Antimony

An overview
Contents

1 Overview 1
1.1 Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.4 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.5 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.6 Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.10 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 Isotopes 12
2.1 Isotopes of antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.1 Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3 Compounds 14
3.1 Algarot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1.2 Alternative names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1.3 Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1.6 Further readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Aluminium antimonide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

i
ii CONTENTS

3.2.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Antimonide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 Antimonite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5 Antimony pentauoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5.1 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5.2 Structure and chemical reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5.3 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6 Antimony triuoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6.1 Preparation and structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6.3 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.7 Antimony pentachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.7.1 Preparation and structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.7.2 Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.7.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.7.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.7.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.8 Antimony pentasulde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.8.1 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.8.2 Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.8.3 Physical chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.8.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.9 Antimony pentoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.9.1 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.9.2 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.9.3 Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.9.4 Properties and reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.9.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.10 Antimony tetroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.10.1 Formation and structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.10.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CONTENTS iii

3.11 Antimony tribromide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.11.1 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.11.2 Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.11.3 Chemical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.11.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.12 Antimony trichloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.12.1 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.12.2 Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.12.3 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.12.4 Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.12.5 Appearance in popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.12.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.12.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.13 Antimony triiodide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.13.1 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.13.2 Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.13.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.13.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.14 Antimony trioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.14.1 Production and properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.14.2 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.14.3 Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.14.4 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.14.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.14.6 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.14.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.15 Antimony triselenide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.15.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.16 Antimony(III) acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.16.1 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.16.2 Crystal Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.16.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.17 Fluoroantimonic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.17.1 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.17.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.17.3 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.17.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.17.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
iv CONTENTS

3.18 Gallium antimonide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.18.1 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.18.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.18.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.19 Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.19.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.19.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.19.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.20 Indium antimonide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.20.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.20.2 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.20.3 Growth methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.20.4 Device applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.20.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.20.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.21 Meglumine antimoniate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.21.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.21.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.22 Pentavalent antimonial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.22.1 Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.22.2 Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.22.3 Side eects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.22.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.23 Sodium stibogluconate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.23.1 Side eects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.23.2 Dosing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.23.3 Chemical structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.23.4 Pharmacokinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.23.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.24 Sodium thioantimoniate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.24.1 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.24.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.24.3 Related compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.24.4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.24.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.25 Stibine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.25.1 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.25.2 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
CONTENTS v

3.25.3 Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.25.4 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.25.5 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.25.6 Toxicology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.25.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.25.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.25.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.26 Stibophen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.26.1 Mechanism of action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.26.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.27 Titanium yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.27.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.27.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.28 Trimethylstibine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.28.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.29 Triphenylstibine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.29.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.30 Yttrium(III) antimonide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.30.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.31 Zinc antimonide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.31.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4 Minerals 35
4.1 Allargentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2 Antimonate mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.3 Antimonide mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.3.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.4 Aurostibite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.4.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.4.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.5 Berthierite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.5.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.6 Biehlite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.6.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.7 Boulangerite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.7.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.8 Bournonite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
vi CONTENTS

4.8.1 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

4.8.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.9 Breithauptite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.9.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.10 Chapmanite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.10.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.11 Cylindrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.11.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.11.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.12 Franckeite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.12.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.12.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.13 Freibergite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.13.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.14 Freieslebenite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.14.1 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.14.2 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.14.3 Geologic occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.14.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.14.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.15 Geocronite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.15.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.16 Kermesite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.16.1 Mining and specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.16.2 History and uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.16.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.16.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.17 Kobellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.17.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.17.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.18 Miargyrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.18.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.19 Nadorite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.19.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.20 Polybasite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.20.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.21 Pyrargyrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.21.1 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
CONTENTS vii

4.21.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.22 Samsonite (mineral) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.22.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.22.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.23 Stephanite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.23.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.23.2 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.23.3 Occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.23.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.23.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.24 Stibiconite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.24.1 Discovery and occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.24.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.25 Stibiopalladinite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.25.1 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.25.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.26 Stibnite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.26.1 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.26.2 Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.26.3 Occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.26.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.26.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.26.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.27 Tetrahedrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.27.1 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.27.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.27.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.27.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.28 Ullmannite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.28.1 Physical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.28.2 Occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.28.3 Origin of name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.28.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.28.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.29 Valentinite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.29.1 Historical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.29.2 Occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.29.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
viii CONTENTS

4.29.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.30 Zinkenite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.30.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

5 Miscellany 49
5.1 Antimonial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.1.1 Metaphorical usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.1.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.1.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.1.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.1.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.2 Antimonial cup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.2.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.2.2 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.2.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.2.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.2.5 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.3 Glass of antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.3.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.3.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4 Organoantimony chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4.1 Organoantimony(V) chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4.2 Organoantimony(III) chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4.3 Organoantimony(II) chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 53

6.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Chapter 1

Overview

1.1 Antimony
This article is about the element. For the town, see
Antimony, Utah. For the mountain, see Antimony Peak.
For the paradox, see Antinomy.

Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from A vial containing the black allotrope of antimony
Latin: stibium) and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray
metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulde mineral
stibnite (Sb2 S3 ). Antimony compounds have been known
since ancient times and were used for cosmetics; metallic
antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identied
as lead. It was rst isolated by Vannoccio Biringuccio and
described in 1540.
For some time, China has been the largest producer of
antimony and its compounds, with most production com-
ing from the Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan. The industrial
methods to produce antimony are roasting and subsequent
carbothermal reduction or direct reduction of stibnite with
iron.
The largest applications for metallic antimony are as alloy-
ing material for lead and tin and for lead antimony plates
in lead-acid batteries. Alloying lead and tin with anti-
mony improves the properties of the alloys which are used
in solders, bullets and plain bearings. Antimony com-
pounds are prominent additives for chlorine- and bromine- Native antimony with oxidation products
containing re retardants found in many commercial and
domestic products. An emerging application is the use of
antimony in microelectronics. heated, to form antimony trioxide, Sb2 O3 .[2]:758
Antimony is a silvery, lustrous gray metal that has a Mohs
1.1.1 Characteristics scale hardness of 3. Thus pure antimony is too soft to make
hard objects; coins made of antimony were issued in Chinas
Properties Guizhou province in 1931, but because of their rapid wear,
their minting was discontinued.[3] Antimony is resistant to
Antimony is in the nitrogen group (group 15) and has attack by acids.
an electronegativity of 2.05. As expected from periodic Four allotropes of antimony are known: a stable metal-
trends, it is more electronegative than tin or bismuth, and lic form and three metastable forms (explosive, black and
less electronegative than tellurium or arsenic. Antimony is yellow). Metallic antimony is a brittle, silver-white shiny
stable in air at room temperature, but reacts with oxygen if metal. When slowly cooled, molten antimony crystallizes in

1
2 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW

Isotopes that are lighter than the stable 123 Sb tend to decay
by + decay, and those that are heavier tend to decay by -
decay, with some exceptions.[7]

Occurrence

See also: Category:Antimonide minerals and Category:

Antimonate minerals
The abundance of antimony in the Earth's crust is estimated

Crystal structure common to Sb, AsSb and gray As

a trigonal cell, isomorphic with the gray allotrope of arsenic.

A rare explosive form of antimony can be formed from the
electrolysis of antimony trichloride. When scratched with a
sharp implement, an exothermic reaction occurs and white
fumes are given o as metallic antimony is formed; when
rubbed with a pestle in a mortar, a strong detonation oc-
curs. Black antimony is formed upon rapid cooling of va-
por derived from metallic antimony. It has the same crystal Stibnite
structure as red phosphorus and black arsenic, it oxidizes
in air and may ignite spontaneously. At 100 C, it gradu- at 0.2 to 0.5 parts per million, comparable to thallium at
ally transforms into the stable form. The yellow allotrope 0.5 parts per million and silver at 0.07 ppm.[8] Even though
of antimony is the most unstable. It has only been gener- this element is not abundant, it is found in over 100 mineral
ated by oxidation of stibine (SbH3 ) at 90 C. Above this species. Antimony is sometimes found natively, but more
temperature and in ambient light, this metastable allotrope frequently it is found in the sulde stibnite (Sb2 S3 ) which
transforms into the more stable black allotrope.[4][5][6] is the predominant ore mineral.[8]
Metallic antimony adopts a layered structure (space group
R3m No. 166) in which layers consist of fused rued six-
1.1.2 Compounds
membered rings. The nearest and next-nearest neighbors
form an irregular octahedral complex, with the three atoms
See also: Category:Antimony compounds
in the same double layer being slightly closer than the three
atoms in the next. This relatively close packing leads to
a high density of 6.697 g/cm3 , but the weak bonding be- Antimony compounds are often classied according to their
tween the layers leads to the low hardness and brittleness of oxidation state: Sb(III) and Sb(V).[9] The +5 oxidation state
antimony.[2]:758 is more stable.

Oxides and hydroxides

Isotopes
Antimony trioxide (Sb
Main article: Isotopes of antimony 4O
6) is formed when antimony is burnt in air.[10] In the gas
Antimony has two stable isotopes: 121 Sb with a natural phase, this compound exists as Sb
abundance of 57.36% and 123 Sb with a natural abundance 4O
of 42.64%. It also has 35 radioisotopes, of which the 6, but it polymerizes upon condensing.[2] Antimony pentox-
longest-lived is 125 Sb with a half-life of 2.75 years. In ad- ide (Sb
dition, 29 metastable states have been characterized. The 4O
most stable of these is 120m1 Sb with a half-life of 5.76 days. 10) can only be formed by oxidation by concentrated
1.1. ANTIMONY 3

nitric acid.[11] Antimony also forms a mixed-valence oxide, 3+3H

antimony tetroxide (Sb 2O
2O
4), which features both Sb(III) and Sb(V).[11] Un- It is Lewis acidic and readily accepts uoride ions to form
like phosphorus and arsenic, these various oxides are the complex anions SbF
amphoteric, do not form well-dened oxoacids and react 4 and SbF2
with acids to form antimony salts. 5. Molten SbF
Antimonous acid Sb(OH) 3 is a weak electrical conductor. The trichloride SbCl
3 is unknown, but the conjugate base sodium antimonite 3 is prepared by dissolving Sb
([Na 2S
3SbO 3 in hydrochloric acid:
3]
4) forms upon fusing sodium oxide and Sb Sb
4O 2S
6.[2]:763 Transition metal antimonites are also known.[12]:122 3 + 6 HCl 2 SbCl
Antimonic acid exists only as the hydrate HSb(OH) 3+3H
6, forming salts containing the antimonate anion Sb(OH) 2S
6. Dehydrating metal salts containing this anion yields
mixed oxides.[12]:143
Many antimony ores are suldes, including stibnite (Sb
2S
3), pyrargyrite (Ag
3SbS
3), zinkenite, jamesonite, and boulangerite.[2]:757 Antimony
pentasulde is non-stoichiometric and features antimony in
the +3 oxidation state and S-S bonds.[13] Several thioanti-
monides are known, such as [Sb
6S
10]2
and [Sb
8S
13]2
.[14]

Halides

Antimony forms two series of halides: SbX

3 and SbX
5. The trihalides SbF
3, SbCl Structure of gaseous SbF5
3, SbBr
3, and SbI The pentahalides SbF
3 are all molecular compounds having trigonal pyramidal 5 and SbCl
molecular geometry. 5 have trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry in the gas
The triuoride SbF phase, but in the liquid phase, SbF
3 is prepared by the reaction of Sb 5 is polymeric, whereas SbCl
2O 5 is monomeric.[2]:761 SbF
3 with HF:[2]:761762 5 is a powerful Lewis acid used to make the superacid
uoroantimonic acid (H2 SbF7 extquotedbl).
Sb Oxyhalides are more common for antimony than arsenic
2O and phosphorus. Antimony trioxide dissolves in con-
3 + 6 HF 2 SbF centrated acid to form oxoantimonyl compounds such as
4 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW

SbOCl and (SbO)

2SO
4.[2]:764

Antimonides, hydrides, and organoantimony com-

pounds

Compounds in this class generally are described as deriva-

tives of Sb3- . Antimony forms antimonides with metals,
such as indium antimonide (InSb) and silver antimonide
(Ag
3Sb).[2]:760 The alkali metal and zinc antimonides, such as
Na3 Sb and Zn3 Sb2 , are more reactive. Treating these anti-
monides with acid produces the unstable gas stibine, SbH
3:[15]

Sb3
+ 3 H+
SbH
3

Stibine can also be produced by treating Sb3+

salts with hydride reagents such as sodium borohy-
dride.Stibine decomposes spontaneously at room temper-
ature. Because stibine has a positive heat of formation, it
is thermodynamically unstable and thus antimony does not
react with hydrogen directly.[9]
Organoantimony compounds are typically prepared by
alkylation of antimony halides with Grignard reagents.[16] One of the alchemical symbols for antimony
A large variety of compounds are known with both Sb(III)
and Sb(V) centers, including mixed chloro-organic deriva-
tives, anions, and cations. Examples include Sb(C6 H5 )3 this remarkable 'nd' (artifact mentioned above) must rep-
(triphenylstibine), Sb2 (C6 H5 )4 (with an Sb-Sb bond), and resent the lost art of rendering antimony malleable.[18]
cyclic [Sb(C6 H5 )] . Pentacoordinated organoantimony Moorey was unconvinced the artifact was indeed a vase,
compounds are common, examples being Sb(C6 H5 )5 and mentioning that Selimkhanov, after his analysis of the Tello
several related halides. object (published in 1975), attempted to relate the metal
to Transcaucasian natural antimony (i.e. native metal) and
that the antimony objects from Transcaucasia are all small
1.1.3 History personal ornaments.[18] This weakens the evidence for a
lost art of rendering antimony malleable.[18]
Antimony(III) sulde, Sb2 S3 , was recognized in
predynastic Egypt as an eye cosmetic (kohl) as early The Greek scholar Pliny the Elder described several ways
as about 3100 BC, when the cosmetic palette was of preparing antimony [19] sulde for medical purposes in his
invented. [17] treatise Natural history. Pliny the Elder also made a dis-
tinction between 'male' and 'female' forms of antimony; the
An artifact, said to be part of a vase, made of antimony dat- male form is probably the sulde, while the female form,
ing to about 3000 BC was found at Telloh, Chaldea (part which is superior, heavier, and less friable, has been sus-
of present-day Iraq), and a copper object plated with anti- pected to be native metallic antimony.[20]
mony dating between 2500 BC and 2200 BC has been found
in Egypt.[4] Austen, at a lecture by Herbert Gladstone in The Roman naturalist Pedanius Dioscorides mentioned that
1892[18] commented that we only know of antimony at the antimony sulde could be roasted by heating by a current of
[19]
present day as a highly brittle and crystalline metal, which air. It is thought that this produced metallic antimony.
could hardly be fashioned into a useful vase, and therefore The rst description of a procedure for isolating antimony
1.1. ANTIMONY 5

the word is mesdemet.[26][27] The Greek word,

stimmi, is probably a loan word from Arabic or
Egyptian sdm
and is used by Attic tragic poets of the 5th century BC; later
Greeks also used stibi, as did Celsus and Pliny, writ-
ing in Latin, in the rst century AD. Pliny also gives the
names stimi [sic], larbaris, alabaster, and the very com-
mon platyophthalmos, wide-eye (from the eect of the
cosmetic). Later Latin authors adapted the word to Latin
as stibium. The Arabic word for the substance, as opposed
to the cosmetic, can appear as ithmid, athmoud, oth-
mod, or uthmod. Littr suggests the rst form, which is the
earliest, derives from stimmida, an accusative for stimmi.[28]
The use of Sb as the standard chemical symbol for anti-
mony is due to Jns Jakob Berzelius, who used this abbre-
viation of the name stibium.[29] The medieval Latin form,
The italian metallurgist Vannoccio Biringuccio described the rst from which the modern languages and late Byzantine Greek
procedure of how to isolate antimony. take their names for antimony, is antimonium. The origin of
this is uncertain; all suggestions have some diculty either
of form or interpretation. The popular etymology, from
is in the book De la pirotechnia of 1540 by Vannoccio anti-monachos or French antimoine, still has
Biringuccio; this predates the more famous 1556 book by adherents; this would mean monk-killer, and is explained
Agricola, De re metallica. In this context Agricola has been by many early alchemists being monks, and antimony being
often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic an- poisonous.[note 2]
timony. The book Currus Triumphalis Antimonii (The Tri-
Another popular etymology is the hypothetical Greek word
umphal Chariot of Antimony), describing the preparation
antimonos, against aloneness, explained as
of metallic antimony, was published in Germany in 1604. It
not found as metal, or not found unalloyed.[4][30] Lipp-
was purported to have been written by a Benedictine monk,
mann conjectured a hypothetical Greek word
writing under the name Basilius Valentinus, in the 15th cen-
anthemonion, which would mean oret, and cites several
tury; if it were authentic, which it is not, it would predate
examples of related Greek words (but not that one) which
Biringuccio.[note 1][5][22][23]
describe chemical or biological eorescence.[31]
The metal antimony was known to German chemist
The early uses of antimonium include the translations, in
Andreas Libavius in 1615 who obtained it by adding iron
10501100, by Constantine the African of Arabic medi-
to a molten mixture of antimony sulde, salt and potassium
cal treatises.[32] Several authorities believe antimonium is a
tartrate. This procedure produced antimony with a crys-
scribal corruption of some Arabic form; Meyerhof derives
talline or starred surface.[19]
it from ithmid;[33] other possibilities include athimar, the
With the advent of challenges to phlogiston theory it was Arabic name of the metalloid, and a hypothetical as-stimmi,
recognized that antimony is an element forming suldes, derived from or parallel to the Greek.[34][35]
oxides etc as is the case of other metals.[19]
The rst natural occurrence of pure antimony in the Earths 1.1.4 Production
crust was described by the Swedish scientist and local mine
district engineer Anton von Swab in 1783; the type-sample
was collected from the Sala Silver Mine in the Bergslagen
mining district of Sala, Vstmanland, Sweden.[24][25] 100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%

Etymology 40%
30%
20%
10%
5%
The ancient words for antimony mostly have, as their chief 2.5%
1%
meaning, kohl, the sulde of antimony.
The Egyptians called antimony mdmt; in hieroglyphs, the World antimony output in 2010.[8]
vowels are uncertain, but there is an Arabic tradition that
6 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW

200 economic reserves are being rapidly depleted.[37]

Production in 1000 tons / year
180 The worlds largest antimony producers, according to
160 Roskill, are listed below:
140
120
100 Reserves
80
60 According to statistics from the US Geological Survey
(USGS), current global reserves of antimony will be de-
40
pleted in 13 years. However, the United States Geological
20
Survey expects more resources will be found.
0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year Production process

World production trend of antimony. The extraction of antimony from ores depends on the qual-
ity of the ore and composition of the ore. Most antimony is
mined as the sulde; lower grade ores are concentrated by
Top producers and production volumes froth otation, while higher grade ores are heated to 500
600 C, the temperature at which stibnite melts and is sep-
The British Geological Survey reported that in 2005, the arated from the gangue minerals. Antimony can be isolated
Peoples Republic of China was the top producer of an- from the crude antimony sulde by a reduction with scrap
[42]
timony with an approximately 84% world share, followed iron:
at a distance by South Africa, Bolivia and Tajikistan.
Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan province has the largest de- Sb
posits in China with an estimated deposit of 2.1 million 2S
metric tons.[36] 3 + 3 Fe 2 Sb + 3 FeS
In 2010, according to the US Geological Survey, China ac-
The sulde is converted to an oxide and advantage is of-
counted for 88.9% of total antimony production with South
ten taken of the volatility of antimony(III) oxide, which is
Africa, Bolivia and Russia sharing the second place.
recovered from roasting.[43] This material is often used di-
However, Roskill Consulting estimates for primary pro- rectly for the main applications, impurities being arsenic
duction show that in 2010 China held a 76.75% share and sulde.[44][45] Isolating antimony from its oxide is per-
of worlds supply with 120,462 tonnes (90,000 tonnes of formed by a carbothermal reduction:[42][44]
reported and 30,464 tonnes of un-reported production),
followed by Russia (4.14% share, 6,500 tonnes of pro- 2 Sb
duction), Myanmar (3.76% share, 5,897 tonnes), Canada 2O
(3.61% share, 5,660 tonnes), Tajikistan (3.42% share, 3 + 3 C 4 Sb + 3 CO
5,370 tonnes) and Bolivia (3.17% share, 4,980 tonnes).[37] 2
Roskill estimates that secondary production globally in
2010 was 39,540 tonnes.[37] The lower grade ores are reduced in blast furnaces while the
higher grade ores are reduced in reverberatory furnaces.[42]
Antimony was ranked rst in a Risk List published by the
British Geological Survey in the second half 2011. The list
provides an indication of the relative risk to the supply of 1.1.5 Applications
chemical elements or element groups required to maintain
the current British economy and lifestyle.[38] About 60% of antimony is consumed in ame retardants,
Also, antimony was identied as one of 12 critical raw ma- and 20% is used in alloys for batteries, plain bearings and
[42]
terials for the EU in a report published in 2011, primarily solders.
[39]
due to the lack of supply outside China.
Reported production of antimony in China fell in 2010 and Flame retardants
is unlikely to increase in the coming years, according to the
Roskill report. No signicant antimony deposits in China Antimony is mainly used as its trioxide in making ame-
have been developed for about ten years, and the remaining proong compounds. It is nearly always used in combina-
1.1. ANTIMONY 7

