Caterpillar Inc. PDF

Caterpillar Inc.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Caterpillar Inc. (NYSE: CAT) is an American corporation which designs, develops,

engineers, manufactures, markets and sells machinery, engines, financial products and Caterpillar Inc
insurance to customers via a worldwide dealer network.[2][3][6] In 2016 Caterpillar was
ranked #59 on the Fortune 500 list and #194 on the Global Fortune 500 list.[7]
Caterpillar stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.[8]
Type Public
Caterpillar Inc. traces its origins to the 1925 merger of the Holt Manufacturing Traded as NYSE: CAT
Company and the C. L. Best Tractor Company, creating a new entity, the California- DJIA Component
based Caterpillar Tractor Company.[9] In 1986, the company re-organized itself as a S&P 100
Delaware corporation under the current name, Caterpillar Inc. Caterpillar's Component
headquarters are located in Peoria, Illinois; it announced in January 2017 that over the S&P 500
course of that year it would relocate its headquarters to Chicago, scrapping plans from Component
2015 of building a $800 million new headquarters complex at downtown Peoria.[10][11] Industry Heavy equipment
Engines
The company also licenses and markets a line of clothing and workwear boots under Financial services
its Cat / Caterpillar name.[12] Caterpillar machinery is recognizable by its trademark C. L. Best
Predecessor
"Caterpillar Yellow" livery and the "CAT" logo.[13] Holt Manufacturing
Company
Founded April 15, 1925
Contents California, U.S.
Headquarters Deerfield, Illinois, U.S.
1 History
1.1 Origins Area served Worldwide
1.2 Move to Peoria Key people Jim Umpleby (CEO)
1.3 Use in World War I Products Products List
1.4 Post-war challenges
1.5 Caterpillar company formed (1925) D11 Bulldozer
1.6 Expansion in developing markets 345C L Excavator
1.7 Acquisitions 930G Wheel
1.8 Divestitures Loader
2 Business lines 797F Haul Truck
2.1 Machinery C13 Diesel Engine
2.2 On-road trucks C32
2.3 Engines and gas turbines Diesel/Gasoline
2.4 Caterpillar Defense Products Engine
2.5 Caterpillar Electronics C280
2.6 Agriculture products Diesel/Gasoline
2.7 Financial products and brand licensing Engine
2.8 Brand licensing
3 Operations Services Services List
3.1 Manufacturing Financing

