v0 x . Therefore,
2 v 0 x = v 02 x + ( a y t ) 2 or 4 v 02 x = v 02 x + ( a y t ) 2
Assuming that downward is positive and solving for t, we have
v0 x FG 6.0 m / s IJ =
t= 3
ay
= 3
H 9.80 m / s K
2
1.1 s
b. When the fish's speed doubles again, v = 4v0 x . Therefore,
4 v 0 x = v 02 x + ( a y t ) 2 or 16 v 02 x = v 02 x + ( a y t ) 2
Solving for t, we have

v0 x FG 6.0 m / s IJ = 2.37 s
t = 15
ay
= 15
H 9.80 m / s K
2
Therefore, the additional time for the speed to double again is ( 2 .4 s) (1.1 s) = 1.3 s .
____________________________________________________________________________________________
26. REASONING The data for the problem are summarized below. In the tables, we use the
symbol v0 to denote the speed with which the ball is thrown and choose upward and to the
right as the positive directions.
v0
30.0 v0y
x-Direction Data
v0x
v0
x ax vx v0x t
30.0
183 m 0 m/s2 v0 cos 30.0 ?
183 m
y-Direction Data
y ay vy v0y t
0m 9.80 m/s2 v0 sin 30.0 Same as for x direction
Note that ax = 0 m/s2, because air resistance is being ignored. In addition, note that y = 0 m,
because the football rises and then returns to the same vertical level from which it was
launched. Finally, we have used trigonometry to express the components v0x and v0y of the
initial velocity in terms of the speed v0 and the 30.0 launch angle. The key here is to
remember that the horizontal and vertical parts of the footballs motion can be treated
separately, the time for the motion being the same for each. Since air resistance is being
ignored, we can apply the equations of kinematics separately to the motions in the x and y
directions.
SOLUTION Since there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction, motion in that

direction is constant-velocity motion, and the horizontal displacement x is simply the initial
velocity component v0x times the time t:
x = v0 xt = ( v0 cos 30.0 ) t
An expression for t can be obtained by considering the motion in the vertical direction.
Thus, we use Equation 3.5b from the equations of kinematics and recognize that the
displacement y is zero and v0y = v0 sin 30.0:
2v0 sin 30.0

0 m = ( v0 sin 30.0 ) t + a y t 2
1 1
y = v0 y t + a y t 2 or or t=
2 2 ay
Substituting this result for the time into the expression for x gives
2v sin 30.0 2v02 cos 30.0 sin 30.0
x = ( v0 cos 30.0 ) t = ( v0 cos 30.0 ) 0 =
ay ay

v0 =
xa y
=
(
(183 m ) 9.80 m/s 2 ) = 45.5 m/s
2 cos 30.0 sin 30.0 2 cos 30.0 sin 30.0
27. REASONING The drawing at the right shows the y

velocity vector v of the water at a point below the top x
of the falls. The components of the velocity are also
shown. The angle is given by tan = v y / vx , so that vy v

v y = vx tan = (2.7 m/s) tan 75 vx
Here we have used the fact that the horizontal velocity component vx remains unchanged at
its initial value of 2.7 m/s as the water falls. Knowing the y component of the velocity, we
can use Equation 3.6b, ( v 2y = v02 y + 2a y y ) to find the vertical distance y.
SOLUTION Taking v0 y = 0 , and taking upward as the positive direction, we have from
Equation 3.5b that
2
v y2 ( 2 .7 m / s) tan 75
y= = = 5.2 m
2a y 2(9.80 m / s 2 )
Therefore, the velocity vector of the water points downward at a 75 angle below the
horizontal at a vertical distance of 5.2 m below the edge.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
28. REASONING We will treat the horizontal and vertical parts v0x
of the motion separately. The directions upward and to the
right are chosen as the positive directions in the drawing.
Ignoring air resistance, we note that there is no acceleration y
in the horizontal direction. Therefore, the horizontal x
component v0x of the balls initial velocity remains
unchanged throughout the motion, and the horizontal component x of the displacement is
simply v0x times the time t during which the motion occurs. This is true for both bunted
balls. Since the value of x is the same for both, we have that
t
xA = xB or v0 x,AtA = v0 x,BtB or v0 x,B = v0 x,A A (1)
t
B
To use this result to calculate v0x,B, it is necessary to determine the times tA and tB. We can
accomplish this by applying the equations of kinematics to the vertical part of the motion for
each ball. The data for the vertical motion are summarized as follows:
y-Direction Data, Ball A y-Direction Data, Ball B
yA ay,A vy,A v0y,A tA yB ay,B vy,B v0y,B tB
1.2 m 9.80 m/s2 0 m/s ? 1.5 m 9.80 m/s2 0 m/s ?
Note that the initial velocity components v0y are zero, because the balls are bunted
horizontally. With these data, Equation 3.5b gives
2y
y = v0 y t + a y t 2 = ( 0 m/s ) t + a y t 2
1 1
or t= (2)
2 2 ay
SOLUTION Using Equation (2) for each ball and substituting the expressions for tA and tB
into Equation (1) gives
t 2 yA / a y ,A
v0 x,B = v0 x,A A = v0 x,A
t
B 2 yB / a y ,B
yA 1.2 m
= v0 x,A = (1.9 m/s ) = 1.7 m/s
yB 1.5 m
Note that the accelerations ay,A and ay,B both equal the acceleration due to gravity and are
eliminated algebraically from the calculation.
29. SSM WWW REASONING Once the diver is airborne, he moves in the x direction
with constant velocity while his motion in the y direction is accelerated (at the acceleration
due to gravity). Therefore, the magnitude of the x component of his velocity remains
constant at 1.20 m/s for all times t. The magnitude of the y component of the diver's
velocity after he has fallen through a vertical displacement y can be determined from
Equation 3.6b: v 2y = v02 y + 2a y y . Since the diver runs off the platform horizontally,
v0 y = 0 . Once the x and y components of the velocity are known for a particular vertical
displacement y, the speed of the diver can be obtained from v = v x2 + v y2 .
SOLUTION For convenience, we will take downward as the positive y direction. After the
diver has fallen 10.0 m, the y component of his velocity is, from Equation 3.6b,
v y = v 02 y + 2 a y y = 0 2 + 2(9.80 m / s 2 )( 10.0 m) = 14 .0 m / s
Therefore,
v = v x2 + v y2 = (1.20 m / s) 2 + ( 14.0 m / s) 2 = 14.1 m / s
____________________________________________________________________________________________
30. REASONING We will treat the horizontal and vertical y

parts of the motion separately. The directions upward v0x
and to the right are chosen as the positive directions in
the drawing. Ignoring air resistance, we can apply the
equations of kinematics to the vertical part of the
motion. The data for the vertical motion are
summarized in the following tables. Note that the x
initial velocity component v0y is zero, because the
bullets are fired horizontally. The vertical component y of the bullets displacements are
entered in the tables with minus signs, because the bullets move downward in the negative y
direction. The times of flight tA and tB have been identified in the tables as a matter of
convenience.
y-Direction Data, First Shot y-Direction Data, Second Shot
y ay vy v0y t y ay vy v0y t
HA 9.80 m/s2 0 m/s tA HB 9.80 m/s2 0 m/s tB
With these data, Equation 3.5b gives

y = v0 y t + a y t 2 = ( 0 m/s ) t + a y t 2 = a y t 2
1 1 1
(1)
2 2 2
SOLUTION Applying Equation (1) to both shots, we find that
1
yB H B a t2 H B tB2
= = 2 y B or = (2)
yA H A 1
a t2 H A tA2
2 y A
To use this result to calculate the ratio HB/HA, it is necessary to determine the times tA and
tB. To do this, we consider the horizontal part of the motion and note that there is no
acceleration in the horizontal direction. Therefore, the horizontal component v0x of the
bullets initial velocity remains unchanged throughout the motion, and the horizontal
component x of the displacement is simply v0x times the time t during which the motion
occurs. We have that
xA xB
xA = v0 xtA and xB = v0 xtB or tA = and tB = (3)
v0 x v0 x
Substituting these results into Equation (2) gives