tion with halogenated ame retardants, with the only excep- schistosomal drug from 1919 on. It was subsequently re-
tion being in halogen-containing polymers. The formation placed by praziquantel.[62] Antimony and its compounds are
of halogenated antimony compounds is the cause for the used in several veterinary preparations like anthiomaline or
ame retarding eect of antimony trioxide,[46] due to reac- lithium antimony thiomalate, which is used as a skin condi-
tion of these compounds with hydrogen atoms and proba- tioner in ruminants.[63] Antimony has a nourishing or con-
bly also with oxygen atoms and OH radicals, thus inhibiting ditioning eect on keratinized tissues, at least in animals.
re.[47] Markets for these ame-retardant applications in- Antimony-based drugs, such as meglumine antimoniate,
clude childrens clothing, toys, aircraft and automobile seat are also considered the drugs of choice for treatment of
covers. It is also used in the berglass composites indus-
leishmaniasis in domestic animals. Unfortunately, as well as
try as an additive to polyester resins for such items as light having low therapeutic indices, the drugs are poor at pen-
aircraft engine covers. The resin will burn while a ame is
etrating the bone marrow, where some of the Leishmania
held to it but will extinguish itself as soon as the ame is amastigotes reside, and so cure of the disease especially
removed.[43][48]
the visceral form is very dicult.[64] Elemental antimony
as an antimony pill was once used as a medicine. It could
Alloys be reused by others after ingestion and elimination.[65]
In the heads of some safety matches, antimony(III) sulde is
Antimony forms a highly useful alloy with lead, increas- used.[66][67] Antimony-124 is used together with beryllium
ing its hardness and mechanical strength. For most appli- in neutron sources; the gamma rays emitted by antimony-
cations involving lead, varying amounts of antimony are 124 initiate the photodisintegration of beryllium.[68][69] The
used as alloying metal. In leadacid batteries, this ad- emitted neutrons have an average energy of 24 keV.[70] An-
dition improves the charging characteristics and reduces timony suldes have been shown to help stabilize the fric-
generation of unwanted hydrogen during charging.[43][49] tion coecient in automotive brake pad materials.[71]
It is used in antifriction alloys (such as Babbitt metal),[50]
Antimony also is used in the making of bullets and bullet
in bullets and lead shot, cable sheathing, type metal
tracers.[72] This element is also used in paint and glass art
(for example, for linotype printing machines[51] ), solder
crafts and as opacier in enamel.
(some extquotedbllead-free extquotedbl solders contain 5%
Sb),[52] in pewter,[53] and in hardening alloys with low tin
content in the manufacturing of organ pipes.
1.1.6 Precautions
Other applications
The eects of antimony and its compounds on human and
environmental health dier widely. The massive antimony
Three other applications make up nearly all the rest of the
metal does not aect human and environmental health. In-
consumption.[42] One of these uses is as a stabilizer and a halation of antimony trioxide (and similar poorly soluble
catalyst for the production of polyethyleneterephthalate.[42]
Sb(III) dust particles such as antimony dust) is considered
Another application is to serve as a ning agent to remove harmful and suspected of causing cancer. However, these
microscopic bubbles in glass, mostly for TV screens;[54] this
eects are only observed with female rats and after long-
is achieved by the interaction of antimony ions with oxygen, term exposure to high dust concentrations. The eects are
interfering the latter from forming bubbles.[55] The third hypothesized to be attributed to inhalation of poorly soluble
major application is the use as pigment.[42] Sb particles leading to impaired lung clearance, lung over-
Antimony is being increasingly used in the semiconductor load, inammation and ultimately tumour formation, not to
industry as a dopant for heavily doped n-type silicon exposure to antimony ions (OECD, 2008). Antimony chlo-
wafers[56] in the production of diodes, infrared detectors, rides are corrosive to skin. The eects of antimony are not
and Hall-eect devices. In the 1950s, tiny beads of a lead- comparable to arsenic; this might be caused by the signif-
antimony alloy were used to dope the emitters and collec- icant dierences of uptake, metabolism and excretion be-
tors of n-p-n alloy junction transistors with antimony.[57] tween arsenic and antimony.
Indium antimonide is used as a material for mid-infrared For oral absorption, ICRP (1994) recommended values of
detectors.[58][59][60] 10% for tartar emetic and 1% for all other antimony com-
Few biological or medical applications exist for antimony. pounds. Dermal absorption for metals is estimates at most
Treatments principally containing antimony are known as 1% (HERAG, 2007). Inhalation absorption of antimony
antimonials and are used as emetics.[61] Antimony com- trioxide and other poorly soluble Sb(III) substances (such
pounds are used as antiprotozoan drugs. Potassium anti- as antimony dust) is estimated at 6.8% (OECD, 2008),
monyl tartrate, or tartar emetic, was once used as an anti- whereas a value <1% is derived for Sb(V) substances. An-
8 CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
timony(V) is not quantitatively reduced to antimony(III) in
the cell, and both species exist simultaneously.
Antimony is mainly excreted from the human body via
urine. Antimony and its compounds are not causing acute
human health eects. Exemption is antimony potassium
1.1.9
tartrate (tartar emic), a prodrug that is intentionally used
to treat leishmania patients.
Prolonged skin contact with antimony dust may cause
dermatitis However, it was agreed at EU-level that the
skin rashes observed are not substance-specic, but most
probably due to a physical blocking of sweat ducts
(ECHA/PR/09/09, Helsinki, 6 July 2009).
Antimony is incompatible with strong acids/bases and re-
ducing agents as it might form stibine (SbH3).
The 8-h TWA is set at 0.5 mg/m3 by e.g. US OSHA
and ACGIH. Antimony compounds are used as catalyst for
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) production. Some stud-
ies, report minor antimony leaching from PET bottles into
liquids but levels are below drinking water guidelines. Anti-
mony concentrations in fruit juice concentrates were some-
what higher (up to 44.7 g/L of antimony), but juices do
not fall under the drinking water regulations. The drinking
water guidelines are:
World Health Organization: 20 g/L
Japan: 15 g/L[73]
United States Environmental Protection Agency,
Health Canada and the Ontario Ministry of Environ-
ment: 6 g/L
EU and German Federal Ministry of Environment: 5
g/L[74]
The TDI proposed by WHO is 6 g antimony per kg body
weight.
1.1.7 See also
Phase change memory
1.1.8 Notes
[1] Already in 1710 Wilhelm Gottlob Freiherr von Leibniz, af-
ter careful inquiry, concluded the work was spurious, there
was no monk named Basilius Valentinus, and the books au-
thor was its ostensible editor, Johann Thlde (c. 1565 c.
1624). Professional historians now agree the Currus Tri-
umphalis ... was written after the middle of the 16th century
and Thlde was likely its author.[21]
[2] The use of a symbol resembling an upside down female
symbol for antimony could also hint at a satirical pun in this
origin
References
[1] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic com-
pounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition,
CRC press.
[2] Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils and Holleman, Arnold Fred-
erick (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. ISBN
0-12-352651-5.
[3] Metals Used in Coins and Medals. ukcoinpics.co.uk.
[4] Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th
ed. 2004. Entry for antimony.
[5] Wang, Chung Wu (1919). The Chemistry of Antimony.
Antimony: Its History, Chemistry, Mineralogy, Geology, Met-
allurgy, Uses, Preparation, Analysis, Production and Valu-
ation with Complete Bibliographies. London, United King-
dom: Charles Gein and Co. Ltd. pp. 633.
[6] Norman, Nicholas C (1998). Chemistry of arsenic, anti-
mony, and bismuth. pp. 5051. ISBN 978-0-7514-0389-3.
[7] Georges, Audi; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H.
(2003). The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and De-
cay Properties. Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data
Center) 729: 3128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A.
doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
[8] Carlin, Jr., James F. Mineral Commodity Summaries: An-
timony. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 23
January 2012.
[9] Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of
the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
[10] Reger, Daniel L.; Goode, Scott R. and Ball, David W.
(2009). Chemistry: Principles and Practice (3rd ed.). Cen-
gage Learning. p. 883. ISBN 0-534-42012-5.
[11] House, James E. (2008). Inorganic chemistry. Academic
Press. p. 502. ISBN 0-12-356786-6.
[12] Godfrey, S. M.; McAulie, C. A.; Mackie, A. G. and
Pritchard, R. G. (1998). Norman, Nicholas C., ed. Chem-
istry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Springer. ISBN 0-
7514-0389-X.
[13] Long, G; Stevens, J.G.; Bowen, L.H.; Ruby, S.L. (1969).
The oxidation number of antimony in antimony penta-
sulde. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 5: 21.
doi:10.1016/0020-1650(69)80231-X.
1.1. ANTIMONY
[14] Lees, R; Powell, A; Chippindale, A (2007). The
synthesis and characterisation of four new anti-
mony sulphides incorporating transition-metal com-
plexes. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
68 (56): 1215. Bibcode:2007JPCS...68.1215L.
doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.12.010.
[15] Kahlenberg, Louis (2008). Outlines of Chemistry A Text-
book for College Students. READ BOOKS. pp. 324325.
ISBN 1-4097-6995-X.
[16] Elschenbroich, C. Organometallics (2006) Wiley-VCH:
Weinheim. ISBN 3-527-29390-6
[17] Shortland, A. J. (2006). Application of Lead Isotope Anal-
ysis to a Wide Range of Late Bronze Age Egyptian Ma-
terials. Archaeometry 48 (4): 657. doi:10.1111/j.1475-
4754.2006.00279.x.
[18] Moorey, P. R. S. (1994). Ancient Mesopotamian Materi-
als and Industries: the Archaeological Evidence. New York:
Clarendon Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-57506-042-2.
[19] Mellor, Joseph William (1964). Antimony. A comprehen-
sive treatise on inorganic and theoretical chemistry 9. p. 339.
[20] Pliny, Natural history, 33.33; W.H.S. Jones, the Loeb Clas-
sical Library translator, supplies a note suggesting the iden-
tications.
[21] Priesner, Claus and Figala, Karin, ed. (1998). Al-
chemie. Lexikon einer hermetischen Wissenschaft (in Ger-
man). Mnchen: C.H. Beck.
[22] s.v. Basilius Valentinus. Harold Jantz was perhaps the
only modern scholar to deny Thldes authorship, but he too
agrees the work dates from after 1550: see his catalogue of
German Baroque literature.
[23] Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). The discovery of the ele-
ments. II. Elements known to the alchemists. Journal of
Chemical Education 9: 11. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9...11W.
doi:10.1021/ed009p11.
[24] Native antimony. Mindat.org.
[25] Klaproth, M. (1803). XL. Extracts from the third volume
of the analyses. Philosophical Magazine 1 17 (67): 230.
doi:10.1080/14786440308676406.
[26] Albright, W. F. (1918). Notes on Egypto-Semitic Etymol-
ogy. II. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and
Literatures 34 (4): 215255 [230]. doi:10.1086/369866.
JSTOR 528157.
[27] Sarton, George (1935). Review of Al-morchid 'l-kohhl,
ou Le guide d'oculistique, translated by Max Meyerhof. Isis
(in French) 22 (2): 539542 [541]. doi:10.1086/346926.
JSTOR 225136. quotes Meyerhof, the translator of the book
he is reviewing.
[28] LSJ, s.v., vocalisation, spelling, and declension vary;
Endlich, p. 28; Celsus, 6.6.6 ; Pliny Natural History 33.33;
Lewis and Short: Latin Dictionary. OED, s. antimony.
9
[29] In his long article on chemical reactions and nomenclature
Jns Jacob Berzelius, Essay on the cause of chemical pro-
portions, and on some circumstances relating to them: to-
gether with a short and easy method of expressing them,
Annals of Philosophy, vol. 2, pages 443454 (1813) and
vol. 3, pages 5162, 93106, 244255, 353364 (1814)
on page 52, Berzelius lists the symbol for antimony as St
extquotedbl; however, starting on page 248, Berzelius sub-
sequently uses the symbol Sb for antimony.
[30] Fernando, Diana (1998). Alchemy : an illustrated A to Z.
Blandford. Fernando even derives it from the story of how
Basil Valentine and his fellow monastic alchemists poi-
soned themselves by working with antimony; antimonium
is found two centuries before his time. Popular etymol-
ogy from OED; as for antimonos, the pure negative would
be more naturally expressed by a- not.
[31] Lippman, pp. 6435
[32] Lippman, p. 642, writing in 1919, says extquotedblzuerst
extquotedbl.
[33] Meyerhof as quoted in Sarton, asserts that ithmid or athmoud
became corrupted in the medieval traductions barbaro-
latines.; the OED asserts some Arabic form is the origin,
and if ithmid is the root, posits athimodium, atimodium, ati-
monium, as intermediate forms.
[34] Endlich, p. 28; one of the advantages of as-stimmi would be
that it has a whole syllable in common with antimonium.
[35] Endlich, F. M. (1888). On Some Interesting Derivations of
Mineral Names. The American Naturalist 22 (253): 2132.
doi:10.1086/274630. JSTOR 2451020.
[36] Peng, J.; Hu, R.-Z.; Burnard, P. G. (2003). Samarium
neodymium isotope systematics of hydrothermal calcites
from the Xikuangshan antimony deposit (Hunan, China):
the potential of calcite as a geochronometer. Chemical Ge-
ology 200: 129. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00187-6.
[37] Study of the Antimony market by Roskill Consulting
Group.
[38] British Geologocal Survey Risk List.
[39] Khrennikov, Ilya (5 March 2012). Russian Antimony
Miner for iPads Looks at IPO to Challenge China.
Bloomberg.
[40] Antimony Uses, Production and Prices Primer. tri-
starresources.com
[41] GeoProMining, Ltd. | extquotedbl. Geopromining.com.
Retrieved 13 December 2012.
[42] Butterman, C.; Carlin, Jr., J.F. (2003). Mineral Commod-
ity Proles: Antimony. United States Geological Survey.
[43] Grund, Sabina C.; Hanusch, Kunibert; Breunig,
Hans J.; Wolf, Hans Uwe (2006) Antimony and
Antimony Compounds in Ullmanns Encyclope-
dia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_055.pub2
10
[44] Norman, Nicholas C (1998). Chemistry of arsenic, anti-
mony, and bismuth. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7514-0389-3.
[45] Wilson, N.J.; Craw, D.; Hunter, K. (2004). Antimony
distribution and environmental mobility at an historic an-
timony smelter site, New Zealand. Environmental Pollu-
tion 129 (2): 25766. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2003.10.014.
PMID 14987811.
[46] Weil, Edward D; Levchik, Sergei V (4 June 2009).
Antimony trioxide and Related Compounds. Flame retar-
dants for plastics and textiles: Practical applications. ISBN
978-3-446-41652-9.
[47] Hastie, John W. (1973). Mass spectrometric studies
of ame inhibition: Analysis of antimony trihalides in
ames. Combustion and Flame 21: 49. doi:10.1016/0010-
2180(73)90006-0.
[48] Weil, Edward D; Levchik, Sergei V (4 June 2009). Flame
retardants for plastics and textiles: Practical applications. pp.
1516. ISBN 978-3-446-41652-9.
[49] Kiehne, Heinz Albert (2003). Types of Alloys. Battery
Technology Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 6061. ISBN 978-
0-8247-4249-2.
[50] Williams, Robert S. (2007). Principles of Metallography.
Read books. pp. 4647. ISBN 978-1-4067-4671-6.
[51] Holmyard, E. J. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry A Textbooks
for Colleges and Schools. Read Books. pp. 399400. ISBN
978-1-4437-2253-7.
[52] Ipser, H.; Flandorfer, H.; Luef, Ch.; Schmetterer, C.; Saeed,
U. (2007). Thermodynamics and phase diagrams of lead-
free solder materials. Journal of Materials Science: Materi-
als in Electronics 18 (13): 317. doi:10.1007/s10854-006-
9009-3.
[53] Hull, Charles (1992). Pewter. Osprey Publishing. pp. 15.
ISBN 978-0-7478-0152-8.
[54] De Jong, Bernard H. W. S.; Beerkens, Ruud G. C.; Van Ni-
jnatten, Peter A. (2000). Glass. Ullmanns Encyclopedia
of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_365.
ISBN 3-527-30673-0.
[55] Yamashita, H; Yamaguchi, S; Nishimura, R; Maekawa, T
(2001). Voltammetric Studies of Antimony Ions in Soda-
lime-silica Glass Melts up to 1873 K. Analytical Sciences:
the International Journal of the Japan Society for Analytical
Chemistry 17 (1): 4550. doi:10.2116/analsci.17.45. PMID
11993676.
[56] O'Mara, William C.; Herring, Robert B.; Hunt, Lee Philip
(1990). Handbook of semiconductor silicon technology.
William Andrew. p. 473. ISBN 978-0-8155-1237-0.
[57] Maiti,, C. K. (2008). Selected Works of Professor Herbert
Kroemer. World Scientic, 2008. p. 101. ISBN 978-981-
270-901-1.
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
[58] Committee On New Sensor Technologies: Materials And
Applications, National Research Council (U.S.) (1995).
Expanding the vision of sensor materials. p. 68. ISBN 978-
0-309-05175-0.
[59] Kinch, Michael A (2007). Fundamentals of infrared detector
materials. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8194-6731-7.
[60] Willardson, Robert K and Beer, Albert C (1970). Infrared
detectors. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-12-752105-3.
[61] Russell, Colin A. (2000). Antimonys Curious History.
Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 54 (1):
115116. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2000.0101. JSTOR 532063.
[62] Harder, A. (2002). Chemotherapeutic approaches to schis-
tosomes: Current knowledge and outlook. Parasitology
Research 88 (5): 3957. doi:10.1007/s00436-001-0588-x.
PMID 12049454.
[63] Kassirsky, I. A; Plotnikov, N. N (1 August 2003). Diseases
of Warm Lands: A Clinical Manual. pp. 262265. ISBN
978-1-4102-0789-0.
[64] Organisation Mondiale de la Sant (1995). Drugs used in
parasitic diseases. pp. 1921. ISBN 978-92-4-140104-3.
[65] McCallum, R. I. (1999). Antimony in medical history: an
account of the medical uses of antimony and its compounds
since early times to the present. Pentland Press. ISBN 1-
85821-642-7.
[66] National Research Council (1970). Trends in usage of anti-
mony: report. National Academies. p. 50.
[67] Stellman, Jeanne Mager (1998). Encyclopaedia of Occupa-
tional Health and Safety: Chemical, industries and occupa-
tions. p. 109. ISBN 978-92-2-109816-4.
[68] Lalovic, M; Werle, H. (1970). The energy distribu-
tion of antimonyberyllium photoneutrons. Journal of Nu-
clear Energy 24 (3): 123. Bibcode:1970JNuE...24..123L.
doi:10.1016/0022-3107(70)90058-4.
[69] Ahmed, Syed Naeem (2007). Physics and engineering of
radiation detection. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-12-045581-2.
[70] Schmitt, H (1960). Determination of the energy of
antimony-beryllium photoneutrons. Nuclear Physics 20:
220. Bibcode:1960NucPh..20..220S. doi:10.1016/0029-
5582(60)90171-1.
[71] Jang, H and Kim, S. (2000). The eects of antimony trisul-
de Sb S and zirconium silicate in the automotive brake fric-
tion material on friction. Journal of Wear.
[72] Randich, Erik; Duerfeldt, Wayne; McLendon, Wade; To-
bin, William (2002). A metallurgical review of the inter-
pretation of bullet lead compositional analysis. Forensic
Science International 127 (3): 17491. doi:10.1016/S0379-
0738(02)00118-4. PMID 12175947.
1.1. ANTIMONY 11

[73] Wakayama, Hiroshi, Revision of Drinking Water Standards

in Japan, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (Japan),
2003; Table 2, p. 84

[74] Shotyk, W.; Krachler, M.; Chen, B. (2006). Contamina-

tion of Canadian and European bottled waters with antimony
from PET containers. Journal of Environmental Monitoring
8 (2): 28892. doi:10.1039/b517844b. PMID 16470261.

1.1.10 Bibliography
Endlich, F. M. (1888). On Some Interesting Deriva-
tions of Mineral Names. The American Naturalist
22 (253): 2132 [28]. doi:10.1086/274630. JSTOR
2451020.
Edmund Oscar von Lippmann (1919) Entstehung und
Ausbreitung der Alchemie, teil 1. Berlin: Julius
Springer (in German).

Public Health Statement for Antimony

1.1.11 External links

International Antimony Association vzw (i2a)

Chemistry in its element podcast (MP3) from the

Royal Society of Chemistry's Chemistry World:
Antimony
Antimony at The Periodic Table of Videos (University
of Nottingham)
National Pollutant Inventory Antimony and com-
pounds
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards -
Antimony
Chapter 2
Isotopes
2.1 Isotopes of antimony
Antimony (Sb) occurs in two stable isotopes, 121 Sb and 2.1.3 References
123
Sb. There are thirty-ve articial radioactive isotopes,
the longest-lived of which are 125 Sb with a half-life of [1] http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx
2.75856 years, 124 Sb with a half-life of 60.2 days, and
126
Sb with a half-life of 12.35 days. All other isotopes have Isotope masses from:
half-lives less than 4 days, most less than an hour.
There are also many isomers, the longest-lived of which is
120m1
Sb with a half-life of 5.76 days.
Standard atomic mass: 121.760(1) u
2.1.1 Table
[1] Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
[2] Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly-stable iso-
topes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)
[3] Fission product
[4] Theoretically capable of spontaneous ssion
Notes
Geologically exceptional samples are known in which
the isotopic composition lies outside the reported
range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed
the stated value for such specimens.
Values marked # are not purely derived from experi-
mental data, but at least partly from systematic trends.
Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in
parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses
after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values
denote one standard deviation, except isotopic compo-
sition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which
use expanded uncertainties.
2.1.2 See also
--- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J.
Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). The
NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and de-
cay properties. Nuclear Physics A 729:
3128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A.
doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses
from:
--- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Bhlke, P. De Bivre, H.
Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D.
P. Taylor (2003). Atomic weights of the ele-
ments. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)
extquotedbl. Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6):
683800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
--- M. E. Wieser (2006). Atomic weights of the
elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report) ex-
tquotedbl. Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11):
20512066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
Lay summary.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the fol-
lowing sources. See editing notes on this articles talk
page.
--- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J.
Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). The
NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and de-
cay properties. Nuclear Physics A 729:
3128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A.
doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
--- National Nuclear Data Center. NuDat 2.1
database. Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Retrieved September 2005.
12
2.1. ISOTOPES OF ANTIMONY 13

--- N. E. Holden (2004). Table of the Isotopes.

In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11.
ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Chapter 3

Compounds

3.1 Algarot water, which absorbed those acids. By collecting all the lo-
tions and evaporating two third parts, what remained was a
Algarot is a pale white emetic powder formerly used in very acid liquor, called Spirit of Philosophical Vitriol.
alchemy that consists of a compound of trichloride and tri- At present, algarot is synthesised by exposing antimony
oxide of antimony. It was used as an emetic because it trichloride to water:
purges violently both through regurgitation and diarrhea.
SbCl3 + H2 O SbOCl + 2 HCl
3.1.1 History
3.1.4 References
In his Currus Triumphalis Antimonii (The triumphal char-
iot of antimony) Basil Valentine describes the reaction [1] Nurgaliev, B. Z.; Popovkin, B. A.; Novoselova, A. V.
of butter of antimony (antimony trichloride) with water. (1981). Physicochemical analysis of antimony trioxide
Johann Rudolf Glauber gives a relatively exact chemical in- antimony trichloride, antimony trioxideantimony tribro-
terpretation of the reaction in 1659. mide systems. Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii 26 (4):
10431047.
Vittorio Algarotto introduced the substance into medicine.
He called it pulvis angelicus. In older literature the sub-
stance was also frequently called pulvis algarotis or Powder Chambers, Ephraim (1728). Cyclopaedia, or, An
of Algaroth. universal dictionary of arts and sciences. Retrieved
25 May 2013
The exact composition was unknown for a very long time.
The suggestion of SbOCl being a mixture antimony trichlo-
ride and antimony oxide or pure SbOCl were raised. To- . Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
day the hydrolysis of antimony trichloride is understood;
rst the SbOCl oxychloride is formed which later forms
3.1.5 External links
Sb4 O5 Cl2 .
Jos Rodrguez has published a complete study
devoted to the commercial network of chemical
3.1.2 Alternative names medicines developed by Vittorio Algarotti (1553-
1604): The First Commercial Network of a Chymical
Algarot is also known as mercurius vit (mercury of life),
Medicine:
emetic powder, powder of algaroth, algarel, antimonious
oxychloride, or antimony hypochlorite.
3.1.6 Further readings
3.1.3 Synthesis Van Bemmelen, J. M.; Meerburg, P. A.; Noodt, U.
Huber (1902). Das System (SbCl3-HCl-H2O) ex-
Historically, algarot was prepared of butter of antimony tquotedbl. Zeitschrift fr anorganische Chemie 33:
(antimony trichloride), which was no more than the regu- 272. doi:10.1002/zaac.19030330137.
lus (puried metal) of that mineral, dissolved in acids, and
separated again by means of several lotions with lukewarm Lmery, Nicolas (1707). Trait de l'antimoine.