3.2 Distribution Insurance
3.3 Management Maintenance
3.4 Current board of directors Training
4 Workforce and labor relations Revenue US$38.537 billion
4.1 Labor practices (2016)[1]
5 Environmental record
5.1 Environmental stewardship Operating US$498 million
6 Controversies income (2016)[1]
6.1 Clean Air Act violation Net income US$-67 million
6.2 Tax deferral techniques (2016)[1]
6.3 Allegations of human rights violations
Total assets US$74.704 billion
7 Advocacy, philanthropy and awards
(2016)[1]
8 See also
9 References Total equity US$13.213 billion
10 Further reading (2016)[1]
11 External links Number of 95,400 (2016)[1]
employees
Subsidiaries Subsidiary List
History
Origins Caterpillar
Financial Services
The steam tractors of the 1890s and early Caterpillar
1900s were extremely heavy, sometimes Insurance Holdings
weighing 1,000 pounds (450 kg) per Caterpillar
horsepower, and often sank into the rich, soft Logistics Services
earth of the San Joaquin Valley Delta farmland Caterpillar Marine
surrounding Stockton, California. Benjamin Power Systems
Holt attempted to fix the problem by increasing FG Wilson
the size and width of the wheels up to 7.5 feet Perkins Engines
(2.3 m) tall and 6 feet (1.8 m) wide, producing Progress Rail
a tractor 46 feet (14 m) wide. But this also Services
made the tractors increasingly complex, Corporation
expensive and difficult to maintain. Solar Turbines
Website www.caterpillar.com
Benjamin Holt, one of the founding
Another solution considered was to lay a
Footnotes / references
fathers of Holt Manufacturing Company.temporary plank road ahead of the steam [2][3][4][5]
tractor, but this was time-consuming,
expensive, and interfered with earthmoving.
Holt thought of wrapping the planks around the wheels. He replaced the wheels on a 40
horsepower (30 kW) Holt steamer, No. 77, with a set of wooden tracks bolted to chains.
On Thanksgiving Day, November 24, 1904, he successfully tested the updated machine
plowing the soggy delta land of Roberts Island.[14]
Company photographer Charles Clements was reported to have observed that the tractor
crawled like a caterpillar,[15] and Holt seized on the metaphor. "Caterpillar it is. That's the
name for it!"[14] Some sources, though, attribute this name to British soldiers in July 1907.
Two years later Holt sold his first steam-powered tractor crawlers for US$5,500, about Two Holt 45 gas crawler tractors team up
US$128,000 today. Each side featured a track frame measured 30 inches (760 mm) high to pull a long wagon train in theMojave
by 42 inches (1,100 mm) wide and were 9 feet (2.7 m) long. The tracks were 3 inches Desert during construction of theLos
(76 mm) by 4 inches (100 mm) redwood slats.[14] Angeles Aqueduct in 1909.
Holt received the first patent for a practical continuous track for use with a tractor on
December 7, 1907 for his improved "Traction Engine" ("improvement in vehicles, and especially of the traction engine class; and
included endless traveling platform supports upon which the engine is carried").[16]
Move to Peoria
On February 2, 1910,[17] Holt opened up a plant in East Peoria, Illinois, led by his nephew
Pliny Holt. There Pliny met farm implement dealer Murray Baker who knew of an empty
factory that had been recently built to manufacture farm implements and steam traction
engines. Baker, who later became the first executive vice president of what became
Caterpillar Tractor Company, wrote to Holt headquarters in Stockton and described the
plant of the bankrupt Colean Manufacturing Co. of East Peoria, Illinois. On October 25,
1909, Pliny Holt purchased the factory,[18] and immediately began operations with 12
employees.[19] Holt incorporated it as the Holt Caterpillar Company, although he did not
trademark the name Caterpillar until August 2, 1910.[17] A postcard showing the Caterpillar
Tractor Co. plant in Peoria, period 1930
The addition of a plant in the Midwest, despite the hefty capital needed to retool the plant, 1945.
proved so profitable that only two years later the company employed 625 people and was
exporting tractors to Argentina, Canada, and Mexico.[20] Tractors were built in both
Stockton and East Peoria.[21][22]
On January 31, 2017, after more than 90 years of being headquartered in Peoria, Illinois, the company announced plans to move
their headquarters from Peoria to Chicago, Illinois by the end of 2017. The upper echelon of executives, including newly installed
CEO Jim Umpleby, will begin relocating later this year, with up to 100 employees total moving by year's end. About 300
employees will work in the new office at an as-yet undecided location once the transition is complete. The company indefinitely
suspended planning for the new Peoria headquarters in the fall of 2015 after announcing a restructuring effort that called for up to
10,000 jobs to be cut and about 20 facilities around the world to be closed or consolidated. The changes contributed to $2.3 billion
in savings in 2016, but sales and revenue for last year still were more than 40 percent below peak levels of 2012. Umpleby said
that decline is a fundamental reason the company's Board of Directors opted to move global headquarters to an area where the
global marketplace is in easier reach.[10]
Use in World War I
Holt's track-type tractors played a support role in World War I. Even before the U.S. formally entered WWI, Holt had shipped
1,200 tractors to England, France and Russia for agricultural purposes. These governments, however, sent the tractors directly to
the battlefront where the military put them to work hauling artillery and supplies.[23] When World War I broke out, the British
War Office ordered a Holt tractor and put it through trials at Aldershot. The War Office was suitably impressed and chose it as a
gun-tractor.[24] Over the next four years, the Holt tractor became a major artillery tractor, mainly used to haul medium guns like
the 6-inch howitzer, the 60-pounder, and later the 9.2-inch howitzer.[25]
Holt tractors were also the inspiration for the development of the British tank, which profoundly altered ground warfare
tactics.[14][26] Major Ernest Swinton, sent to France as an army war correspondent, very soon saw the potential of a track-laying
tractor.[27]:116 Although the British later chose an English firm to build its first tanks, the Holt tractor became "one of the most
important military vehicles of all time."[25]
Post-war challenges
Holt tractors had become well known during World War I. Military contracts formed the
major part of the company's production. When the war ended, Holt's planned expansion to
meet the military's needs was abruptly terminated. The heavy-duty tractors needed by the
military were unsuitable for farmers. The company's situation worsened when artillery
tractors were returned from Europe, depressing prices for new equipment and Holt's
unsold inventory of military tractors. The company struggled with the transition from
wartime boom to peacetime bust. To keep the company afloat, they borrowed heavily.
A Caterpillar D2, introduced in 1938, at
C. L. Best Gas Tractor Company, formed by Clarence Leo Best in 1910 and Holt's the Serpentine Vintage Tractor Museum,
primary competitor, had during the war received government support enabling it to supply Serpentine, Western Australia.
farmers with the smaller agricultural tractors they needed.[28][29] As a result, Best had
gained a considerable market advantage over Holt by war's end. Best also assumed
considerable debt to allow it to continue expansion, especially production of its new Best Model 60 "Tracklayer".
Both companies were adversely impacted by the transition from a wartime to a peacetime economy, which contributed to a
nationwide depression, further inhibiting sales. On December 5, 1920, 71-year-old Benjamin Holt died after a month-long
illness.[29][30]
Caterpillar company formed (1925)
The banks who held the company's large debt forced the Holt board of directors to accept
their candidate, Thomas A. Baxter, to succeed Benjamin Holt. Baxter initially cut the large
tractors from the company's product line and introduced smaller models focused on the
agricultural market. When the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 funded a US$1 billion
federal highway building program, Baxter began re-focusing the company towards
building road construction equipment.[18]:66 Both companies also faced fierce
competition from the Fordson company.
Between 1907 and 1918, Best and Holt had spent about US$1.5 million in legal fees A 60-horsepower Caterpillar Sixty being
used for road work in theCibola
fighting each other in a number of contractual, trademark and patent infringement
National Forest, New Mexico, United
lawsuits.[31] Harry H. Fair of the bond brokerage house of Pierce, Fair & Company of San
States in 1931
Francisco had helped to finance C. L. Best's debt and Holt shareholders approached him
about their company's financial difficulty. Fair recommended that the two companies
should merge. In April and May 1925, the financially stronger C. L. Best merged with the
market leader Holt Caterpillar to form the Caterpillar Tractor Co.[32]
The new company was headquartered in San Leandro until 1930, when under the terms of the merger it was moved to Peoria.[19]
Baxter had been removed as CEO earlier in 1925, and Clarence Leo Best assumed the title of CEO, and remained in that role until
October 1951.[28]
The Caterpillar company consolidated its product lines, offering only five track-type tractors: the 2 Ton, 5 Ton, and 10 Ton from
the Holt Manufacturing Company's old product line and the Caterpillar 30 and Caterpillar 60 from the C. L. Best Tractor Co.'s
former product line. The 10 Ton and 5 Ton models were discontinued in 1926. In 1928, the 2 Ton was discontinued. Sales the first
year were US$13 million. By 1929, sales climbed to US$52.8 million, and Caterpillar continued to grow throughout the Great
Depression of the 1930s.
Caterpillar adopted the diesel engine to replace gasoline engines. During World War II, Caterpillar products found fame with the
Seabees, Construction Battalions of the United States Navy, who built airfields and other facilities in the Pacific Theater of
Operations. Caterpillar ranked 44th among United States corporations in the value of wartime military production contracts.[33]
During the post-war construction boom, the company grew at a rapid pace and launched its first venture outside the U.S. in 1950,
marking the beginning of Caterpillar's development into a multinational corporation.
Expansion in developing markets
Caterpillar built its first Russian facility in the town of Tosno, located near St. Petersburg,
Russia. It was completed in 16 months and occupied in November 1999. It had the first
electrical substation built in the Leningrad Oblast since the Communist government was
dissolved on December 26, 1991. The facility was built under harsh winter conditions,
where the temperature was below 13 F (25 C). The facility construction was managed
by the Lemminkinen Group located in Helsinki, Finland.
The $125M Caterpillar Suzhou, People's Republic of China facility, manufactures medium
wheel loaders and motorgraders, primarily for the Asian market. The first machine was
scheduled for production in March 2009. URS Ausino, in San Francisco, California,
CAT 323DL
manages facility construction.
Caterpillar has manufactured in Brazil since 1960.[34] In 2010 the company announced
plans to further expand production of backhoe and small wheel loaders with a new factory.[35]
Acquisitions
In addition to increasing sales of its core products, much of Caterpillar's growth has been through acquisitions, including:
Sortable table
Company or
Acquired
Asset Location Date Products Notes
From
Acquired
Milwaukee, Traxcavators
Trackson Wisconsin, 1951 (tracked loaders) "Traxcavator" became a Cat brand
United States and pipelayers
Towmotor Mentor, Ohio, In 1992 became Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklifts, a joint venture
1965[36] Forklifts
Corporation United States 80% owned by Mitsubishi
Solar Division
San Diego, International
and Industrial gas Became Solar Turbines Incorporated, a wholly owned
California, 1981[37] Harvester
Turbomach turbines subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc.
United States Company
Division
Work Tools for