H B tB2 ( xB / v0 x )
2 2
xB
= 2 = =
H A tA ( x / v )2 xA
A 0x
It is given that xB = 2xA, so that we find
2 2
HB x 2 xA
= B = = 4
HA x
A xA
31. REASONING The rocket will clear the top of the wall by an amount that is the height of
the rocket as it passes over the wall minus the height of the wall. To find the height of the
rocket as it passes over the wall, we separate the rockets projectile motion into its
horizontal and vertical parts and treat each one separately. From the horizontal part we will
obtain the time of flight until the rocket reaches the location of the wall. Then, we will use
this time along with the acceleration due to gravity in the equations of kinematics to
determine the height of the rocket as it passes over the wall.
SOLUTION We begin by finding the horizontal and vertical components of the launch
velocity
b g
v 0 x = v 0 cos 60.0 = 75.0 m / s cos 60.0
v0 y = v0 sin 60.0 = b 75.0 m / s g sin 60.0
Using v0x, we can obtain the time of flight, since the distance to the wall is known to be
27.0 m:
27 .0 m 27 .0 m
t= = = 0.720 s
v0 x b
75.0 m / s cos 60.0 g
The height of the rocket as it clears the wall can be obtained from Equation 3.5b, in which
we take upward to be the positive direction. The amount by which the rocket clears the wall
can then be obtained:
y = v 0 y t + 21 a y t 2
b gb gb g c
y = 75.0 m / s sin 60.0 0.720 s + 21 9 .80 m / s 2 hb 0.720 sg 2
= 44 .2 m
clearance = 44 .2 m 11.0 m = 33.2 m

____________________________________________________________________________________________
32. REASONING +y
a. The drawing shows the initial velocity v0 of the v0 +x
package when it is released. The initial speed of the
package is 97.5 m/s. The component of its 50.0
displacement along the ground is labeled as x. The
data for the x direction are indicated in the data y
table below.
x
x-Direction Data
x ax vx v0x t
? 0 m/s2 +(97.5 m/s) cos 50.0 = +62.7 m/s
Since only two variables are known, it is not possible to determine x from the data in this
table. A value for a third variable is needed. We know that the time of flight t is the same for
both the x and y motions, so lets now look at the data in the y direction.
y-Direction Data
y ay vy v0y t
732 m 9.80 m/s2 +(97.5 m/s) sin 50.0 = +74.7 m/s ?

Note that the displacement y of the package points from its initial position toward the
ground, so its value is negative, i.e., y = 732 m. The data in this table, along with the
appropriate equation of kinematics, can be used to find the time of flight t. This value for t
can, in turn, be used in conjunction with the x-direction data to determine x.
b. The drawing at the right shows the velocity of the

package just before impact. The angle that the velocity +y
+x
makes with respect to the ground can be found from the
(
inverse tangent function as = tan 1 v y / vx . Once the)
time has been found in part (a), the values of vy and vx can
be determined from the data in the tables and the
appropriate equations of kinematics. vx

SOLUTION
vy
a. To determine the time that the package is in the air, we v
( )
will use Equation 3.5b y = v0 y t + 12 a y t 2 and the data in
the y-direction data table. Solving this quadratic equation for the time yields
t=
( a )( y)
v0 y v02y 4 1
2 y
2( a )
1
2 y
( 74.7 m/s ) ( 74.7 m/s ) 4 ( 12 ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 732 m )

2
t= = 6.78 s and 22.0 s

2 ( 12 ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 )
We discard the first solution, since it is a negative value and, hence, unrealistic. The
displacement x can be found using t = 22.0 s, the data in the x-direction data table, and
Equation 3.5a:
x = v0 xt + 12 ax t 2 = ( +62.7 m/s )( 22.0 s ) + 1

( 0 m/s ) ( 22.0 s ) = +1380 m

2
2 2
=0
b. The angle that the velocity of the package makes with respect to the ground is given by
( )
= tan 1 v y / vx . Since there is no acceleration in the x direction (ax = 0 m/s2), vx is the
same as v0x, so that vx = v0x = +62.7 m/s. Equation 3.3b can be employed with the
y-direction data to find vy :
v y = v0 y + a y t = +74.7 m/s + ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 22.0 s ) = 141 m/s
Therefore,
vy 1 141 m/s
= tan 1 = tan = 66.0
v
x +62.7 m/s
where the minus sign indicates that the angle is 66.0 below the horizontal .
______________________________________________________________________________
33. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION The horizontal displacement of the jumper is
given by Equation 3.5a with ax = 0 : x = v0 xt = (v0 cos )t . The vertical component of the
jumpers velocity at any time t is given by Equation 3.3b: v y = v0 y + a y t . At the instant that
the jumper lands, v y = v0 y . Therefore, the vertical component of the jumpers velocity is
v0 y = v0 y + a y t
Solving for t and assuming that upward is the positive direction gives
2 v 0 y 2 v 0 sin
t= =
ay ay
Substituting this expression for t into the expression for x gives
F 2 v sin I
x = ( v 0 cos ) t = v 0 cos GH a JK 0
or
2 v 02 sin cos
x=
ay
Solving for v0 gives
x ay ( 8.7 m) (9.80 m / s 2 )
v0 = = = 11 m / s
2 cos sin 2 cos 23 sin 23
____________________________________________________________________________________________
34. REASONING AND SOLUTION On impact
vx = v cos 75.0 = (8.90 m/s) cos 75.0 = 2.30 m/s

and
v0y2 = vy2 + 2gy = (8.90 m/s)2 sin2 75.0 + 2(9.80 m/s2)(3.00 m)
so v0y = 3.89 m/s

The magnitude of the diver's initial velocity is
v0 = ( 2.30 m/s ) + ( 3.89 m/s ) = 4.52 m/s

2 2
The angle the initial velocity vector makes with the horizontal is
0 = tan1 (voy /vox) = 59.4

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
35. REASONING The speed v of the soccer ball just before the goalie catches it is given by
v = vx2 + v y2 , where vx and vx are the x and y components of the final velocity of the ball.
The data for this problem are (the +x direction is from the kicker to the goalie, and the +y
direction is the up direction):
x-Direction Data
x ax vx v0x t
+16.8 m 0 m/s2 ? +(16.0 m/s) cos 28.0 = +14.1 m/s
y-Direction Data
y ay vy v0y t
9.80 m/s2 ? +(16.0 m/s) sin 28.0 = +7.51 m/s
Since there is no acceleration in the x direction (ax = 0 m/s2), vx remains the same as v0x, so
vx = v0x = +14.1 m/s. The time t that the soccer ball is in the air can be found from the
x-direction data, since three of the variables are known. With this value for the time and the
y-direction data, the y component of the final velocity can be determined.
2
SOLUTION Since ax = 0 m/s , the time can be calculated from Equation 3.5a as
x +16.8 m
t= = = 1.19 s . The value for vy can now be found by using Equation 3.3b
v0 x +14.1 m/s
with this value of the time and the y-direction data:
v y = v0 y + a y t = +7.51 m/s + ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) (1.19 s ) = 4.15 m/s
The speed of the ball just as it reaches the goalie is
( +14.1 m/s ) + ( 4.15 m/s )

2 2
v = vx2 + v y2 = = 14.7 m/s
______________________________________________________________________________
36. REASONING As shown in the drawing, the angle

that the velocity vector makes with the horizontal is
given by y
vy v
tan = vy
vx
vx x
where, from Equation 3.3b,
v y = v0 y + a y t = v0 sin 0 + a y t
and, from Equation 3.3a (since ax = 0),

vx = v0 x = v0 cos 0
Therefore,
vy v0 sin 0 + a y t
tan = =
vx v0 cos 0
SOLUTION Solving for t, we find
v0 ( cos 0 tan sin 0 ) ( 29 m/s )( cos 36 tan 18 sin 36 ) =

t= = 0.96 s
ay 9.80 m/s 2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
37. SSM REASONING The angle can be found from
2400 m
= tan 1 (1)
x
where x is the horizontal displacement of the flare. Since ax = 0 , it follows that

x = (v0 cos 30.0)t . The flight time t is determined by the vertical motion. In particular,
the time t can be found from Equation 3.5b. Once the time is known, x can be calculated.
SOLUTION From Equation 3.5b, assuming upward is the positive direction, we have
y = (v0 sin 30.0) t + 12 a y t 2
which can be rearranged to give the following equation that is quadratic in t:
1 a t2
2 y
(v0 sin 30.0) t y = 0
Using y = 2400 m and a y = 9.80 m/s 2 and suppressing the units, we obtain the quadratic
equation
4.9t 2 + 120t 2400 = 0
Using the quadratic formula, we obtain t = 13 s. Therefore, we find that
x = ( v 0 cos 30.0 ) t = ( 240 m / s ) (cos 30.0 ) ( 13 s) = 2700 m
Equation (1) then gives

