Documenti di Didattica
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OBJECTIVES:
To develop in students, graphic skills for communication of concepts, ideas and design of
Engineering products.
To expose them to existing national standards related to technical drawings.
OUTCOMES:
IS 10711 2001: Technical products Documentation Size and lay out of
drawing sheets.
IS 9609 (Parts 0 & 1) 2001: Technical products Documentation Lettering.
IS 10714 (Part 20) 2001 & SP 46 2003: Lines for technical drawings.
IS 11669 1986 & SP 46 2003: Dimensioning of Technical Drawings.
IS 15021 (Parts 1 to 4) 2001: Technical drawings Projection Methods.
There will be five questions, each of either or type covering all units of the
syllabus.
All questions will carry equal marks of 20 each making a total of 100.
The answer paper shall consist of drawing sheets of A3 size only. The students will
be permitted to use appropriate scale to fit solution within A3 size.
The examination will be conducted in appropriate sessions on the same day
UNIT - I
UNIT II
UNIT III
UNIT - IV
PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF
SURFACES 5+9
Sectioning of above solids in simple vertical position when the cutting
plane is inclined to the one of the principal planes and perpendicular to the
other obtaining true shape of section.
Development of lateral surfaces of simple and sectioned solids Prisms,
pyramids cylinders and cones. Development of lateral surfaces of solids
with cut-outs and holes
UNIT - V
ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS 6+9
Principles of isometric projection isometric scale Isometric projections
of simple solids and truncated solids - Prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones-
combination of two solid objects in simple vertical positions and
miscellaneous problems.
Perspective projection of simple solids - Prisms, pyramids and cylinders by
visual ray method.
TEXT BOOK:
Bhatt N.D. and Panchal V.M., Engineering Drawing, Charotar Publishing House, 50th
Edition, 2010.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Gopalakrishna K.R., Engineering Drawing (Vol. I&II combined), Subhas Stores, Bangalore, 2007.
Luzzader, Warren.J. and Duff,John M., Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing with an introduction
to Interactive Computer Graphics for Design and Production, Eastern Economy Edition, Prentice
Shah M.B., and Rana B.C., Engineering Drawing, Pearson, 2nd Edition, 2009.
Venugopal K. and Prabhu Raja V., Engineering Graphics, New Age International (P) Limited, 2008.
Natrajan K.V., A text book of Engineering Graphics, Dhanalakshmi Publishers, Chennai, 2009.
Basant Agarwal and Agarwal C.M., Engineering Drawing, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company
Scheme of Evaluation
Internal marks - 3 Continuous Assessment Tests
- Plates Submission ( weekly submissions )
- Model Examination
- 100 Marks
- University conversion into 20 Marks.
Tutorial: II
2
70
20
5 A circular wheel of diameter 60 mm rolls without slipping along a straight line. Draw the curve traced by a
point P on its rim for one revolution of the wheel. Draw the tangent and normal to the curve at a point,
located 35 mm above the line.
8 Draw the involute of a pentagon of side 35 mm. Draw a tangent and a normal at any point on the curve.
Tutorial: III
Projections - Examples
Projections
Projections
Perspective Projection Parallel Projection
Centre of Projection (COP) Direction of Projection (DOP)
LOS
LOS
'ORTHO' means right angle and orthographic means right angled drawing.
When the projectors are perpendicular to the plane on which the projection
is obtained, it is known as orthographic projection.
It is a parallel projection technique in which different views of an object are
projected on different reference planes observing perpendicular to respective
reference plane.
QUADRANT PATTERN
VP
Observer
X Y HP
X
3rd Quad. 4th Quad.
PLANES
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP
AUXILIARY PLANES
A.V.P.
to Hp & to Vp
Y
VP PP
FV LSV
X Y
X
TV
HP
Orthographic Projections
NOTE:- TV
FV
HP term is used in 1st Angle method
& X Y
X Y For the same Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections FV
TV
G L
Symbolic Representation
NOTATIONS
Projection of points
m
VP A a
a
OBSERVER
n
HP VP
X HP Y
m
a
a
m
VP b
b
B
b b
m
OBSERVER
n
n
VP HP
X Y
HP b
OBSERVER
m
HP
c
HP
X VP Y
n
C c
m
VP OBSERVER
d HP
X VP HP Y
n
m
d
D d
d m
d
VP
OBSERVER
a
m X Y
HP
a A
m
POINT A in VP above HP
a
VP A
a
n
OBSERVER
n
HP X a Y
a
VP
Observer
1ST Quad.
2nd Quad.
X Y HP
1. Draw the projections of the following points, keeping the distance between
the projectors as 30 mm on the common reference line.
A. Point A, 30 mm above HP and 25mm infront of VP.
B. Point B, in VP and 25 mm above HP
C. Point C, on HP and 30 mm infront of VP.
D. Point D, 25 mm above HP and 30 mm behind VP.
E. Point E, on HP and 40 mm behind VP.
F. Point F, 25 mm below HP and 40 mm behind VP.
G. Point G, on VP and 40 mm below HP
H. Point H, 30 mm below HP and 40 mm infront of VP.
I. Point I, is contained by both HP and VP.
d
40
40
25
30
30
25
c i,i
g
X b e Y
25
25
30
40
30
40
a f h
c g
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 h 30
2
b
A point A is on both HP and
VP. Another point B is 40 mm
40
above HP and 40 mm infront ab = 50 mm
40
measure the line joining their
elevations
b
NOTATIONS
OBJECT LINE AB
TRUE LINE AB
POSITIONS OF LINE
1. A LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP AND PARALLEL TO VP
Horizontal trace
The point of intersection of a line or line-produced with the HP is
termed the horizontal trace of the line usually represented by the letter HT.