14
3.3. ANTIMONIDE 15

Soukup, Rudolf Werner (1999). Chemiehistorische AlSb can be alloyed with other III-V materials to pro-
Experimente: Erze als Ausgangsprodukte fr die Her- duce the following ternary materials: AlInSb, AlGaSb and
stellung von Arzneimitteln. Chemkon 6 (4): 171. AlAsSb.
doi:10.1002/ckon.19990060403. Aluminum antimonide is rather ammable because of the
reducing tendency of the antimonide (Sb3- ) ion. It burns to
Srnstrand, C. (1978). The crystal structure of
produce aluminum oxide and antimony trioxide.
antimony(III) chloride oxide Sb4O5Cl2. Acta
Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystal-
lography and Crystal Chemistry 34 (8): 2402.
3.2.1 See also
doi:10.1107/S056774087800833X.
Gallium antimonide
Hentz, F. C.; Long, G. G. (1975). Synthe-
sis, properties, and hydrolysis of antimony trichlo- Indium antimonide
ride. Journal of Chemical Education 52 (3): 189.
doi:10.1021/ed052p189. Aluminium arsenide

Edstrand, Maja; Brodersen, Rolf; Silln, Lars

Gunnar; Linnasalmi, Annikki; Laukkanen, Pentti 3.2.2 References
(1947). On the Crystal Structure of the Anti-
mony Oxychloride Sb4O5Cl2 and Isomorphous Oxy- [1] K Seeger and E Schonherr Microwave dielectric constant of
bromide. Acta Chemica Scandinavica 1: 178. aluminium antimonide Semicond. Sci. Technol. 6 (1991)
doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.01-0178. 301 doi:10.1088/0268-1242/6/4/013

Schaeer, L. (1869). VI. Ueber krystallisirtes

Algarothpulver und Antimonoxychlorr. An- 3.3 Antimonide
nalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 152 (3): 314.
doi:10.1002/jlac.18691520307.
Antimonides (sometimes called stibnides) are compounds
Hydrolysis of Antimony(III)-Hydrochloric Acid So- of antimony with3more electropositive elements. The anti-
lution at 25C (pdf). Retrieved 25 May 2013. monide ion is Sb .
Some antimonides are semiconductors, e.g. those of the
Peligot, M.E. (1847). On the preparation boron group. Many antimonides are ammable or decom-
and composition of the salts of antimony. posed by oxygen when heated since the antimonide ion is a
Philosophical Magazine 3 31 (207): 230. reducing agent.
doi:10.1080/14786444708645830.

Historia di Verona. Retrieved 25 May 2013. 3.3.1 See also

extquotedblber Antimon(V)-oxidchloride. Antimonide mineral
doi:10.1002/zaac.19613120503. Retrieved 25
May 2013. Antimony

3.2 Aluminium antimonide 3.3.2 External links

Aluminium antimonide (AlSb) is a semiconductor of the 3.4 Antimonite

group III-V family containing aluminium and antimony.
The lattice constant is 0.61 nm. The indirect bandgap is This article is about the class of chemical salts. For the
approximately 1.6 eV at 300 K, whereas the direct band mineral, see stibnite.
gap is 2.22 eV.
Its electron mobility is 200 cmV1 s1 and hole mobility In chemistry, an antimonite refers to salts of antimony(III),
400 cmV1 s1 at 300 K. Its refractive index is 3.3 at a such as NaSb(OH)4 and NaSbO2 (metaantimonite) which
wavelength of 2 m, and its dielectric constant is 10.9 at can be prepared by reacting alkali with antimony triox-
microwave frequencies.[1] ide, Sb2 O3 .[1] These are formally salts of antimonous acid
16 CHAPTER 3. COMPOUNDS

(antimonious acid[2] ), Sb(OH)3 extquotedbl whose exis- the four Sb centers are shorter at 1.82 .[5] The related
tence in solution is dubious, and attempts to isolate it gener-species PF5 and AsF5 are monomeric in the solid and liq-
ally form Sb2 O3 .xH2 O, antimony(III) oxide hydrate, which uid states, probably due to the smaller sizes of the central
slowly transforms into Sb2 O3 .[1] atom, which limits their coordination number. BiF5 is a
[6]
In geology, the mineral stibnite, Sb2 S3 , is sometimes called polymer.
antimonite. In the same way that SbF5 enhances the Brnsted acidity
of HF, it enhances the oxidizing power of F2 . This eect is
They can be compared to antimonates, which contain anti-
mony in the +5 oxidation state. illustrated by the oxidation of oxygen:[7]

2 SbF5 + F2 + 2 O2 2 [O
3.4.1 References 2]+
[SbF
[1] Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic 6]
Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0-12-352651-5

[2] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry Antimony pentauoride has also been used in the rst dis-
of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN covered chemical reaction that produces uorine gas from
0080379419.
uoride compounds:

4 SbF
3.5 Antimony pentauoride 5+2K
2MnF
Antimony pentauoride is the inorganic compound with 6 4 KSbF
the formula SbF5 . This colourless, viscous liquid is a 6 + 2 MnF
valuable Lewis acid and a component of the superacid 3+F
uoroantimonic acid, the strongest known acid. It is no- 2
table for its Lewis acidity and its ability to react with almost
all known compounds.[2] The driving force for this reaction is the high anity of
SbF5 for F
, which is the same property that recommends the use of
3.5.1 Preparation SbF5 to generate superacids.

Antimony pentauoride is prepared by the reaction of Hexauoroantimonate

antimony pentachloride with anhydrous hydrogen uo-
ride:[3] SbF5 is a strong Lewis acid, exceptionally so toward sources
of F to give the very stable anion [SbF6 ] , called hexauo-
SbCl5 + 5 HF SbF5 + 5 HCl roantimonate. [SbF6 ] is a weakly coordinating anion akin
to PF6 . Although it is only weakly basic, [SbF6 ] does re-
It can also be prepared from antimony triuoride and act with additional SbF5 to give a centrosymmetric adduct:
uorine.[4]
SbF5 + [SbF6 ] [Sb2 F11 ]

3.5.2 Structure and chemical reactions

3.5.3 Safety
In the gas phase, SbF5 adopts a trigonal bipyramidal struc-
ture of D point group symmetry (see picture). The mate- SbF5 reacts violently with many compounds, often releasing
rial adopts a more complicated structure in the liquid and dangerous hydrogen uoride. It is corrosive to the skin and
solid states. The liquid contains polymers wherein each Sb eyes.[8][9]
is octahedral, the structure being described with the for-
mula [SbF4 (-F)2 ]n ((-F) denotes the fact that uoride
3.5.4 References
centres bridge two Sb centres). The crystalline material is
a tetramer, meaning that it has the formula [SbF4 (-F)]4 . [1] Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry
The Sb-F bonds are 2.02 within the eight-membered and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN
Sb4 F4 ring; the remaining uoride ligands radiating from 0-8493-0487-3.
3.6. ANTIMONY TRIFLUORIDE 17

[2] Olah, G. A.; Prakash, G. K. S.; Wang, Q.; Li, X.-y. extquot-
edblAntimony(V) Fluoride in Encyclopedia of Reagents
for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley &
Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289.
[3] Sabina C. Grund, Kunibert Hanusch, Hans J. Breunig, Hans
Uwe Wolf Antimony and Antimony Compounds in Ull-
manns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-
VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_055.pub2
SbF bonds are short (192 pm) and three are long (261 pm).
Because it is a polymer, SbF3 is far less volatile than related
compounds AsF3 and SbCl3 .[2]
SbF3 is prepared by treating antimony trioxide with
hydrogen uoride:[3]
Sb2 O3 + 6 HF 2 SbF3 + 3 H2 O

[4] Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. The compound is a mild Lewis acid, hydrolyzing slowly
Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1.
in water. With uorine, it is oxidized to give antimony
p. 200.
pentauoride.
[5] Edwards, A. J.; Taylor, P. Crystal structure of An-
timony Pentauoride Journal of the Chemical So- SbF3 + F2 SbF5
ciety, Chemical Communications 1971, pp. 1376-
7.doi:10.1039/C29710001376

[6] Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Aca- 3.6.2 Applications

demic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
It is used as a uorination reagent in organic chemistry.[4]
[7] Shamir, J.; Binenboym, J. Dioxygenyl Salts Inorganic Syn-
This application was reported by the Belgium chemist
theses, 1973, XIV, 109-122. ISSN 0073-8077
Frdric Jean Edmond Swarts in 1892,[5] who demon-
[8] International Programme on Chemical Safety (2005). strated its usefulness for converting chloride compounds
Antimony pentauoride. Commission of the European to uorides. The method involved treatment with anti-
Communities (CEC). Retrieved 2010-05-10. mony triuoride with chlorine or with antimony pentachlo-
ride to give the active species antimony triuorodichloride
[9] Barbalace, Kenneth (2006). Chemical Database - Anti- (SbCl F ). This compound can also be produced in bulk.[6]
2 3
mony Pentauoride. Environmental Chemistry. Retrieved
The Swarts reaction is generally applied to the synthesis of
2010-05-10.
organouorine compounds, but experiments have been per-
formed using silanes.[7] It was once used for the industrial
3.5.5 External links production of freon. Other uorine-containing Lewis acids
serve as uorinating agents in conjunction with hydrogen
WebBook page for SbF5 uoride.
SbF3 is used in dyeing and in pottery, to make ceramic
National Pollutant Inventory - Antimony and com-
enamels and glazes.
pounds fact sheet

National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride compounds

fact sheet 3.6.3 Safety

The lethal minimum dose (guinea pig, oral) is 100 mg/kg.[8]

3.6 Antimony triuoride
Antimony triuoride is the inorganic compound with the
formula SbF3 . Sometimes called Swarts reagent, is one
of two principal uorides of antimony, the other being
SbF5 . It appears as a white solid. As well as some indus-
trial applications,[1] it is used as a reagent in inorganic and
organouorine chemistry.
3.6.1 Preparation and structure
In solid SbF3 , the Sb centres have octahedral molecular ge-
ometry and are linked by bridging uoride ligands. Three
3.6.4 References
[1] Sabina C. Grund, Kunibert Hanusch, Hans J. Breunig, Hans
Uwe Wolf Antimony and Antimony Compounds in Ull-
manns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-
VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_055.pub2
[2] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry
of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN
0080379419.
[3] Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed.
Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1.
p. 199.
18 CHAPTER 3. COMPOUNDS

[4] Tariq Mahmood and Charles B. Lindahl The mono- and tetrahydrates are known, SbCl5 H2 O
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Antimony SbCl5 4 H2 O.
in KirkOthmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology.doi:10.1002/0471238961.0114200913010813.a01This compound forms adducts with many Lewis bases. It
is used as the standard Lewis acid in the Gutmann scale of
[5] Swarts (1892). Acad. Roy. Belg 3 (24): 474. Lewis basicity.[6]
[6] US 4438088 It is also a strong oxidizing agent.[7]
[7] Booth, Harold Simmons; Suttle, John Francis (1946).
IV. The Preparation and Fluorination of Dimethyl and
Trimethyl Chlorosilanes. J. Ac. Chem. Soc 68 (12): 2658 3.7.3 Applications
2660. doi:10.1021/ja01216a072.
Antimony pentachloride is used as a polymerization catalyst
[8] Sabina C. Grund, Kunibert Hanusch, Hans J. Breunig, Hans and for the chlorination of organic compounds.
Uwe Wolf Antimony and Antimony Compounds in Ull-
manns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-
VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_055.pub2
3.7.4 References

3.6.5 External links [1] http://www.inchem.org/documents/ukpids/ukpids/

ukpid36.htm
WebBook page for SbF3
[2] Sigma-Aldrich Co., Antimony(V) chloride. Retrieved on
2014-05-29.

3.7 Antimony pentachloride [3] http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&

Antimony pentachloride is a chemical compound with the
formula SbCl5 . It is a colourless oil, but typical samples
are yellowish due to impurities. Owing to its tendency to
hydrolyse to hydrochloric acid, SbCl5 is a highly corrosive
substance.
id=1979
[4] Antimony pentachloride in Linstrom, P.J.; Mallard, W.G.
(eds.) NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference
Database Number 69. National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Gaithersburg MD. http://webbook.nist.gov (re-
trieved 2014-05-29)

[5] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry

3.7.1 Preparation and structure of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN
0080379419.
Antimony pentachloride is prepared by passing chlorine gas
into molten antimony trichloride: [6] V. Gutmann (1976). Solvent eects on the reactivities of
organometallic compounds. Coord. Chem. Rev. 18 (2):
SbCl3 + Cl2 SbCl5 225. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)82045-7.

[7] Connelly, N. G. and Geiger, W. E. (1996). Chemical Re-

Gaseous SbCl5 has a trigonal prismatic structure.[5]
dox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry. Chem. Rev. 96:
877922. doi:10.1021/cr940053x. PMID 11848774.
3.7.2 Reactions
Antimony pentachloride hydrolyses readily to give 3.7.5 External links
hydrochloric acid:
3.8 Antimony pentasulde
2 SbCl5 + 5 H2 O Sb2 O5 + 10 HCl
Antimony pentasulde is an inorganic compound of
This reaction is suppressed in the presence of a large excess antimony and sulfur, also known as antimony red. It is a
of chloride, owing to the formation of the hexachloroanti- nonstoichiometric compound with a variable composition.
monate complex ion: Commercial samples are usually are contaminated with sul-
fur, which may be removed by washing with carbon disul-
SbCl5 + Cl- [SbCl6 ]- de in a Soxhlet extractor.
3.9. ANTIMONY PENTOXIDE 19

3.8.1 Production distorted octahedral arrangement. The SbO6 octahedra are

corner- and edge-sharing.[1]
Antimony pentasulde can be produced by the reaction of
antimony with sulfur at a temperature between 250-400 C
in an inert atmosphere.

3.9.2 Preparation
3.8.2 Uses
The hydrated oxide is prepared by hydrolysis of antimony
It may be used as a red pigment and is one possible pre- pentachloride; or by acidication of potassium hexahydrox-
cursor to Schlippes Salt, Na3 SbS4 , which can be prepared oantimonate(V). It may also be prepared by oxidation of
according to the equation: antimony trioxide with nitric acid.[2]

3 Na2 S + Sb2 S5 + 9 H2 O 2 Na3 SbS4 9H2 O

3.9.3 Uses
3.8.3 Physical chemistry It nds use as a ame retardant in ABS and other plastics,
a occulant in the production of titanium dioxide and
Like many suldes, this compound liberates hydrogen sul- is sometimes used in the production of glass, paint and
de upon treatment with strong acids like hydrochloric adhesives.[3][4]
acid.[1]
It is also used as an ion-exchange resin for a number if
cations in acidic solution including Na+ (especially for their
6 HCl + Sb2 S5 2 SbCl3 + 3 H2 S + 2 S selective retentions); and as a polymerization and oxidation
catalyst.
Analysis by Mssbauer spectroscopy indicates that this
compound is a derivative antimony(III),[2] explaining
the production of antimony(III) chloride, rather than 3.9.4 Properties and reactions
antimony(V) chloride, upon acidication. It is therefore
not analogous to the phosphorus(V) compound phosphorus The hydrated oxide is insoluble in nitric acid, but dissolves
pentasulde. in concentrated potassium hydroxide solution to give potas-
sium hexahydroxoantimonate(V), KSb(OH)6 .[5]

3.8.4 References When heated at 700 C the yellow hydrated pentoxide con-
verts to an anhydrous white solid with a formula Sb6 O13
[1] Strem MSDS containing both Sb(III) and Sb(V). Heating at 900 C pro-
duces a white insoluble powder of Sb2 O4 of both and
[2] G. G. Long, J. G. Stevens, L. H. Bowen, S. L. Ruby (1969). forms. The form consists of Sb(V) in octahedral inter-
The oxidation number of antimony in antimony pentasul- stices and pyramidal Sb(III) O units. In these compounds,
4
de. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 5 (1): 2125.
Sb(V) atom is octahedrally coordinated to six OH groups.
doi:10.1016/0020-1650(69)80231-X.
The pentoxide can be reduced to antimony metal by heating
with hydrogen or potassium cyanide.[6]
3.9 Antimony pentoxide
3.9.5 References
Antimony pentoxide (Sb2 O5 ) is a chemical compound of
antimony and oxygen. It always occurs in hydrated form, [1] M. Jansen (March 1979). Die Kristallstruktur von
Sb2 O5 nH2 O. It contains antimony in the +5 oxidation Antimon(V)-oxid. Acta Cryst. B35 (3): 539542.
state. doi:10.1107/S056774087900409X.

[2] Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals.

McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049439-8
3.9.1 Structure
[3] Bartlett, Jerey (1997-03-19). Colloidal Antimony Pen-
Antimony pentoxide has the same structure as the B form toxide in Flame Retarded ABS. Nyacol Products, Inc.
of niobium pentoxide and can be derived from the rutile Archived from the original on 3 August 2006. Retrieved
structure, with antimony coordinated by six oxygens in a 2006-07-28.
20 CHAPTER 3. COMPOUNDS

[4] ANTIMONY PENTOXIDE. chemicalLAND21.com. 3.11.1 Production

Archived from the original on 27 August 2006. Retrieved
2006-07-28. It may be made by the reaction of antimony with elemen-
[5] Pradyot Patnaik (2002). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. tal bromine, or by the reaction of antimony trioxide with
McGraw-Hill. p. 54. ISBN 0-07-049439-8. hydrobromic acid.

[6] Antimony in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chem- Alternatively, it can be prepared by the action of bromine
istry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, on a mixture of antimony sulde and antimony trioxide at
NY. Vol. 1. p. 606. 250 C.

3.10 Antimony tetroxide 3.11.2 Uses

It can be added to polymers such as polyethylene as a re

Antimony tetroxide is an inorganic compound with the retardant.[1] It is also used in the production of other anti-
formula Sb2 O4 . This material, which exists as the mineral mony compounds, in chemical analysis, as a mordant, and
cervantite,[2] is white but reversibly yellows upon heating. in dyeing. [2]
The material, with empirical formula SbO2 , is called anti-
mony tetroxide to signify the presence of two kinds of Sb
centers. 3.11.3 Chemical Properties

3.10.1 Formation and structure Antimony tribromide has two crystalline forms, both hav-
ing orthorhombic symmetries. When a warm carbon disul-
The material forms when Sb2 O3 is heated in air:[3] de solution of SbBr3 is rapidly cooled, it crystallizes into
the needle-like -SbBr3 , which then slowly converts to the
Sb2 O3 + 0.5 O2 Sb2 O4 H = 187 kJ/mol more stable form.[3]
Antimony tribromide hydrolyzes in water to form hydro-
At 800 C, antimony(V) oxide loses oxygen to give the same bromic acid and antimony trioxide:
material:
2 SbBr3 + 3 H2 O Sb2 O3 + 6 HBr
Sb2 O5 Sb2 O4 + 0.5 O2 H = 64 kJ/mol

The material is mixed valence, containing both Sb(V) and 3.11.4 References
Sb(III) centers. Two polymorphs are known, one or-
thorhombic (shown in the infobox) and one monoclinic.[1] [1] Yang, Y. P.; D. G. Brewer; J. E. S. Venart (1991).
Both forms feature octahedral Sb(V) centers arranged in A study of the synergistic action of antimony oxide in
sheets with distorted Sb(III) centers bound to four oxides. re-retardant polyethylene. Fire and Materials 15: 37.
doi:10.1002/fam.810150107.

3.10.2 References [2] Antimony tribromide http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/

[1] J. Amador, E. Gutierrez Puebla, M. A. Monge, I. Rasines,
and C. Ruiz Valero Diantimony Tetraoxides Revisited
Inorganic Chemistry 1988, Volume 27, pp. 13671370.
doi:10.1021/ic00281a011
[2] Cervantite. Webminerals. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
[3] Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Aca-
demic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
chemical/2501
[3] Okuda, Tsutomu; Terao, Hiromitsu; Ege, Osamu; Ne-
gita, Hisao (1970). Structural Studies of Antimony Tri-
bromide and Its Molecular Complex with Benzene by
Means of the 81Br Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance. Bul-
letin of the Chemical Society of Japan 43 (8): 2398.
doi:10.1246/bcsj.43.2398.