2400 m
= tan 1 = 42
2700 m
____________________________________________________________________________________________
v0x
38. REASONING Since the vertical
height is asked for, we will begin vx
with the vertical part of the motion,
treating it separately from the 65
horizontal part. The directions H vy
upward and to the right are chosen as
the positive directions in the drawing.
The data for the vertical motion are
summarized in the following table. vx
Note that the initial velocity
component v0y is zero, because the
marble is thrown horizontally. The vy
vertical component y of the marbles
displacement is entered in the table as
H, where H is the height we seek.
The minus sign is included, because y-Direction Data
the marble moves downward in the
negative y direction. The vertical y ay vy v0y t
component vy of the final velocity is
checked as an important variable in H 9.80 m/s2 0 m/s
the table, because we are given the
angle that the final velocity makes
with respect to the horizontal. Ignoring air resistance, we apply the equations of kinematics.
With the data indicated in the table, Equation 3.6b becomes
v 2y
v y = v0 y + 2a y y = ( 0 m/s ) + 2a y ( H ) or H =
2 2 2
(1)
2a y
SOLUTION To use Equation (1), we need to determine the vertical component vy of the
final velocity. We are given that the final velocity makes an angle of 65 with respect to the
horizontal, as the inset in the drawing shows. Thus, from trigonometry, it follows that
v y
tan 65 = or v y = vx tan 65 or v y = v0 x tan 65
vx
where the minus sign is included, because vy points downward in the negative y direction.
In the absence of air resistance, there is no acceleration in the x direction, and the horizontal
component vx of the final velocity is equal to the initial value v0x. Substituting this result
into Equation (1) gives
( v0 x tan 65) (15 m/s ) tan 65

2 2
v 2y
H = = = = 53 m
2a y 2a y (
2 9.80 m/s 2 )
39. REASONING The drawings show the initial and final velocities of the ski jumper and their
scalar components. The initial speed of the ski jumper is given by v0 = v02x + v02y , and the
v0 y
angle that the initial velocity makes with the horizontal is = tan 1
v
. The scalar
0x
components v0x and v0y can be determined by using the equations of kinematics and the data
in the following tables. (The +x direction is in the direction of the horizontal displacement
of the skier, and the +y direction is up.)
v0 vx
v0y
43.0
vy
v0x v
Initial velocity Final velocity
x-Direction Data
x ax vx v0x t
+51.0 m 0 m/s2 +(23.0 m/s) cos 43.0 = +16.8 m/s ?
y-Direction Data
y ay vy v0y t
9.80 m/s2 (23.0 m/s) sin 43.0 = 15.7 m/s ?
Since there is no acceleration in the x direction (ax = 0 m/s2), v0x is the same as vx, so we
have that v0x = vx = +16.8 m/s. The time that the skier is in the air can be found from the
x-direction data, since three of the variables are known. With the value for the time and the
y-direction data, the y component of the initial velocity can be determined.
SOLUTION Since ax = 0 m/s2, the time can be determined from Equation 3.5a as
x +51.0 m
t= = = 3.04 s . The value for v0y can now be found by using Equation 3.3b
v0 x +16.8 m/s
with this value of the time and the y-direction data:
v0 y = v y a y t = 15.7 m/s ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 3.04 s ) = +14.1 m/s

`
The speed of the skier when he leaves the end of the ramp is
( +16.8 m/s ) + ( +14.1 m/s )

2 2
v0 = v02x + v02y = = 21.9 m/s
The angle that the initial velocity makes with respect to the horizontal is
v0 y 1 +14.1 m/s
= tan 1
= tan = 40.0
v
0x +16.8 m/s
______________________________________________________________________________
40. REASONING Using the data given in the problem, we can find the maximum flight time t
1
of the ball using Equation 3.5b ( y = v0 y t + a y t 2 ). Once the flight time is known, we can
2
use the definition of average velocity to find the minimum speed required to cover the
distance x in that time.
SOLUTION Equation 3.5b is quadratic in t and can be solved for t using the quadratic
formula. According to Equation 3.5b, the maximum flight time is (with upward taken as the
positive direction)
t=
v0 y v02y 4 ( )a
1
2 y ( y)
=
v0 y v02 y + 2a y y
2 ()
1
2
ay ay
(15.0 m/s ) sin 50.0 (15.0 m/s ) sin 50.0 +2(9.80 m/s 2 ) (2.10 m)
2
=
9.80 m/s 2
= 0.200 s and 2.145 s
where the first root corresponds to the time required for the ball to reach a vertical
displacement of y = +2.10 m as it travels upward, and the second root corresponds to the
time required for the ball to have a vertical displacement of y = +2.10 m as the ball travels
upward and then downward. The desired flight time t is 2.145 s.
During the 2.145 s, the horizontal distance traveled by the ball is
x = vx t = (v0 cos ) t = [ (15.0 m/s) cos 50.0] (2.145 s) = 20.68 m
Thus, the opponent must move 20.68 m 10.0 m = 10.68 m in 2.145 s 0.30 s = 1.845 s .
The opponent must, therefore, move with a minimum average speed of
10.68 m
v min = = 5.79 m / s
1.845 s
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
41. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION In the absence of air resistance, the bullet
exhibits projectile motion. The x component of the motion has zero acceleration while the y
component of the motion is subject to the acceleration due to gravity. The horizontal
distance traveled by the bullet is given by Equation 3.5a (with ax = 0 ):
x = v0 xt = (v0 cos )t
with t equal to the time required for the bullet to reach the target. The time t can be found
by considering the vertical motion. From Equation 3.3b,
v y = v0 y + a y t
When the bullet reaches the target, v y = v0 y . Assuming that up and to the right are the
positive directions, we have
2v0 y 2v0 sin 2v sin

t= = and x = (v0 cos ) 0
ay ay ay

Using the fact that 2sin cos = sin 2 , we have
2v02 cos sin v02 sin 2

x= =
ay ay
Thus, we find that

x ay (91.4 m) (9.80 m/s 2 )
sin 2 = = = 4.91103
v02 (427 m/s) 2
and
2 = 0.281 or 2 = 180.000 0.281 = 179.719
Therefore,
= 0.141 and 89.860
____________________________________________________________________________________________
42. REASONING We will treat the horizontal and vertical parts of the motion separately. The
range R is the product of the horizontal component of the initial velocity v0x and the time of
flight t. The time of flight can be obtained from the vertical part of the motion by using
e j
Equation 3.5b y = v 0 y t + 21 a y t 2 and the fact that the displacement y in the vertical
direction is zero, since the projectile is launched from and returns to ground level. The
expression for the range obtained in this way can then be applied to obtain the desired
launch angle for doubling the range.
SOLUTION The range of the projectile is
c
R = v 0 x t = v 0 cos t h
Using Equation 3.5b, we obtain the time of flight as
2v0 y 2 v 0 sin
y = 0 = v 0 y t + 21 a y t 2 or t= =
ay ay
Substituting this expression for t into the range expression gives
F 2 v sin I = 2 v
R = c v cos h G
2
cos sin v 02 sin 2
H a JK
0
0 0
=
y
ay ay
where we have used the fact that 2 cos sin = sin 2. We can now apply this expression
for the range to the initial range R1 for 1 and the range R2 for 2:
v 02 sin 2 1 v 02 sin 2 2
R1 = or R2 =
ay ay
Dividing these two expressions gives
R2
=
c
v 02 sin 2 2 / a y h =
sin 2 2
=2
R1 cv 2
0
sin 2 1 h/a y
sin 2 1
where we have used the fact that R2/R1 = 2. Since 1 = 12.0, we find that
b
sin 2 2 = 2 .00 sin 2 1 = 2 .00 sin 2 12 .0 = 0.813g
sin 1 0.813
2 = = 27 .2
2 .00
____________________________________________________________________________________________
43. SSM REASONING Since the horizontal motion is not accelerated, we know that the x
component of the velocity remains constant at 340 m/s. Thus, we can use Equation 3.5a
(with ax = 0 ) to determine the time that the bullet spends in the building before it is
embedded in the wall. Since we know the vertical displacement of the bullet after it enters
the building, we can use the flight time in the building and Equation 3.5b to find the y
component of the velocity of the bullet as it enters the window. Then, Equation 3.6b can be
used (with v0 y = 0 ) to determine the vertical displacement y of the bullet as it passes
between the buildings. We can determine the distance H by adding the magnitude of y to
the vertical distance of 0.50 m within the building.
Once we know the vertical displacement of the bullet as it passes between the buildings, we
can determine the time t1 required for the bullet to reach the window using Equation 3.4b.
Since the motion in the x direction is not accelerated, the distance D can then be found from
D = v0 x t1 .
SOLUTION Assuming that the direction to the right is positive, we find that the time that
the bullet spends in the building is (according to Equation 3.5a)
x 6.9 m
t= = = 0.0203 s
v0 x 340 m/s
The vertical displacement of the bullet after it enters the building is, taking down as the
negative direction, equal to 0.50 m. Therefore, the vertical component of the velocity of
the bullet as it passes through the window is, from Equation 3.5b,
1
y a yt 2 y 1 0.50 m 1
v0 y (window) = 2
= a yt = (9.80 m/s 2 )(0.0203 s) = 24.5 m/s
t t 2 0.0203 s 2
The vertical displacement of the bullet as it travels between the buildings is (according to
Equation 3.6b with v0 y = 0 )
v 2y
(24.5 m/s) 2
y= = = 30.6 m
2a y 2(9.80 m/s 2 )
Therefore, the distance H is