Construction and
Wamego, The name of Balderson, Inc., was changed to Caterpillar W
ork
Balderson, Balderson, Mining
Kansas, United 1990[38] Tools, Inc. in 1998 and remains a wholly owned subsidiary of
Inc. Inc. Equipment, e.g.
States Caterpillar Inc.
buckets, blades,
forks
Barber- Minneapolis,
Greene Co. Minnesota, 1991[39] Paving products Renamed Caterpillar Paving Products
Inc. United States
Krupp MaK
Fried. Krupp Marine diesel Renamed MaK Motoren GmbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of
Maschinenbau Kiel, Germany 1997[40][41]
GmbH engines Caterpillar Inc. and will continue to use the MaK brand name.
GmbH
Perkins Peterborough, Small diesel

1998[42] LucasVarity Produces both Cat and Perkins branded engines
Limited United Kingdom engines
Mankato, Rockwell
Kato Large electrical
Minnesota, 1998[43] Automation,
Engineering generators
United States Inc.
Generators.
Produces both
Emerson
Larne, Northern Cat and Asset swap. Emerson acquired Kato Engineering from
F.G. Wilson 1999[44][45] Electric
Ireland Olympian Caterpillar as part of transaction.
Company
branded
generators
Earthmoving
Hindustan Construction Renamed Caterpillar India and the service & maintenance is
Equipment Chennai, India 2000[46]
Motors Ltd. equipment provided by birla group's GMMCO Ltd.
Division
Caterpillar Underground
Elphinstone Acquired 50% interest in joint venture from partner
Elphinstone Burnie, Australia 2000[47] mining
Pty. Ltd. Elphinstone. Renamed Caterpillar Underground Mining
Pty. Ltd. equipment
Sabre Engines Wimborne, Sabre Group Marine diesel Renamed Caterpillar Marine Power UK. Produces both Cat and
2000[48]
Ltd. United Kingdom Ltd. engines Perkins-Sabre branded engines
Asphalt pavers,
cold planers,
compactors and
Bitelli SpA Minerbio, Italy 2000[49] Merged into Caterpillar Paving Products
other road
maintenance
products
Wealdstone Remanufacturer
Rushden, United
Engineering 2004[50] of gasoline and Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services
Kingdom
Ltd. diesel engines
Remanufacturer
Williams Summerville, Delco Remy of automatic
Technologies, South Carolina, 2004[50] International transmissions, Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services
Inc. United States Inc. torque converters
and engines
Packager of
Turbomach Riazzino, Babcock industrial gas
2004[51]
SA Switzerland Borsig AG turbines and
related systems
Progress Rail Albertville, 2006[52][53] One Equity Supplier of

Services Alabama Partners railroad and
Corporation transit system
products and
services. Owner
of Electro-
Motive Diesel,
Inc.
Engine
Hindustan Mathagondapalli,
Hindustan components and Buyout of joint venture formed in 1988. Renamed Caterpillar
PowerPlus Tamil Nadu, 2006[54][55]
Motors heavy-duty Power India Private Ltd. Merged into Caterpillar India in 2008.
Ltd. India
diesel engines
Automotive
Eurenov Chaumont,
2007[56][57] component Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services
S.A.S. France
remanufacturing
Timber
Forestry
harvesting and
Division of Portland, Blount
processing
Blount Oregon, United 2007[56][58] International,
equipment,
International, States Inc.
loaders and
Inc.
attachments
Shandong
Engineering
China 2008[59] Wheel loaders
Machinery
(SEM)
2 April 2008: "This acquisition is Caterpillar's entry into the