3.12 Antimony trichloride

3.11 Antimony tribromide
Antimony trichloride is the chemical compound with the
Antimony tribromide (SbBr3 ) is a chemical compound formula SbCl3 . The soft colorless solid with a pungent odor
containing antimony in its +3 oxidation state. was known to the alchemists as butter of antimony.
3.12. ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE 21

3.12.1 Preparation and two at 374 pm. These eight atoms can be considered
as forming a bicapped trigonal prism. These distances can
Antimony trichloride is prepared by reaction of chlorine be contrasted with BiCl3 which has three near neighbors at
with antimony, antimony tribromide, antimony trioxide, or 250 pm, with two at 324 pm and three at a mean of 336
antimony trisulde. It also may be made by treating anti- pm. The point to note here is that the all eight close neigh-
mony trioxide with concentrated hydrochloric acid. bours of Bi are closer than the eight closest neighbours of
Sb, demonstrating the tendency for Bi to adopt higher co-
ordination numbers.[9][6]
3.12.2 Reactions
3.12.4 Uses
SbCl3 is a reagent for detecting vitamin A and related
carotenoids in the Carr-Price test. The antimony trichlo-
ride reacts with the carotenoid to form a blue complex that
can be measured by colorimetry.
Antimony trichloride has also been used to enhance the
louche eect in absinthe. It has been used in the past to
dissolve and remove horn stubs from calves without having
to cut them o.
It is also used as a catalyst for polymerization, hydrocrack-
Antimony trichloride solution in hydrochloric acid ing and chlorination reactions; as a mordant; and in the pro-
duction of other antimony salts. Its solution is used as an
SbCl3 is readily hydrolysed and samples of SbCl3 must be analytical reagent for chloral, aromatics and vitamin A.[10]
protected from moisture. With a limited amount of water
it forms antimony oxychloride releasing hydrogen chloride: 3.12.5 Appearance in popular culture
SbCl3 + H2 O SbOCl + 2 HCl In episode 12 of the third season of the popular British pro-
gram All Creatures Great and Small, several calves died fol-
With more water it forms Sb4 O5 Cl2 which on heating to lowing an episode of nonspecic gastroenteritis, the cause
460 under argon converts to Sb8 O11 Cl .[6] of which was later determined to be ingestion of antimony
trichloride present in a solution used to dissolve their horn
SbCl3 readily forms complexes with halides, but the sto-
stubs.
ichiometries are not a good guide to the composition,[6]
for example the (C5 H5 NH)SbCl4 contains a chain an-
ion with distorted SbIII octahedra. Similarly the salt 3.12.6 References
(C4 H9 NH3 )2 SbCl5 contains a polymeric anion of compo-
sition [SbCl5 2 ] with distorted octahedral SbIII .[7] [1] http://antimony.atomistry.com/antimony_trichloride.html
With nitrogen donor ligands, L, complexes with a stere- [2] Sigma-Aldrich Co., Antimony(III) chloride. Retrieved on
ochemically active lone-pair are formed, for example - 2014-05-29.
trigonal bipyramidal LSbCl3 and -octahedral L2 SbCl3 .[8]
[3] Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1952). Solubilities of
SbCl3 is only a feeble Lewis base,[6] however some com- Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Van Nostrand.
plexes are known for example the carbonyl complexes,
[4] http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&
Fe(CO)3 (SbCl3 )2 and Ni(CO)3 SbCl3 .[8] id=1978
[5] Antimony trichloride in Linstrom, P.J.; Mallard, W.G.
3.12.3 Structure (eds.) NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference
Database Number 69. National Institute of Standards and
In the gas phase SbCl3 is pyramidal with an Cl-Sb-Cl an- Technology, Gaithersburg MD. http://webbook.nist.gov (re-
gle of 97.2 and a bond length of 233 pm.[9] In SbCl3 each trieved 2014-05-28)
Sb has three Cl atoms at 234 pm showing the persistence [6] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry
of the molecular SbCl3 unit, however there are a further of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 558571.
ve neighboring Cl atoms, two at 346 pm, one at 361 pm ISBN 0-08-022057-6.
22 CHAPTER 3. COMPOUNDS

[7] Zarychta, B.; Zaleski, J. Phase transitions mechanism and [2] Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1952). [Google Books
distortion of SbCl6 3 octahedra in bis(n-butylammonium) Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds]. Van Nos-
pentachloroantimonate(III) (C4 H9 NH3 )2 [SbCl5 ] extquot- trand. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
edbl. Z. Naturforsch. B 2006, 61, 11011109. Abstract
(PDF) [3] Sigma-Aldrich Co., Antimony(III) iodide. Retrieved on
2014-05-29.
[8] Antimony: Inorganic Chemistry R. Bruce King Encyclo- [4] Hsueh, H.C., Chen, R.K., Vass, H., Clark, S.J., Ack-
pedia of Inorganic Chemistry Editor R Bruce King (1994) land, G.J., Poon, W.C.K., Crain, J. (1998). Compres-
John Wiley and Sons ISBN 0-471-93620-0 sion mechanisms in quasimolecular XI3 (X = As, Sb,
Bi) solids. Physical Review B 58 (22): 1481214822.
[9] Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edi- doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.58.14812.
tion, pp. 879 - 884, Oxford Science Publications, ISBN 0-
19-855370-6 [5] Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Aca-
demic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
[10] Patnaik, P. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-
Hill, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049439-8. [6] D.-Y. Chung, T. Hogan, P. Brazis, M. Rocci-Lane, C. Kan-
newurf, M. Bastea, C. Uher, M. G. Kanatzidis (2000).
CsBi4 Te6 : A High-Performance Thermoelectric Material
for Low-Temperature Applications. Science 287 (5455):
3.12.7 External links 10247. doi:10.1126/science.287.5455.1024. PMID
10669411.
3.13 Antimony triiodide
3.13.4 External links
Antimony triiodide is the chemical compound with the
formula SbI3 . This ruby-red solid is the only character-
ized binary iodide of antimony, i.e. the sole compound
isolated with the formula SbI . It contains antimony in
its +3 oxidation state. Like many iodides of the heavier 3.14 Antimony trioxide
main group elements, its structure depends on the phase.
Gaseous SbI3 is a molecular, pyramidal species as antici-
Antimony trioxide is the inorganic compound with the
pated by VSEPR theory. In the solid state, however, the Sb
formula Sb2 O3 . It is the most important commercial
center is surrounded by an octahedron of six iodide ligands,
compound of antimony. It is found in nature as the
three of which are closer and three more distant.[4] For the
minerals valentinite and senarmontite.[1] Like most poly-
related compound BiI3 , all six BiI distances are equal.[5]
meric oxides, Sb2 O3 dissolves in aqueous solutions with
hydrolysis.
3.13.1 Production
3.14.1 Production and properties
It may be formed by the reaction of antimony with ele-
mental iodine, or the reaction of antimony trioxide with Global production of antimony trioxide in 2012 was
hydroiodic acid. 130,000 tonnes, an increase from 112,600 tonnes in 2002.
Alternatively, it may be prepared by the interaction of anti- China produces the largest share followed by US/Mexico,
mony and iodine in boiling benzene or tetrachloroethane. Europe, Japan and South Africa and other countries
(2%).[2]
As of 2010, antimony trioxide was produced at four sites in
3.13.2 Uses EU27. It is produced via two routes, re-volatilizing of crude
antimony trioxide and by oxidation of antimony metal. Ox-
SbI3 has been used as a dopant in the preparation of ther- idation of antimony metal dominates in Europe. Several
moelectric materials.[6] processes for the production of crude antimony trioxide or
metallic antimony from virgin material. The choice of pro-
cess depends on the composition of the ore and other fac-
3.13.3 References tors. Typical steps include mining, crushing and grinding
of ore, sometimes followed by froth otation and separa-
[1] http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1& tion of the metal using pyrometallurgical processes (smelt-
id=5180 ing or roasting) or in a few cases (e.g. when the ore is rich
3.14. ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE 23

in precious metals) by hydrometallurgical processes. These angle of 95.6.[8] This form exists in nature as the mineral
steps do not take place in the EU but closer to the mining senarmontite.[7] Above 606 C, the more stable form is
location. orthorhombic, consisting of pairs -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that
are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers. This
form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite.[7]
Re-volatilizing of crude antimony trioxide

Step 1) Crude stibnite is oxidised to crude antimony trioxide

using furnaces operating at approximately 850 to 1,000 C.
The reaction is the following: 3.14.3 Uses
2 Sb2 S3 + 9 O2 2 Sb2 O3 + 6 SO2 The annual consumption of antimony trioxide in the United
States and Europe is approximately 10,000 and 25,000
Step 2) The crude antimony trioxide is vaporised and con- tonnes, respectively. The main application is as ame retar-
densed dant synergist in combination with halogenated materials.
The combination of the halides and the antimony being key
to the ame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form
Oxidation of antimony metal
less ammable chars. Such ame retardants are found in
electrical apparatus, textiles, leather, and coatings.[9]
Antimony metal is oxidized to antimony trioxide in
furnaces. The reaction is exothermic. Antimony trioxide Other applications:
is formed through sublimation and recovered in bag lters
(bag house). The size of the formed particles is controlled Antimony trioxide is an opacifying agent for glasses,
by process conditions in furnace and gas ow. The reaction ceramics and enamels.
can be schematically described by:
Some specialty pigments contain antimony.
Antimony trioxide is a useful catalyst in the produc-
4 Sb + 3 O2 2 Sb2 O3 tion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and
the vulcanization of rubber.
Properties
3.14.4 Safety
Antimony trioxide is an amphoteric oxide, it dissolves
in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give the meta- Antimony trioxide has suspected carcinogenic potential for
antimonite NaSbO2 , which can be isolated as the trihydrate.
humans.[9] Its TLV is 0.5 mg/m3 , as for most antimony
Antimony trioxide also dissolves in concentrated mineral compounds.[10]
acids to give the corresponding salts, which hydrolyzes upon
No other human health hazards were identied for antimony
dilution with water.[3] With nitric acid, the trioxide is oxi-
trioxide, and no risks to human health and the environment
dized to antimony(V) oxide.[4] were identied from the production and use of antimony
When heated with carbon, the oxide is reduced to antimony trioxide in daily life.
metal. With other reducing agents such as sodium boro-
hydride or lithium aluminium hydride, the unstable and
very toxic gas stibine is produced.[5] When heated with 3.14.5 References
potassium bitartrate, a complex salt potassium antimony
[1] Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of
tartrate, KSb(OH)2 C4 H2 O6 is formed.[4]
the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann.
ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
3.14.2 Structure [2] http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/risk_assessment/
REPORT/datreport415.pdf
The structure of Sb2 O3 depends on the temperature of the
sample. Dimeric Sb4 O6 is the high temperature (1560 C) [3] Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Chapter 15: The
group 15 elements. Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Pearson.
gas.[6] Sb4 O6 molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the re-
p. 481. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6.
lated oxide of phosphorus(III), phosphorus trioxide.[7] The
cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cu- [4] Patnaik, P. (2002). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals.
bic habit. The Sb-O distance is 197.7 pm and the O-Sb-O McGraw-Hill. p. 56. ISBN 0-07-049439-8.
24 CHAPTER 3. COMPOUNDS

[5] Bellama, J. M.; MacDiarmid, A. G. (1968). Synthesis of
the Hydrides of Germanium, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and An-
timony by the Solid-Phase Reaction of the Corresponding
Oxide with Lithium Aluminum Hydride. Inorganic Chem-
istry 7 (10): 20702072. doi:10.1021/ic50068a024.
[6] Wiberg, E.; Holleman, A. F. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry.
Elsevier. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
the oxidation state 3+ and selenium 2-, but in fact the bond-
ing in this compound is highly covalent as reected by the
black color and semiconducting properties of this and re-
lated materials.[2]
It may be formed by the reaction of antimony with
selenium.

[7] Wells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry. Oxford:

Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6. 3.15.1 References
[8] Svensson, C. (1975). Renement of the crystal [1] Jambor, J. L.; Grew, E. S. extquotedblNew Mineral Names
structure of cubic antimony trioxide, Sb2 O3 extquot- American Mineralogist, Volume 79, pages 387-391, 1994.
edbl. Acta Crystallographica B 31 (8): 20162018.
doi:10.1107/S0567740875006759. [2] Caracas, R.; Gonze, X. First-principles study of the elec-
tronic properties of A2 B3 minerals,, with A=Bi,Sb and
[9] Grund, S. C.; Hanusch, K.; Breunig, H. J.; Wolf, H. U. B=S,Se, Note: Hypothetical sulphosalt structure derived
(2005), Antimony and Antimony Compounds, Ullmanns from density functional theory extquotedbl extquotedbl
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley- Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 2005, volume 32 p.295-
VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_055.pub2 300.
[10] Newton, P. E.; Schroeder, R. E.; Zwick, L.; Serex, T.
(2004). Inhalation Developmental Toxicity Studies In Rats
With Antimony Trioxide (Sb2 O3 ) extquotedbl. Toxicologist 3.16 Antimony(III) acetate
78 ((1-S)): 38.
Antimony(III) acetate is the antimony salt of acetic acid
3.14.6 Further reading with the chemical formula of Sb(CH3 COO)3 . It has the
appearance of a white powder, is moderately water soluble,
Institut national de recherche et de scurit (INRS), and is used as a catalyst in the production of synthetic bers.
Fiche toxicologique n 198 : Trioxyde de diantimoine,
1992.
3.16.1 Preparation
The Oxide Handbook, G.V. Samsonov, 1981, 2nd ed.
IFI/Plenum, ISBN 0-306-65177-7 It can be prepared by the reaction of antimony(III) oxide
with acetic acid:
Antimony trioxide Risk Assessment Report
Sb2 O3 + 6 HC2 H3 O2 2 Sb(C2 H3 O2 )3 +
3.14.7 External links 3H2 O

International Antimony Association

International Chemical Safety Card 0012
ESIS: European chemical Substances Information
System
Antimony Market And Price
Socit industrielle et chimique de l'Aisne
3.16.2 Crystal Structure
The crystal structure of antimony(III) acetate has been de-
termined by X-ray crystallography. It consists of discrete
Sb(OAc)3 monomers with monodentate acetate ligands.
The monomers are linked together into chains by weaker
C=OSb intermolecular interactions.[1]

3.15 Antimony triselenide

Antimony triselenide is the chemical compound with
the formula Sb2 Se3 . The material exists as the sulfosalt
mineral antimonselite, which crystallizes in an orthorhom-
bic space group.[1] In this compound, antimony is assigned
3.17. FLUOROANTIMONIC ACID 25

3.16.3 References H2 F+ + HF HF + H2 F+

[1] Hall, M.; Sowerby, D. B. (1980). Antimony(III) ac- Fluoroantimonic acid thermally decomposes at higher tem-
etate and thioacetate: spectra and crystal structures. peratures, emitting hydrogen uoride vapour.
J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. (8): 12921296.
doi:10.1039/DT9800001292.
3.17.1 Structure
3.17 Fluoroantimonic acid Two related products have been crystallised from HF-SbF5
mixtures, and both have been analyzed by single crys-
Fluoroantimonic acid (systematically named u- tal X-ray crystallography. These salts have the formulas
+ +
oronium hexauorostibanuide and uoronium [H2 F ][Sb2 F11 ] and [H3 F2 ][Sb2 F11 ]. In both salts, the
[5]
hexauoridoantimonate(1-)) is an inorganic com- anion is Sb2 F11 . As mentioned above, SbF6 is classi-
pound with the chemical formula H ed as weakly basic; the larger monoanion Sb2 F11 would
2FSbF be expected to be still weaker.
6 (also written H The following values are based upon the Hammett acidity
2F[SbF function. Acidity is indicated by large negative values of
6]). It is an ionic liquid created by reacting hydrogen H0 .
uoride (HF) with antimony pentauoride (SbF5 ) in
stoichiometrically equivalent amounts. It is the strongest Fluoroantimonic acid (1990) (H0 Value = 31.3)
known superacid, which has been demonstrated to
protonate even hydrocarbons to aord carbocations Magic acid (1974) (H0 Value = 19.2)
[1]
and H2 . Similar acids can be created by using excess Carborane superacid (1969) (H0 Value = 18.0)
antimony pentauoride.[2]
Fluorosulfuric acid (1944) (H0 Value = 15.1)
The reaction to produce uoroantimonic acid is:
Triic acid (1940) (H0 Value = 14.9)
2 HF H2 F+ + F-
SbF5 + F- SbF6 -
3.17.2 Applications
The overall reaction is: Main article: Superacid Applications

SbF5 + 2 HF SbF6 - + H2 F+
This extraordinarily strong acid protonates nearly all
organic compounds. In 1967, Bickel and Hogeveen showed
The second reaction is not in equilibrium, therefore the that HF-SbF5 will remove H2 from isobutane and methane
overall reaction is not in equilibrium. The reaction is from neopentane:[6][7]
exothermic.
The F- , a homoassociation product of the Lewis base hy- (CH3 )3 CH + H+ (CH3 )3 C+ + H2
drogen uoride, attacks the SbF5 molecules, yielding the (CH3 )4 C + H+ (CH3 )3 C+ + CH4
adduct SbF6 - . In the uoronium ion, the hydrogen uo-
ride is coordinated to the hydrogen, although the molecule In terms of materials compatible with uoroantimonic
is formally classied as noncoordinating, because it is both acid as solvents include SO2 ClF, and sulfur dioxide; some
a very weak nucleophile and a very weak base. chlorouorocarbons have also been used. Containers for
The acid is often said to contain extquotedblnaked protons HF-SbF5 are made of PTFE.
extquotedbl, but the freed protons always attach to hydrogen
uoride molecules through very weak dative bonds, mak-
ing uoronium cations (similar to the hydronium cations in 3.17.3 Safety
aqueous solutions).[3] The weakness of this bond accounts
for the systems extreme acidity. Fluoroantimonic acid is HF-SbF5 has been described [2]
as extremely corrosive, toxic,
1016 (10 quadrillion) times stronger than 100% sulfuric and moisture sensitive.
acid.[4] The protons easily migrate through the solution, It reacts violently with water, producing hydrogen uoride,
jumping from H2 F+ to HF, when present, by the Grotthuss dioxygen, and triuoridoantimony. It will fume in humid
mechanism: air.
26
3.17.4 See also
Fluoroboric acid
Fluorosulfuric acid
Hexauorophosphoric acid
3.17.5 References
[1] Olah, G. A. (2001). A Life of Magic Chemistry: Autobio-
graphical Reections of a Nobel Prize Winner. John Wiley
and Sons. pp. 100101. ISBN 0-471-15743-0.
[2] Olah, G. A.; Prakash, G. K. S.; Wang, Q.; Li, X. (2001).
Hydrogen FluorideAntimony(V) Fluoride. In Paquette,
L. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. New
York: J. Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rh037m.
[3] Klein, M. L. (October 25, 2000). Getting the Jump on Su-
peracids (pdf). Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC).
Retrieved 2012-04-15.
[4] Olah, G. A. (2005). Crossing Conventional Boundaries in
Half a Century of Research. Journal of Organic Chem-
istry 70 (7): 24132429. doi:10.1021/jo040285o. PMID
15787527.
[5] Mootz, D.; Bartmann, K. (1988). The Fluoronium Ions
H2 F and H3 F2 : Characterization by Crystal Structure The exact composition can be tuned in order to make it
+ +
Analysis. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition 27 (3): lattice matched. The presence of ve elements in the al-
391392. doi:10.1002/anie.198803911.
[6] Bickel, A. F.; Gaasbeek, C. J.; Hogeveen, H.; Oelderik,
J. M.; Platteeuw, J. C. (1967). Chemistry and spec-
troscopy in strongly acidic solutions: reversible re-
action between aliphatic carbonium ions and hydro-
gen. Chemical Communications 1967 (13): 634635.
doi:10.1039/C19670000634.
[7] Hogeveen, H.; Bickel, A. F. (1967). Chemistry and spec-
troscopy in strongly acidic solutions: electrophilic substitu-
tion at alkane-carbon by protons. Chemical Communica-
tions 1967 (13): 635636. doi:10.1039/C19670000635.
3.18 Gallium antimonide
Gallium antimonide (GaSb) is a semiconducting com-
pound of gallium and antimony of the III-V family. It has
a lattice constant of about 0.61 nm.
3.18.1 Applications
GaSb can be used for Infrared detectors, infrared LEDs and
lasers and transistors, and thermophotovoltaic systems.
CHAPTER 3. COMPOUNDS
3.18.2 See also
Aluminium antimonide
Indium antimonide
Gallium arsenide
3.18.3 External links
properties listed at NSM, Ioe Institute.
National Compound Semiconductor Roadmap at the
Oce of Naval Research
3.19 Gallium indium arsenide anti-
monide phosphide
Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide
(GaInAsSbP or GaInPAsSb) is a semiconductor material.
Research has shown that GaInAsSbP can be used in the
manufacture of mid-infrared light-emitting diodes[1][2] and
thermophotovoltaic cells.[3]
GaInAsSbP layers can be grown by heteroepitaxy on
indium arsenide, gallium antimonide and other materials.
loy allows extra degrees of freedom, making it possible to
x the lattice constant while varying the bandgap.
3.19.1 See also
Aluminium gallium phosphide
Aluminium gallium indium phosphide
Indium gallium arsenide phosphide
Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide
3.19.2 References
[1] Room temperature midinfrared electroluminescence from
GaInAsSbP light emitting diodes, A. Krier, V. M. Smirnov,
P. J. Batty, V. I. Vasilev, G. S. Gagis, and V. I. Kuchin-
skii, Appl. Phys. Lett. vol. 90 pp. 211115 (2007)
doi:10.1063/1.2741147
[2] Lattice-matched GaInPAsSb/InAs structures for devices of
infrared optoelectronics, M. Aidaraliev, N. V. Zotova, S. A.
Karandashev, B. A. Matveev, M. A. Remennyi, N. M. Stus,
G. N. Talalakin, V. V. Shustov, V. V. Kuznetsov and E. A.
Kognovitskaya, Semiconductors vol. 36 num. 8 pp. 944-
949 (2002) doi:10.1134/1.1500478
3.20. INDIUM ANTIMONIDE 27

[3] Low Bandgap GaInAsSbP Pentanary Thermophotovoltaic to 2048x2048 pixels) are available.[5] HgCdTe and PtSi are
Diodes, K. J. Cheetham, P. J. Carrington, N. B. Cook and materials with similar use.
A. Krier, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 95 pp.
534-537 (2011) doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2010.08.036 A layer of indium antimonide sandwiched between lay-
ers of aluminium indium antimonide can act as a quantum
well. In such a heterostructure InSb/AlInSb has recently
3.19.3 External links been shown to exhibit a robust quantum Hall eect.[6]
This approach is studied in order to construct very fast
transistors.[7] Bipolar transistors operating at frequencies
3.20 Indium antimonide up to 85 GHz were constructed from indium antimonide
in the late 1990s; eld-eect transistors operating at over
Indium antimonide (InSb) is a crystalline compound 200 GHz have been reported more recently (Intel/QinetiQ).
made from the elements indium (In) and antimony (Sb). Some models suggest that terahertz frequencies are achiev-
It is a narrow-gap semiconductor material from the III-V able with this material. Indium antimonide semiconductor
group used in infrared detectors, including thermal imaging devices are also capable of operating with voltages under
cameras, FLIR systems, infrared homing missile guidance 0.5 V, reducing their power requirements.
systems, and in infrared astronomy. The indium antimonide
detectors are sensitive between 15 m wavelengths. In-
dium antimonide was a very common detector in the old, 3.20.3 Growth methods
single-detector mechanically scanned thermal imaging sys-
tems. Another application is as a terahertz radiation source InSb can be grown by solidifying a melt from the liquid
as it is a strong photo-Dember emitter. state (Czochralski process), or epitaxially by liquid phase
epitaxy, hot wall epitaxy or molecular beam epitaxy. It can
also be grown from organometallic compounds by MOVPE.
3.20.1 History
InSb crystals have been grown by slow cooling from liquid 3.20.4 Device applications
melt at least since 1954.[1]
Thermal image detectors using photodiodes or
photoelectromagnetic detectors
3.20.2 Physical properties
Magnetic eld sensors using magnetoresistance or the
InSb has the appearance of dark-grey silvery metal pieces Hall eect
or powder with vitreous lustre. When subjected to tem-
Fast transistors (in terms of dynamic switching). This
peratures over 500 C, it melts and decomposes, liberating
is due to the high carrier mobility of InSb.
antimony and antimony oxide vapors.
InSb is a narrow-gap semiconductor with an energy band
gap of 0.17 eV at 300 K and 0.23 eV at 80 K. The crystal 3.20.5 References
structure is zincblende with a 0.648 nm lattice constant.[2]
[1] Avery, D G; Goodwin, D W; Lawson, W D; Moss, T S
Undoped InSb possesses the largest ambient-temperature (1954). Optical and Photo-Electrical Properties of Indium
electron mobility (78000 cm2 /(V*s)),[3] electron drift ve- Antimonide. Proceedings of the Physical Society. Series B
locity, and ballistic length (up to 0.7 m at 300 K)[2] of any 67 (10): 761. doi:10.1088/0370-1301/67/10/304.
known semiconductor, except for carbon nanotubes.
[2] Properties of Indium Antimonide (InSb)
Indium antimonide photodiode detectors are photovoltaic,
generating electric current when subjected to infrared ra- [3] Rode, D. L. (1971). Electron Transport in InSb,
diation. InSbs internal quantum eciency is eectively InAs, and InP. Physical Review B 3 (10): 3287.
100% but is a function of the thickness particularly for doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.3.3287.
near bandedge photons.[4] Like all narrow bandgap materi-
als InSb detectors require periodic recalibrations, increas- [4] Avery, D G; Goodwin, D W; Rennie, Miss A E (1957).
New infra-red detectors using indium antimonide. Journal
ing the complexity of the imaging system. This added com-
of Scientic Instruments 34 (10): 394. doi:10.1088/0950-
plexity is worthwhile where extreme sensitivity is required, 7671/34/10/305.
e.g. in long-range military thermal imaging systems. InSb
detectors also require cooling, as they have to operate at [5] M. G. Beckett High Resolution Infrared Imaging, PhD
cryogenic temperatures (typically 80 K). Large arrays (up thesis, Cambridge University (1995) Chapter 3: Camera
28 CHAPTER 3. COMPOUNDS

[6] J. A. Alexander-Webber et al. High-current break-
down of the quantum Hall eect and electron heating in
InSb/AlInSb, Phys. Rev. B 86, 045404 (2012)
[7] 'Quantum well' transistor promises lean computing
3.20.6 External links
National Compound Semiconductor Roadmap at the
Oce of Naval Research
Material safety data sheet at University of Texas at
Dallas
1950s due to higher toxicity compared to sodium stiboglu-
conate.
The compounds currently available for clinical use are:
sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam; manufactured by
GlaxoSmithKline; available in United States and UK),
which is administered by slow intravenous injection.
meglumine antimoniate (Glucantim; manufactured
by Aventis; available in Brazil, France and Italy),
which is administered by intramuscular or intravenous
injection.[1]

The pentavalent antimonials can only be given by injection:

there are no oral preparations available.
3.21 Meglumine antimoniate
Meglumine antimoniate (or meglumine antimonate) is 3.22.2 Alternatives
a medicine used for treating leishmaniasis.[1] It is manufac-
tured by Aventis[2] and sold as Glucantime in France, and In many countries, widespread resistance to antimony has
Glucantim in Italy. It belongs to a group of compounds meant that amphotericin or miltefosine are now used in
known as the pentavalent antimonials. It is administered by preference.[2]
intramuscular injection.