Vertical trace
The point of intersection of a line or line-produced with the VP is known
as the vertical trace of the line denoted by the letters VT.
FV A
b
Y V.P.
b X H.P. Y
B a, (b)
HT
X HT a, (b)
TV
a, (b) VT a, (b)
VT
FV B
A
Y V.P.
X H.P. Y
b b
X TV
b
FV a b
B
a
A Y V.P.
X H.P. Y
b
X a b
TV
a
NO VT and HT
True length
b
b
B
a
a Y
h V.P.
A X H.P. Y
h b
a
HT. a b
X
Apparent length
Apparent length
b
a
VT a b
VT A B
Y
v V.P.
X H.P.
Y
v a b a
X
b
True length
A line CD, 60 mm long is contained by HP and 20 mm infront of VP. Draw its projections.
A line PQ, 75 mrn long is contained by VP and 30 mrn above HP. Draw its projections.
10
11
12
A lineAB, 55 mm
long is parallel to HP
and inclined at 35 to
the VP. The end A is
20 mm above HP and
15 mm infront of VP.
Draw its projections
13
Tutorial: IV
UNIT II
Drawing Practice:
Maintain 100% cleanliness.
Fix mini drafter properly and use it effectively save more time.
Show perfect distinction between thick and thin lines.
Encircle Question Number with instrument (Ex: Pro-circle)
Write question statement in both notebook and drawing sheet. Follow lettering practice in the
drawing sheet.
Practice in Drawing notebook using basic instruments and reproduce in the drawing sheet (for
submission)
Do not draw directly on the drawing sheet with out containing correct solution in the note
book.
Practice all problems given in the tutorial book in the notebook.
Draw only required number of problems on the drawing sheet prescribed by the instructor.
(interested students may submit all problems imparts more practice)
Draw proper dimensioning lines (maintain far distance from object line)
Draw 1:3 type arrow head only.
Do not erase thins lines anywhere.
POSITIONS OF LINE
1. A LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP AND PARALLEL TO VP
NOTATIONS
OBJECT LINE AB
TRUE LINE AB
Angle :
Possible to solve:
For Tv b
FV
b
a
B
Y
V.P.
a
X H.P. Y
A
X a
a T.V. b
TV
1. Assume the line is kept inclined to HP () and parallel to VP. Draw ab1 and ab1 .
2. Assume the line is kept inclined to VP () and parallel to HP. Draw ab2 and ab2 .
3. Draw the locus line parallel to reference line for the end B through b1 and b2 .
4. Rotate the ab1 and ab2 to meet locus line. Mark the intersection point as b and b.
Cross check
m
b2
a
With given , draw true line with the inclination
k
v h V.P.
with respect to VP. Mark the ends with a (below X H.P.
HT
Y
VT
l
HP or on HP) and b2. Draw its frontview parallel
to HP and mark as a and b2. a b1
n
Draw the Locus Lines for b and b
Locus of b
Rotate the Top and Front views with a and a as b b2
centers respectively till meeting the Locus lines.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
q q1 Locus of q
The end P of a line PQ, 70 mm
long is 15 mm above HP and 20
40
p q2
V.P.
= 20
= 40
Tutorial: V
In Syllabus:
Projections of Planes
A plane is a two dimensional object having length and breadth only.
Thickness is negligible.
Types of Planes
1. Perpendicular plane which have their surface perpendicular to
any one of the reference planes and parallel or inclined to the
other reference plane.
Positions of a plane
Perpendicular planes
Surface of the plane kept perpendicular to HP and parallel to VP
Surface of the plane kept perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP
Surface of the plane kept perpendicular to both HP and VP
Surface of the plane kept inclined to HP and perpendicular to VP
Surface of the plane kept inclined to VP and perpendicular to HP
Oblique plane
Surface of the plane kept inclined to both HP & VP
Traces of planes
A plane, extended if necessary, will meet the reference planes in lines unless it
is parallel to any one of them. These lines are called traces of planes.
The line in which the plane meets the H.P is called the horizontal trace or H.T
of the plane.
The line in which the plane meets the V.P is called the vertical trace or V.T of
the plane.
Plane surfaces
Pentagon Hexagon
Triangle
Square Rectangle
Octagon ETC
Heptogon
Rhombus Rhomboid
Parallelograms
Trapezoid Trapezium
Simple Position
Points to remember :
When a plane surface is parallel to HP, top view shows its true shape &
size. Therefore, draw the top view first. Project the front view from it.
When a plane surface is parallel to VP, front view shows its true shape
& size. Therefore, draw the front view first. Project the top view from
it.
