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1.1importance of surveying
• To get proper idea about construction site and close areas to it.
The plotting of plans and sections the calculation of areas and volumes, the setting
out of proposed ‘works’ and the determination of latitude and longitude, etc, are
also included among the importance of having surveying .
1.2surveying methods
B-bearing
B=
Compass surveying and theodolite surveying are using same method which
only angle measurements.
1.Hrizontal angle(Q)
Chain surveying and tachometry surveying are using same method which
only linear measurements.
Geotechnical investigation,
For this
To identify the water level,we can use pumping test or slug test.
The most important factor when beginning to cultivate your garden is to know your soils texture.
Take a handful of moist soil and roll it between your palms until it forms a sausage shape. If it
feels gritty and breaks apart immediately, the soil is predominately sand. If the soil feels smooth,
and holds its shape for a short time before breaking apart, it is mostly silt. However, if it feels
sticky and holds together, then it is clay.
Sandy Soil
Easy to cultivate and warm up quickly in spring. It drains well so the plants do not stand with
their roots in water for too long. However, as it drains quickly, plants need to be regularly
watered and fed if they are to thrive.
Silty Soil
This soil type is richer in nutrients than sandy soil. It is also heavier because it can retain
moisture and has a tendency to become compacted. It does however tend to drain well and much
easier to cultivate than clay.
Clay Soil
Weighty to lift and difficult to work. Drainage is usually bad; the soil is acid and clinging to the
feet in wet weather. When preparing the beds for vegetables in clay soil, the organic fertilizer
should be added at a rate of two bucketfuls to the sq. yd.
Loamy Soil
Contain sand, silt and clay, in such well-balanced proportions that none produces a dominating
influence. These are amongst the most fertile soils. Almost any crop can be grown in them. They
warm up quickly in spring and rarely dry out in summer.
Chalk Soil
It fertility depends largely on the depth of soil overlaying the chalk bed formation. If the topsoil
is thin the ground will be poor and hungry. It will be bone dry in summer and the plants will
need far more watering and feeding than on any other soil. If however, it is fairly deep, good
growing conditions are possible.
Peaty Soil
It occurs in fen or boggy areas. Peat is composed of excessive quantities of humus and is
associated with water-logging. The soil is usually very acid and contains few nutrients. It does
have one advantage in that it warms up quickly in spring. It is excellent for plant growth if
fertilizer is added.
Gravel,sand,silt,clay
K occurs mainly in microcline and mica. P occurs as aluminium phosphate and calcium
phosphate and in the organic form as phospholipids, inositol, choline, etc. N occurs mainly
in the organic form as proteins, amino acids, etc. All micronutrients like Mo, Fe, Mn, Zn,
Cu, B occur in the inorganic form.
• Foundation type