3.22.3 Side eects

3.21.1 See also
Cardiotoxicity, reversible renal failure, pancreatitis,
Meglumine anemia, leukopenia, rash, headache, abdominal pain,
nausea, vomiting, arthralgia, myalgia, thrombocytopenia,
and transaminase elevation.
3.21.2 References
[1] Soto, J.; Fuya, P.; Herrera, R.; Berman, J. (1998). Topical 3.22.4 References
paromomycin/methylbenzethonium chloride plus parenteral
meglumine antimonate as treatment for American cutaneous [1] Lima EB, Porto C, Motta JCO, Sampaio RNR.Treatment
leishmaniasis: Controlled study. Clinical infectious diseases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. An Bras Dermatol.
: an ocial publication of the Infectious Diseases Society 2007;82(2):111-24.
of America 26 (1): 5658. doi:10.1086/516267. PMID
9455509. [2] Olliaro P, Guerin P, Gerstl S, (2005). Treatment options
for visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review of clinical
[2] Aventis press release, 15 April 2005. (German) studies done in India, 19802004. Lancet Infect Dis 5 (12):
763774. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70296-6. PMID
16310148.
3.22 Pentavalent antimonial
Pentavalent antimonials (also abbreviated pentavalent
3.23 Sodium stibogluconate
Sb or SbV ) are a group of compounds used for the treat-
ment of leishmaniasis. They are also called pentavalent Sodium stibogluconate is a medicine used to treat
antimony compounds. leishmaniasis and is only available for administration by
injection. It belongs to the class of drugs known as the
pentavalent antimonials because they contain antimony in
3.22.1 Types its oxidation state of 5. Sodium stibogluconate is marketed
under the name Pentostam. In parts of the world resistance
The rst pentavalent antimonial used was urea stibamine: has limited the utility of sodium stibogluconate,[1] in which
rst introduced in the 1930s, it fell out of favour in the cases amphotericin or miltefosine is used instead.
3.24. SODIUM THIOANTIMONIATE
It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential The duration of treatment is usually 10 to 21 days and de-
Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed pends on the species of Leishmania and the type of infection
in a basic health system.[2] (cutaneous or visceral).
3.23.1 Side eects
Sodium stibogluconate is exceedingly phlebotoxic. One of
the practical problems is that after a few doses it can be-
come exceedingly dicult to nd a vein in which to in-
ject the drug. The insertion of a PICC does not prevent
the problem and can instead exacerbate it: the entire vein
along the course of the PICC line can become inamed and
thrombose. Large doses of sodium stibogluconate are often
administered as dilute solutions
Pancreatitis is a common problem and the serum amylase or
lipase should be monitored twice weekly; there is no need
to stop treatment if the amylase remains less than four times
the upper limit of normal; if the amylase rises above the cut-
o then treatment should be interrupted until the amylase
falls to less than twice the upper limit of normal, where-
upon treatment can be resumed. Cardiac conduction dis-
turbances are less common, but ECG monitoring while the
medicine is injected is advisable and changes quickly re-
verse after the drug is stopped or the infusion rate is de-
creased.
The drug can be given intramuscularly but is exceedingly
painful when given by this route. It can also be given in-
tralesionally when treating cutaneous leishmaniasis (i.e., in-
jected directly into the area of infected skin) and again, this
is exceedingly painful and does not give results superior to
intravenous administration.
Sodium stibogluconate can also cause a reduced appetite,
metallic taste in mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea,
headache, tiredness, joint pains, muscle aches, dizziness,
and anaphylaxis.
3.23.2 Dosing
Sodium stibogluconate is available in the United
Kingdom as Pentostam, where it is manufactured by
GlaxoSmithKline. It is available in the United States on a
named-patient basis from the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC).
The dose of sodium stibogluconate is by slow intravenous
infusion (at least ve minutes with cardiac monitoring).
The injection are stopped if there is coughing or central
chest pain. The chemotherapeutic index was established by
Leonard Goodwin during the Second World War when a
treatment was urgently required for Allied troops during the
invasion of Sicily.[3]
29
3.23.3 Chemical structure
The chemical structure of sodium stibogluconate is some-
what ambiguous, and the structure shown above is idealized.
Its solutions may contain multiple antimony compounds, al-
though this heterogeneity may be unimportant. It has been
speculated that the active species contains only a single an-
timony centre.[4]
3.23.4 Pharmacokinetics
Although antimony itself is a cause of heavy metal poison-
ing, stibogluconate does not appear to accumulate in the
body and is excreted by the kidneys.[5]
3.23.5 References
[1] Mukhopadhyay R, Dey S, Xu N, Gage D, Lightbody J,
Ouellette M, Rosen BP (1996). Trypanothione Over-
production and Resistance to Antimonials and Arsenicals
in Leishmania (pdf). PNAS 93 (19): 1038310387.
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.19.10383. PMC 38393. PMID
8816809.
[2] WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines. World Health
Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
[3] Leonard Goodwin - Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph. 14
January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
[4] Frzard F, Demicheli C, Ribeiro PR (2009).
Pentavalent Antimonials: New Perspectives for
Old Drugs (pdf). Molecules 14 (7): 23172336.
doi:10.3390/molecules14072317. PMID 19633606.
[5] Rees PH, Keating MI, Kager PA, Hockmeyer WT (1980).
Renal clearance of pentavalent antimony (sodium stiboglu-
conate).. Lancet 2 (8188): 2269. PMID 6105394.
British National Formulary
The Merck Index, 12th Edition. 742
3.24 Sodium thioantimoniate
Sodium thioantimoniate, also known as Schlippes
salt, is an inorganic compound with the formula
Na3 SbS4 . 9H2 O. This sulfosalt is named after K. F.
Schlippe (17991867). Sodium thioantimoniate is used to
30 CHAPTER 3. COMPOUNDS

make quinsulde antimony, Sb2 S5 . This salt consists of 3.24.4 Notes

the tetrahedral SbS4 3- anion (rS -S = 2.33 ) and sodium
cations, which are hydrated.[1][2] Related salts are known [1] Krebs, B., Thio- and Seleno Compounds of Main Group
for dierent cations including ammonium and potassium. Elements - New Inorganic Oligomers and Polymers, Ange-
wandte Chemie, 1983, volume 95, pages 113-34.

[2] K. Mereiter, A. Preisinger and H. Guth Hydrogen

3.24.1 Preparation bonds in Schlippes salt: renement of the crystal
structures of Na3 SbS4 . 9H2 O by X-ray diraction and
Sodium thioantimoniate is prepared by the reaction of Na3 SbS4 . 9D2 O by neutron diraction at room temper-
antimony trisulde, elemental sulfur, and aqueous sulde ature Acta Crystallographica 1979, vol. B35, 19-25.
doi:10.1107/S0567740879002442.
source.

3 Na2 S + 2 S + Sb2 S3 + 9 H2 O 2 Na3 SbS4 9 3.24.5 References

H2 O
This article incorporates text from a publication now
in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
The sulde can be generated indirectly by the thermal re- extquotedblSchlippes Salt extquotedbl. Encyclopdia
action of elemental sulfur with sodium hydroxide or even Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
charcoal:

Sb2 S3 + 8 NaOH + 6 S 2 Na3 SbS4 + Na2 SO4 3.25 Stibine

+ 4 H2 O
Stibine is the chemical compound with the formula SbH3 .
In the latter route, a mixture of sodium sulfate (16 parts) is This colourless gas is the principal covalent hydride of
reduced by fusion with charcoal (4-5 parts) in the presence antimony and a heavy analogue of ammonia. The molecule
of antimony sulde (13 parts). The melt is extracted into is pyramidal with HSbH angles of 91.7 and SbH dis-
water which is treated with sulfur (4 parts). Upon evapora- tances of 1.707 (170.7 pm). This gas has an oensive
tion of the solution, the salt crystallizes as large tetrahedra, smell like hydrogen sulde (rotten eggs).
which are easily soluble in water. The anhydrous salt melts
easily on heating, and in the hydrated condition, on expo-
sure to moist air becomes coated with a red lm. 3.25.1 Preparation
The required antimony(III) sulde is prepared in the usual SbH3 is generally prepared by the reaction of Sb3+ sources
way by treatment of virtually any Sb(III) compound with with H equivalents:[1]
sulde sources:
2 Sb2 O3 + 3 LiAlH4 4 SbH3 + 1.5 Li2 O + 1.5
2 SbCl3 + 3 H2 S Sb2 S3 + 6 HCl Al2 O3
4 SbCl3 + 3 NaBH4 4 SbH3 + 3 NaCl + 3
BCl3
3.24.2 Applications
Alternatively, sources of Sb3 react with protonic reagents
The Schlippes Salt was used to generate antimony(V) sul- (even water) to also produce this unstable gas:
de, which was used as an amplier in silver-based pho-
tography, in matches as a ammable component, and for
Na3 Sb + 3 H2 O SbH3 + 3 NaOH
vulcanizing rubber. It is used in the electrolytic deposition
of zinc.
3.25.2 Properties
3.24.3 Related compounds The chemical properties of SbH3 resemble those for
AsH3 .[2] Typical for a heavy hydride (e.g. AsH3 , H2 Te,
Antimony (III) sulde, Sb2 S3 SnH4 ), SbH3 is unstable with respect to its elements. The
gas decomposes slowly at room temperature but rapidly at
Quinsulde antimony or gold sulfur Sb2 S5 200 C:
3.25. STIBINE 31

2 SbH3 3 H2 + 2 Sb 3.25.6 Toxicology

The decomposition is autocatalytic and can be explosive.
SbH3 is readily oxidized by O2 or even air:
2 SbH3 + 3 O2 Sb2 O3 + 3 H2 O
SbH3 exhibits no basicity, but it can be deprotonated:
SbH3 + NaNH2 NaSbH2 + NH3
3.25.3 Uses
Stibine is used in the semiconductor industry to dope sil-
icon with small quantities of antimony via the process of 3.25.7 See also
chemical vapour deposition (CVD). It has also been used
as a silicon dopant in epitaxial layers. Reports claim the
use of SbH3 as a fumigant but its instability and awkward
preparation contrast with the more conventional fumigant
phosphine.
For the toxicology of other antimony compounds,
see Antimony trioxide.
The toxicity of stibine is distinct from that of other
antimony compounds, but similar to that of arsine.[6] Stib-
ine binds to the haemoglobin of red blood cells, causing
them to be destroyed by the body. Most cases of stib-
ine poisoning have been accompanied by arsine poison-
ing, although animal studies indicate that their toxicities
are equivalent. The rst signs of exposure, which can take
several hours to become apparent, are headaches, vertigo
and nausea, followed by the symptoms of hemolytic anemia
(high levels of unconjugated bilirubin), hemoglobinuria and
nephropathy.
Antimony (Sb)
Arsine (AsH3 )
Devardas alloy, also used to produce arsine and stibine
in the lab

3.25.4 History List of highly toxic gases

As stibine (SbH3 ) is very similar to arsine (AsH3 ), it is also
detected by the Marsh test. This sensitive test detects arsine
generated in the presence of arsenic.[2] This procedure, de-
veloped around 1836 by James Marsh, is based upon treat-
ing a sample with arsenic-free zinc and dilute sulfuric acid:
if the sample contains arsenic, gaseous arsine will form.
The gas is swept into a glass tube and decomposed by means
of heating around 250 300 C. The presence of arsenic is 3.25.8 References
indicated by formation of a deposit in the heated part of [1] Bellama, J. M.; MacDiarmid, A. G. (1968). Synthesis of
the equipment. The formation of a black mirror deposit
in the cool part of the equipment indicates the presence of
antimony.
In 1837 Lewis Thomson and Pfa independently discov-
ered stibine. It took some time before the properties of
the toxic gas could be determined, partly because a suit-
able synthesis was not available. In 1876 Francis Jones
tested several synthesis methods,[3] but it was not before
1901 when Alfred Stock determined most of the properties
of stibine.[4][5]
3.25.5 Safety
Marsh test, rst used to analyse AsH3 and SbH3
James Marsh invented in 1836 the test bearing now his
name
Nascent hydrogen
the Hydrides of Germanium, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and An-
timony by the Solid-Phase Reaction of the Corresponding
Oxide with Lithium Aluminum Hydride. Inorganic Chem-
istry 7 (10): 20702072. doi:10.1021/ic50068a024.
[2] Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry.
San Diego: Academic Press.
[3] Francis Jones (1876). On Stibine. Journal of the Chemical
Society 29 (2): 641650. doi:10.1039/JS8762900641.
[4] Alfred Stock; Walther Doht (1901). Die Rein-
darstellung des Antimonwasserstoes. Berichte der
Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 34 (2): 23392344.
doi:10.1002/cber.190103402166.

[5] Alfred Stock, Oskar Guttmann (1904). Ueber den

SbH3 is an unstable ammable gas. It is highly toxic, with Antimonwassersto und das gelbe Antimon. Berichte
an LC50 of 100 ppm in mice. Fortunately, SbH3 is so un- der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 37 (1): 885900.
stable that it is rarely encountered outside of laboratories. doi:10.1002/cber.190403701148.
32 CHAPTER 3. COMPOUNDS

[6] Fiche toxicologique n 202 : Trihydrure d'antimoine 3.27 Titanium yellow

(pdf). Institut national de recherche et de scurit (INRS).
1992.
Titanium yellow, also nickel antimony titanium yellow,
nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, CI Pigment Yel-
low 53, or C.I. 77788, is a yellow pigment with the chemi-
3.25.9 External links cal composition of NiO.Sb2 O3 .20TiO2 . Its CAS number
is 8007-18-9. It is a complex inorganic compound. Its
International Chemical Safety Card 0776 melting point lies above 1000 C, and has extremely low
solubility in water. While it contains antimony and nickel,
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards their bioavailability is very low, so the pigment is relatively
safe.
Fiche toxicologique n 202 : Trihydrure d'antimoine The pigment has crystal lattice of rutile, with 2-5% of tita-
(pdf). Institut national de recherche et de scurit nium ions replaced with nickel(II) and 9-12% of them re-
(INRS). 1992. placed with antimony(V).
Titanium yellow is manufactured by reacting ne powders
of metal oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates in solid state in
3.26 Stibophen temperatures between 1000-1200 C, either in batches or
continuously in a pass-through furnace.

Stibophen is an anthelmintic classied as antimony com- Titanium yellow is used primarily as a pigment for plastics
pound and used as treatment of schistosomiasis[1] by and ceramic glazes, and in art painting.
intramuscular injection.

3.26.1 Mechanism of action

Stibophen inhibits the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which

the worms need for glycolysis,[2] at least partly by binding
to the sulfhydryl (SH) group of the enzyme.[3] Inhibiting
glycolysis paralyzes the worms, which lose their hold on the
wall of mesenteric veins and undergo hepatic shift, die, and
are phagocytosed by liver cells.

3.26.2 References
Commercial pigment
[1] Miller, M. J.; Lyon, H. P. (1955). Treatment of vesical
schistosomiasis with stibophen. The American journal of
tropical medicine and hygiene 4 (6): 10491056. PMID
13268811.
3.27.1 See also
[2] Bueding, E.; Mansour, J. M. (1957). The relationship
between inhibition of phosphofructokinase activity and the
mode of action of trivalent organic antimonials on Schis- List of colors
tosoma mansoni. British journal of pharmacology and
chemotherapy 12 (2): 159165. PMC 1509678. PMID
13446367.
3.27.2 External links
[3] Su, J. G.; Mansour, J. M.; Mansour, T. E. (1996). Pu-
rication, kinetics and inhibition by antimonials of recom- Database of Painting Pigments
binant phosphofructokinase from Schistosoma mansoni.
Molecular and biochemical parasitology 81 (2): 171178.
doi:10.1016/0166-6851(96)02702-8. PMID 8898332. C.I. Pigment Yellow 53
3.30. YTTRIUM(III) ANTIMONIDE 33

3.28 Trimethylstibine [3] Hiers, G. S. Triphenylstibine Organic Syntheses, Col-

lected Volume 1, p.550 (1941). http://www.orgsyn.org/
orgsyn/pdfs/CV1P0550.pdf
Trimethylstibine is a chemical compound with the formula
Sb(CH3 )3 . It is a colorless pyrophoric and toxic liquid.[2] It
is produced by anaerobic bacteria in antimony-rich soils.[3]
Unlike trimethylphosphine, trimethylstibine is only a very 3.30 Yttrium(III) antimonide
weak Lewis base.
Yttrium(III) antimonide (YSb) is an inorganic chemical
compound.
3.28.1 References
[1] trimethylantimony - PubChem Public Chemical Database.
The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotech-
3.30.1 References
nology Information. 26 March 2005. Descriptors Com-
[1] Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
puted from Structure. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
(87 ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 494, ISBN 0-
[2] Wiberg, Nils; Wiberg, Egon; Holleman, A. F. (2001), 8493-0594-2
Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, p. 766, ISBN 0-12-
352651-5, retrieved 2009-07-17
[3] Craig, P. J. (2003), Organometallic Compounds in the Envi- 3.31 Zinc antimonide
ronment (2 ed.), Wiley and Sons, p. 295, ISBN 978-0-471-
89993-8, retrieved 2009-07-17
Zinc antimonide (ZnSb), (Zn3 Sb2 ), (Zn4 Sb3 ) is an
inorganic chemical compound. Like indium antimonide,
aluminium antimonide, and gallium antimonide, it is a
3.29 Triphenylstibine semiconducting intermetallic compound. It is used in
transistors, infrared detectors and thermal imagers, as well
Triphenylstibine is the chemical compound with the as magnetoresistive devices.
formula Sb(C6 H5 )3 . Abbreviated SbPh3 , this colourless History of Zinc Antimony Alloys and Zinc Antimonide
solid is often considered the prototypical organoantimony The rst reported use of zinc-antimony alloys was in the
compound. It is used as a ligand in coordination chemistry original work of Seebeck on thermoelectricity. By the
and as a reagent in organic synthesis. 1860s, Moses G. Farmer, an American inventor, had devel-
Like the related molecules triphenylphosphine and oped the rst high powered thermoelectric generator based
triphenylarsine, SbPh3 is pyramidal with a propeller-like on using a zinc-antimony alloy with a composition very
arrangement of the phenyl groups. The Sb-C distances close to stoichiometric ZnSb. He showed this generator at
average 2.14-2.17 and the C-Sb-C angle are 95.[1] the 1867 Paris Exposition where it was carefully studied
and copied (with minor modications) by a number of peo-
SbPh3 was rst reported in 1886, being prepared from
ple including Clamond. Farmer nally received the patent
antimony trichloride by the reaction:[2]
on his generator in 1870. George H. Cove patented a ther-
6 Na + 3 C6 H5 Cl + SbCl3 (C6 H5 )3 Sb + 6 moelectric generator based on a Zn-Sb alloy in the early
NaCl 1900s. His patent claimed that the voltage and current for
six joints was 3V at 3A. This was a far higher output
The modern method employs the Grignard reaction, using than would be expected from a thermoelectric couple, and
phenylmagnesium bromide and SbCl3 .[3] was possibly the rst demonstration of the thermophoto-
voltaic eect, as the bandgap for ZnSb is 0.56eV, which
under ideal conditions could yield close to 0.5V per diode.
3.29.1 References The next researcher to work with the material was Maria
Telkes while she was at Westinghouse in Pittsburgh during
[1] Adams, E. A.; Kolis, J. W.; Pennington, W. T. Structure of the 1930s. Interest was revived again with the discovery of
triphenylstibine Acta Crystallographica 1990, volume C46,
the higher bandgap Zn4 Sb3 material in the 1990s.
pp. 917-919. doi:10.1107/S0108270189012862
[2] Michaelis, A.; Reese, A. Ueber die Verbindungen der El-
emente der Stickstogruppe mit den Radicalen der aroma- 3.31.1 References
tischen Reihe. Achte Abhandlung Ueber aromatische An-
timonverbindungen Liebigs Annallen der Chemie volume [1] Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
233, pages 39-60 (1886). doi:10.1002/jlac.18862330104. (87 ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 495, ISBN 0-
34 CHAPTER 3. COMPOUNDS

8493-0594-2
Chapter 4

Minerals

4.1 Allargentum Breithauptite

Allargentum is a mineral from the class of antimonides, Cuprostibite

superclass of suldes and sulfosalts (sometimes ascribed to
the natural elements and alloys class), with formula written Stibiopalladinite
as Ag-Sb, where x = 0.090.16. This moderately rare
mineral is found in silver ores and is therefore named from
the Greek (allos, another) and the Latin 'argentum' 4.3.1 References
(silver). Its Vickers hardness is 172203.[1]
[1] http://webmineral.com/dana/II-2.shtml#2.1 Webmineral
Dana
4.1.1 References
[2] http://webmineral.com/strunz/II.shtml Webmineral Strunz
[1] Allargentum. Mindat

[2] Allargentum. Webmineral

4.4 Aurostibite
4.2 Antimonate mineral Aurostibite is an isometric gold antimonide mineral which
is a member of the pyrite group. Aurostibite was dis-
Antimonate minerals are those minerals containing the covered in 1952 and can be found in hydrothermal gold-
antimonate (SbO4 3- ) anion group. Both the Dana[1] and quartz veins, in sulfur-decient environments that contain
the Strunz[2] mineral classications place the antimonates other antimony minerals. The mineral can be found in
in with the phosphate minerals. Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories of Canada, and
the Timiskaming District in Ontario, Canada. Antimonides
are rare and are normally placed in the sulde class by
4.2.1 References mineralogists.