H = 30.6 m + 0.50 m = 31 m
The time for the bullet to reach the window, according to Equation 3.4b, is
2y 2 y 2(30.6 m)
t1 = = = = 2.50 s
v0 y + v y v y (24.5 m/s)
Hence, the distance D is given by
D = v0 x t1 = (340 m/s)(2.50 s) = 850 m

____________________________________________________________________________________________
44. REASONING AND SOLUTION The ball is caught at a position of y = + 0.914 m and
x = vFt + 1.10 102 m where t is the time of flight and vF is the speed of the center fielder.
x 1.10 102 m 1.10 102 m

vF = = v0 x
t t
The time t can be found from
y = voyt (1/2) gt2 = (vo sin o)t (1/2) gt2
or 0.914 m = (36.6 m/s)(sin 50.0)t (4.9 m/s2)t2
Rearrangement gives
4.90 t2 28.0t + 0.914 = 0, where the units have been suppressed.
The quadratic formula gives t = 5.68 s. Hence
vF = (36.6 m/s) cos 50.0o (1.10 102 m)/(5.68 s) = 4.2 m/s

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
45. REASONING We can use information about the motion of clown A and the collision to
determine the initial velocity components for clown B. Once the initial velocity components
are known, the launch speed v0 B and the launch angle B for clown B can be determined.
e
SOLUTION From Equation 3.5b y = v 0 y t + 2 a y t
1 2
j
we can find the time of flight until
the collision. Taking upward as positive and noting for clown A that
v0y = (9.00 m/s) sin 75.0 = 8.693 m/s, we have
b g c
1.00 m = 8.693 m / s t + 21 9.80 m / s 2 t 2 h
Rearranging this result and suppressing the units gives
4.90t 2 8.693t + 1.00 = 0
The quadratic equation reveals that
t=
8.693 b 8.693g 4 b 4.90gb1.00g = 1.650 s
2
2 b 4 .90 g
or 0.1237 s
Using these values for t with the magnitudes v0xA and v0xB of the horizontal velocity
components for each clown, we note that the horizontal distances traveled by each clown
must add up to 6.00 m. Thus,
6.00 m
v0 xA t + v0 xB t = 6.00 m or v0 xB = v0 xA
t
Using v0xA = (9.00 m/s) cos 75.0 = 2.329 m/s, we find
6.00 m 6.00 m
v0 xB = 2.329 m/s = 1.307 m/s or v0 xB = 2.329 m/s = 46.175 m/s
1.650 s 0.1237 s
The vertical component of clown Bs velocity is v0yB and must be the same as that for
clown A, since each clown has the same vertical displacement of 1.00 m at the same time.
Hence, v0yB = 8.693 m/s (see above). The launch speed of clown B, finally, is
v 0 B = v 02 xB + v 02 yB . Thus, we find
v0 B = b1.307 m / sg + b8.693 m / sg
2 2
= 8.79 m / s
or
v0 B = b 46.175 m / sg + b8.693 m / sg
2 2
= 47 .0 m / s
For these two possible launch speeds, we find the corresponding launch angles using the
following drawings, neither of which is to scale:
+y +y
v0B
8.693 m/s v0B
8.693 m/s
B B
1.307 m/s +x 46.175 m/s +x
8.693 m/s 8.693 m/s

= tan 1 = 81.5 = tan 1 = 10.7
1.307 m/s 46.175 m/s
Since the problem states that B > 45, the solution is v0 B = 8.79 m/s and B = 81.5 .
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
46. REASONING AND SOLUTION Let H be the initial height of the can above the muzzle of
the rifle. Relative to its initial position the vertical coordinate of the bullet at time, t, is
y = v0 y t 12 gt 2
Relative to the cans initial position the vertical coordinate of the can at the same time is
y' = (1/2)gt2.
NOTE: y = H y' if the bullet hits the can. Then y = voyt y'. The horizontal distance
traveled by the bullet in time t is x = voxt.
Solving for t and substituting gives

y = (voy/vox)x y'
Now voy/vox = tan and it is seen from the figure that H = x tan if the bullet is to hit the
can so y = H y'. Hence, both objects are at the same place at the same time, and the bullet
will always strike the can.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
47. SSM REASONING The velocity vSG of the

swimmer relative to the ground is the vector sum
vWG =
of the velocity vSW of the swimmer relative to the
0.91 m/s Direction of
water and the velocity v WG of the water relative current
to the ground as shown at the right:
vSG = vSW + v WG . vSW =
1.4 m/s vSG
The component of vSG that is parallel to the

width of the river determines how fast the
swimmer is
moving across the river; this parallel component is vSW . The time for the swimmer to cross
the river is equal to the width of the river divided by the magnitude of this velocity
component.
The component of vSG that is parallel to the direction of the current determines how far the
swimmer is carried down stream; this component is vWG . Since the motion occurs with
constant velocity, the distance that the swimmer is carried downstream while crossing the
river is equal to the magnitude of vWG multiplied by the time it takes for the swimmer to
cross the river.
SOLUTION
a. The time t for the swimmer to cross the river is
width 2.8 103 m

t= = = 2.0 103 s
vSW 1.4 m/s
b. The distance x that the swimmer is carried downstream while crossing the river is
x = vWG t = (0.91 m/s)(2.0 103 s) = 1.8 103 m

______________________________________________________________________________
48. REASONING Since car A is moving faster, it will eventually catch up with car B. Each car
is traveling at a constant velocity, so the time t it takes for A to catch up with B is equal to
the displacement between the two cars (x = +186 m) divided by the velocity vAB of A
relative to B. (If the relative velocity were zero, A would never catch up with B). We can
find the velocity of A relative to B by using the subscripting technique developed in Section
3.4 of the text.
vAB = velocity of car A relative to car B

vAG = velocity of car A relative to the Ground = +24.4 m/s
vBG = velocity of car B relative to the Ground = +18.6 m/s
We have chosen the positive direction for the displacement and velocities to be the direction
in which the cars are moving. The velocities are related by
vAB = vAG + vGB
SOLUTION The velocity of car A relative to car B is
vAB = vAG + vGB = +24.4 m/s + (18.6 m/s) = +5.8 m/s,
where we have used the fact that vGB = vBG = 18.6 m/s. The time it takes for car A to
catch car B is
x +186 m
t= = = 32.1 s
v AB +5.8 m/s
______________________________________________________________________________
49. REASONING As indicated by Equation 3.7, the velocity of the student relative to the
ground is
vSG = vSE + v EG
where vSE is the velocity of the student relative to the escalator and vEG is the velocity of
the escalator relative to the ground. Thus, we have
vSE = vSG v EG
SOLUTION Taking the direction in which the student runs as the positive direction, we
find that
30.0 m
vSE = vSG vEG = ( 1.8 m/s ) = 4.5 m/s
11 s
The student must exceed this speed of 4.5 m/s to beat the record.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
50. REASONING The velocities in this problem are as follows:
vYG = Your velocity relative to the Ground when you are on the ramp
vYR = Your velocity relative to the Ramp
vRG = the velocity of the Ramp relative to the Ground
Your velocity relative to the ground when you are on the ramp is given by
vYG = vYR + vRG

according to the ordering of the subscripts, as discussed in the text. Since the motion here
occurs only along one dimension, we will dispense with the vector symbols and write this
result in terms of speeds (italic symbols) as
vYG = vYR + vRG (1)
Speed is distance divided by time, whether you walk on the ramp or on the ground, and we
will base our solution on this fact and Equation (1).
SOLUTION When you walk on the ramp, your speed is the distance d that you travel
divided by the time tR, so we have
d
vYG = vYR + vRG = (2)
tR
When you walk on the ground, your speed v is the distance d divided by the time tG:
d
v= (3)
tG
The problem states, however, that you walk at the same comfortable speed on the ramp and
d
on the ground, so it follows that v = vYR. Therefore, we can substitute vYR = into
tG
Equation (2) and find that
d d
vYR + vRG = + vRG =
tG tR
d d 120 m 120 m
vRG = = = 2.0 m/s
t R tG 35 s 86 s
51. SSM REASONING The velocity v AB of train A relative to train B is the vector sum of
the velocity v AG of train A relative to the ground and the velocity v GB of the ground
relative to train B, as indicated by Equation 3.7: v AB = v AG + v GB . The values of v AG
and v BG are given in the statement of the problem. We must also make use of the fact
that v GB = v BG .
SOLUTION
a. Taking east as the positive direction, the velocity of A relative to B is, according to
Equation 3.7,
v AB = v AG + v GB = v AG v BG = (+13 m/s) (28 m/s) = +41 m/s
The positive sign indicates that the direction of v AB is due east .
b. Similarly, the velocity of B relative to A is
v BA = v BG + v GA = v BG v AG = (28 m/s) (+13 m/s) = 41 m/s
The negative sign indicates that the direction of v BA is due west .