rapidly expanding tunnel boring machine business, and it
represents an excellent strategic fit for our companies and the
customers we serve around the world," - Stu Levenick,
Caterpillar group president.
Toronto, Ontario, Tunnel boring
Lovat Inc. 2008[60] 2 May 2013: "We continuously evaluate our strategic portfolio
Canada machines
to ensure alignment with our long-term strategy and have
concluded the tunneling business no longer fits that strategy
," -
Stu Levenick. Caterpillar Tunneling Canada Corporation
(CTCC) have notified employees that it will exit the business
and cease production at its facilities by mid-2014.
Shin
Mitsubishi
Caterpillar Sagami & Construction Joint venture since 1963, after purchase of majority renamed
2008[60][61] Heavy
Mitsubishi Akashi, Japan equipment Caterpillar Japan Ltd.
Industries
Ltd.
MGE
Railroad
Equipamentos Diadema, So
2008[62][63] equipment Subsidiary of Progress Rail Services Corporation
& Servios Paulo, Brazil
remanufacturing
Ferrovirios
Remanufacturing
Gremada West Fargo, Gremada transmissions,
Industries, North Dakota, 2008[64][65] Industries, torque Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services
Inc. United States Inc. converters, and
final drives
Hudson,
Twin City Signaling, traffic
Wisconsin, 2008[66] Division of Progress Rail Services Corporation
Signal Inc. control
United States
Yangsan City,
Jinsung T.E.C.
JCS Co., Ltd. Kyungnam, 2009[67][68] Seal technology
Co., Ltd.
South Korea
Erie,
GE Inspection GE Rail inspection
Pennsylvania, 2010[69] Division of Progress Rail Services Corporation
Products Transportation products
United States
Fenton, Rail maintenance

FCM Rail
Michigan, United 2010[70][71] equipment Division of Progress Rail Services Corporation
Ltd.
States leasing
Zeit Comercio Automation and

e Montagem electrical
Curitiba, Parana, Acquired by MGE, a division of Progress Rail Services
de 2010[72] equipment for
Brazil Corporation
Equipamentos locomotives and
Ltda other industries
2010[73]
Electro- La Grange, 2010[73] Greenbriar Railroad Wholly owned subsidiary of Progress Rail Services
Motive Illinois, United Equity Group locomotives and Corporation
Diesel, Inc. States LLC, large diesel
Berkshire engines
Partners LLC,
et al.
Geophysical
services,
Underground specializing in
Latham, New
Imaging providing three-
York, United 2010[74] Organized under Cat Advanced Systems Division
Technologies, dimensional
States
Inc. (UIT) representations
of underground
utilities
Caterpillar Construction Joint venture since 1995, will become wholly owned subsidiary
Xuzhou, China 2010[75] XCMG Group
Xuzhou Ltd equipment Caterpillar Xuzhou
Customized
stationary
Santa Fe, New aftertreatment
CleanAIR Wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. organized under
Mexico, United 2010[76] solutions for
Systems, Inc. Customer Services Support Division
States internal
combustion
engines
MWM Gas and diesel

Mannheim, will become part of Caterpillar's Electric Power division
Holding 2010[77][78] 3i Group Plc powered
Germany (formerly Deutz Power Systems division of Deutz-Fahr)
GmbH generator sets
South Surface and

Bucyrus
Milwaukee, underground Transaction closed without issuing new equity on July 8, 2011
International, 2011[79][80]
Wisconsin, mining in firm's largest acquisition ever, valued at $8.8 billion.
Inc.
United States equipment
Fire and
explosion
Pyroban prevention
Shoreham, UK 2011[77][81]
Group Ltd solutions for
engines and
equipment
Divestitures
Caterpillar occasionally divests assets that do not align with its core competencies.
Sortable table
Asset Divested Location Date Purchaser Products Notes
Turbomach Division San Diego,

Sunstrand Caterpillar's only aerospace asset, not a core
of Solar Turbines California, United 1985[82] Auxiliary power units
Corporation competency, sold to longtime partner
Incorporated States
Mankato, Emerson
Large electrical Asset swap. Caterpillar acquired F.G. Wilson
Kato Engineering Minnesota, United 1999[83] Electric
generators from Emerson as part of transaction.
States Company
Design, assembly and Although founded as an agricultural

Agricultural DeKalb, Illinois, AGCO
2002[84] marketing of Challenger equipment manufacturer, Caterpillar exited
equipment assets United States Corporation
track tractors the business with this sale.
Caterpillar Investment Management Ltd.

Preferred Group of T. Rowe Price
not applicable 2006[85] Mutual funds decided to exit the investment management
Mutual Funds Group Inc.
business.
Consortium
West Columbia,
of six Distributor of forestry
Pioneer Machinery South Carolina, 2007[86]
Caterpillar equipment
United States
dealers
Grand Rapids, Terex Caterpillar formerly held 23.5% of ASV

ASV, Inc. Minnesota, United 2008[87] Minnesota, Rubber track machines outstanding shares before supporting the
States Inc. purchase by Terex
Caterpillar retains a 35% equity stake.