NO VT
a' d'
d'
a' D
c' b' c'
A VP
b' C HP Y
X
B
(c), d HT
b,(a) VT c,(d)
c,(d)
D
b,(a) VP
X HP Y
C
A
B d
a d
c
a
b
b c
NO HT
(a)d
VT
(a)d (b)c
VT
A
VP
(b)c X HP Y
D
B
(b), a
(b), a C
(c), d
HT
(c), d
a b
VT
B
VT
a
d c
A
VP
c C
X HP Y
d
b(c)
D b(c)
a(d)
a(d)
a(d)
b(c)
a(d) b(c) VP
D X HP Y
C
d c
c B
A
HT
d b
a
a b
1. Simple position
2. Second position
3. Final position
a d a1 b1
b c
a d a1 d1
b c
b1 c1
HP HP
1
a d b c
A Square lamina of side 40 mm has its
surface parallel to and 20 mm above 20
40
b
3
e
A Pentagonal plane of side 30 mm is 30
d
parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP.
Draw its projections when one of its corners
is on HP and the side containing the resting a
c
a e (b) d c
c1(d1)
4 b1(e1)
e e1
Draw its projections when one of
its sides is on HP and the corner f f1
nearer to the VP is 20 mm d d1
infront of it. 30
a c a1 c1
b b1
g g1
h h
5 60 f f1
A Circular plane of 60 mm a
a1
e e1
diameter has its plane vertical
and inclined at 400 to VP. Its 40
d b1 d1
centre is 40 mm above HP and b
c c1 VP
35 mm infront of VP. Draw its HP Y
X 40
projections.
35
a1
h1(b1)
f1(d1)
e1
7
An equilateral triangular lamina of side 50 mm has one of its edge on HP inclined at 40 to
the VP. Draw its projection when the surface is inclined at 30to HP.
8
A square plate of side 35 mm rests on the ground on one of its sides inclined at 40 to
the VP. Its surface makes 50with the ground. Draw its projections.
9 A Rectangular plate 70 X 40 mm has one of its shorter edges in the HP inclined at 40 to the
VP. Draw its front view if its top view is a square of side 40mm
10 A Pentagonal plate of side 25 mm has one of its sides on VP inclined at 45 to the HP. Draw
its projections when the plane surface is inclined at 30to VP.
11 A Hexagonal plate of side 20 mm rests on the HP on one of its sides inclined at 450 to the
VP. The surface of the plate makes an angle of 300 with the HP. Draw its front and top views.
12 An equilateral triangular plate PQR has 50 mm sides. It rests on the ground on one of its
edges making an angle of 45 with the VP. The other edges have length of 40 mm each in the
top view. Draw the projections of the plate and find its inclinations with the HP.
An equilateral triangle ABC of side 60mm is resting on the HP on one of its edge inclined at 45 to the VP.
13 The plane is tilted to HP in such a way that the difference in the height between the resting edge and the
corner opposite to the resting edge is 30 mm. Draw the projections of the plane.
14
A Triangular plate PQR has sides PQ = 50 mm, QR = 70 mm and RP = 40 mm. The side PQ rests on HP and is
inclined at 300 to the VP. The surface of the plate is inclined at 400 to the HP. Draw the projections of the
triangular plate.
r 1 r 2
q1(p1) 40
q(p) r q2 VP
X p2 HP Y
40 r1
30 p2
p r p1
r2
50 q2
70
q q1
15
An isosceles triangular plate of side 150 mm and altitude 225 mm appears like an equilateral triangle of side 150 mm in the top
view. Draw the projections of the plate if its 150 mm long edge is on HP inclined at 45 to the VP. Also find the inclination of the
plate with the HP.
16
A hexagonal lamina of side 35mm rests on one of its edges on the HP. This edge is parallel to the VP. The surface of the lamina is
inclined at 60 to the HP. Draw the projections.
17
18
19 A Pentagon of side 30 mm rests on the ground on one of its corners with the sides containing the corner
being equally inclined to the ground. The side opposite to the corner on which it rests is inclined at 30o
to VP and is parallel to HP. The surface of the pentagon makes 50o with the ground. Draw the top and
front views of the pentagon.
20
A circular lamina of diameter 80 mm is resting on the HP on one of its circumferential points. Draw its projections when its top
view is an ellipse of minor axis, 40mm and the major axis is parallel to VP
21
A Circular plate of diameter 80 mm has the end P of the diameter PQ in the HP and the plate is
q1 q2
inclined at 45o to HP. Draw the projections when 42 52
32
1. The diameter PQ appears to be inclined at 45o to VP in TV. 62
45 22 72
Solution for part p s(r) q p1
12
p2 82 VP
2 only. X HP Y
r r1 45
7 6 71 p2 82
Part 1: Step 2 can 61 72
12
be extended in
8 5 81 51
usual procedure r2
22
to obtain step 3
p q p1 q1 62
s2
1 11 32 52
4 41 q
42 q2
80 p2q - Actual diameter
2 3 21 31
s s1 P2q2 Apparent Diameter
22
A Rectangular plate 70 X 40 mm has one of its shorter edges in the VP inclined at 400 to the HP. Draw its top view if its front
view is a square of side 40 mm.
EXAMPLE
a(d) b(c) d2 a 2 VP
X a1(d1) HP Y
c2 40
d c d1 c1
40 b2
d2
a b a1 b1
70 40
a2
23
A Pentagonal plate of side 25 mm has one of its side on VP inclined at 450 to the HP. Draw its
projections when the plane surface is inclined at 300 to VP.
c2 b2
d d1
e e1
a 2
c1
25 d2
c
a 1 e2
a
b1
b 45
e2 a2 VP
X e(a) d(b) c e1(a1) HP Y
30
d1(b1) d2 b2
c1 c2
24
A Hexagonal plate of side 20 mm rests on the VP on one of its sides inclined at 45 to the HP.