[1] Dana system, Webmineral

[2] Strunz system, Webmineral 4.4.1 See also

List of minerals
4.3 Antimonide mineral
An antimonide mineral is a mineral that contains
4.4.2 References
antimonide for its main anion. The antimonides are
[1] Mindat w/ localities
structurally similar to the suldes and are grouped with
them in both the Dana and Strunz mineral classication
[2] Handbook of Mineralogy
systems.[1][2]
Examples include: [3] Webmineral

35
36 CHAPTER 4. MINERALS

4.5 Berthierite 4.7 Boulangerite

Boulangerite is a sulfosalt mineral, lead antimony sulde,
Berthierite is a mineral, a sulde of iron and antimony with
formula Pb5 Sb4 S11 . It was named in 1837 in honor of
formula FeSb2 S4 . It is steel grey in colour with a metallic
French mining engineer Charles Boulanger (18101849).
lustre which can be covered by an iridescent tarnish. Be-
It forms metallic grey monoclinic crystals.[2][3] Sometimes
cause of its appearance it is often mistaken for stibnite.
the crystals form a ne feathery mass which has been called
It was discovered in France in 1827 and named for the
plumosite. Boulangerite is used as a lead ore.[1]
French chemist, Pierre Berthier (17821861).

4.7.1 References
4.5.1 References
[1] Harlow, George, Joseph Peters, and Martin Prinz. Sul-
Mineral galleries des. Simon & Schusters Guide to Rocks and Minerals. New
York: Simon & Schuster, 1977. Entry 44. Print.
Mindat
[2] http://webmineral.com/data/Boulangerite.shtml Webmin-
eral data
Webmineral
[3] http://www.mindat.org/min-738.html Mindat

4.6 Biehlite
4.8 Bournonite
Bournonite is a sulfosalt mineral species, a sulfantimonite
of lead and copper with the formula PbCuSbS3 .
It was rst mentioned by Philip Rashleigh in 1797 as an ore
of antimony and was more completely described in 1804
by French crystallographer and mineralogist Jacques Louis,
Comte de Bournon (17511825), after whom it was named.
The name given by Bournon himself (in 1813) was endel-
lione, since used in the form endellionite, after the locality
in Cornwall where the mineral was rst found.
The crystals are orthorhombic, and are generally tabular
in habit owing to the predominance of the basal pinacoid;
numerous smooth bright faces are often developed on the
Biehlite, from Tsumeb, Namibia edges and corners of the crystals. They are usually twinned,
the twin-plane being a face of the prism (m); the angle be-
Biehlite is an exceptionally rare mineral, an tween the faces of this prism being nearly a right angIe (86
antimony arsenic bearing molybdate with formula 20), the twinning gives rise to cruciform groups and when
[(Sb,As)O]2 MoO4 . It comes from Tsumeb. [1][2][3] it is often repeated the group has the appearance of a cog-
wheel, hence the name Rdelerz (wheel-ore) of the Kapnik
miners. The repeated twinning gives rise to twin-lamellae,
4.6.1 References which may be detected on the fractured surfaces, even of
the massive material.[3]
[1] Friese K., Adiwidjaja G., Klaska K.-H., Schlter J. and It is a mineral in medium temperature hydrothermal vein
Czank M. 2000: Crystal structure and crystal chemistry of deposits. It commonly occurs with galena, tetrahedrite,
biehlite, Sb.As.MoO6 . Zeitschrift fr Kristallographie, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, stibnite, zinkenite, siderite,
Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 215(9), 529; quartz, rhodochrosite, dolomite and barite.[1]
[2] http://www.mindat.org/min-7581.html Mindat It was rst described for an occurrence in Wheal Boys in
the parish of St Endellion in Cornwall,[4] it was found asso-
[3] http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/biehlite.pdf ciated with jamesonite, sphalerite and siderite. Later, still
Handbook of Mineralogy better crystals were found in another Cornish mine, namely,
4.10. CHAPMANITE 37

Herodsfoot mine near Liskeard, which was worked for ar-

gentiferous galena. Fine crystals of large size have been
found with quartz and siderite in the mines at Neudorf in
the Harz, and with sphalerite and tetrahedrite at Cavnic near
Baia Mare in Romania.[3] It has been reported from a large
number of other localities.[1][5]

4.8.1 External links

4.8.2 References
[1] http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/bournonite.pdf
Handbook of Mineralogy

[2] http://webmineral.com/data/Bournonite.shtml Webmineral Nickel antimonide NiSb, an 11.5 g sample, grid size 1 cm
data

[3] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text 4.10 Chapmanite
from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm,
Hugh, ed. (1911). Bournonite. Encyclopdia Britannica
Chapmanite is a rare silicate mineral belonging to the
4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 333.
nesosilicate group, discovered in 1924, and named in hon-
[4] http://www.mindat.org/min-741.html Mindat our of the late Edward John Chapman (18211904), a
geology professor at the University of Toronto. Chem-
[5] http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=741&ld=1#themap
ically, it is an iron antimony silicate, closely related to
Mindat with location data
bismutoferrite, and may contain aluminium impurities. It is
closely associated with silver mines, most notably the Kee-
ley mine in Ontario, Canada, found in quartz veinlets con-
4.9 Breithauptite taining graphite in gneiss. It takes the form of a powdery,
yellow-green, semitransparent solid, and leaves a streak of
Breithauptite is a nickel antimonide mineral with the the same colour. Early German texts have referred to the
simple formula NiSb. Breithauptite is a metallic opaque mineral as antimon-hypochlorite.
copper-red mineral crystallizing in the hexagonal - dihexag-
It was recently rediscovered in the southern hemisphere at
onal dipyramidal crystal system. It is typically massive to
the abandoned Argent lead mine in Bushveld series rocks
reniform in habit, but is observed as tabular crystals. It has
of South Africa.
a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4 and a specic gravity of 8.23.
It occurs in hydrothermal calcite veins associated with
cobaltnickelsilver ores. 4.10.1 References
It was rst described in 1840 from the Harz Mountains,
Lower Saxony, Germany and in 1845 for occurrences in Mindat with location data
the Cobalt and Thunder Bay districts of Ontario, Canada. Webmineral data
It was named to honor Saxon mineralogist Johann Friedrich
August Breithaupt (17911873). Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)

South African discovery Neues Jahrbuch fur

4.9.1 References Mineralogie-Monatshefte 2000 #2 pages: 85 - 90
[1] Handbook of Mineralogy

[2] Mindat with location data 4.11 Cylindrite

[3] Webmineral data
Cylindrite is a sulfosalt mineral containing tin, lead,
Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Danas antimony and iron with formula: Pb3 Sn4 FeSb2 S14 . It
system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, pp. 238239 forms triclinic pinacoidal crystals which often occur as
tubes or cylinders which are in fact rolled sheets. It has
38 CHAPTER 4. MINERALS

a black to lead grey metallic colour with a Mohs hardness [2] http://www.mindat.org/min-1592.html Mindat with loca-
of 2 to 3 and a specic gravity of 5.4. tion data
It was rst discovered in the Santa Cruz mine, Oruro De- [3] http://webmineral.com/data/Franckeite.shtml Webmineral
partment, Bolivia in 1893. The name arises from its curious data
cylindrical crystal which it forms almost uniquely among
minerals.
4.13 Freibergite
4.11.1 See also
Freibergite is a complex sulfosalt mineral of silver,
Classication of minerals copper, iron, antimony and arsenic with formula
(Ag,Cu,Fe)12 (Sb,As)4 S13 . It has cubic crystals and
List of minerals is formed in hydrothermal deposits. It forms one
solid solution series with tetrahedrite and another with
argentotennantite. Freibergite is an opaque, metallic steel
4.11.2 References grey to black and leaves a reddish black streak. It has a
Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4.0 and a specic gravity of 4.85
[1] Mineral galleries - 5. It is typically massive to granular in habit with no
cleavage and an irregular fracture.
[2] Webmineral data
The mineral was rst described in 1853 from an occurrence
[3] Mindat in the silver mines of the type locality at Freiberg, Saxony.

4.12 Franckeite 4.13.1 References

Mineral handbook
Franckeite, chemical formula Pb5 Sn3 Sb2 S14 , belongs to a
family of complex sulde minerals. Franckeite is a sulfosalt. Webmineral
It is closely related to cylindrite.
Mindat
It was rst described in 1893 for an occurrence in Chocaya,
Potos Department, Bolivia. It is named after the mining
engineers, Carl and Ernest Francke.[2] It can be found in 4.14 Freieslebenite
Bolivia at Poop in Oruro and at Las Aminas, southeast of
Chocaya, in Potosi. Franckeite has an average density of
5.7 and can be both grayish black, blackish gray in color. Freieslebenite is a sulfosalt mineral composed of
antimony, lead, and silver. Sulfosalt minerals are complex
It occurs in hydrothermal silver-tin deposits in Bolivia and sulde minerals with the formula: A B S . The formula of
in contact metamorphosed limestone deposit in the Kalkar freieslebenite is AgPbSbS3 .
quarry in California. It occurs with cylindrite, teallite,
plagionite, zinkenite, cassiterite, wurtzite, pyrrhotite, Freieslebenite was discovered in approximately 1773 in
marcasite, arsenopyrite, galena, pyrite, sphalerite, siderite the Himmelsfurst mines of Freiberg, Saxony, Germany.
and stannite.[1] The mineral was initially called Schilf-Glaserz; however, in
1845 it was given the current name Freieslebenite after the
Mining Commissioner of Saxony, Johann Carl Freiesleben
4.12.1 See also (17741846).[4]

List of minerals
4.14.1 Structure
List of minerals named after people
Freieslebenite is a superstructure of a PbS-type substruc-
ture. The crystal structure is monoclinic with a space group
4.12.2 References P21/a, with a = 7.518(1), b = 12.809(4), c = 5.940(1) ,
= 92.25(1) and Z = 4(Ito, 1973). Sb has a trigonal-
[1] http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/franckeite.pdf pyramidal coordination of S atoms, this structure isolates
Handbook of Mineralogy the SbS3 pyramids from themselves. The SbS distances
4.15. GEOCRONITE 39

are 2.431, 2.453 and 2.480(4) . Six S atoms are coordi- was located in the Hiendelaencina mining district in Spain
nated with Pb in a distored octahedral arrangement. The (Frias, 1991). Freieslebenite can also be located in North
PbS distances range from 2.806 to 3.167(4) . Ag has and South America and throughout Asia and Europe. De-
three nearest S neighbors at the distances 2.522, 2.575 and posits of freieslebenite can generally be located in proximity
2.687(4) . The AgS3 group is almost planar. A fourth S with minerals argentite, siderite, freibergite, polybasite, and
atom is at a distance of 2.928(4) from Ag, the AgS be- aramayoite.
ing closely perpendicular to the AgS3 plane (Cascarano et
al., 1987). The crystal structure of freieslebenite was de-
termined by Wuensch and Nowacki in 1967. Wuensch and 4.14.4 See also
Nowacki determined the crystal structure of freieslebenite
using three-dimensional counter data, systematic consider- List of minerals
ation of all possible arrangements permitted by the subcell-
supercell relationship and the method of key shifts (Ito, List of minerals named after people
1973).
4.14.5 References
4.14.2 Physical properties
[1] Mindat

[2] Handbook of Mineralogy

[3] Webmineral data

[4] (Palache et al., 1944)

Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Danas

system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, 416418.

Tetsuzo Ito and Werner Nowacki and (1974).

The crystal structure of freieslebenite, PbAgSbS3*
Zeitschrift fr Kristallographie: Vol. 139, No. 1-2,
pp. 85102

Frias, Martinez, J. (1991) The Hiendelaecina mining

district (Guadalajara, Spain), Instituto Andaluz de Ge-
ologia Mediterranea, C.S.I.C

G. Cascarano, C. Giacovazzo, M. Lui, A. Pieri und

R. Spagna. (1987) 1-Phase seminvariants and Harker
sections II. A new procedure. Zeitschrift fr Kristal-
Cluster of twinned freieslebenite crystals on quartz matrix from lographie 179:1-4, 113-125
Neue Honung Gottes Mine, Brunsdorf, Freiberg District, Erzge-
birge, Saxony, Germany (Size: 5.6 x 4.4 x 1.9 cm)
4.15 Geocronite
Freieslebenite has a metallic luster and is opaque in trans-
parency. The general colors for freieslebenite are gray, sil-
Geocronite is a mineral, a mixed sulfosalt containing lead,
ver and white. It has a whitish gray streak with a hardness of
antimony, and arsenic with a formula of Pb14 (Sb, As)6 S23 .
2.5 on the Mohs scale. It has an imperfect cleavage and an
Geocronite is the antimony rich endmember of a solid so-
irregular fracture. The density of freieslebenite is 6.20-6.23
lution series. The arsenic rich endmember is named jor-
g/cm3 .
danite. It occurs as grey, black, to silvery white monoclinic
crystals. It is found in hydrothermal veins usually associ-
4.14.3 Geologic occurrence ated with other similar minerals, particularly the suldes of
iron and copper.
The occurrence of freieslebenite is commonly found in The mineral has been found in Spain, Ireland and Sweden
hydrothermal locations. A major nding of freieslebenite where it was rst identied in 1839.
40 CHAPTER 4. MINERALS

4.15.1 References Mohave, Kern County, California and Burke, Shoshone

County, Idaho.[1][4]
Webmineral

Mindat 4.16.2 History and uses

Mineral Galleries Kermesite is named after a formerly used red dye, kermes
(dye), and was so named because of the grainy reddish color
the mineral often has. The name dates from 1832. Earlier
4.16 Kermesite in English (17th and 18th centuries) certain antimony com-
pounds were called extquotedblkermes mineral extquotedbl
for the same reason.[5]
This article is about Kermesite, the mineral . For other
references, see Kermes (disambiguation). Kermesite or red antimony has been used as early as the Old
Kingdoms 6th Dynasty in ancient Egypt (c. 23452181
BCE) in lip cosmetics and in the 18th Dynasty Queen Hat-
Kermesite or antimony oxysulde is also known as red an- shepsut (Maatkare) (14981483 BCE) negotiated with the
timony (Sb2 S2 O) . The minerals color ranges from cherry Land of Punt for its colored antimony deposits. Besides
red to a dark red to a black. Kermesite is the result of stibnite, which was used for eye liner red, antimony is one
partial oxidation between stibnite (Sb2 S3 ) and other an- of the oldest minerals used in cosmetics. Further archaeo-
timony oxides such as valentinite (Sb2 O3 ) or stibiconite logical evidence indicates that antimony levels were higher
(Sb3 O6 (OH)). Under certain conditions with oxygenated in ancient Egyptian female remains which had exposure to
uids the transformation of all sulfur to oxygen would occur both antimony compounds (Bencze, 1994). Because of its
but kermesite occurs when that transformation is halted. color, the precipitate of kermesite was used as a coloring
agent and in alchemy. Because of alchemys focus on ma-
terial transformation as evidenced by color, red antimony
was used to produce the red state. Kermesite is the mineral
state for Kermes mineral which was used extensively in the
medical eld for centuries
Presently, kermesite is collected for the beauty of its crys-
tal metallic structure and not used in either cosmetics or the
medical eld any longer due to the toxic eects that it shares
with antimony; less harmful substitutes have been found us-
ing both organic and pharmaceutical production.

Lustrous, acicular, deep wine-red kermesite crystals, up to 4 cm
long, on massive sulde matrix, from Pezinok, Mal Karpaty Mts,
Bratislava Region, Slovakia
4.16.1 Mining and specimens
Deposits of this mineral have been found all over the world,
however notable deposits have been found in Braunsdorf,
near Freiberg, Saxony, Germany; Pernek, Pezinok, and Pri-
bram, Czechoslovakia; the Lac Nicolet mine, South Ham
Township, Wolfe County, Quebec, Canada; Sombrerete,
Zacatecas, Mexico; Santa Cruz and San Francisco mines,
Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia; Que Que, Zimbabwe; Djebel Ham-
inate, Algeria; Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia;
4.16.3 References
[1] http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/kermesite.
pdf Handbook of Mineralogy
[2] http://webmineral.com/data/Kermesite.shtml Webmineral
data
[3] http://www.mindat.org/min-2187.html Mindat
[4] Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Danas Sys-
tem of Mineralogy, Wiley, 7th ed., v. I, pp. 279-280
[5] A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (year
1901).
Bencze, Koloman. Antimony pp. 227235. Hand-
book on Metals in Clinical and Analytical Chemistry
(ed.) Hans G Seiler (1994) ISBN 0-8247-9094-4
Sneader, Walter. Drug Discovery: A History (2005).
ISBN 0-471-89980-1
4.19. NADORITE 41

4.16.4 External links

Mineral Gallery

Kermesite at the Smithsonian

4.17 Kobellite
Kobellite (Pb22 Cu4 (Bi,Sb)30 S69 ) is a gray, brous, metal-
lic mineral, a sulde of antimony, bismuth, and lead. It is a
member of the izoklakeite - berryite series with silver and
iron substituting in the copper site and a vaying ratio of bis-
muth, antimony, and lead. It crystallizes with orthorhombic
dipyramidal crystals. Locations include Hvena, Sweden;
Ouray, Colorado; and Wake County, North Carolina, USA.
Named after Wolfgang Franz von Kobell (18031882),
German mineralogist.

4.17.1 References
Mindat.org

Webmineral.com
Miargyrite, San Genaro Mine, Castrovirreyna District, Peru. Size
6.1 x 4.2 x 2.7 cm.
4.17.2 See also
4.19 Nadorite
List of minerals

List of minerals named after people
4.18 Miargyrite
Miargyrite is a mineral, a sulde of silver and antimony
with the formula AgSbS2 . It is a dimorph of cuboargyrite.
Originally discovered in the Freiberg district of Germany
in 1824, it has subsequently been found in many places
where silver is mined. It usually occurs in low temperature
hydrothermal deposits. and forms black metallic crystals
which may show a dark red internal reection. The streak
is also red.
Miargyrite is named from the Greek meyon, smaller and
argyros, silver, as its silver content is lower than most sil-
ver suldes.
4.18.1 References
Webmineral
Mindata
Nadorite is a mineral with the chemical formula
PbSbO2 Cl.[1] It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal
system and is brown, brownish-yellow or yellow in colour,
with a white or yellowish-white streak.[1]
Nadorite is named after Djebel Nador in Algeria, where
it was rst identied in 1870.[1] Djebel Nador and Djebel
Debbar (both in the Constantine Province of Algeria) are
its co-type localities.[1]
4.19.1 References
[1] Nadorite. Mindat.org. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
[2] Nadorite data at Webmineral
4.20 Polybasite
Polybasite is a sulfosalt mineral of silver, copper,
antimony and arsenic. Its chemical formula is
[(Ag,Cu)6 (Sb,As)2 S7 ][Ag9 CuS4 ].
It forms black monoclinic crystals (thin, tabular, with six
corners) which can show dark red internal reections. It
42 CHAPTER 4. MINERALS

has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3. It is found worldwide and of the crystal. Twinning according to several laws is not un-
is an ore of silver. The name comes from the number of common. The hexagonal prisms of pyrargyrite are usually
base metals in the mineral. terminated by a low hexagonal pyramid or by a drusy basal
plane.

4.20.1 References The color of pyrargyrite is usually greyish-black and the

lustre metallic-adamantine; large crystals are opaque, but
[1] Polybasite: mindat.org small ones and thin splinters are deep ruby-red by transmit-
ted light, hence the name, from the Greek pyr and argyros,
[2] Webmineral.com re-silver in allusion to color and silver content, given by
[3] Handbook of Mineralogy E. F. Glocker in 1831. The streak is purplish-red, thus dif-
fering markedly from the scarlet streak of proustite and af-
[4] Rudolf Dd'a and Lubo Rejl (1990). Minerals of the World. fording a ready means of distinguishing the two minerals.
Arch Cape Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-517-68030-0. The Mohs hardness is 2.75, and the specic gravity 5.85.
The refractive indices (n=3.084 n=2.881) and birefrin-
gence (=0.203) are very high. There is no very distinct
cleavage and the fracture is conchoidal. The mineral occurs
in metalliferous veins with calcite, argentiferous galena, na-
tive silver, native arsenic, &c. The best crystallized speci-
mens are from Sankt Andreasberg in the Harz, Freiberg in
Saxony, and Guanajuato in Mexico. It is not uncommon in
many silver mines in the United States, but rarely as distinct
crystals; and it has been found in some Cornish mines.

Unusual polybasite specimen from Mayo Mining District, Yukon

Territory, Canada. Size 3.0 x 2.2 x 1.3 cm.

4.21 Pyrargyrite
Pyrargyrite is a sulfosalt mineral consisting of silver sul-
fantimonide, Ag3 SbS3 . Known also as dark red silver ore
or ruby silver, it is an important source of the metal.
It is closely allied to, and isomorphous with, the corre-
sponding sulfarsenide known as proustite or light red silver Pyrargyrite silver ore from the Comstock Lode, Storey Co., Nevada,
ore. Ruby silver or red silver ore (German Rotgiiltigerz) was USA
mentioned by Georg Agricola in 1546, but the two species
so closely resemble one another that they were not com-
pletely distinguished until chemical analyses of both were
made. Although the red silver ores aord a good example of iso-
Both crystallize in the ditrigonal pyramidal (hemimorphic- morphism, they rarely form mixtures; pyrargyrite rarely
hemihedral) class of the rhombohedral system, possessing contains as much as 3% of arsenic replacing antimony, and
the same degree of symmetry as tourmaline. Crystals are the same is true of antimony in proustite. Dimorphous
perfectly developed and are usually prismatic in habit; they with pyrargyrite and proustite respectively are the rare
are frequently attached at one end, the hemimorphic char- monoclinic species pyrostilpnite or reblende (Ag3 SbS3 )
acter being then evident by the fact that the oblique stria- and xanthoconite (Ag3 AsS3 ): these four minerals thus form
tions on the prism faces are directed towards one end only an isodimorphous group.
4.23. STEPHANITE 43

4.21.1 External links 4.23.1 History

4.21.2 References Under the name Schwarzerz it was mentioned by Georgius

Agricola in 1546, and it has been variously known as black
Mindat silver ore (German Schwarzgultigerz), brittle silver-ore
(Sprdglanzerz), etc. The name stephanite was proposed
Webmineral data by W Haidinger in 1845 in honour of the Archduke of
Austria Stephan Franz Victor of Habsburg-Lorena (1817-
Amethyst Galleries Mineral Gallery 1867). French authors use F. S. Beudant's name psaturose
(from the Greek , fragile).[4]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopdia
Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 4.23.2 Properties
It frequently occurs as well-formed crystals, which
4.22 Samsonite (mineral) are orthorhombic and occasionally show indications of
hemimorphism: they have the form of six-sided prisms or
at tables terminated by large basal planes and often mod-
Samsonite is a silver manganese antimony sulfosalt min- ied at the edges by numerous pyramid-planes. Twinning
eral with formula Ag4 MnSb2 S6 . It crystallizes in the on the prism-planes is of frequent occurrence, giving rise
monoclinic crystal system with a typical slender radiating to pseudo-hexagonal groups like those of aragonite. The
prismatic habit. It is metallic black to steel black with no colour is iron-black, and the lustre metallic and brilliant; on
cleavage and a brittle to conchoidal fracture. In thin frag- exposure to light, however, the crystals soon become dull.[4]
ments it appears reddish brown in transmitted light and also
leaves a red streak. It is soft, Mohs hardness of 2.5, and has
a specic gravity of 5.51. 4.23.3 Occurrence
It was rst named in 1910 after an occurrence in the Samson
Vein of the Sankt Andreasberg silver mines, Harz Moun- Stephanite occurs as a late-stage [4]
mineral with other ores
tains, Germany. of silver in hydrothermal veins. Associated minerals in-
clude proustite, acanthite, native silver, tetrahedrite, galena,
sphalerite and pyrite.[1] Localities which have yielded good
4.22.1 See also crystallized specimens are Freiberg and Gersdorf near
Rosswein in Saxony, Chaarcillo in Chile, and exception-
Classication of minerals ally Cornwall. In the Comstock lode in Nevada massive
stephanite and argentite are important ores of silver.
List of minerals

4.23.4 See also

4.22.2 References
List of minerals
[1] Mindat.org
List of minerals named after people
[2] Webmineral data

[3] Mineral Data Publishing - PDF 4.23.5 References

Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Danas [1] http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/stephanite.pdf

system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, pp. 393395 Handbook of Mineralogy

[2] http://webmineral.com/data/Stephanite.shtml Webmineral

data
4.23 Stephanite [3] http://www.mindat.org/min-3764.html Mindat.org

Stephanite is a silver antimony sulfosalt mineral with for- [4] Spencer 1911, p. 880.
mula: Ag5 SbS4 It is composed of 68.8% silver, and some-
times is of importance as an ore of this metal.[4] Attribution
44 CHAPTER 4. MINERALS

This article incorporates text from a publication now 4.25.2 References

in the public domain: Spencer, Leonard James (1911).
extquotedblStephanite extquotedbl. In Chisholm, [1] Handbook of Mineralogy - Stibiopalladinite. Hand-
Hugh. Encyclopdia Britannica 15 (11th ed.). Cam- bookofmineralogy.com. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
bridge University Press. p. 880. [2] Stibiopalladinite: Stibiopalladinite mineral information and
data. Mindat.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.

