Heat transfer

1D steady state Conduction

Thermal properties -thermal conductivity (k)
k
-thermal diffusivity ()
cp

dT T
Heat transfer rate q kA
dx R
Thermal resistance
L
Conduction - plane wall R
kA
r
ln( 2 )
r1
- cylinder R
2 Lk
1 1 1
- sphere R
4 k r1 r2
1
Convection R
hA
Composite wall series Rtotal R1 R2
1
1 1
Parallel Rtotal
R1 R2
qf
Fin efficiency
hA f (Tb T )
qf
Effectiveness
hAb (Tb T )
Ab

Af

k
Critical radius of insulation rcr ,cylinder
h

Transient conduction
hLc
Lumped system Biot number Bi 0.1
k

- Infinite wall Lc L / 2
r
- Infinite cylinder Lc
2
 r
- Sphere Lc
3
t
Dimensionless time (Fourier number) Fo
L2c
T (t ) T
Dimensionless temperature
Ti T

T (t ) T hA
Lumped capacity method exp t exp Bi Fo
Ti T C V
p

T ( x, t ) Ts x
Semi-infinite solid constant surface temperature erf
Ti Ts 2 t

2
-error function erf ( ) exp(u )du
2

Forced convection

4A
Hydraulic diameter Dh
P
2ab
-rectangular Dh
( a b)
-annulus (ring) Dh Dout Din
VD VD
Dimensionless number -reynolds Re

c viscous diffusion rate
-prandtl Pr p
k thermal diffusion rate

Pr << 1, means the thermal diffusivity dominates (Ex. Liquid metal).

Whereas with large values, Pr >> 1, the momentum diffusivity
dominates the behavior

hL Nu
-nusselt Nu Nux
kf 2

Transition condition -in pipe Re D ,c 2300

-flat plate turbulent flow Re 500000

Newtons law of cooling q hAT

Flow in circular tube -Laminar, fully developed, uniform qs NuD 4.36
-Laminar, fully developed, uniform Ts NuD 3.66
 -Turbulent, fully developed, 0.6 < Pr <160, Re >10,000, (L/D) >10,
n = 0.4 for Ts > Tm ( ) and n = 0.3 for Ts < Tm ()
NuD 0.023Re0.8
D Pr
n

Ts T
Film temperature T
2
Thermal boundary thickness 0.99

Thermal entrance region

Fully developed flow temperature profile

Tin Tout
Bulk mean temperature T
2

Churchill Bernstein equation condition Pr Re D 0.2

To Ti
Logarithmic mean temperature difference Tlm , To Ts To , Ti Ts Ti
ln(To / Ti )

Free convection
Area must be total area
1/4
hx Grx 4
Nussult number Nu g (Pr) Nu L Nu L
k 4 3

buoyancy force
Grashof number Gr
viscous force

Radiation
Blackbody -Wiens displacement law maxT C, C 2898 m
W
-Stefan-Boltzmann law Eb T 4 , 5.67 108
m2

Emission from Real Surfaces E Eb T 4

View factor relation Ai Fij Aj Fji Fii 0
n

F
j 1
ij 1

Absorption, reflection, transmission

Gabs
Absorptivity
G
Gref
Reflectivity
G

Gtr
Transmissivity
G
Relation G Gref Gabs Gtr
Heat transfer rate qij Ai Fij (Ti 4 Tj4 )
Net heat flux J G out in (emission reflection) absorption
qrad
Opaque Ts4 G
qrad
q

Application
Heat exchanger
T2 T1
Log mean temperature Tlm
ln(T2 / T1 )
- Parallel flow T1 Th ,i Tc,i T2 Th,o Tc,o
- Counter flow T1 Th ,i Tc,o T2 Th,o Tc,i
q
Effectiveness
qmax
Maximum q qmax (mc)min Th ,1 Tc ,1

Shell&tube q UAF Tlm,counter , A N DL