______________________________________________________________________________
52. REASONING The time it takes for the passenger to walk the distance on the boat is the
distance divided by the passengers speed vPB relative to the boat. The time it takes for the
passenger to cover the distance on the water is the distance divided by the passengers speed
vPW relative to the water. The passengers velocity relative to the boat is given. However,
we need to determine the passengers velocity relative to the water.
SOLUTION a. In determining the velocity of the passenger relative to the water, we define
the following symbols:
vPW = Passengers velocity relative to the water
vPB = Passengers velocity relative to the boat
vBW = Boats velocity relative to the water
The passengers velocity relative to the water is
b g b g
v PW = v PB + v BW = 1.5 m / s, north + 5.0 m / s, south = 3.5 m / s, south
b. The time it takes for the passenger to walk a distance of 27 m on the boat is
27 m 27 m
t= = = 18 s
vPB 1.5 m/s
c. The time it takes for the passenger to cover a distance of 27 m on the water is
27 m 27 m
t= = = 7.7 s
vPW 3.5 m/s
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
53. REASONING Let v HB represent the velocity of the hawk relative to the balloon and v BG
represent the velocity of the balloon relative to the ground. Then, as indicated by
Equation 3.7, the velocity of the hawk relative to the ground is v HG = v HB + v BG . Since the
vectors v HB and v BG are at right angles to each other, the vector addition can be carried
out using the Pythagorean theorem.
SOLUTION Using the drawing at the right, we have

from the Pythagorean theorem, NORTH
vHG
v HG = v 2
HB
+v 2
BG vHB

= (2.0 m / s) 2 + (6.0 m / s) 2 = 6.3 m / s
vBG EAST
The angle is
F v I = tan FG 2.0 m / s IJ =
= tan 1 GH v JK
HB
BG
H 6.0 m / s K
1
18 , north of east
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
54. REASONING The relative velocities in this problem are:
vPG = velocity of the Plane relative to the Ground (direction is due west)
vPA = velocity of the Plane relative to the Air (magnitude = 245 m/s)
vAG = velocity of the Air relative to the Ground (38.0 m/s, due north)
These velocities are related by the subscripting method discussed in Section 3.4:
vPG = vPA + vAG . This vector sum is shown in the drawing in the drawing on the left.
North
vPG vPG
vAG 38.0 m/s East
vPA 245 m/s
SOLUTION Since the triangles in the drawings are right triangles, the angle can be found
by using the inverse sine function:
vAG 1 38.0 m/s

= sin 1
= sin = 8.92, south of west
v
PA 245 m/s
______________________________________________________________________________
vPW = velocity of the Passenger relative to the Water

vPB = velocity of the Passenger relative to the Boat (2.50 m/s, due east)
vBW = velocity of the Boat relative to the Water (5.50 m/s, at 38.0 north of east)
The velocities are shown in the drawing are related by the subscripting method discussed in
Section 3.4:
vPW = vPB + vBW
+y (North)
vPW vPW
vBW 5.50 m/s +x (East)
38.0
vPB 2.50 m/s
We will determine the magnitude and direction of vPW from the equation above by using the
method of scalar components.
SOLUTION The table below lists the scalar components of the three vectors.
Vector x Component y Component

vPB +2.50 m/s 0 m/s
vBW +(5.50 m/s) cos 38.0 = +4.33 m/s +(5.50 m/s) sin 38.0 = +3.39 m/s
vPW = vPB + vBW +2.50 m/s + 4.33 m/s = +6.83 m/s 0 m/s + 3.39 m/s = +3.39 m/s
The magnitude of vPW can be found by applying the Pythagorean theorem to the x and y
components:
( 6.83 m/s ) + ( 3.39 m/s )
2 2
vPW = = 7.63 m/s
The angle (see the drawings) that vPW makes with due east is
+3.39 m/s
= tan 1 = 26.4 north of east
+6.83 m/s
______________________________________________________________________________
56. REASONING The velocities in this problem are as follows:
vCG = the velocity of the Car relative to the Ground = 18.0 m/s, due north
vTC = the velocity of the Truck relative to the Car = 22.8 m/s, 52.1 south of east
vTG = the velocity of the Truck relative to the Ground (unknown)
Using the ordering of the subscripts as discussed in the North

text, we can find the velocity of the truck relative to the vTG
ground by the following vector addition:
52.1
vCG
vTC
vTG = vTC + vCG
The drawing (not to scale) illustrates this vector addition by

arranging the vectors vTC and vCG in tail-to-head fashion. We will use the component
method to carry out the addition.
SOLUTION In implementing the component method, we choose east and north to be the +x
and +y directions, respectively. The x component of vTG is the sum of the x components of
vTC and vCG. Similarly, the y component of vTG is the sum of the y components of vTC and
vCG. Thus, we have
vTG, x = vTC, x + vCG, x = ( 22.8 m/s ) cos 52.1 + 0 m/s = 14.0 m/s
vTG, y = vTC, y + vCG, y = ( 22.8 m/s ) sin 52.1 + 18.0 m/s = 0 m/s
Note that the component vCG, x is zero, since vCG points due north and has no component
along the east-west line (the x axis). Note also that the component vTC, y is negative since
vTC points below the east-west line. Using the Pythagorean theorem, we find that the
magnitude of vTG is
vTG = vTG,
2
x + vTG, y =
2
(14.0 m/s )2 + ( 0 m/s )2 = 14.0 m/s
Since vTG, x is positive and since vTC, y is zero, the direction of vTG is along the +x axis or
due east .
57. SSM REASONING The velocity v PM of the puck relative to Mario is the vector sum of
the velocity v PI of the puck relative to the ice and the velocity v IM of the ice relative to
Mario as indicated by Equation 3.7: v PM = v PI + v IM . The values of v MI and v PI are
given in the statement of the problem. In order to use the data, we must make use of the fact
that v IM = v MI , with the result that v PM = v PI v MI .
SOLUTION The first two rows of the following table give the east/west and north/south
components of the vectors v PI and v MI . The third row gives the components of their
resultant v PM = v PI v MI . Due east and due north have been taken as positive.
Vector East/West Component North/South Component

v PI (11.0 m/s) sin 22 = 4.1 m/s (11.0 m/s) cos 22 = 10.2 m/s
v MI 0 +7.0 m/s
v PM = v PI v MI 4.1 m/s 3.2 m/s
Now that the components of v PM are known, the

Pythagorean theorem can be used to find the magnitude.
v PM
3.2 m/s
v PM = (4.1 m / s) 2 + (3.2 m / s) 2 = 5.2 m / s
4.1 m/s
The direction of v PM is found from
FG 4.1 m / s IJ =
= tan 1
H 3.2 m / s K 52 west of south
____________________________________________________________________________________________
vPS = velocity of the Passenger relative to the Shore

vP2 = velocity of the Passenger relative to Boat 2 (1.20 m/s, due east)
v2S = velocity of Boat 2 relative to the Shore
v21 = velocity of Boat 2 relative to Boat 1 (1.60 m/s, at 30.0 north of east)
v1S = velocity of Boat 1 relative to the Shore (3.00 m/s, due north)
The velocity vPS of the passenger relative to the shore is related to vP2 and v2S by (see the
method of subscripting discussed in Section 3.4):
vPS = vP2 + v2S
But v2S, the velocity of Boat 2 relative to the +y (North) v1S

shore, is related to v21 and v1S by
vPS
3.00 m/s
v2S = v21 + v1S
Substituting this expression for v2S into the

first equation yields
1.60 m/s v21
1.20 m/s 30.0 +x (East)
vP2
vPS = vP2 + v21 + v1S
This vector sum is shown in the diagram. We will determine the magnitude of vPS from the
equation above by using the method of scalar components.
SOLUTION The table below lists the scalar components of the four vectors in the drawing.
Vector x Component y Component

vP2 +1.20 m/s 0 m/s
v21 +(1.60 m/s) cos 30.0 = +1.39 m/s +(1.60 m/s) sin 30.0 = +0.80 m/s
v1S 0 m/s +3.00 m/s
vPS = vP2 + v21 + v1S +1.20 m/s + 1.39 m/s = +2.59 m/s +0.80 m/s +3.00 m/s = +3.80 m/s
The magnitude of vPS can be found by applying the Pythagorean theorem to its x and y
components:
vPS = ( 2.59 m/s ) + ( 3.80 m/s ) = 4.60 m/s
2 2
______________________________________________________________________________
59. SSM WWW REASONING The velocity v OW of the object relative to the water is
the vector sum of the velocity v OS of the object relative to the ship and the velocity vSW of
the ship relative to the water, as indicated by Equation 3.7: v OW = v OS + vSW . The value
of vSW is given in the statement of the problem. We can find the value of v OS from the
fact that we know the position of the object relative to the ship at two different times. The
initial position is rOS1, and the final position is rOS2. Since the object moves with constant
velocity,
r r r
v OS = OS = OS2 OS1 (1)
t t
components of the vectors rOS2 and rOS1 . The third row of the table gives the components
of rOS = rOS2 rOS1 . Due east and due north have been taken as positive.
rOS2 (1120 m) cos 57.0 (1120 m) sin 57.0