Caterpillar Logistics Morton, IL, United Platinum Logistics Services &
2012[88][89] Business renamed Neovia Logistics Services
Services States Equity, LLC Warehousing Solutions
LLC
Historical financial data in billions of US dollars[90][91][92][1]
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Revenue 20.51 20.19 22.81 30.31 36.34 41.52 44.96 51.32 32.37 42.59 60.14 65.88 55.66 55.18 47.01 38.54
Net Income 0.805 0.798 1.099 2.035 2.854 3.537 3.541 3.557 0.895 2.700 4.928 5.397 6.556 2.452 2.512 -0.067
Total
30.49 32.71 36.71 43.10 47.07 51.45 56.13 67.78 60.04 64.02 81.22 88.83 84.76 84.50 78.34 74.70
Assets
Employees
70.68 70.97 67.83 73.03 81.67 90.16 97.44 106.5 99.36 98.50 113.6 127.8 122.5 115.6 110.8 99.5
(thousands)
Business lines
Through fiscal year 2010, Caterpillar divided its products, services and technologies into three principal lines of business:
machinery, engines and financial products for sale to private and governmental entities.[2] Starting in 2011, Caterpillar reports its
financials using five business segments: construction industries, resource industries, power systems, financial products, and all
other segments.[93]
Machinery
Caterpillar has a list of some 400 products for purchase through its dealer network. Caterpillar's line of machines range from
tracked tractors to hydraulic excavators, backhoe loaders, motor graders, off-highway trucks, wheel loaders, agricultural tractors
and locomotives. Caterpillar machinery is used in the construction, road-building, mining, forestry, energy, transportation and
material-handling industries.
Caterpillar is the world's largest manufacturer of wheel loaders. The medium size (MWL) and large size (LWL) are designed at
their Aurora, Illinois facility. Medium wheel loaders are manufactured at: Aurora, Illinois; Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan;
Gosselies, Charleroi, Belgium; Piracicaba, So Paulo, Brazil;[94] India and the People's Republic of China. Large wheel loaders
are manufactured exclusively in the United States on three separate assembly lines at Aurora, Illinois.
On-road trucks
Caterpillar began selling a line of on-road trucks in 2011, the Cat CT660, a Class 8 vocational truck.[95] As of March 2016,
Caterpillar has ceased production of on-highway vocational trucks stating that Remaining a viable competitor in this market
would require significant additional investment to develop and launch a complete portfolio of trucks, and upon an updated review,
we determined there was not a sufficient market opportunity to justify the investment, said Ramin Younessi, vice president with
responsibility for Caterpillars Industrial Power
Systems Division. We have not yet started truck
production in Victoria, and this decision allows us
to exit this business before the transition
occurs.[96]
Engines and gas turbines

Caterpillar D350D articulated off-road
truck A portion of Caterpillar's business is in the
manufacturing of diesel and natural gas engines
and gas turbines which, in addition to their use in
the company's own vehicles, are used as the prime movers in locomotives, semi trucks,
marine vessels and ships, as well as providing the power source for peak-load power
plants and emergency generators.
Carterpillar 3116 engine was used up until the mid 90s until in 1997 Carterpillar
introduced the inline 6 cylinder 7.2 litre Caterpillar 3126 engine as its first electronic Cat 365B demolition machine in action
diesel engine for light trucks and buses.[97] Caterpillar decreased emissions and noise the
next year in the 3126B version of the engine, and improved emissions further in 2002 with
the 3126E which had an improved high-pressure oil pump and improved electronics.[97]
In 2003 Caterpillar started selling a new version of this engine called the C7 to meet
increased United States emission standards that came into effect in 2004; it had the same
overall design as the 3126 version, but with improved fuel injectors and electronics which
included its new Advanced Combustion Emissions Reduction Technology (ACERT)
system.[97] In 2007, as ultra-low-sulfur diesel became required in North America,
Caterpillar updated the C7 to use common rail fuel injectors and improved ACERT
electronics.[97][98]
Twin Caterpillar 3208T engines
In June 2008, Caterpillar announced it would be exiting the on-highway diesel engine powering Clogher Head lifeboat
market in the United States before updated 2010 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)
(EPA) emission standards took effect,[99] as costly changes to the engines, which only
constituted a small percentage of Caterpillar's total engine sales, would be likely.[100]
In October 2010, Caterpillar announced it would buy German engine-manufacturer MWM GmbH from 3i for $810 million.[78]
Caterpillar Defense Pr oducts
The Caterpillar Defence Products[101] subsidiary, headquartered in Shrewsbury, United Kingdom, provides diesel engines,
automatic transmissions and other parts for the UK's Titan armored bridge layer, Trojan combat engineering tank, Terrier combat
engineering vehicles, and tank transporters; the Romanian MLI-84 armored personnel carrier and the Swiss Piranha III light
armored vehicle, which is currently being developed for use by American light armored formations; large fleets of military trucks
in both the U.S. and UK; and the CV90 family of infantry fighting vehicles used by the armies of Sweden, Norway, Finland,
Switzerland, the Netherlands and Denmark.
This division also provides both propulsion engines and power generation systems to the naval shipbuilding industry, such as the
Series 3512B turbocharged V-12 diesel engine for American Virginia class nuclear submarines. Caterpillar diesel engines are also
used in San Antonio class amphibious transport docks, Spanish Alvaro de Bazn class frigates, British River class patrol vessels,
Mexican Sierra class patrol boats,[102] and Malaysian Kedah class MEKO A-100 offshore patrol vessels.[103] The poor network
security of the Caterpillar engines puts America's submarine force at risk for cyberattack.[104] In a recent interview on
cybersecurity, the Navy clarified that Caterpillar actually has some of the most secure control systems and will be used as a model
of how the Navy will design cyber protections into its control systems.[105]
Israel buys bulldozers for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) from Caterpillar through the U.S. government foreign aid money in
their civilian configuration. The military modifications and the installment of vehicle armor are done entirely in Israel by the IDF
and Israeli security contractors (Israel Military Industries and Israel Aerospace Industries). The IDF uses many Caterpillar
machines such as bulldozers, excavators, wheel loaders and graders mainly for engineering, earthworks and building projects. The
most famous machine in use by the IDF's Combat Engineering Corps is the heavy IDF Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer, which is
being used also for combat engineering and combat missions under fire.
The Israel Defense Forces' use of highly modified Caterpillar D9 bulldozers has led to Caterpillar being criticized by activists and
some shareholders.[106][107] In particular, the IDF Caterpillar D9 was involved in an incident in 2003, in which the American
activist Rachel Corrie was killed by a bulldozer. A lawsuit was launched against Caterpillar by her family and the families of
Palestinians who were also killed by Caterpillar equipment, but was unsuccessful.[108][109] A lawsuit was also filed against Israel
and Israeli Defense Ministry but was rejected by the court, which ruled that her death was an accident, caused by restricted field
of view from the heavily armored operators' cabin.[110] In 2014 Presbyterian Church
of view from the heavily armored operators' cabin.[110] In 2014 Presbyterian Church
(USA) sold their shares in the company citing the use of Caterpillar bulldozers involved in
demolition and surveillance activities against Palestinians in the West Bank.[111][112]
Caterpillar Electr onics
The Caterpillar Electronics business unit has formed Caterpillar Trimble Control
Technologies LLC (CTCT), a 50:50 joint venture with Trimble Navigation to develop
electronic guidance and control products for earthmoving machines in the construction,
mining and waste industries. CTCT is based in Dayton, Ohio and started its operations on
April 1, 2002. IDF Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer
Agriculture products
Caterpillar introduced the Challenger range of agricultural tractors as the result of several development programs over a long
period of time. The program started in the 1970s and involved both D6-based units and Grader power units. A parallel program
was also developing wheeled high hp tractors based on using the articulated loading shovel chassis was latter merged with the
crawler team. The result was the Challenger Tractor and the "Mobi-Trac" system.
The Challenger has been marketed in Europe as Claas machines since 1997, with Caterpillar marketing the Claas built Lexion
combine range in the USA. Claas and Caterpillar formed a joint venture, Claas Omaha, to build combine harvesters in Omaha,
Nebraska, USA under the CAT brand. In 2002, Cat sold its stake to Claas, and licensed the use of CAT and the CAT yellow livery
to Claas. They are marketed as Lexion combines now.
Also in 2002, Caterpillar sold the Challenger tracked tractor business to AGCO and licensed the use of the Challenger and CAT
names and livery to them. This ended Cat's venture into agriculture.
Financial products and brand li censing
Caterpillar provides financing and insurance to customers via its worldwide dealer network [2] and generates income through the
licensing of the Caterpillar and CAT trademarks and logos.
Brand licensing
Caterpillar sells the right to manufacture, market and sell products bearing the Cat
trademark to licensees worldwide. Wolverine World Wide is one example, a licensee since
1994 and currently the sole company licensed to produce Cat branded footwear.[113]
Other licensees sell items including scale models of Cat products, clothing, hats, luggage,
watches, flashlights, shovels, knives, fans, gloves, smartphones[114] and other consumer
products.[115][116]
Operations
Caterpillar-branded work boots
Manufacturing
manufactured by Wolverine World Wide
Caterpillar products and components are manufactured in 110 facilities worldwide. 51