The surface of the plate makes an angle of 30 with the VP. Draw its front and top views.
25
A Square lamina PQRS of side 40 mm rests on the VP on its corner P in such a way that the diagonal PR is
inclined at 45 to the VP and apparently inclined at 30 to the HP. Draw its projections.
26 A hexagonal plate of side 30 mm rests on the VP on one of its corners with the sides containing the corner
being equally inclined to the VP. A diagonal passing through the resting corner is inclined at 40to the HP.
The surface of the plate makes 50 with the VP. Draw the top and front views of the hexagonal plate.
27
A regular Hexagonal plate of 35 mm side has one corner touching VP and another opposite corner
touching HP. The plate is inclined at 550 to HP and 350 to VP. Draw the projections of the plate.
d1 d2
c1(e1) e2 c2
b1(f1) f2 b2
55
a b(f) c(e) d a 1 a 2 VP
X f e f1 e1 d2 HP Y
e2 c2 35
f2 b2
a d a1 d1
a2
b c b1 c1
35 *** + = 90
28
A Circular lamina of diameter 60 mm has one end of its diameter in HP and other end of the
29
diameter in VP. The lamina is inclined at 30 to HP and 60 to VP. Draw the projections of
the lamina.
b2
e2
a d d1
a1
c2 Locus of d2
d2
b 30 c b1 c1
Tutorial: VI
Projection of Solids
Types of Solids
1. Polyhedra
2. Solids of Revolution
Polyhedra:
A polyhedron is defined as a solid bounded by planes called faces.
When all the faces are equal and regular, the polyhedron is said to be regular.
Seven regular polyhedra :
Tetrahedron
Cube or hexahedron
Octahedron
Dodecahedron
Icosahedron
Prism
Pyramid
Octahedron
Dodecahedron :
It has twelve equal and regular pentagons as faces.
Icosahedron :
It has twenty faces, all equal equilateral triangles.
Prism
This is a polyhedron having two equal and similar faces called its ends or
bases, parallel to each other and joined by other faces which are
parallelograms.
The imaginary line joining the centres of the bases is called the axis.
A right and regular prism has its axis perpendicular to the bases.
All its faces are equal rectangles.
Triangular Prism
Vertices (points)
6
Edges (lines)
9
Faces (planes)
5
The base has 3 sides.
Rectangular Prism
The base has 4 sides. Vertices (points)
8
Edges (lines)
12
Faces (planes)
Pentagonal Prism
The base has 5 sides.
Vertices (points)
10
Edges (lines)
15
Faces (planes)
Hexagonal Prism
12
Edges (lines)
18
Faces (planes)
Octagonal Prism
The base has 8 sides.
Vertices (points)
16
Edges (lines)
24
Faces (planes)
10
Pyramid:
This is a polyhedron having a plane figure as a base and a number of
triangular faces meeting at a point called the vertex or apex.
The imaginary line joining the apex with the centre of the base is its axis.
A right and regular pyramid has its axis perpendicular to the base which is a
regular plane figure.
Its faces are all equal isosceles triangles.
Triangular Pyramid
Apex or vertex
4
Edges (lines)
Rectangular Pyramid
Apex or vertex
5
Edges (lines)
Pentagonal Pyramid
Apex or vertex
6
Edges (lines)
10
Hexagonal Pyramid
Apex or vertex
7
Edges (lines)
12
Features of a Solid
Axis
Invisible Edge Corner/Vertex
Base Edge
Axis
Lateral Face
Invisible Edge
Faces
Base
Base edge
Features of a Solid
Axis
Apex or Vertex Oblique prisms and pyramids
have their axes inclined to their
Slant Edge
bases. (Not in syllabus)
Slant Face
Prisms and pyramids are named
according to the shape of their
bases, as triangular, square,
pentagonal, hexagonal etc.
Base
Base edge
Solids of revolution:
Cylinder
Cone
Sphere
Cylinder :
A right circular cylinder is a solid generated by the revolution of a rectangle
about one of its sides which remains fixed.
It has two equal circular bases.
The line joining the centres of the bases is the axis. It is perpendicular to the
bases.
Cylinder :
Cone :
A right circular cone is a solid generated by the revolution of a right-angled
triangle about one of its perpendicular sides which is fixed.
It has one circular base.
Its axis joins the apex with the centre of the base to which it is perpendicular.
Straight lines drawn from the apex to the circumference of the base-circle are
all equal and are called generators of the cone.
The length of the generator is the slant height of the cone.
***Oblique cylinders and cones have their axes inclined to their bases.
Cone :
Sphere :
A sphere is a solid generated by the revolution of a semi-circle about its
diameter as the axis.
The mid-point of the diameter is the centre of the sphere.
All points on the surface of the sphere are equidistant from its centre.
Frustum
When a pyramid or a cone is cut by a plane parallel to its base, Thus
removing the top portion, the remaining portion is called its frustum
Truncated Solids
When a solid is cut by a plane inclined to the base it is said to be truncated.
***In our syllabus, mostly right and regular solids are prescribed. Hence, when
a solid is named without any qualification, it should be understood as being
right and regular.
Steps
1. Start the projection that shows the true shape and size of the base.
2. Identify the axis which is perpendicular to the any one reference plane.
3. On that reference plane draw the true shape.
4. When the axis is parallel to both the reference planes, the true shape of the
base can be seen from its side view where an auxiliary plane perpendicular
to both the reference planes can be used.