= 6.10 102 m = 9.39 102 m
rOS1 (2310 m) cos 32.0 +(2310 m) sin 32.0

= 1.96 103 m = 1.22 103 m
rOS = rOS2 rOS1 2.57 103 m 2.81 102 m

Now that the components of rOS are known, the

Pythagorean theorem can be used to find the magnitude. rOS
2.81 102 m
rOS = (2.57 10 3 m ) 2 + ( 2 .81 10 2 m ) 2 = 2.59 10 3 m
2.57 103 m
The direction of rOS is found from
= tan 1
FG 2.81 10 m IJ = 6.24
2
H 2.57 10 m K
3
Therefore, from Equation (1),
rOS rOS 2 rOS1 2.59 10 3 m

v OS = = = = 7 .19 m / s, 6.24 north of west
t t 360 s
Now that v OS is known, we can find v OW , as indicated by Equation 3.7: v OW = v OS + vSW .

The following table summarizes the vector addition:
v OS (7.19 m/s) cos 6.24 = 7.15 m/s (7.19 m/s) sin 6.24 = 0.782 m/s
vSW +4.20 m/s 0 m/s
v OW = v OS + vSW 2.95 m/s 0.782 m/s
Now that the components of v OW are known, the

Pythagorean theorem can be used to find the magnitude. v OW
0.782 m/s

v OW = (2.95 m / s) 2 + ( 0.782 m / s) 2 = 3.05 m / s
2.95 m/s
The direction of v OW is found from
FG 0.782 m / s IJ =
= tan 1
H 2.95 m / s K 14.8 north of west
____________________________________________________________________________________________
60. REASONING AND SOLUTION The vertical motion consists of the ball rising for a time t
stopping and returning to the ground in another time t. For the upward portion
v0 y v y v0 y
t= =
g g
Note: vy = 0 m/s since the ball stops at the top. Now
voy = vo sin o = (25.0 m/s) sin 60.0 = 21.7 m/s
t = (21.7 m/s)/(9.80 m/s2) = 2.21 s
The required "hang time" is 2t = 4.42 s .

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
61. REASONING Trigonometry indicates that the x and y components of the dolphins
velocity are related to the launch angle according to tan = vy /vx.
SOLUTION Using trigonometry, we find that the y component of the dolphins velocity is
b g
v y = v x tan = v x tan 35 = 7 .7 m / s tan 35 = 5.4 m / s
______________________________________________________________________________

a. The bullet strikes the ground when its y coordinate is 1.6 m. We know
voy = vosin 0 = 0
2 y 2 ( 1.6 m )
t= = = 0.57 s
g 9.80 m/s 2
b. During this time the bullet travels a horizontal distance x with ax = 0.
x = voxt = (vo cos o)t = (1100 m/s)(cos 0)(0.57 s) = 630 m

____________________________________________________________________________________________
63. SSM REASONING The time that the ball spends in the air is determined by its vertical
motion. The time required for the ball to reach the lake can be found by solving
Equation 3.5b for t. The motion of the golf ball is characterized by constant velocity in the x
direction and accelerated motion (due to gravity) in the y direction. Thus, the x component
of the velocity of the golf ball is constant, and the y component of the velocity at any time t
can be found from Equation 3.3b. Once the x and y components of the velocity are known
for a particular time t, the speed can be obtained from v = v x2 + v y2 .
SOLUTION
a. Since the ball rolls off the cliff horizontally, v0y = 0. If the origin is chosen at top of the
cliff and upward is assumed to be the positive direction, then the vertical component of the
ball's displacement is y = 15.5 m. Thus, Equation 3.5b gives
2y 2( 15.5 m)
t= = = 1.78 s
ay (9.80 m / s 2 )
b. Since there is no acceleration in the x direction, vx = v0 x = 11.4 m/s . The y component of

the velocity of the ball just before it strikes the water is, according to Equation 3.3b,
v y = v0 y + a y t = 0 + (9.80 m/s 2 )(1.78 s) = 17.4 m/s
The speed of the ball just before it strikes the water is, therefore,
v = v x2 + v y2 = (11.4 m / s) 2 + ( 17.4 m / s) 2 = 20.8 m / s

____________________________________________________________________________________________
64. REASONING The magnitude and direction of the initial velocity v0 can be obtained using
the Pythagorean theorem and trigonometry, once the x and y components of the initial
velocity v0x and v0y are known. These components can be calculated using Equations 3.3a
and 3.3b.
SOLUTION Using Equations 3.3a and 3.3b, we obtain the following results for the
velocity components:
c
v 0 x = v x a x t = 3775 m / s 5.10 m / s 2 hb565 sg = 893.5 m / s
v0 y = v y a t = 4816 m / s c 7 .30 m / s hb 565 s g = 691.5 m / s
y
2
Using the Pythagorean theorem and trigonometry, we find
v 0 = v 02 x + v 02 y =b893.5 m / sg + b 691.5 m / sg
2 2
= 1130 m / s
F v I = tan FG 691.5 m / s IJ = 37.7

= tan 1 GH v JK
0y
0x
H 893.5 m / s K
1
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
65. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION The water exhibits projectile motion. The x
component of the motion has zero acceleration while the y component is subject to the
acceleration due to gravity. In order to reach the highest possible fire, the displacement of
the hose from the building is x, where, according to Equation 3.5a (with ax = 0),
x = v0 xt = (v0 cos )t
with t equal to the time required for the water the reach its maximum vertical displacement.
The time t can be found by considering the vertical motion. From Equation 3.3b,
v y = v0 y + a y t
When the water has reached its maximum vertical displacement, vy = 0. Taking up and to
the right as the positive directions, we find that
v0 y v0 sin
t= =
ay ay
and
v sin
x = (v0 cos ) 0
ay

Therefore, we have
v02 cos sin (25.0 m/s) 2cos 35.0 sin 35.0

x= = = 30.0 m
ay 9.80 m/s 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________
66. REASONING Since we know the launch angle = 15.0, the launch speed v0 can be
obtained using trigonometry, which gives the y component of the launch velocity as
v0y = v0 sin . Solving this equation for v0 requires a value for v0y, which we can obtain
from the vertical height of y = 13.5 m by using Equation 3.6b from the equations of
kinematics.
SOLUTION From Equation 3.6b we have

v y2 = v 02 y + 2 a y y
b 0 m / sg 2
c hb
= v 02 y + 2 9 .80 m / s 2 13.5 m g or c hb
v 0 y = 2 9 .80 m / s 2 13.5 m g
Using trigonometry, we find
v0 =
v0 y
=
c hb
2 9 .80 m / s 2 13.5 m g= 62.8 m / s
sin 15.0 sin 15.0
____________________________________________________________________________________________
67. REASONING The drawing shows the +y

trajectory of the ball, along with its +x
initial speed v0 and vertical displacement
v0
y. The angle that the initial velocity of
the ball makes with the ground is 35.0. y
The known data are shown in the table 35.0
below:
y-Direction Data
y ay vy v0y t
+5.50 m 9.80 m/s2 +(46.0 m/s) sin 35.0 = +26.4 m/s ?
Since three of the kinematic variables are known, we will employ the appropriate equation
of kinematics to determine the time of flight.
SOLUTION Equation 3.5b (y =v 0y

t + 12 a y t 2 ) relates the time t to the three known
variables. The terms in this equation can be rearranged to as to place it in a standard
quadratic form: 12 a y t 2 + v0 y t y = 0 . The solution of this quadratic equation is
t=
( a )( y)
v0 y v02y 4 1
2 y
2( a )
1
2 y
( +26.4 m/s ) ( +26.4 m/s ) 4 ( 12 ) ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 5.50 m )

