Al-Balqa'a Applied University

Faculty of Engineering Technology

.Control Lab

Experiment 2

Integration & Derivation (Differentiation)

Abdulrahman Ghaleb Mohammad

Moh.
Mechatronics Engineering
399070389
5/11/2002
Prof. Ibrahim El-abbas
 Objectives:

1. To integrate a function or a variable.

2. To derive a function or a variable.

Item One: Integration

A.2.1 Theory

If a capacitor is used as the feedback impedance and a resistor as the input impedance,
then the feedback impedance becomes:
1 1
Zf (t ) Xc
j 2fc jc
And:
1
Zf ( s )
SC
It means that the Laplace transform of any impedance containing angular frequency
() can be obtained replacing (j) by the complex variable (s) and then the output
signal becomes:
Zf ( s ) 1
Eo( s ) Ei ( s ) Ei ( s )
Zi ( s ) RiCs

OR:
1 t
RiC 0
eo(t ) ei(t )dt eo(0)

t
1
ei (t )dt eo(0)
T 0
Where eo(0) is the initial value at the output.
T=RIC is the time constant of the integrator.

t(sec) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
e0 with RI = 1M 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12
e0 with RI = 0.5M 0 -4 -8 -12 -16 -20 -24
Tab(2-1)

Fig(2-1) Integration Circuit

Item Two: Derivation (Differentiation)

B.2.1 Theory

If a capacitor is used as the input impedance and a resistor as the feedback impedance
, then the input impedance is equal to the capacitive reactance , that is:

1 1
Zi (t )
j 2fc jc

OR:

1
Zi ( s )
Cs

And the output signal becomes:

Zf ( s )
Eo( s ) Ei( s) RCsEi( s )
Zi( s )
OR:

dei(t )
eo(t ) RC
dt

It means that the output signal of a differentiator is proportional to the input signal
variation with respect to time. The proportionality factor is equal to the time constant
T=RC.

Fig(2-2) Derivation Circuit

t(sec) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
eI (v) 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12
 e0 with Rf = 1M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
e0 with Rf = 2M 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Tab(2-2)

ei(t)/eo(t)
0 5 10 15
-5

-10

-15
t[sec]

Relation Ship Between ei(t), eo(t) versus Time

t(sec) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
eo (v) -13 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tab(2-3)
Questions:
1. Plot the curves ei(t)=f(t) and eo(t)=f(t) with Ri=1M and Ri=0.5M on the
same graph.

5
0
ei(t)/eo(t)

-5 0 5 10 15
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
t[sec]

Relation Ship Between ei(t), eo(t) versus Time

2. Explain the difference between experimental and calculated curves.


3. How does the time constant vary when the value of the capacitor C is changed
by connecting a 0.1F capacitor in parallel with it ?
Ceq=C1+C2=1F+0.1F=1.1F
T=Ri*Ceq
So,that the time constant will increase.

4. Explain the result of item e{tab(2-3)}.

( 90 )
.