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Problem Specification
1. Pre-Analysis & Start-Up
2. Geometry
3. Mesh
4. Physics Setup
5. Numerical Solution
6. Numerical Results
7. Verification & Validation
Exercises
Comments
Problem Specification
Consider the steady state case of a fluid flowing past a cylinder, as illustrated above. Obtain the velocity and pressure distributions when the
Reynolds number is chosen to be 20. In order to simplify the computation, the diameter of the cylinder is set to 1 m, the x component of the
velocity is set to 1 m/s and the density of the fluid is set to 1 kg/m^3. Thus, the dynamic viscosity must be set to 0.05 kg/m*s in order to obtain the
desired Reynolds number.
Problem Specification
1. Pre-Analysis & Start-Up
2. Geometry
3. Mesh
4. Physics Setup
5. Numerical Solution
6. Numerical Results
7. Verification & Validation
Exercises
Comments
Solution Domain
For an external flow problem like this, one needs to determine where to place the outer boundary. A circular domain will be used for this
simulation. The effects that the cylinder has on the flow extend far. Thus, the outer boundary will be set to be 64 times as large as the diameter of
the cylinder. That is, the outer boundary will be a circle with a diameter of 64 m. The solution domain discussed here is illustrated below.
Boundary Conditions
First, we will specify a velocity inlet boundary condition. We will set the left half of the outer boundary as a velocity inlet with a velocity of 1 m/s in
the x direction. Next, we will use a pressure outlet boundary condition for the right half of the outer boundary with a gauge pressure of 0 Pa.
Lastly, we will apply a no slip boundary condition to the cylinder wall. The aforementioned boundary conditions are illustrated below.
Go to Step 2: Geometry
Problem Specification
1. Pre-Analysis & Start-Up
2. Geometry
3. Mesh
4. Physics Setup
5. Numerical Solution
6. Numerical Results
7. Verification & Validation
Exercises
Comments
Geometry
Launch ANSYS Workbench: Start > All Programs > ANSYS > Workbench
For users of ANSYS 15.0, please check this link for procedures for turning on the Auto Constraint feature before creating sketches in
DesignModeler.
Go to Step 3: Mesh
Problem Specification
1. Pre-Analysis & Start-Up
2. Geometry
3. Mesh
4. Physics Setup
5. Numerical Solution
6. Numerical Results
7. Verification & Validation
Exercises
Comments
Mesh
In this section the geometry will be meshed with 18,432 elements. The geometry will be given 192 circumferential divisions and 96 radial
divisions. Mapped face meshing will be used and biasing will be used in order to significantly increase the number of elements located close to
the cylinder.
Problem Specification
1. Pre-Analysis & Start-Up
2. Geometry
3. Mesh
4. Physics Setup
5. Numerical Solution
6. Numerical Results
7. Verification & Validation
Exercises
Comments
Numerical Solution
Convergence Criterion
Initial Guess
Solution > Solution Initialization > Standard Initialization.
Set Compute From to farfield1. Alternately, you can simply set X Velocity to 1 m/s. Then, click Initialize.
Save Project
Problem Specification
1. Pre-Analysis & Start-Up
2. Geometry
3. Mesh
4. Physics Setup
5. Numerical Solution
6. Numerical Results
7. Verification & Validation
Exercises
Comments
Numerical Results
See below for tips on how to zoom in, zoom out etc.
Pressure Contours
Streamlines
Velocity Vectors
Results > Graphics and Animations > Vectors > Set Up...
Then click Display. The Scale was set to 2 in the plot below.
Stream Lines
Results > Graphics and Animations > Contours > Set Up...
Set Contours of to Velocity.. and set the box below to Stream Function. Make sure Filled is not selected and click Display. The plots below
were created by setting levels to 40, deselecting Auto Range, setting Min (kg/s) to 31 and setting Max (kg/s) to 33.
Higher Resolution Image
Vorticity
Results > Graphics and Animations > Contours > Set Up...
Set Contours of to Velocity.. and set the box below to Vorticity Magnitude. Then click Display. The plot below was created by setting levels to
60, deselecting Auto Range, setting Min (1/s) to 0.25 and setting Max (1/s) to 9.
Drag Coefficient
Translation: The model can be translated in any direction by holding down the Left Mouse Button and then moving the mouse in the desired
direction.
Zoom In: Hold down the Middle Mouse Button and drag a box from the Upper Left Hand Corner to the Lower Right Hand Corner over the
area you want to zoom in on.
Zoom Out: Hold down the Middle Mouse Button and drag a box anywhere from the Lower Right Hand Corner to the Upper Left Hand Corner.
Problem Specification
1. Pre-Analysis & Start-Up
2. Geometry
3. Mesh
4. Physics Setup
5. Numerical Solution
6. Numerical Results
7. Verification & Validation
Exercises
Comments
1. Assess linearization error: Compare the total, form, and skin friction drag coefficients when the residuals have dropped to 1E-3, 1E-6, and
1E-9. At what level of residuals is the linearization error small enough?
2. Assess truncation error: Refine your mesh from 192 x 96 cells to 384 x 192 cells. Keep the same bias factor (460). Compare the total,
form, and skin friction drag coefficients on the two meshes. Compare gauge pressure vs. on the cylinder surface for the two meshes by
plotting them in the same figure. Is the level of truncation error small enough on the original mesh or is additional mesh refinement
needed?
3. Assess effect of truncating infinite solution domain: Re-do the solution on the original mesh (192 x 96 cells) with the outer boundary now
at 128d, with the bias factor at 920. Check if the new bias factor will keep the height of the first cell adjacent to the cylinder surface nearly
the same as the original mesh. Compare total, form, and skin friction drag coefficients with their original values. Compare total drag
coefficient with values in "A Numerical Study of Steady Viscous Flow Past a Circular Cylinder (Fonberg 1980). Comment on the effect of
outer boundary location.
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