5. When the axis is inclined to any one reference plane, assume the axis is
perpendicular to that plane and draw the initial step, then proceed to
inclined position.
Axis perpendicular to the H.P. Draw the projections of a triangular prism, base 40 mm
side and axis 50 mm long, resting on one of its bases on the
Parallel to VP: H.P. with a vertical face perpendicular to the V.P.
c
a,(b)
50
C
B
d,(e) f VP
X HP Y
A b,(e)
F
c,(f )
E
40
D
a,(d)
Tutorial: VI a d b c
Problem No. 1
40
a,(1)
40
b,(2)
Tutorial: VI
o
Problem No. 2
60
A Tetrahedron with a 60 mm
edge is resting on HP on one of a c b VP
X HP Y
its face in such a way that one of 45
c
its face edges is inclined at 45to
the VP. Draw is projections.
o
a 60
a b e c d
Tutorial: VI
Problem No. 3
60
c,(3)
b,(2)
Tutorial: VI
Problem No. 4
60
A Hexagonal pyramid of base side 30
mm and axis length 60 mm rests on
VP
the HP on its base. Draw its X a b(f) c(e) d HP Y
b c
30
Tutorial: VI o
Problem No. 5
30
c
b
40
Tutorial: VI
Problem No. 6 a,(1)
a b d c
Tutorial: VI e
d
Problem No. 7
30
A Pentagonal pyramid of base side
30 mm and axis length 60 mm rests o
c
a
on the HP on one of its base corner,
a e d c VP
in such a way that one of the base X b,b HP Y
Tutorial: VI
Problem No. 8
o
a b
a b
f,(6) e,(5)
Tutorial: VI
35
Problem No. 9
a,(1) d,(4)
A Hexagonal prism of base side
25 mm and axis length 55 mm VP
X b,(2) c,(3) HP Y
lies on the ground on one of its 15
1 6,(2) 5,(3) 4
rectangular faces with its axis
perpendicular to VP. Draw its
projections when one of its end 55
a f,(b) e,(c) d
a(1)
a 1 b(2)
b 2
A Pentagonal prism of base
side 25 mm and axis length 55 e 5
c 3 e(5) c(3)
mm lies on the HP on one of 30
d 4 VP
its longer lateral edges with its Y
X 5
d(4) HP
e
axis parallel to both HP and
a 1
VP. Draw its projections when
d 4
one of its rectangular faces
containing the resting edge is b 2
c 3
inclined at 30 to the HP.
Y1
f 30 f
Tutorial: VI
Problem No. 11 e,(a)
e
a
o
A hexagonal pyramid of base
side 30 mm and axis length o
d,(b)
d 30
60 mm lies on the HP on one b
c VP
of its corners of the base with X c HP Y
a,(b)
its axis parallel to both HP
and VP. One of the base edges
o f,(c)
containing the resting corner
is inclined at an angle of 30
to HP. Draw its plan and
60 c,(d)
elevation.
Y1
Tutorial: VI
a a
Problem No. 12 b
b
30
elevation.
Y1
Tutorial : VII
(i) Change of position method: The position of one of the views is altered as
required and the other view projected from it.
1 Initial Position
Auxialiary Plane Method Change of position Method
A Triangular prism of
base side 35 mm and axis
length 55mm rests on the
HP on one of its base edge.
Draw its projections when
the solid axis is inclined at
35to the HP and parallel
to VP.
A Square prism of
base side 35 mm and
axis length 60 mm
rests on one of its
base edges on the HP
with its axis inclined at
30 to the HP and
parallel to the VP.
Draw its top and front
views.
A rectangular prism 50
x 25 mm base and
length 70 mm rests
with one of its longer
edges of the base on
HP, and the axis is
inclined at 30 to HP
and parallel to VP.
Draw its projections.
4 Initial Position
Initial Position Auxialiary Plane Method
Changeof
ofposition
position Method
Method
Change
Auxialiary Plane Method
A Pentagonal prism of
base side 25 mm and
axis length 55 mm rests
on the HP on one of its
base edges. Draw its
projections when the
solid axis is inclined at
45 to the HP and
parallel to the VP. Draw
the projections of the
prism by auxiliary
position method.
5
Initial Position
A Hexagonal prism of
base side 30 mm and
axis length 40 mm is
resting on the HP on one
of its base edge. Draw
its projections when the
base containing the
resting edge is inclined
at 60 to the HP and the
solid axis is parallel to
VP.
A Pentagonal
pyramid of base edge 30
mm and axis length 60
mm rests on one of its
base edges on the HP
with its axis inclined at
30 to the HP and
parallel to the VP. Draw
its top and front views.
A hexagonal pyramid of
base side 25 mm and
axis length 55 mm rests
on the HP on one its
base edge. The solid
axis is inclined at 40to
HP and parallel to VP.
Draw its projections.
10
TUTORIAL VII
Auxialiary Plane Method 209
11
A Pentagonal pyramid of
base side 30 mm and
Auxialiary Plane Method
altitude 75 mm rests on
the HP on one of its
base edges such that
the triangular face
containing the resting
edge is perpendicular to
both HP and the VP.
Draw its projections.