[3] Stibiopalladinite Mineral Data. Webmineral.com. Re-

4.24 Stibiconite trieved 2013-10-18.

Stibiconite is an antimony oxide mineral with formula:

Sb3 O6 (OH). Its name originates from Greek stibi (anti- 4.26 Stibnite
mony) and konis (powder), alluding to its composition
and habit.[1][2][3] It is a member of the pyrochlore super Stibnite, sometimes called antimonite, is a sulde mineral
group. with the formula Sb2 S3 . This soft grey material crystallizes
in an orthorhombic space group. It is the most important
source for the metalloid antimony.[4] The name is from the
4.24.1 Discovery and occurrence Greek stibi through the Latin stibium as the old name for
the mineral and the element antimony.[1][2] As an antimony
It was rst described in 1862 for an occurrence in sulde, it is potentially toxic and should be handled with
the Brandholz - Goldkronach District, Fichtelgebirge, care.
Franconia, Bavaria.[2]
It occurs as a secondary alteration product of other hy- 4.26.1 Structure
drothermal antimony minerals such as stibnite. It occurs
in association with cervantite, valentinite, kermesite, native Stibnite has a structure similar to that of arsenic trisulde,
antimony and stibnite.[3] As2 S3 . The Sb(III) centers, which are pyramidal and three-
coordinate, are linked via bent two-coordinate sulde ions.
It is grey when fresh, but can turn supercially black due to
4.24.2 References oxidation in air.

[1] Stibiconite. Webminerals. Retrieved 2009-06-06. Crystal from Henan Province, China (size:
16.85.45.4 cm)
[2] Stibiconite. Mindat. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
Needles of stibnite within a transparent crystal of cal-
[3] Handbook of Mineralogy cite (size: 4.53.51.8 cm)

4.25 Stibiopalladinite
Stibiopalladinite is a mineral containing the chemical el-
ements palladium and antimony.[1] Its chemical formula is
Pd5 Sb2 . It is a silvery white to steel grey opaque mineral
crystallizing in the hexagonal crystal system.[2]
It was rst described in 1929 for an occurrence in the
[3]
Bushveld igneous complex of South Africa.
4.25.1 Bibliography
Emsley, John. Natures Building Blocks. Oxford, but its use was abandoned due to toxicity and sensitivity to
2001. ISBN 0-19-850341-5
4.26.2 Uses
Pastes of Sb2 S3 powder in fat[5] or in other materials have
been used since ca. 3000 BC as eye cosmetics in the Middle
East and farther aeld; in this use, Sb2 S3 is called kohl. It
was used to darken the brows and lashes, or to draw a line
around the perimeter of the eye.
Antimony trisulde nds use in pyrotechnic compositions,
namely in the glitter and fountain mixtures. Needle-like
crystals, Chinese Needle, are used in glitter composi-
tions and white pyrotechnic stars. The Dark Pyro ver-
sion is used in ash powders to increase their sensitivity
and sharpen their report. It is also a component of modern
safety matches. It was formerly used in ash compositions,
static electricity.[6]
4.27. TETRAHEDRITE 45

The natural sulde of antimony, stibnite, was known and [7] Sunan Abu-Dawud (Ahmad Hasan translation). Book 32,
used ever since protodynastic Ancient Egypt as a medi- Number 4050.
cation and a cosmetic. The Sunan Abi Dawood reports,
[8] Eirenaeus Philalethes and Carl Jung http://www.persee.fr/
prophet Muhammad said: 'Among the best types of web/revues/home/prescript/article/rhs_0151-4105_1996_
collyrium is antimony (ithmid) for it clears the vision and num_49_2_1254
makes the hair sprout.'[7]
[9] American Museum of Natural History, Spectacular Stib-
The 17th century alchemist Eirenaeus Philalethes, also nite. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved
known as George Starkey, describes stibnite in his alchem- 2007-05-27.
ical commentary An Exposition upon Sir George Ripleys
Epistle. Starkey used stibnite as a precursor to philosoph- [10] Chinese stibnite crystal on display in US. Retrieved 2009-
ical mercury, which was itself a hypothetical precursor to 06-06.
[8]
the Philosophers stone. [11] P. C. Rickwood (1981). The largest crystals. American
Mineralogist 66: 885907.

4.26.3 Occurrence
4.26.6 External links
Stibnite occurs in hydrothermal deposits and is associated
with realgar, orpiment, cinnabar, galena, pyrite, marcasite, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). extquotedblStibnite ex-
arsenopyrite, cervantite, stibiconite, calcite, ankerite, barite tquotedbl. Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cam-
and chalcedony.[1] bridge University Press.
Small deposits of stibnite are common, but large deposits
are rare. It occurs in Canada, Mexico, Peru, Japan, China,
Germany, Romania, Italy, France, England, Algeria, and 4.27 Tetrahedrite
Kalimantan, Borneo. In the United States it is found in
Arkansas, Idaho, Nevada, California, and Alaska. Tetrahedrite is a copper antimony sulfosalt mineral with
As of May 2007, the largest specimen on public display formula: (Cu,Fe)
(1000 pounds) is at the American Museum of Natural His- 12Sb
tory.[9][10] The largest documented single crystals of stibnite 4S
measured ~6055 cm and originated from dierent loca- 13. It is the antimony endmember of the continuous solid
tions including Japan, France and Germany.[11] solution series with arsenic-bearing tennantite. Pure end-
members of the series are seldom if ever seen in nature.
Of the two, the antimony rich phase is more common.
4.26.4 See also Other elements also substitute in the structure, most no-
tably iron and zinc, along with less common silver, mercury
List of minerals and lead. Bismuth also substitutes for the antimony site and
bismuthian tetrahedrite or annivite is a recognized variety.
The related, silver dominant, mineral species freibergite, al-
4.26.5 References though rare, is notable in that it can contain up to 18% silver.
Tetrahedrite gets its name from the distinctive tetrahedron
[1] Stibnite. Handbook of Mineralogy
shaped cubic crystals. The mineral usually occurs in mas-
[2] Stibnite. Mindat.org sive form, it is a steel grey to black metallic mineral with
Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4 and specic gravity of 4.6 to 5.2.
[3] Stibnite. Webmineral
It occurs in low to moderate temperature hydrothermal
[4] Sabina C. Grund, K. Hanusch, H. J. Breunig, H. U. Wolf, veins and in some contact metamorphic deposits. It is a
Antimony and Antimony Compounds in Ullmanns Ency- minor ore of copper and associated metals. It was rst
clopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Wein- described in 1845 for occurrences in Freiberg, Saxony,
heim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03 055.pub2 Germany.
[5] Priesner, Claus and Figala, Karin, ed. (1998). Al-
chemie. Lexikon einer hermetischen Wissenschaft (in Ger-
man). Mnchen: C.H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-44106-8.
4.27.1 Applications

[6] Pyrotechnic Chemical Guide. PyroUniverse.com. Re- California-based Alphabet Energy announced plans to of-
trieved on 2011-10-14. fer a thermoelectric device based on tetrahedrite to turn
46 CHAPTER 4. MINERALS

4.28 Ullmannite
Ullmannite is a nickel antimony sulde mineral with for-
mula: NiSbS. Considerable substitution occurs with cobalt
and iron in the nickel site along with bismuth and arsenic
in the antimony site. A solid solution series exists with the
high cobalt willyamite.

4.28.1 Physical properties

Ullmannite is steel-gray to tin white in color with a metal-
lic luster, has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 5.5 and a specic
gravity of 6.65. Initially thought to be of two species, tetra-
Tetrahedrite crystals with chalcopyrite and sphalerite from the Cas- hedral and cubic, it was later conrmed that both samples
apalca Mine, Peru (size: 8.2 x 6.4 x 4.7 cm) conformed to the 23 point group of the isometric crystal
class and typically exhibits cubic, octahedral, or pyritohe-
dral forms although euhedral crystals are rare.[4]
heat into electricity. The company claimed that other ther-
moelectrics typically produce about 2.5 percent eciency, Variance in its chemical composition has been shown to be
while tetrahedrite could achieve 5 to 10 percent.[3] responsible for loss of symmetry and variations in striation
patterns.[5]
Other thermoelectrics are either scarce, expensive ($24-
146/kg vs $4 for tetrahedrite) and/or toxic. Working with Ullmannite crystals are usually less than 2 mm, however
a natural material also reduces manufacturing costs, which larger have been identied in especially antimony rich
otherwise chemically process pure materials.[3] environments.[6] Ullmannite commonly displays interpen-
etration twins as well as enantiomorphic twinning along
[110].[1]
4.27.2 See also
Bornite 4.28.2 Occurrence
Cuprite
List of Minerals

4.27.3 References
[1] Handbook of Mineralogy

[2] Tetrahedrite: Tetrahedrite mineral information and data.

Mindat.org. 2014-07-12. Retrieved 2014-07-17.

[3] Jacobs, Suzanne (2014-07-12). Cheaper Thermoelec-

tric Materials | MIT Technology Review. Technologyre-
view.com. Retrieved 2014-07-17.

4.27.4 External links Ulmanite crystals from the Masaloni Mine, San Vito, Cagliari
Province, Sardinia, Italy (size: 5.4 x 3.3 x 2.1 cm)
Media related to Tetrahedrite at Wikimedia Commons
It is a member of the cobaltite group and forms a se-
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual ries with willyamite ((Co,Ni)SbS). It occurs with nickeline,
of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, ISBN 0-471-80580-7 gersdorte, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena,
tetrahedrite and dyscrasite in hydrothermal deposits.[1]
Mineral galleries
Principal localities are in Germany, it is also found in
Webmineral data Austria, Australia, France, England, and Wales.
4.29. VALENTINITE 47

It was rst described in 1843 for an occurrence in the 4.29 Valentinite

Storch und Schneberg Mine, North Rhine-Westphalia,
Germany.[3] Valentinite is an antimony oxide mineral with formula
Specimens of ullmannite were found at Sarrabus, Sardinia, Sb2 O3 . Valentinite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system
Italy in 1887. The crystals of the specimens from Sarrabus and typically forms as radiating clusters of euhedral crystals
were described as hemihedral with parallel faces, whereas or as brous masses. It is colorless to white with occasional
specimens from Llling in present-day Austria were hemi- shades or tints of yellow and red. It has a Mohs hardness of
hedral with inclined faces.[7] 2.5 to 3 and a specic gravity of 5.76.[4] Valentinite occurs
as a weathering product of stibnite and other antimony min-
erals. It is dimorphous with the isometric antimony oxide
4.28.3 Origin of name senarmontite.[1]

Ullmannite was named for German chemist and

mineralogist, Johann Christoph Ullmann (17711821),
one of the fathers of systematic mineralogy. Ullmann
established a mineral collection (now the basis for the
internationally renowned Museum of Mineralogy in
Marburg )and authored Ein Systematisch-Tabellarische
bersicht der Mineralogisch einfachen Fossilien, one of the
rst attempts to provide a structured organization to the
observed minerals of the day.

4.28.4 See also

List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

4.28.5 References
[1] Handbook of Mineralogy
[2] Webmineral data Valetinite with pyrite from the San Jos Mine, Oruro City, Bolivia
(size: 3.9 x 2.8 x 1.5 cm)
[3] Mindat with location data
[4] Miers, A.H. (1891). The Tetardohedrism of Ull-
mannite.. Mineralogical Magazine (London: Min-
eralogical Society of Great Britain) 9: 211213. 4.29.1 Historical data
doi:10.1180/minmag.1891.009.43.03.
[5] Takeuchi, Y. (1957). The Absolute Structure of Ullman-A mineral named in the middle of the 19th century in hon-
our of Basilius Valentinus, a writer on alchemy. He is the
nite, NiSbS.. Mineralogical Journal (Tokyo: Mineralogical
supposed author of the rst book to give a detailed descrip-
Society of Japan) 2: 90102. doi:10.2465/minerj1953.2.90.
tion of antimony and its compounds. From the contents of
[6] Zhu, Y.; An,F. (2010). Native Antimony in the Baogutu the book it is also obvious that Valentinus was familiar with
gold deposit( West Junggar, NW China): Its occur-
the synthetic preparation of antimony trioxide, which was
rence and origin. Ore Geology Reviews 37: 214223.
doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.03.005.
called 'the antimony ower'.
Valentinite was rst described in 1845 for an occurrence in
[7] Klein, C.; P. Jannasch (1888). Ullmannite from Llling
the Les Chalanches Mine, Allemont, Isre, Rhne-Alpes,
and from Sarrabus. (Jahrb. F. Min., 1887, ii, Mem., 169-
France.[2] The rst description of its occurrence in the re-
173) extquotedbl. Journal of the Chemical Society. Part I.
gion of Pribram in Bohemia comes roughly from the same
Abstracts. (London: Gurney & Jackson) 54: 31. Retrieved
December 23, 2010. time. This particular locality at one time produced the very
best crystals of this mineral. The largest crystals found there
Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Danas measured up to 3 cm. Grouped in rich druses, they devel-
system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, 301302. oped in vein cavities with galena.
48 CHAPTER 4. MINERALS

4.29.2 Occurrence
Valentinite is a weathering product of hydrothermal
antimony-bearing veins, where it forms as a secondary
mineral through oxidation in the upper parts of the de-
posits. It occurs associated with stibnite, native antimony,
stibiconite, cervantite, kermesite and tetrahedrite.[1]
A rich deposit of valentinite has been found in the
Constantine province of Algeria. This is the only deposit
where it is mined as an ore, with 83% antimony. In all other
locations it occurs in negligible quantities.

4.29.3 See also

List of minerals

List of minerals named after people

4.29.4 References
[1] Handbook of Mineralogy

[2] Mindat with location data

[3] Webmineral data

[4] Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals.

McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049439-8

4.30 Zinkenite
Zinkenite is a steel-gray metallic sulfosalt mineral com-
posed of lead antimony sulde Pb9 Sb22 S42 . Zinkenite oc-
curs as acicular needle-like crystals.[1]
It was rst described in 1826 for an occurrence in the
Harz Mountains, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany and named af-
ter its discoverer, German mineralogist and mining geolo-
gist, Johann Karl Ludwig Zinken (17901862).[2][3]

4.30.1 References
[1] http://webmineral.com/data/Zinkenite.shtml Webmineral
data

[2] http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/zinkenite.pdf
Handbook of Mineralogy

[3] http://www.mindat.org/min-4417.html Mindat

Chapter 5
Miscellany
5.1 Antimonial
Antimonials, in pre-modern medicine, were remedies
principally containing antimony, used chiey for emetic 5.1.4 See also
purposes. They might also have qualied for cathartic,
diaphoretic, or simply alterative uses. Such treatments were Antimonial cup
considered unparalleled in their strength.[1]
5.1.1 Metaphorical usage
The following passage illustrates the use of the word an-
timonial to mean emetic in common (as well as medical)
terms:
Bumble shook his head, as he replied, Ob-
stinate people, Mr. Sowerberry; very obstinate.
Proud, too, I'm afraid, sir.
Proud, eh? extquotedbl exclaimed Mr. Sower-
berry with a sneer. Come, thats too much.
Oh, its sickening, replied the beadle. Anti-
monial, Mr. Sowerberry! extquotedbl
Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist
5.1.2 See also
Antimony pill
Antimonial cup
Pentavalent antimonial
5.1.3 External links
This article incorporates text from a publication
now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim,
ed. (1728). extquotedblarticle name needed extquotedbl.
Cyclopdia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and
Sciences (rst ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
Antimonials.
Pentavalent antimonial
5.1.5 References
[1] Frzard, Frdric; Demicheli, Cynthia; Ribeiro, Raul
R. (2009). Pentavalent Antimonials: New Perspec-
tives for Old Drugs. Molecules 14 (7): 231736.
doi:10.3390/molecules14072317. PMID 19633606.
5.2 Antimonial cup
An antimonial cup was a small half-pint mug or cup cast
in antimony popular in Europe during the 17th and 18th
centuries. They were also known under the names pocula
emetica, calices vomitorii, or emetic cups, as wine that
was kept in one for a 24 hour period gained an emetic or
laxative quality. The tartaric acid in the wine acted upon
the metal cup and formed tartarised antimony.[1][2]
5.2.1 History
Roman banquets of antiquity had goblets of specially pre-
pared antimony-doctored wine. The antimonial cup would
be employed in order to facilitate repeated doses of overeat-
ing by a followup of purging.[3] Antimonial cups were used
in England and America from earlier part of the 17th cen-
tury and well into the 18th century. The spelling at the time
was Antimonyall Cupps. The meaning of the word an-
timony seems to have come from Basil Valentine and the
name Antimoine meaning against monks.[4] The cups
were common in monasteries.[5]
49
50
Seventeenth-century antimonial cups
Captain James Cooks antimonial cup
Antimonial cups are extremely rare as only six are known
in Great Britain, all in London, two in the Netherlands
(Amsterdam and Leiden), one in Basel, Switzerland, one
in Italy in the former papal palace in Ariccia and another
one in London believed to have belonged to Captain James
Cook, the English navigator. It is in the National Mar-
itime Museum at Greenwich, London. The reason he had
an antimonial cup is mostly of speculation, anything from
stomach problems to scurvy. The provenance shows that it
was acquired on loan in 1983 from Lady Rowley, daugh-
ter of the 8th Viscount Galway, Governor General of New
CHAPTER 5. MISCELLANY
Zealand. The family regarded it as a pewter communion
cup and had owned it for many years. Lady Rowleys ances-
tor, General Robert Monckton, was General James Wolfe's
second in command at Quebec. Cook was involved in
the St Lawrence Expedition of 1759 under the joint com-
mand of Admiral Sir Edward Saunders and General Wolfe.
The antimonial cup may have been bought by the 5th Vis-
count Galway (William George Monckton-Arundell) be-
tween 1815 and 1830 amongst Cook relics from a sale of the
eects of Rear Admiral Isaac Smith, a nephew and com-
panion of Mrs Elizabeth Cook (widow of James Cook).[2]
The resurrection of the antimonial cup may have occurred
because of the prohibition of antimony in 1566 by an Act of
Parliament. As a method to circumvent the law, metal tin
cups were made with antimony as one of its ingredients.[6]
When wine was allowed to stand in one for approximately
24 hours the wine became impregnated with tartrate of
antimony, from the action of the tartar contained in the
wine upon the metal of the lm of oxide formed upon its
surface.[7] This resulting alcoholic drink was attractive to
sick patients as a medicine by purging the body. The fam-
ily antimonial cup gathered increased powers of sugges-
tion with years of being handed down from generation to
generation.[5]
5.2.2 Description
The 1728 Cyclopaedia by Ephraim Chambers says it was
made either of glass of antimony or of antimony prepared
with saltpeter. The liquid obtained from the resultant wine
or liquor left in it for 24 hours was not dissoluble by the
stomach. The infused liquid containing antimony would
give a cathartic or emetic eect.[8]
There is an antimonical cup at the Geological Museum that
has an inscription on the shield of the small ornamental lid
that reads, Du bist ein Wunder der Natur und aller Menschen
sichere Cur (You are a wonder of nature and for all people
a certain cure). These pictured display cups may be plate
pewter consisting of 89 percent tin and 7 percent antimony.
It could, however, be triple pewter containing less tin and
as much as 15 percent antimony.[5]
The size of those used in England and America from the
17th century were about two inches high and about two in
diameter. They held about four ounces of wine. Although
there were other kinds of emetics in this time period avail-
able, many households possessed an antimonial cup of their
own.[9] The instructions typically were to ll the antimonial
cup at 6 PM with white wine and take all the wine at 7 AM
the next morning to induce vomiting. A child was instructed
to take just half the amount. If it had not induced vomiting
within a couple of hours, then they were to take the other
half of the liquid. This method of using wine to gather a
5.3. GLASS OF ANTIMONY 51

small portion of the metallic part of antimony was depen- 5.3 Glass of antimony
dent on the acidity of the wine. If the wine was too acidic,
then the concoction could become too strong for the body, Glass of antimony, vitrum antimonii, is a transparent
resulting in poisoning or even death.[9] glass created from a preparation of antimony, historically
used as an emetic. It was created using crude antimony,
ground and calcined by a vehement re, in an earthen
5.2.3 See also crucible, until it no longer fumed, indicating that its sulfur
was evaporated. The remaining substance (calx) was then
Antimonial
vitried in a wind furnace, upon which it became transpar-
Antimony pill ent, ruddy, and shining.[1]
It has been considered the strongest emetic of any prepa-
ration of antimony. Yet, if dissolved in spirit of urine, it
5.2.4 References ceased to be either emetic or cathartic.
[1] The Technologist, p. 393

[2] Captain James Cooks Antimony Cup 5.3.1 See also

[3] Mauder, p. 228
antimonial
[4] The Technologist, Volume 1, p. 388
antimonial cup
[5] Antimonyall Cupps: Pocula Emetica or Calices Vomitorii

[6] Antimony cup with leather case, Europe, 1601-1700

5.3.2 References
[7] Antimony cup, Europe, 1501-1700
[1] Anyonymus (1838). Werners Bereitung des Vitrum anti-
[8] Chambers, p. 109 monii im Groen 67 (CXVIII). pp. 446448.
[9] Account of an Antimonial Cup , p. 582

