ENT 402

TUTORIAL 1

1. Define image.
2. What do you meant by Gray level and binary?
3. What do you meant by pixel?
4. Define digital image processing.
5. Differentiate photopic and scotopic vision.
6. Define sampling and quantization with illustration.
7. Calculate the number of bits required to store a 256 X 256 image with 32 gray levels.
8. Explain the Structure of the Human eye.
9. Based on the given figure, answer the following questions;
1 1 2
s
2 2 2
1 2 1 q
2 0 1

p 2 2 2
Figure 1
(i) If V = {2}, determine the relation between p and q for 4, 8 and m adjacency.
(ii) If V = {2} determine the shortest part from p to s for 4, 8 and m.

10. Figure 2 shows two image subsets, A1 and A2. For V = {1}, determine whether these two
subsets are:

i. 4- adjacent
ii. 8-adjacent
iii. m-adjacent
A1 A2

0 0 0 2
2 1 0 2
2 0 1 0
2 0 0 0

Figure 2
11. Dm distance is defined as the shortest m-path between the points. In this case, the distance
between two pixels will depend on the values of the pixels along the path, as well as the values
of their neighbors. Determine Dm between p to q where V = {1,2,3}.

1 0 0 2 q
0 0 3 2
8 2 0 2
7 5 2 0
p 1 1 4 4
12. Consider the image segment shown.
i. Let V = {0,1,2} and compute the lengths of the shortest 4, 8 and m-path between p and
q. if a particular path does not exist between these two points, explain why?
ii. Repeat for V = {2,3,4}.
3 4 1 2 0
0 1 0 4 2 q
2 2 3 1 4
3 0 4 2 1
1 2 0 3 4
p
13. In image analysis, the distance transform measures the distance of each object point from the
nearest boundary and is an important tool in computer vision, image processing and pattern
recognition. Find the distance between 2 points x and y using the following distance
measurement. x( 30,20), y (50,40).
i. Euclidean distance
ii. Chessboard distance

14. Define histogram. If the pixels in an image are shuffled (reordered), will there be any change
in the histogram? Justify your answer.
15. Based on your understanding, sketch the dark and bright histogram of an image.
16. A 3 bit image with the size of 64 x 64 pixels has the intensities distribution as shown in Table
1, where the intensity level are in the range of [0, L-1]. Using the information given in Table 1.
(i) Sketch the original histogram.
(ii) Sketch the transformation function for histogram equalization.
(iii) Sketch the histogram after applying histogram equalization.
(iv) Based on specified histogram in Table 2, sketch the histogram after applying
histogram specification.

Table 1
rk nk

0 400

1 1000

2 974

3 800

4 456

5 274

6 112

7 80

Table 2
zk Specified
Pz (zq)

0 0.00
1 0.00

2 0.05

3 0.10
4 0.20

5 0.20

6 0.30

7 0.15