TUTORIAL VII
Initial Position Change of position Method
210
A Hexagonal pyramid
of base side 30 mm and
Auxialiary Plane Method
altitude 75 mm rests
on the HP on one of its
base edges such that
the triangular face
containing the resting
edge is perpendicular
to both HP and the VP.
Draw its projections.
Initial Position
TUTORIAL VII 212
14
Change of position Method
A Pentagonal pyramid
of base side 30 mm
and axis length 55
mm rests on the
ground on one of its
lateral surface with
its solid axis parallel
to VP. Draw its
projections.
15
Change of position Method
A Hexagonal pyramid
of base side 30 mm
and axis length 60
mm rests on the HP
on one of its
triangular faces with
its axis parallel to VP.
Draw its projections.
17 Initial Position
A hexagonal prism of
base side 25mm and
axis length 55 mm
rest on the HP on one
of its base corners
such that the solid
diagonal passing
through that corner is
perpendicular to the
HP. Draw its
projections.
20 Initial Position
A cylinder of diameter
35 mm and axis length
55 mm is resting on
the ground on its base.
It is then tilted such
that a solid diagonal is
vertical. Draw its
projections.
A square pyramid of
base side 40 mm and
axis length 65 mm rests
on the HP on one of its
base corners in such a
way that the base edges
containing the resting
corner is equally
inclined to the HP. Draw
its projections when the
solid axis is inclined at
40 to the HP and
parallel to VP.
23 Initial Position
Change of position Method
A Pentagonal pyramid
of base edge 30 mm
and axis length 60 mm
rests on one of its
base corners on the HP
in such a way that the
two base edges
containing the resting
corner is equally
inclined to HP. Draw
its projections with its
solid axis inclined at
30 to the HP and
parallel to the VP.
Draw its top and front Auxialiary Plane Method
views.
TUTORIAL VII 222
A Cone of base
diameter 50 mm
and altitude 70
mm rests on the
HP on a base
circumferential
point with its
axis is inclined at
30 to the HP
and parallel to
the VP. Draw its
front and top
views.
26
A square pyramid of
base side 40 mm and
axis length 65 mm
rests on the HP on one
of its base corners in
such a way that the
slant edge containing
the resting corner is
perpendicular to HP
and parallel to VP.
Draw the projections.
A Pentagonal pyramid of
base edge 30 mm and axis
length 60 mm rests on
one of its base corners on
the HP in such a way that
the two base edges
containing the resting
corner is equally inclined
to HP. Draw its
projections when the
slant edge containing the
resting edge is
perpendicular to HP and Change of position Method
30
Change of position Method
A square pyramid of
base side 40 mm and
axis length 65 mm
rests on the HP on
one of its slant
edges. Draw its
projections when the
solid axis is parallel
to VP.
A Pentagonal pyramid of
base side 30 mm and axis
length 55 mm rests on the
ground on one of its
lateral edges such that
the triangular faces
containing the resting
edge is equally inclined to
HP. Draw its projections
when the solid axis is
parallel to VP.
A Hexagonal pyramid of
base side 30 mm and
axis length 60 mm rests
on the HP on one of its
slant edges in such a way
that the triangular face
containing the resting
edge is equally inclined
to HP and the solid axis
parallel to VP. Draw its
projections.
A Cone of base
diameter 50 mm and
axis length 60mm has
one of its generators
on HP with the solid
axis parallel to VP.
Draw its projections.
34
Change of position Method
Initial Position
A Hexagonal prism of
base side 25 mm and
axis length 50 mm is
lying on the HP on one
of its rectangular
faces with its axis
inclined at 45 to the
VP. Draw its
projections.
A Pentagonal prism
of base side 25 mm
and axis length 55
mm is resting on HP
on one of its
rectangular faces
with its axis
inclined at 45to
the VP. Draw its
projections.
A Square pyramid of
base side 30 mm and
axis length 50 mm
rests on the HP on one
of its base edge. Draw
its projections when
the solid axis is
inclined at 45 to VP
and parallel to HP.
A pentagonal pyramid
of base side 25 mm
and axis length 55 mm
rests on the HP on one
of its base edge. Draw
its projections when
the solid axis is
inclined at 40 to VP
and parallel to HP
A hexagonal pyramid of
base side 25 mm and
axis length 55 mm
rests on the HP on one
of its base edge. Draw
its projections when
the solid axis is
inclined at 30 to VP
and parallel to HP.
A square prism of
base side 35 mm
and axis length 60
mm lies on the HP
on one of its longer
edges with its
rectangular faces
equally inclined to
the HP. Draw its
projections when
its axis is inclined
at 30 to the VP.
A Pentagonal prism of
base side 25 mm and axis
length 55 mm lies on the
HP on one of its lateral
edges in such a way that
one of its rectangular
face is perpendicular to
HP. Draw its projections
when the solid axis is
inclined at 40 to the VP
and parallel to the HP
Auxialiary Plane Method
A Pentagonal prism of
base side 25 mm and
axis length 55 mm lies
on the HP on one of its
lateral edges in such a
way that the
rectangular faces
containing the lateral
edge is equally inclined
to HP. Draw its
projections when the
solid axis is inclined at
35 to VP and parallel
to the HP.
A Pentagonal prism of
side of base 25 mm
and axis 55 mm long
is resting on a lateral
edge on HP. The
rectangular face
containing that edge
is inclined at 30 to
the HP and the solid
axis is inclined at 40
to the VP. Draw its
projections.