plants are located in the United States and 59 overseas plants are located in Australia,
Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, England, France, Germany, Hungary, India (Chennai), Indonesia, Italy, Japan,
Mexico, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Poland, Russia, Singapore, South Africa and Sweden.
Caterpillar's historical manufacturing home is in Peoria, Illinois, which also has been the location of Caterpillar's world
headquarters and core research and development activities. Although Caterpillar has contracted much of its local parts production
and warehousing to third parties, Caterpillar still has four major plants in the Peoria area: the Mapleton Foundry, where diesel
engine blocks and other large parts are cast; the East Peoria factory, which has assembled Caterpillar tractors for over 70 years;
the Mossville engine plant, built after World War II; and the Morton parts facility.
Major facilities in Europe:
Belgium: Gosselies (1965): Hydraulic Excavators, Medium Wheel Loaders, components (factory closed in 2016)
France: Grenoble and Echirolles (1961): Track Type Tractors, Track Type Loaders, Wheeled Excavators, Undercarriage
components
Hungary: Gdl: Fabrications, Buckets
Italy: Minerbio: Paving Products
Poland: Sosnowiec and Janow: Fabrications
Russia: Tosno: Fabrications
UK: Leicester: Mini-excavators; Peterlee: Articulated Dump Trucks; Peterborough: Engines; NI: Gensets
...
Cat made a major restructuring announcement in September 2015, leading to the closure or consolidation of nearly 30 facilities to
reduce costs, overcapacity and optimize dividends to shareholders:
- Oak Creek, Wisconsin, mining office
- Saarbrcken, Germany, mining facility
- Singapore Reman facility
- Danville, Kentucky, component facility
- Sagami, Japan, component facility
- Del Rio, Texas, warehouse
- Batam, Indonesia, mining facility
- Joliet, Illinois, component facility
- East Peoria, Illinois, Building HH component facility
- Thomasville, Georgia, engine component facility
- Santa Fe, New Mexico, engine component facility
- Tongzhou, Jiangsu, wheel loader facility
- Prentice, Wisconsin, forestry facility
- Van Alstyne, Texas, mining warehouse
- North Little Rock, Arkansas, Motorgrader facility
- Jacksonville, Florida, bucket and work tool facility
- Morganton, North Carolina, component facility
- Newberry, South Carolina, generator set facility
- Ridgeway, South Carolina, generator set facility
- Oxford, Mississippi, hose couplings plant
- Building BB in Mossville, former engine plant
- Louisville, Kentucky, two Progress Rail facilities
- Houston, Pennsylvania, underground mining (room & pillar) facility (tbc)
- Houston, Pennsylvania, parts facility
- Duffield, Virginia, parts facility
- Monkstown, Northern Ireland, electric power facility (contemplated)
- Gosselies, Belgium CI facility (contemplated)
- Cediwal, Belgium logistics facility (contemplated)
- Sparks, Nevada, Progress Rail facility
Distribution
Caterpillar products are distributed to end-users in nearly 200 countries through Caterpillar's worldwide network of 220 dealers.
Caterpillar's dealers are independently owned and operated businesses with exclusive geographical territories. Dealers provide
sales, maintenance and repair services, rental equipment, and parts distribution. Finning, a dealer based in Vancouver, Canada, is
Caterpillar's largest global distributor.[117] Gmmco Ltd is India's No. 1 Dealer for Caterpillar Machines.[118]
Most dealers use a management system called DBS for their day-to-day operations.
As of the first quarter of 2006, 66% of Caterpillars sales are made by one of the 63 dealers in the United States, with the
remaining 34% sold by one of Caterpillar's 157 overseas dealers.
Management
Caterpillar has a corporate governance structure where the Chairman of the board also acts as Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The
Board of Directors is fully independent and is made up of non-employee directors selected from outside the company. Several
group presidents report to the CEO, and multiple vice presidents report to each group president.
The board has four committees: Audit, Compensation, Governance, and Public Policy.
The behavior of all employees is governed by a Code of Worldwide Business Conduct, first published in 1974 and last amended
in 2005, which sets the corporate standard for honesty and ethical behavior. Management employees are retested on this code
annually.
Current board of directors
As of August 2014, the board of directors was composed as follows:[119]

