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Volcanoes 'triggered dawn of

dinosaurs'
By Rebecca Morelle Science Correspondent, BBC News
4-5 minutes

Image copyright Science Photo Library

Image caption Scientists say intense eruptions took place 200 million
years ago

A million-year-long period of extreme volcanic activity most likely

paved the way for the dawn of the dinosaurs, a study suggests.

Scientists have analysed ancient rocks and have found traces of

emissions from huge volcanic eruptions that happened about 200
million years ago.

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This would have led to one of the largest mass extinctions on record,
enabling dinosaurs to become dominant.

The study is published in the journal PNAS.

Lead author Lawrence Percival, from the Earth sciences department

at Oxford University, said: "The dinosaurs were able to exploit those
ecological niches that were left vacant by the extinction."

Mercury rising

The researchers looked at volcanic rocks from four continents that

date to this turbulent time.

A previous study assessed how levels of carbon fluctuated in the

rocks, which is linked to rises of carbon dioxide from volcanic
eruptions.

If you can see a big spike in mercury in those sediments, you can
infer there is volcanism happening at that exact time

But this research looked at a different fingerprint for volcanic activity:

mercury.

When volcanoes erupt, they emit traces of mercury in the plumes of

gas that rise into the sky. This then spreads throughout the
atmosphere before being deposited in sediments on the ground,
where it remains for millions of years.

"If you can see a big spike in mercury in those sediments, you can
infer there is volcanism happening at that exact time," explained Mr
Percival.

"And that's what we see at the time of this extinction."

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Image copyright Jessica Whiteside
Image caption Volcanic rocks hold traces of mercury from past eruptions

The researchers found evidence for huge pulses of volcanic activity

that would have continued for about a million years.

Prof Tamsin Mather from Oxford University said: "You get these
fissures, these cracks opening up in the Earth's crust, and probably
some fire fountains, and also lava flows opening up.

These mercury records in the sediments are allowing us to say new

things about volcanism that happened that far back in deep Earth
time

"You probably had different areas active at different times during the
million years. And you likely get eruptive periods going on for a
decade or so with enormous volumes of magma coming to the
surface and gases as well."

Anything living in the immediate vicinity of the eruptions would have

fared badly. But creatures living far away would also have been in
trouble: the repeated eruptions would have had a devastating impact
on the wider environment, blocking out the Sun and leading to rising
levels of carbon dioxide.

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This would have triggered a major mass extinction: animals
including vast crocodile-like creatures and reptilian-looking
mammals and early amphibians were wiped out.

However, early dinosaurs from that period clung on, although

researchers are not sure how they survived the hellish conditions.

But once the volcanoes had simmered down, few of their

competitors were left, allowing the age of the dinosaurs to begin.

New tool

The researchers now want to use mercury to look at other periods of

ancient volcanic activity.

Prof Mather said: "I think what's really exciting is that we are talking
about an episode of volcanism that happened 200 million years ago,
and these mercury records in the sediments are allowing us to say
new things about volcanism that happened that far back in deep
Earth time.

"This is a new and powerful tool that will really allow us to

understand more about the evolution of our planet and how it's come
to be how it is today."

Follow Rebecca on Twitter: @BBCMorelle

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