2
t= = 0.217 s or 5.17 s
9.80 m/s 2
The first solution (t = 0.217 s) corresponds to the situation where the ball is moving upward
and has a displacement of y = +5.50 m. The second solution represents the later time when
the ball is moving downward and its displacement is also y = +5.50 m (see the drawing).
This is the solution we seek, so t = 5.17 s .
______________________________________________________________________________
68. REASONING As discussed in Conceptual Example 5, the horizontal velocity component

of the bullet does not change from its initial value and is equal to the horizontal velocity of
the car. The same thing is true here for the tomato. In other words, regardless of its vertical
position relative to the ground, the tomato always remains above you as you travel in the
convertible. From the symmetry of free fall motion, we know that when you catch the
tomato, its velocity will be 11 m/s straight downward. The time t required to catch the
tomato can be found by solving Equation 3.3b ( v y = v0 y + a y t ) with v y = v0 y . Once t is

known, the distance that the car moved can be found from x = vx t .
SOLUTION Taking upward as the positive direction, we find the flight time of the tomato
to be
v y v0 y 2v0 y 2(11 m/s)
t= = = = 2.24 s
ay ay 9.80 m/s 2
Thus, the car moves through a distance of
x = vx t = (25 m/s )(2.24 s) = 56 m

____________________________________________________________________________________________
69. SSM REASONING The velocity v PG of the plane relative to the ground is the vector
sum of the velocity v PA of the plane relative to the air and the velocity v AG of the air
relative to the ground, as indicated by Equation 3.7: v PG = v PA + v AG , or
v AG = v PG v PA . We are given v PA and can find v PG from the given displacement and
travel time. Thus,
81.0 10 3 m
v PG = = 90.0 m / s, 45 west of south
9.00 10 2 s
components of the vectors v PG and v PA . The third row gives the components of
v AG = v PG v PA . Due east and due north have been chosen as the positive directions.
v PG (90.0 m/s) sin 45 = 63.6 m/s (90.0 m/s) cos 45 = 63.6 m/s
v PA 0 m/s +57.8 m/s
v AG = v PG v PA 63.6 m/s 5.8 m/s
The magnitude of the velocity of the wind with respect to the ground can be obtained using
the Pythagorean theorem:
v AG = (63.6 m / s) 2 + ( 5.8 m / s) 2 = 63.9 m / s
The direction of v AG is found from
FG 63.6 m / s IJ = v PG 45 v PA
= tan
H 5.8 m / s K
1
85 west of south

v AG
____________________________________________________________________________________________
70. REASONING AND SOLUTION The velocity of the raindrops relative to the train is given
by
vRT = vRG + vGT
where vRG is the velocity of the raindrops relative to the ground and vGT is the velocity of
the ground relative to the train.
Since the train moves horizontally, and the rain falls

vertically, the velocity vectors are related as shown in the
vRT
figure at the right. Then 25 vRG
vGT = vRG tan = (5.0 m/s) (tan 25) = 2.3 m/s

vGT
The train is moving at a speed of 2.3 m/s
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
71. SSM WWW REASONING The horizontal distance covered by stone 1 is equal to the
distance covered by stone 2 after it passes point P in the following diagram. Thus, the
distance x between the points where the stones strike the ground is equal to x2, the
horizontal distance covered by stone 2 when it reaches P. In the diagram, we assume up and
to the right are positive.
x2
x
SOLUTION If tP is the time required for stone 2 to reach P, then
x2 = v0 xtP = (v0 cos )tP
For the vertical motion of stone 2, v y = v0 sin + a y t . Solving for t gives
v y v0 sin
t=
ay
When stone 2 reaches P, v y = v0 sin , so the time required to reach P is
2v0 sin
tP =
ay
Then,
2v sin
x2 = v0 xtP = (v0 cos ) 0
ay

2v02 sin cos 2(13.0 m/s) 2 sin 30.0 cos 30.0

x2 = = = 14.9 m
ay 9.80 m/s 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________
72. REASONING AND SOLUTION While flying west, the airplane has a ground speed of
vPG = 2.40 102 m/s 57.8 m/s = 182 m/s

and requires time tW = x/(182 m/s) to reach the turn-around point. While flying east the
airplane has a ground speed of
vPG = 2.40 102 m/s + 57.8 m/s = 298 m/s
and requires tE = x/(298 m/s) to return home. Now the total time for the trip is
t = tW + tE = 6.00 h = 2.16 104 s, so
x/182 + x/298 = 2.16 104 or x = 2.44 106 m = 2440 km

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
73. REASONING The drawing shows the

+y
trajectory of the ball, along with its +x
initial speed v0, horizontal displacement
x, and vertical displacement y. The angle v0
that the initial velocity of the ball makes y
with the horizontal is . The known data
are shown in the tables below:
x
x-Direction Data
x ax vx v0x t
+26.9 m 0 m/s2 +(19.8 m/s) cos
y-Direction Data
y ay vy v0y t
+2.74 m 9.80 m/s2 +(19.8 m/s) sin
There are only two known variables in each table, so we cannot directly use the equations of
kinematics to find the angle . Our approach will be to first use the x direction data and
obtain an expression for the time of flight t in terms of x and v0x. We will then enter this
expression for t into the y-direction data table. The four variables in this table, y, ay, v0y, and
t, can be related by using the appropriate equation of kinematics. This equation can then be
solved for the angle .
SOLUTION Using the x-direction data, Equation 3.5a can be employed to find the time t
that the ball is in the air:
x = v0 xt + 12 axt 2 = v0 x t ( since a x
= 0 m/s 2 )
Solving for t gives
x +26.9 m
t= =
v0 x + (19.8 m/s ) cos
Using the expression above for the time t and the data in the y-direction data table, the
displacement in the y direction can be written with the aid of Equation 3.5b:
y = v0 y t + 12 a y t 2
+26.9 m
2

(
+2.74 m = 19.8 m/s sin ) + 1
( 9.80 m/s ) (19.8+26.9
2 m

(
19.8 m/s cos

) 2
m/s ) cos

=t = t2
Evaluating the numerical factors and using the fact that sin /cos = tan , the equation
above becomes
+2.74 m = ( +26.9 m ) tan +
( 9.04 m )
cos 2
1
Using = 1 + tan 2 , this equation can be rearranged and placed into a quadratic form:
cos 2
( 9.04 m ) tan 2 + ( 26.9 m ) tan 11.8 m = 0

The solutions to this quadratic equation are
( 26.9 m ) 4 ( 9.04 m )( 11.8 m )

2
26.9 m
tan = = 0.535 and 2.44
2 ( 9.04 m )
The two angles are 1 = tan 1 0.535 = 28.1 and 2 = tan 1 2.44 = 67.7
______________________________________________________________________________
74. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. Since both v0x and ax are positive, the x component of the
initial velocity and the x component of the acceleration have the same direction. In such a
case, the magnitude of the velocity component increases in time.
b. Since v0y is positive and ay is negative, the y component of the initial velocity and the y
component of the acceleration have opposite directions. In such a case, the magnitude of the
velocity component decreases in time.
SOLUTION Using Equations 3.3a and 3.3b, we find

( )
vx = v0 x + ax t = +1.0 m/s + 2.0 m/s 2 ( 0.50 s ) = +2.0 m/s
v y = v0 y + a y t = +2.0 m/s + ( 2.0 m/s 2 ) ( 0.50 s ) = +1.0 m/s
v= ( 2.0 m/s )2 + (1.0 m/s )2 = 2.2 m/s
1.0 m/s
= tan 1 = 27 above the +x axis
2.0 m/s
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
75. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. The speed at the peak of the trajectory is v0x, because at this
point the vertical component of the velocity has decreased to zero and in the absence of air
resistance the horizontal component remains constant at its launch value.
b. When the projectile lands at the same vertical level from which it was launched, it has the
same speed v0 as it did initially, provided there is no air resistance. The initial horizontal
component of the velocity never changes during the flight, while the vertical component
decreases to zero as the projectile rises to the peak of the trajectory and then increases on the
way back down. At the point of landing, the vertical component has regained exactly its
initial magnitude, but now points downward, instead of upward. Since the magnitudes of
both the horizontal and vertical velocity components at the end are the same as they were
initially, the magnitude of the final velocity or the final speed is equal to the initial speed.
c. At this intermediate point the projectile has a speed between v0x and v0. This is because
the speed changes gradually from point to point along the trajectory, and the speed at the top
is v0x, while the speed at the end is v0.
SOLUTION Using trigonometry to find the x component v0x of the initial velocity, using
Equation 3.6b for the y component vy, and using the Pythagorean theorem, we find:
b g
v x = v 0 x = v 0 cos 40.0 = 14 .0 m / s cos 40.0 = 10.7 m / s
c
v y2 = v 02 y + 2 a y y = v 0 sin 40.0 h 2
+ 2a y y
v = v x2 + v y2 = cv 0 h + c v sin 40.0 h + 2 a y =
cos 40.0
2
0
2
y
v 02 + 2 a y y
v= b14.0 m / sg + 2 c 9.80 m / s hb 3.0 mg = 11.7 m / s