43 Initial Position
44 Initial Position
A Cylinder of base
diameter 50 mm and
axis length 60 mm
rests on the HP on
one of its generators.
Draw its projections
when the cylinder
axis is inclined at 30
to the VP and parallel
to HP.
A Square pyramid of
base side 30 mm and axis
length 50 mm rests on
the HP on one of its base
corners with a base side
containing the resting
corner makes an angle of
35with the HP. Draw its
projection when the solid
axis is inclined at 30 to
the VP and the vertex is
away from the VP.
A hexagonal pyramid of
base side 25mm and
axis length 55 mm
rests on the HP on one
of its base corner in
such a way that two of
its base edge is equally
inclined to the HP.
Draw its projections
when the solid axis is
inclined at 40 to the
Auxialiary Plane Method
VP and parallel to HP.
48
A Pentagonal pyramid of
base side 30 mm and axis
length 55 mm rests on
the VP on one of its
lateral surface with its
solid axis parallel to HP.
Draw its projections
Initial Position
49
A Hexagonal pyramid of
base side 30 mm and axis
length 60 mm rests on
the VP on one of its
triangular faces with its
axis parallel to HP. Draw
its projections.
50
52
A Hexagonal pyramid of
base side 30 mm and
axis length 60 mm has
one of its lateral edge
on VP and the solid axis
is parallel to HP. Draw
its projections.
A Tetrahedron of edges 50
mm rest on one of its edges
on the VP. One of the faces
containing the resting edge
is inclined at 30 to the VP.
Draw its projections of the
tetrahedron when the
resting edge is normal to
the HP.
A square pyramid of
base side 30 mm and
axis length 60 mm is
suspended by means
of a string from one
of its base corners
with its axis parallel
to VP. Draw its
projections.
Initial Position
57 Change of position Method
A Hexagonal pyramid
of base side 30 mm
and axis length 60
mm is suspended by
means of a string
from one of its base
corners with its axis
parallel to VP. Draw
its projections.
256
Note: The pyramid is suspended from the corner A TUTORIAL VII
A Hexagonal prism of
base side 25 mm and
axis length 50 mm is
suspended freely by
means of a string
from one of its base
corners with its axis
parallel to VP. Draw
its projections.
Tutorial: VIII
Sections of Solids
Section Views
Sectioning is a technique by which the object is sliced and the cutaway view of the part is then drawn.
To show the construction clearly in many hollow objects, the front part is imagined to be removed to
reveal the interior surface.
Where and when this occurs the edges are represented with solid lines and the cut surface is
crosshatched or section lined.
The interior detail is now shown more clearly because the hidden lines have been replaced with visible
object lines.
Hatching
True shape
4
Front view
A square prism of base side 30 mm and height
60 mm rests on the HP on one of its ends with
two of its rectangular faces equally inclined to
the VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the
VP and inclined at 60 to the HP meeting the
axis at 15 mm from the top. Draw its front
view, sectional top view and true shape of the
section.
6
True shape
True shape
7
True shape
8
Front view
True shape
10 Front view
11 True shape
True shape
12
Front view
14
15
16
True shape
17
Top view
True shape
Top view
True shape
19
True shape
Top view
True shape
21 Front view
True shape
Top view
True shape
Top view
23
24
True shape
27
Front view
28
29
30
31
32
Tutorial: IX
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
Methods of Development
Complete Development
Cylinder: A Rectangle
D D
Complete Development
S
S
Complete Development
s
Complete Development
3 A Pentagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm is resting on HP on its base with a side of
base parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 350 to HP and perpendicular to VP and meets the axis at
a distance of 35 mm from the base. Draw the development of the lower portion of the prism.
5 A Cylinder of diameter 50 mm and axis height 65 mm is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at
60 to the HP into two equal parts. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the truncated solid.
30
A right circular cone of base diameter 60 mm and height 70 mm is resting on its base on the
ground. It is cut by a plane inclined at 300 to HP and perpendicular to VP. The cutting plane
bisects the axis of the cone. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the truncated
cone.
10
A Cone of base diameter 60 mm and height 70 mm is resting on its base on the ground. It is
cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP and parallel to the HP at a distance of 20 mm from
the vertex. It is also cut by a plane inclined at 400 to the base and meeting the axis at a
point 20 mm above the base. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut cone.
10
11
14
A Cone of base diameter 60 mm and axis height 70 mm is
resting on the HP on its base. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to both HP and VP, 10 mm away from the axis.
Draw the development of lateral surfaces
16
16
Tutorial : X
Isometric Projection
Pictorial Projections
(i) Axonometric projection.
A. Isometric projection.
B. Dimetric projection.
C. Trimetric projection.
(ii) Oblique projection
(iii) Perspective projection
Isometric Projection
The angles between any two of the three coordinate axes is 120
Observer at infinity
Isometric Terminology
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
PROBLEM:-
Draw the isometric views of the following: (i) A square with its surface vertical and horizontal
(ii) A rectangle with its surface vertical and horizontal
(i)
(ii)
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
PROBLEM:-
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
PROBLEM:-
Draw the isometric view of a hexagon with its surface vertical and horizontal.