David L. Calhoun Jon M. Huntsman, Jr. William A. Osborn
Daniel M. Dickinson Peter A. Magowan Edward B. Rust, Jr.
Juan Gallardo Dennis A. Muilenburg Susan C. Schwab
Jesse J. Greene, Jr. Jim Umpleby Chairman & CEO Miles D. White
On January 1, 2017, Jim Umpleby succeeded Douglas R. Oberhelman as CEO and Dave Calhoun became Non-Executive
Chairman.[120]
Workforce and labor relations

As of December 31, 2009, Caterpillar employed 93,813 persons of whom 50,562 are located outside the United States. Current
employment figures represent a decline of 17,900 employees compared the third quarter of 2008.[3] Due to the restructuring of
business operations which began in the 1990s, there are 20,000 fewer union jobs in the Peoria, Illinois area while employment
outside the U.S. has increased.
Labor practices
Caterpillar came close to bankruptcy in the early 1980s, at one point losing almost US$1 million per day due to a sharp downturn
in product demand as competition with Japanese rival Komatsu increased. (At the time, Komatsu used the internal slogan
"encircle Caterpillar".)[121] Caterpillar suffered further when the United States declared an embargo against the Soviet Union after
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, causing the company to be unable to sell US$400 million worth of pipelaying machinery that
had already been built.[122]
Due to the drastic drop in demand, Caterpillar initiated employee layoffs, which led to strikes, primarily by the members of the
United Auto Workers, against Caterpillar facilities in Illinois and Pennsylvania. Several news reports at the time indicated that
products were piling up so high in facilities that replacement workers could barely make their way to their work stations.
In 1992, the United Auto Workers conducted a five-month strike against Caterpillar. In response, Caterpillar threatened to replace
Caterpillar's entire unionized work force. Over ten thousand UAW members struck again in 19941995 for 17 months, a record at
that time. The strike ended with the UAW deciding to return to work without a contract despite record revenues and profits by
Caterpillar.[123] In 1994, Caterpillar offered a contract to the UAW members that would have raised the salary of top workers
from $35,000 to $39,000 per year. However, the UAW was seeking the same top wage of $40,000 that was paid to workers at
Deere & Company in 1994.[124]
During the strikes, Caterpillar used management employees in an attempt to maintain production. It suspended research and
development work, sending thousands of engineers and other non-bargained for employees into their manufacturing and assembly
facilities to replace striking or locked out union members.
Rather than continuing to fight the United Auto Workers, Caterpillar chose to make itself less vulnerable to the traditional
bargaining tactics of organized labor. One way was by outsourcing much of their parts production and warehouse work to outside
firms. In another move, according to UAW officials and industry analysts, Caterpillar began to execute a "southern strategy".[125]
This involved opening new, smaller plants, termed "focus facilities", in right-to-work states. Caterpillar opened these new
facilities in Clayton and Sanford, North Carolina; Greenville, South Carolina; Corinth, Mississippi; Dyersburg, Tennessee; Griffin
and LaGrange, Georgia; Seguin, Texas; and North Little Rock, Arkansas.
In 2012, the company locked out workers at a locomotive plant in London, Ontario, Canada and demanded some accept up to a
50% cut in pay, in order to become cost-competitive with comparable Caterpillar manufacturing facilities in the United
States.[126] The move created controversy in Canada, with some complaining the plant was acquired under false pretenses.[127]
Retail store Mark's Work Wearhouse began pulling Caterpillar boots from its shelves as a result.[128]
On May 1, 2012, 780 members of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Local Lodge 851 went on
strike. An agreement was reached in August, resulting in a 6-year wage freeze. Striking workers expressed anger about the freeze
given the company's record 2011 profits and CEO Oberhelman's 60% salary increase.[129]
Environmental record
Environmental stewardship
Caterpillar divisions have won Illinois Governor's Pollution Prevention Awards every year since 1997.[130] Caterpillar was
awarded the 2007 Illinois Governor's Pollution Prevention Award for three projects: The Hydraulics and Hydraulic Systems
business unit in Joliet implemented a flame sprayed coating for its truck suspension system, replacing a chroming process,
reducing hazardous waste by 700,000 pounds annually and saving 14 million US gallons (53,000 m3) of water. Caterpillar's Cast
reducing hazardous waste by 700,000 pounds annually and saving 14 million US gallons (53,000 m3) of water. Caterpillar's Cast
Metals Organization in Mapleton worked with the American Foundry Society to help produce a rule to reduce hazardous waste in
scrap metal that meet strict quality requirements, and also allow foundries to continue recycling certain types of scrap and
maintain a competitive cost structure. Caterpillar's Mossville Engine Center formed a team to look at used oil re-use and recycle
processes that forced MEC to send large amounts of used oil off-site for recycling, and developed an updated system for
reclaiming it for re-use on-site. The resulting benefits included a usage reduction of about 208,000 US gallons (790 m3) of oil per
year.[131]
Caterpillar in 2004 participated in initiatives such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Clean Diesel
Campaign program, which encourages retrofitting fleets of older buses and trucks with newer diesel engines that meet higher
emissions standards.[132][133]
In 2005, Caterpillar donated $12 million to The Nature Conservancy in a joint effort to protect and preserve river systems in
Brazil, U.S.A., and China.[134]
Caterpillar has, for many years, been a member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development based in Geneva,
Switzerland[135] and has been listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index each year since 2001.[136]
Controversies
Clean Air Act violation
In July 1999, Caterpillar and five other diesel engine manufacturers signed a consent decree with the Justice Department and the
State of California, after governmental investigations revealed violations of the Clean Air Act. The violation involves over a
million diesel engines sold with defeat devices, devices that regulated emissions during pre-sale tests, but that could be disabled in
favor of better performance during subsequent highway driving. Consequently, these engines "...emit up to triple the permissible
level of smog-forming nitrogen oxides (NOx). In 1998 alone, these violating vehicles emitted 1.3 million tons of additional NOx
an amount equal to the emissions of 65 million cars." For this reason, Caterpillar was named the "Clean Air Villain of the
Month" for August 2000 by the Clean Air Trust.[137] The consent decree provided that $83 million be paid in civil penalties and
determined new deadlines for meeting emissions standards. Caterpillar, however, was successful in lobbying for an extension of
deadlines they considered too severe. Even so, in October 2002, Caterpillar the only diesel engine company (of those that signed
decrees) to fail to meet the new emissions standards deadline was forced to pay $128 million in per-engine non-conformance
penalties.[138]
Tax deferral techniques
In March 2017, when US federal agents raided Caterpillar's headquarters in Peoria Ill., it was already evident that the company
engaged in aggressive measures to control tax costs. Since April 2014, the company's tax policies have been investigated by a
senate subcommittee headed by Senator Carl Levin. Those investigations uncovered significant changes in Caterpillar's offshore
tax strategy, culminating in the creation of the new Swiss subsidiary Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) in Geneva. In 1999, the former
Caterpillar executive Daniel Schlicksup accused the company of funneling profits from replacement parts to Switzerland where it
had no warehouses or factories. The Internal Revenue Service found the firm liable for a billion dollars of unpaid taxes for the
years 2007 to 2009.[139]
At the same time, the architect of Caterpillar's fiscal strategy, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) came also under scrutiny, owing
this to a conflict of interest, acting as Caterpillar's global tax consultant and controller.[140] The Senate uncovered documents
from PWC saying the elaborate move was simply a way to evade American taxes. "We are going to have to do some dancing" one
said. Another noted, "What the heck, we will all be retired when this comes up on audit."[141]
Allegations of human rights violations
Caterpillar's sale of bulldozers to the Israel Defense Force was investigated by the Office of the UN High Commissioner on
Human Rights.[142]
Advocacy, philanthropy and awards