2 2
76. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. In the absence of air resistance, the horizontal velocity
component never changes from its initial value of v0x.
b. Yes. Since the horizontal velocity component never changes from its initial value of v0x,
the horizontal distance traveled after launch can be calculated simply as velocity times the
travel time, or D = v 0 x t .
c. Yes. In calculating the fall-time, the vertical part of the motion is exactly like that of a
ball dropped from rest. This is because a horizontally-launched projectile has an initial
velocity component of v0y = 0 m/s in the vertical direction.
SOLUTION The horizontal distance traveled after launch is
b
D = v 0 x t = 5.3 m / s t g
Using Equation 3.5b to find the fall-time, we find
y = v 0 y t + 21 a y t 2 or b g c
2 .0 m = 0 m / s t + 21 9 .80 m / s 2 t 2 h
t=
b
2 2 . 0 m g
9 .80 m / s 2
b
D = 5.3 m / s g 29b.802.m0 m/ sg 2
= 3.4 m
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
77. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. The vertical component of the launch velocity determines the
maximum height attained by the projectile. The horizontal component determines the range
of the projectile, not the height.
b. The magnitudes of the components are smaller than v0. The reason is that these
components are given by v0 times the trigonometric sine or cosine function, and these
functions are always less than one.
c. When thrown straight upward at speed v0, the projectile attains a greater height than when
launched at an angle. The reason is that when the projectile is thrown straight upward, the
entire velocity is directed upward, rather than just component of it. With more the velocity
directed upward, the projectile naturally goes higher.
SOLUTION Using Equation 3.6b, we can find the y component of the initial velocity:
v y2 = v 02 y + 2 a y y or b 0 m / sg = v + 2c 9.80 m / s hb 7.5 m g
2 2
0y
2
v0 y = 2 c 9 .80 m / s hb 7 .5 m g
2
Using trigonometry, we can use this value for v0y to determine the initial velocity v0:
v0 =
v0 y
=
c
2 9 .80 m / s 2 hb 7.5 mg
sin sin 52
With this value for v0 and the fact that v0y = 0 m/s at the top of the trajectory, we can use
Equation 3.6b to determine the desired height:
v y2 = v 02 y + 2 a y y
LM 2 c 9.80 m / s hb 7.5 mg OP
2
2
b 0 m / sg = M
2
P + 2 c 9 .80 m / s h y2
MN sin 52
PQ
LM 2 c 9.80 m / s hb 7.5 mg OP
2
2
MN sin 52 PQ
y= = 12 m
2 c 9 .80 m / s h 2
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
78. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a.

The horizontal component v0x of the launch velocity is
proportional to the launch speed v0, because v0x = v0 cos , where is the launch angle.
b. The time of flight t is also proportional to the launch speed v0. The greater the launch
speed, the longer the projectile is in flight. More exactly, we know that, for a projectile that
is launched from and returns to ground level, the vertical displacement is y = 0 m. Using
Equation 3.5b, we have
y = v0 y t + 12 a y t 2
2v0 y
0 m = v0 y t + 12 a y t 2 or 0 m = v0 y + 12 a y t or t =
ay
The flight time is proportional to the vertical component of the launch velocity v0y, which, in
turn, is proportional to the launch speed v0.
c. Since the range is given by R = v0x t and since both v0x and t are proportional to v0, the
range R is proportional to v02.
SOLUTION The given range is 23 m. When the launch speed doubles, the range increases
by a factor of 22 = 4, since the range is proportional to the square of the speed. Thus, the
new range is
b g
R = 4 23 m = 92 m
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
79. CONCEPT QUESTIONS a. Barbaras motion and Neils motion are perpendicular.
Therefore, relative to herself, she sees him moving west.
b. Relative to the ground, Neil is not moving in the north/south direction. However, because
she is moving due south relative to the ground, she sees Neil coming closer to her in the
north/south direction. Therefore, relative to herself, she sees Neil moving north.
c. Relative to herself, Barbara sees Neil as moving toward the west and north.
SOLUTION Using B, G, and N to denote Barbara, the ground, and Neil, we have the
following velocities:
v BG = 4 .0 m / s, due south
v NG = 3.2 m / s, due west
v NB = Neil's velocity as seen by Barbara
Following the procedure outlined in Section 3.4 and remembering that vGB = vBG, we find
c
v NB = v NG + v GB = v NG + v BG h
Using the Pythagorean theorem and trigonometry, we find
v NB = b 3.2 m / sg + b 4.0 m / sg = 5.1 m / s

2 2
= tan G
F 4.0 m / s IJ = 51 north of west
H 3.2 m / s K
1
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

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CHAPTER 3 KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSIONS

2. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION An object thrown upward at an angle will

3. REASONING AND SOLUTION As long as air resistance is negligible, the acceleration of

This ratio is apparent in the following drawing.

10. REASONING AND SOLUTION

The speed at any time t is then given by

15. SSM REASONING AND SOLUTION

v h = v 2 v v2 = (245 m / s) 2 ( 40.6 m / s) 2 = 242 m / s

SOLUTION According to the Pythagorean theorem, we have

A= (1.3 m )2 + ( 2.5 m )2 = 2.8 m

3. REASONING AND SOLUTION The horizontal displacement is

x = 19 600 m 11 200 m = 8400 m

The vertical displacement is

y = 4900 m 3200 m = 1700 m

The magnitude of the displacement is therefore,

r = x 2 + y 2 = ( 8400 m ) + (1700 m ) = 8600 m

SOLUTION From the Pythagorean theorem,

SOLUTION According to Equation 3.2, we have

7. REASONING AND SOLUTION

x = r cos = (162 km) cos 62.3 = 75.3 km

y = r sin = (162 km) sin 62.3 = 143 km

( +7.70 m/s ) ( 0 m/s )

aparallel = ax cos 25.0 = ( 2.47 m/s 2 ) cos 25.0 = 2.24 m/s 2

9. SSM WWW REASONING AND SOLUTION The

From the Pythagorean theorem, we have 9.00 m

L2 + (9.00 m)2 = (16.0 m) 2

From Equation (1) we have

r=A+B+C 1.26 km 0.48 km

a. From the Pythagorean theorem, we have North

r = (1.26 km) 2 + (0.48 km) 2 = 1.35 km r

b. From Equation 3.1, the average velocity is

11. REASONING AND SOLUTION

b. The average velocity is defined as the displacement

In moving one-fourth of the distance around the sun,

Thus, the magnitude of the average velocity is

x-Direction Data y-Direction Data

SOLUTION Using trigonometry, we find that the horizontal component is

15. REASONING AND SOLUTION Using vy = 0 and

voy = vo sin = (11 m/s) sin 65 = 1.0 101 m/s

and vy2 = voy2 + 2ay y, we have

(1.0 101 m/s )

x = v0 x t + 12 ax t 2 = ( +21.4 m/s )( 4.37 s ) + 12 ( 0 m/s 2 ) ( 4.37 s ) = 93.5 m

SOLUTION Using Equation 3.5b, we have

3.0 (3.0) 2 4 ( 4 .90 )( 9 .5)

18. REASONING AND SOLUTION The maximum vertical displacement y attained by a

v0 y = a y t = (9.80 m/s 2 ) (1.00 s) = 9.80 m/s

Therefore, Jordan's maximum jump height is

v0x = v0 cos = (22 m/s) cos 40.0 = 17 m/s

v0y = v0 sin = (22 m/s) sin 40.0 = 14 m/s

a. Solving Equation 3.6b for y gives

vx = v0 x = v cos = (135 m/s) cos 15 = 1.30 102 m/s

From Equation 3.6b, we have

v = v x2 + v y2 = (1.30 10 2 m / s) 2 + ( 201 m / s) 2 = 239 m / s

v y v0 y 2v0 y 2v0 sin 2(45 m/s) sin 29

H = 21 v 0 y t = 21 v 0 (sin 29 ) t = 21 (45 m / s) (sin 29 ) (7.80 s) = 85 m

b. The range of the ball on the distant planet is

x = v 0 x t = v 0 (cos 29 ) t = ( 45 m / s) (cos 29 ) (15.6 s) = 610 m

y = v0 y t + 12 a y t 2 = ( 0 m/s )( 0.415 s ) + 12 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.415 s ) = 0.844 m

Assuming that downward is positive and solving for t, we have

b. When the fish's speed doubles again, v = 4v0 x . Therefore,

Solving for t, we have

0m 9.80 m/s2 v0 sin 30.0 Same as for x direction

SOLUTION Since there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction, motion in that