Helping Diagram
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
PROBLEM:- Points Method
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
PROBLEM:- Four Centre Method
Draw the isometric views of a circle
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
PROBLEM:-
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
PROBLEM:-
Draw the isometric view of the plane figure shown in Figure below
PROBLEM:-
Draw the isometric view of a square prism of base side 20 mm and height 30 mm
PROBLEM:-
Draw the isometric view of a
cylinder resting on one of its
ends on the HP.
PROBLEM:-
Draw the isometric
view of a hexagonal
pyramid of base of
side 15 mm and
height 55 mm
resting on its base
on the lIP with two
sides of the base
parallel to the VP
PROBLEM:-
Draw the isometric
view of a right
circular cone of
base diameter 34
mm and height 60
mm when it is
resting on its base
on the HP.
1
Draw the isometric view of
(a) Hexagonal prism (b)
Pentagonal prism of base
side 25 mm and axis height
50 mm when it rests on one
of its ends on the HP with
one of its base sides
parallel to VP.
1a
1b
2a
2b
3 3a
3b
4
A Hexagonal prism of
base edge 25 mm and
height 50 mm rests on
the HP on its base with
two of its rectangular
face perpendicular to the
VP. It is cut by a plane
inclined at 300 to HP and
perpendicular to VP at a
distance of 40 mm from
its base. Draw the
isometric view of the
truncated prism.
6
A Pentagonal pyramid of
base side 30mm and axis
length 65mm is resting on
HP on its base with a side
of base perpendicular to
VP. It is cut by a plane
inclined at 300 to HP and
perpendicular to VP and
passes through a point at a
distance of 30 mm from
the apex. Draw the
isometric view of the
remaining portion of the
pyramid.
7
Draw the isometric view
of a frustum of a
Hexagonal pyramid when
it is resting on its base
on the HP with two
sides of the base
parallel to the VP. The
side of base is 30 mm
and top face is 10 mm.
The height of the
frustum is 55 mm.
A Cylinder of base
diameter 60 mm and
height 70 mm rests with
its base on HP. A section
plane perpendicular to VP
and inclined at 450 to HP
passes through the axis
at a distance of 50 mm
above its base. Draw the
isometric view of the
truncated cylinder
showing the cut surface..
11
12
13
14
Tutorial : XI
Perspective projection
Perspective projection
Perspective projection
Axis of Vision
Station Point
Horizon Plane
III Quadrant
Ground Plane
Tutorial: XII
40
40
40 20
10
F
40
80
Top View
B Front View
Left Side View
Top View
64
3X16
100
30
90
30
Top View 120
Top View
90
diagram. All the dimensions are in
millimeters.
10
40
10
10
R15
90
Top View
D Draw the top view, front view and right Right Side View
Front View
side views of the object shown in the
diagram. All the dimensions are in
millimeters.
Top View
Top View
Top View
G
Draw the top view, front view and Front View Left side virw
left side views of the object
shown in the diagram. All the
dimensions are in millimeters.
Top View
H Draw the top view, front Right Side View Front View
view and right side views of
the object shown in the
diagram. All the dimensions
are in millimeters.
Top View
Top View
Front View
Top View
Top View
Top View
Tutorial: XIII
SCALES
SCALES
SCALES
FOR FULL SIZE SCALE
R.F.=1 OR ( 1:1 )
MEANS DRAWING & OBJECT ARE OF SAME SIZE.
Other RFs are described as
1:10, 1:100,
1:1000, 1:1,00,000
BASIC UNITS.
1 KILOMETRE = 1000 m
1 HECTOMETRE = 100 m
1 DECAMETRE = 10 m
1 METRE = 1 m
1 DECIMETRE = m
1 CENTIMETRE = m
1 MILLIMETRE = m
TYPES OF SCALES:
Not in
Syllabus
1. PLAIN SCALES ( FOR DIMENSIONS UP TO SINGLE DECIMAL)
6. ISOMETRIC SCALES
3
A distance of 30 cm measured on a map amounts to 450 meter. Draw a diagonal scale showing divisions
of 50 cm capable of measuring 300 meter. Mark on it 255.5 meter and 177.5 meter.
4
Draw a diagonal scale of RF. 1
/200000 to show kilometer and
decimals of a kilometer. Mark on the
scale a distance of 23. 7 kilometer.
5 A rectangular plot of land of area 45 hectare is represented on a map by a similar rectangle. of 5 sq. cm.
Calculate the RF. of the scale of the map. Also draw a diagonal scale to read upto a maximum of single km
from the map. The scale should be long enough to measure upto 500 km.
8 Construct a Vernier scale having a least count of 0.005 cm and long enough to measure 5 centimeter.
Show the following distances over the scale: (a) 3.15 cm (b) 1.95 cm. select a scale of 2:1.
CAT I Solutions
Section - ECE A
1 Draw the projections of the following points on a common reference line with the distance between the end
projectors as 35 mm.
a. Point A is 30mm behind VP and on HP
b. Point Bis contained by both HP and VP
c. Point C is 25 mm below HP and 30mm behind VP
d. Point D is 25 mm below HP and 45 mm infront of VP
e. Point E is 30mm above HP and 25 mm infront of VP (10)
2a
2b
A Pentagonal lamina of side 35 mm is resting upon its edge on HP, so that the surface is
3a
inclined at 45 to HP. The line joining the midpoint of the resting edge to the opposite corner
is inclined at 30to the VP. Draw the projections of the lamina
3b
CAT II Solutions
1a
2a
411
Auxialiary Plane Method
Top view
True shape
3b
Front view
True shape