Caterpillar is a leading member of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition, a Washington D.C.-based coalition of over 400 major
companies and NGOs that advocates for increased funding of American diplomatic and development efforts abroad through the
International Affairs Budget.[143] Economic development projects in developing countries (particularly in rural, agricultural
regions) serve as new markets for Caterpillar products by improving political and economic stability and raising average incomes.
2011 recipient of the Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology from the National Building Museum.
See also
G-numbers for U.S. Army Caterpillar tractors
LiuGong
List of Caterpillar machines
List of trucks
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Further reading
Orlemann, Eric C. Caterpillar Chronicle, The History of the World's Greatest Earthmovers. Minneapolis, MN: MBI
Publishing Company, 2000. ISBN 978-0-7603-3673-1
External links
Official website
Business data for Caterpillar: Google Finance Yahoo! Finance Reuters SEC filings
Cat Products Official Website
Caterpillar Rental Website
Caterpillar Inc SEC Filings
Antique Caterpillar Machinery Owners Club
Antique Caterpillar Machinery Enthusiasts
Photos of early Holt machinery
Caterpillar Tractor Company Photograph Collection at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School
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Caterpillar Inc.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Caterpillar Inc. (NYSE: CAT) is an American corporation which designs, develops,

3.1 Manufacturing Financing

Caterpillar company formed (1925)

Expansion in developing markets

Work Tools for

Perkins Peterborough, Small diesel

Progress Rail Albertville, 2006[52][53] One Equity Supplier of

2 April 2008: "This acquisition is Caterpillar's entry into the

Fenton, Rail maintenance

Zeit Comercio Automation and

MWM Gas and diesel

South Surface and

Asset Divested Location Date Purchaser Products Notes

Turbomach Division San Diego,

Design, assembly and Although founded as an agricultural

Caterpillar Investment Management Ltd.

Grand Rapids, Terex Caterpillar formerly held 23.5% of ASV

Caterpillar retains a 35% equity stake.

Historical financial data in billions of US dollars[90][91][92][1]

Engines and gas turbines

Caterpillar Defense Pr oducts

Caterpillar Electr onics

Financial products and brand li censing

Caterpillar products and components are manufactured in 110 facilities worldwide. 51

Major facilities in Europe:

Current board of directors

As of August 2014, the board of directors was composed as follows:[119]

Workforce and labor relations

Tax deferral techniques

Allegations of human rights violations

Advocacy, philanthropy and awards

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