5.4 Organoantimony chemistry

5.2.5 Sources
Account of an Antimonial Cup, from The Gentlemans Organoantimony chemistry is the chemistry of
Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, Volume 102, Part compounds containing a carbon to antimony (Sb) chemical
1, E. Cave, 1832 bond. Relevant oxidation states are Sb(V) and Sb(III).
The toxicity of antimony[1] limits practical application in
Chambers, Ephraim, Cyclopdia, or, An universal organic chemistry.[2]
dictionary of arts and sciences : containing the def-
initions of the terms, and accounts of the things sig-
nify'd thereby, in the several arts, both liberal and me- 5.4.1 Organoantimony(V) chemistry
chanical, and the several sciences, human and divine
: the gures, kinds, properties, productions, prepara- Antimony compounds of the type R5 Sb (stiboranes) can be
tions, and uses, of things natural and articial : the rise, synthesised from trivalent Sb precursors:
progress, and state of things ecclesiastical, civil, mili-
tary, and commercial : with the several systems, sects,
Ph3 Sb + Cl2 Ph3 SbCl2
opinions, &c : among philosophers, divines, mathe-
maticians, physicians, antiquaries, criticks, &c : the Ph3 SbCl2 + 2 PhLi Ph5 Sb
whole intended as a course of antient and modern
learning. (1728)
Asymmetric compounds can also be obtained through the
Mauder, Andrew, Victorian crime, madness and sen- stibonium ion:
sation, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004, ISBN 0-7546-
4060-4 R5 Sb + X2 [R4 Sb]+ [X]
The Technologist, Volume 1, Kent & Co., 1861 [R4 Sb]+ [X] + R'MgX R4 R'Sb
52 CHAPTER 5. MISCELLANY

Just as in the related organobismuth compounds (same 5.4.4 See also

group 15), organoantimony(V) compounds form onium
compounds and ate complexes.
Pentaphenylantimony decomposes at 200 C to
triphenylstibine and biphenyl. It forms a trigonal bipyra-
midal molecular geometry. In the related Me5 Sb all
methyl protons are equivalent at 100 C in proton NMR.
Compounds of the type R4 SbX tend to form dimers.
5.4.2 Organoantimony(III) chemistry
Compounds of the type R3 Sb (stibines) can be accessed by
reaction of antimony trichloride with organolithium com-
pounds or Grignards.
SbCl3 + 3 RLi (or RMgCl) R3 Sb
Typical reactions are:
Chemical bonds of carbon with other elements in the
periodic table:
5.4.5 References
[1] Filella, M. Alkyl derivatives of antimony in the environ-
ment. Metal ions in life sciences (Cambridge: RSC pub-
lishing) 7: 267301. doi:10.1039/9781849730822-00267.
ISBN 978-1-84755-177-1.
[2] C. Elschenbroich, A. Salzer Organometallics : A Concise In-
troduction (2nd Ed) (1992) from Wiley-VCH: Weinheim.
ISBN 3-527-28165-7
[3] Organoantimony compounds with element-element bonds
H.J. Breunig, R. Rosler Coordination Chemistry Reviews
163 (1997) 33-53

R3 Sb + Br2 R3 SbBr2
R3 Sb + O2 R3 SbO
R3 Sb + Na + NH3 R2 SbNa
R3 Sb + B2 H6 R3 SbBH3

Stibanes are weak Lewis acids and therefore ate com-

plexes are not encountered. On the other hand they have
good donor properties and are therefore widely used in
coordination chemistry. R3 Sb compounds are more air-
sensitive than the R5 Sb counterparts.
Antimony Metallocenes are known as well:

14SbI3 + 3 (Cp*Al)4 [2Cp*Sb]+ [AlI4 ]- + 8Sb

+ 6 AlI3

The Cp*-Sb-Cp* angle is 154.

The cyclic compound stibole, a structural analog of pyrrole,
has not been isolated, but substituted derivatives known as
stiboles are known.

5.4.3 Organoantimony(II) chemistry

Distibines have a Sb-Sb single bond and are of some inter-

est as thermochromic materials. For example tetramethyld-
istibine is a colorless as a gas, yellow as a liquid, red as solid
just below the melting point of 18.5 C and again yellow
well below the melting point.[3]
Chapter 6

Text and image sources, contributors, and

licenses

6.1 Text
Antimony Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony?oldid=629783481 Contributors: AxelBoldt, CYD, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Koyaanis
Qatsi, Rjstott, Andre Engels, LA2, Branden, Cyrek, Heron, Edward, RTC, DrewT2, Erik Zachte, Chris, Ixfd64, Minesweeper, Pcb21, Looxix,
Ahoerstemeier, Andres, GRAHAMUK, Schneelocke, Emperorbma, Charles Matthews, Stone, Paul Stansifer, Cjmnyc, Hannibal (usurped), Wik,
Dtgm, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, Grendelkhan, EthanL, Fibonacci, Jerzy, Branddobbe, Romanm, Naddy, Mirv, Henrygb, Rursus, Mervyn, Wikibot,
Wereon, Mandel, Anthony, Carnildo, Giftlite, Everyking, Crag, Mboverload, Darrien, PlatinumX, Delta G, John Abbe, Quadell, Antandrus, Lvl,
M.e, Pmanderson, Icairns, Nickptar, Aerion, Aramgutang, Klemen Kocjancic, Daevatgl, Guanabot, Vsmith, R6144, Guanabot2, Bender235,
PP Jewel, Danny B-), Brian0918, El C, Joanjoc, Kwamikagami, Rjboyer, Remember, Fiveless, Femto, Dreish, Kjkolb, A2Kar, HasharBot,
Jumbuck, Alansohn, Eric Kvaalen, Keenan Pepper, Benjah-bmm27, Sl, Nicknicknickandnick, Axl, Mailer diablo, Stillnotelf, Miltonhowe, Wt-
mitchell, Hadlock, Skatebiker, SteinbDJ, Gene Nygaard, HenryLi, Dejvid, Megan1967, Oliphaunt, BillC, Benbest, Hdante, Schzmo, Sengkang,
GregorB, Palica, Keithpickering, DePiep, Saperaud, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Earin, Bladeofgrass, Nihiltres, RexNL, Lmatt, Goudzovski, Srleer,
King of Hearts, Chobot, Jaraalbe, YurikBot, Speedfranklin, Hairy Dude, Phantomsteve, SpuriousQ, Hellbus, Stephenb, Gaius Cornelius, Yyy,
Shaddack, Lusanaherandraton, NawlinWiki, Wiki alf, Badagnani, Yahya Abdal-Aziz, Ino5hiro, Dogcow, Robert McClenon, Sanctu, Flying-
Penguins, ColinFine, Nlu, Tetracube, Lt-wiki-bot, Nikkimaria, Reyk, Cerebrith, Sambc, Anclation, GrinBot, Shadowin, Mhardcastle, Itub,
SmackBot, FocalPoint, YellowMonkey, Harish2k1vet, Anagnorisis, KocjoBot, Jagged 85, Verne Equinox, Eskimbot, Edgar181, Srnec, Ohnoit-
sjamie, Anwar saadat, Kurykh, Mmarko, Jprg1966, Thumperward, Bazonka, Shak, DHN-bot, Namangwari, Cpt Adham, KageTora, Gurps
npc, Cybercobra, Smokefoot, Drc79, PeterJeremy, Kukini, Will Beback, Krashlandon, Archimerged, Potosino, John, Aussie Alchemist, Johanna-
Hypatia, Reuvenk, Peterlewis, Beetstra, Mr Stephen, Scyrene, Jose77, Udibi, Dan Gluck, EPO, Walton One, Hhaithait, Courcelles, Thricecube,
Poolkris, Chris55, Parsival, Stifynsemons, Cacahueten, CmdrObot, Davidryan168, Nunquam Dormio, Pyrope, Apterygial, Borislav.dopudja,
Clappingsimon, Besieged, Corpx, Roberta F., DumbBOT, Nabokov, Rosser1954, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Bezking, Headbomb, Xuanji, John254,
Nick Number, Escarbot, Mentisto, AntiVandalBot, Shirt58, Smartse, Spencer, SassyLee, Ioeth, JAnDbot, Deective, Plantsurfer, .anacond-
abot, Hurmata, Magioladitis, WolfmanSF, VoABot II, FullMetalJacket, Bernardissimo, Daniel2500, WhatamIdoing, Pax:Vobiscum, ChemNerd,
R'n'B, Leyo, Watch37264, J.delanoy, Joshuaali, Hans Dunkelberg, Uncle Dick, James A. Stewart, Dmichaelharris, Warut, NewEnglandYan-
kee, Jorfer, STBotD, Scottydude, Squids and Chips, Idioma-bot, 28bytes, VolkovBot, Je G., Soliloquial, PerfectlyInsane, Thmazing, Rei-
bot, AWP1012933, Kumorifox, Anna Lincoln, Axiosaurus, Mattbaileyisneat, Enigmaman, Synthebot, Seresin, AlleborgoBot, Logan, EmxBot,
Kbrose, SieBot, PlanetStar, BotMultichill, ToePeu.bot, Gerakibot, Cwkmail, Til Eulenspiegel, France3470, Keilana, CombatCraig, Scorpion451,
Haydonnoel, Grunkhead, OKBot, Brice one, Nergaal, Atif.t2, ClueBot, Reza kalani, J8079s, CounterVandalismBot, DrFO.Jr.Tn, Blanchardb,
Pras, DragonBot, Alexbot, Encyclopedia77, Conical Johnson, HeroGiant, Coinmanj, Chemkid1, Bentu, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, WackyBoots,
Jovianeye, Osplace, NellieBly, Ziggy Sawdust, SkyLined, Freestyle-69, Power.corrupts, FeRD NYC, Lon of Oakdale, Seratna, CarsracBot,
Glass Sword, Numbo3-bot, Ehrenkater, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Greyhood, Topquark22, DrFO.Tn.Bot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Buddy431, Kamikaze-
Bot, Evda, Mydoctor93, AnakngAraw, AnomieBOT, Rjanag, Piano non troppo, Bluerasberry, Materialscientist, Citation bot, GB fan, ArthurBot,
DirlBot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, TinucherianBot II, J G Campbell, Otterwiki, 4twenty42o, Jmundo, Zibem, Srich32977, Koyos, Ashumaloz, Chris.urs-
o, Wolf364, Sceder, Calcinations, Santr, FrescoBot, Tlaquepaque, LucienBOT, Pskjk3, Citation bot 1, Pinethicket, A8UDI, Jedager1243,
SpaceFlight89, Mikespedia, Manasij, Jauhienij, Enemenemu, Double sharp, TobeBot, Zoeperkoe, Blind cyclist, Reaper Eternal, Mousepad99,
AXRL, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, DexDor, The 1 venin, CalicoCatLover, Strickja, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Optiguy54, Prejosh, Syncategoremata,
GoingBatty, RA0808, Apm963, Peterindelft, Jsjsjs1111, StringTheory11, Chemicalinterest, AManWithNoPlan, Maretchin, Donner60, Xiaoyu
of Yuxi, Wangxuan8331800, EdoBot, Lu123man, ClueBot NG, Jack Greenmaven, MelbourneStar, AerobicFox, Kmeggison, Parcly Taxel,
WikiPuppies, Helpful Pixie Bot, Bibcode Bot, BG19bot, Jerryjackson42, ElphiBot, Yulllia, TomeHale, Lsaper, Kopely, Minsbot, Lieutenant
of Melkor, Beesy123, Inavda, Mahmud Halimi Wardag, Ojgaeingaieng, Metalello, Adrian pangaribuan, Paullgrin, Dexbot, JZNIOSH, Chem-
istryExpert!!, Reatlas, GeneralConstruction, Faizan, Svnti fav, Phaseboundary, Tritario, Ramendoctor, Anrnusna, Sera Song, EpicBaney,
Nathalieantimony and Anonymous: 327
Isotopes of antimony Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_antimony?oldid=540574168 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Femto,
Rjwilmsi, Limulus, Vina-iwbot, Headbomb, Addbot, LaaknorBot, Luckas-bot, Xqbot, XZeroBot, Erik9bot, 777sms, XinaNicole, ZroBot,

53
54 CHAPTER 6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Helpful Pixie Bot and Anonymous: 1

Algarot Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarot?oldid=581154777 Contributors: Stone, Grm wnr, Brian0918, Benjah-bmm27,
Woohookitty, Asarelah, Tetracube, Where next Columbus?, SmackBot, CRKingston, Jrockley, DMacks, BryanFrazar, Rieman 82, Johnny
Sumner, Jerry, Petergans, Chem-awb, Addbot, Luckas-bot, CheMoBot, Citation bot, Quebec99, Citation bot 4, Jonesey95, AvocatoBot, APer-
son, Anrnusna and Anonymous: 7
Aluminium antimonide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_antimonide?oldid=612806428 Contributors: Michael Hardy, Firs-
fron, Jaraalbe, Pip2andahalf, robot, Jrockley, Bluebot, Polonium, ArglebargleIV, Beetstra, Thricecube, Rieman 82, Ksbrown,
Watch37264, R!SC, VolkovBot, Kyle the bot, Optigan13, Chem-awb, Alexbot, JaredAllred, Addbot, Yobot, CheMoBot, Materialscientist,
GrouchoBot, Dr. Helix, 2bonkers, AvicBot, Chemicalinterest, Rezabot and Anonymous: 9
Antimonide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonide?oldid=608168737 Contributors: Danny, Walkerma, Percy Snoodle, Ctdunstan,
Polonium, DMacks, Beetstra, Gnome (Bot), VolkovBot, Chem-awb, Alexbot, Plasmic Physics, Addbot, AvicBot, Chemicalinterest, Mountain-
ninja, El Roih and Anonymous: 6
Antimonite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonite?oldid=600924525 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Leonard G., Saperaud,
Physchim62, 2T, Christian75, CommonsDelinker, Axiosaurus, Wilhelmina Will, Chem-awb, Addbot, Omnipaedista, Chris.urs-o, Mikespedia,
RjwilmsiBot, Chemicalinterest, El Roih and Anonymous: 4
Antimony pentauoride Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_pentafluoride?oldid=602092063 Contributors: Michael Devore, Rich
Farmbrough, Alistair1978, A2Kar, Benjah-bmm27, DePiep, Rjwilmsi, Soakologist, Physchim62, YurikBot, Shaddack, Tetracube, Eeee,
SmackBot, Hugo-cs, Bluebot, Sprited Spheniscidae, Smokefoot, Drphilharmonic, Aussie Alchemist, Evan Robidoux, Beetstra, Thricecube,
Scigatt, CmdrObot, EdJohnston, Dougher, Albmont, Ekotkie, Bbi5291, LordAnubisBOT, MartinBotIII, Axiosaurus, McM.bot, AlleborgoBot,
SieBot, BlueFire7, Chem-awb, Mild Bill Hiccup, Puppy8800, MystBot, Addbot, Luckas-bot, CheMoBot, SassoBot, WikitanvirBot, HiW-Bot,
ZroBot, Chemicalinterest, Makecat, ChuispastonBot, Jeawon135 and Anonymous: 12
Antimony triuoride Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_trifluoride?oldid=627002480 Contributors: Stone, Jre, St3vo, Rich
Farmbrough, Benjah-bmm27, Sandover, V8rik, DePiep, Rjwilmsi, Fivemack, Andel, Tony1, Tsiaojian lee, Itub, Smokefoot, Evan Robidoux,
Beetstra, Thricecube, LordAnubisBOT, Rei-bot, Axiosaurus, Chem-awb, Auntof6, Plasmic Physics, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, CheMoBot,
Kinostx1, Materialscientist, GrouchoBot, SassoBot, Citation bot 1, RjwilmsiBot, ZroBot, Chemicalinterest, Makecat, ChuispastonBot, P.
Ashutosh, AvocatoBot, Chemwes, Koszik and Anonymous: 3
Antimony pentachloride Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_pentachloride?oldid=610604565 Contributors: Stone, Chiu freder-
ick, Benjah-bmm27, DePiep, Rjwilmsi, Physchim62, Gaius Cornelius, Tetracube, Tsiaojian lee, Shoy, Edgar181, Bluebot, OrphanBot, Smoke-
foot, Kukini, FrozenMan, Beetstra, Thricecube, Rieman 82, Xuanji, Brichcja, Albmont, Amigo7, LordAnubisBOT, Fences and windows, Ax-
iosaurus, Lamro, Chem-awb, ImageRemovalBot, MystBot, Addbot, Luggerhead, Luckas-bot, CheMoBot, SassoBot, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot,
ZroBot, Chemicalinterest, Makecat, Rycecube57, AvocatoBot, LHcheM, Ktlabe and Anonymous: 7
Antimony pentasulde Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_pentasulfide?oldid=625246970 Contributors: Murtasa, Arcadian, De-
Piep, Krishnavedala, Bobby1011, Edgar181, Smokefoot, Qmwne235, Beetstra, Thricecube, Myasuda, Rieman 82, ChemNerd, Leyo, LordAnu-
bisBOT, VolkovBot, An427, EdChem, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, CheMoBot, Anypodetos, XZeroBot, Saehrimnir, Fansico, Cheminterest,
PotatoBot, Tomsdearg92, Scientic29 and Anonymous: 2
Antimony pentoxide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_pentoxide?oldid=615972142 Contributors: Denelson83, Murtasa,
Keenan Pepper, Benjah-bmm27, DePiep, Salix alba, Megapixie, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Beetstra, Thricecube, Peripitus, Rieman 82,
Christian75, LordAnubisBOT, Axiosaurus, Chem-awb, Alexbot, Addbot, Legobot II, CheMoBot, SassoBot, Saehrimnir, Finalius, Rjwilmsi-
Bot, DASHBot, EmausBot, ZroBot, Chemicalinterest, M97uzivatel, Rycecube57, Primergrey, Helpful Pixie Bot, AvocatoBot, IluvatarBot,
Psjk2106, LHcheM, Monkbot and Anonymous: 1
Antimony tetroxide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_tetroxide?oldid=559872907 Contributors: William Avery, Itub, Smoke-
foot, Beetstra, Thricecube, Leyo, Axiosaurus, Chem-awb, Addbot, Luckas-bot, CheMoBot, Materialscientist, SassoBot, Smallman12q, ZroBot,
Rezabot and Project Osprey
Antimony tribromide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_tribromide?oldid=608408390 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Keenan
Pepper, Megapixie, Shoy, Rory096, Beetstra, Thricecube, Rieman 82, Albmont, LordAnubisBOT, Chem-awb, ClueBot, Alexbot, Addbot,
CheMoBot, Materialscientist, Citation bot, SassoBot, Citation bot 1, EmausBot, Cheminterest, ZroBot, Chemicalinterest, Makecat, AvocatoBot,
Monkbot and Anonymous: 3
Antimony trichloride Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_trichloride?oldid=611554662 Contributors: Chiu frederick, Nielmo,
Brian0918, Keenan Pepper, Salix alba, Physchim62, YellowMonkey, CRKingston, Bluebot, Smokefoot, Beetstra, Thricecube, Cancun771,
Calvero JP, Thijs!bot, Autkm, MiPe, Amigo7, DorganBot, MartinBotIII, AlnoktaBOT, IceHorse, Davehi1, Axiosaurus, Oxymoron83, Chem-
awb, PipepBot, Alexbot, Plasmic Physics, DumZiBoT, EdChem, Idolescent, Addbot, Luckas-bot, CheMoBot, Materialscientist, SassoBot, Je-
haga, Jynto, EmausBot, ZroBot, Chemicalinterest, Makecat, Helpful Pixie Bot, AvocatoBot, Gareth CHEBI, Ktlabe and Anonymous: 9
Antimony triiodide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_triiodide?oldid=618213768 Contributors: Stone, Rpyle731, PDH, Keenan
Pepper, Pol098, BradBeattie, Megapixie, SmackBot, Smokefoot, Rory096, Beetstra, Thricecube, Alaibot, MSBOT, LordAnubisBOT, Lova
Falk, Tomaxer, PedroDaGr8, Chem-awb, Alexbot, Plasmic Physics, Addbot, DOI bot, Luckas-bot, CheMoBot, Materialscientist, Citation bot,
SassoBot, Saehrimnir, WikitanvirBot, Chemicalinterest, Makecat, Alchemy Heels I, M97uzivatel, Rezabot, Ktlabe and Anonymous: 2
Antimony trioxide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_trioxide?oldid=607184371 Contributors: Stone, Shizhao, Robbot, Mandel,
Smalljim, Keenan Pepper, Benjah-bmm27, Saga City, Japanese Searobin, Miaow Miaow, Benbest, DePiep, Physchim62, Conscious, Shaddack,
Badagnani, Snagglepuss, DeadEyeArrow, Bota47, Tetracube, Trickstar, SmackBot, Shoy, Edgar181, Commander Keane bot, Bluebot, Darth
Panda, Smokefoot, James52, Beetstra, Thricecube, Chrumps, Rieman 82, Escarbot, JAnDbot, Magioladitis, Albmont, J Hill, Leyo, Auegel,
MartinBotIII, Axiosaurus, Lamro, Chem-awb, DumZiBoT, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, CheMoBot, ArthurBot, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, SassoBot,
Chris.urs-o, Jsorr, Finalius, I2a anja, RedBot, Lightlowemon, Kvdv1, EmausBot, Craxyxarc, ZroBot, Chemicalinterest, YOSF0113, Pashihiko,
Rycecube57, Rezabot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Carlacap, Psjk2106, LHcheM, I2a antimony, Nathalieantimony and Anonymous: 25
6.1. TEXT 55

Antimony triselenide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony_triselenide?oldid=540947464 Contributors: PDH, Keenan Pepper, An-

gusmclellan, BradBeattie, Megapixie, SmackBot, Smokefoot, Rory096, Beetstra, Thricecube, Alaibot, DGG, LordAnubisBOT, Lamro, Chem-
awb, Addbot, Luckas-bot, CheMoBot, Materialscientist, Jynto, EmausBot, EleferenBot, HiW-Bot, ZroBot, Chemicalinterest and Anonymous:
2
Antimony(III) acetate Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony(III)_acetate?oldid=601701012 Contributors: Benjah-bmm27, DePiep,
Edgar181, DMacks, Beetstra, Thricecube, LordAnubisBOT, Liveste, CWii, Axiosaurus, Chem tom, JL-Bot, Chem-awb, ClueBot, Alexbot,
Plasmic Physics, Addbot, CheMoBot, Citation bot, Thejoester69, MondalorBot, RjwilmsiBot, Cheminterest, YOSF0113, Rycecube57, Rezabot
and Anonymous: 3
Fluoroantimonic acid Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroantimonic_acid?oldid=628808044 Contributors: Ugen64, David Latapie,
Chiu frederick, Cevlakohn, DragonySixtyseven, Ary29, M1ss1ontomars2k4, ESkog, Keenan Pepper, Benjah-bmm27, Ynhockey, Sir Lewk,
Torqueing, GregorB, Prashanthns, DePiep, Wyattwong, Nehalem, YurikBot, Neitherday, Icedemon, Bobby1011, Member, Tetracube, Pa-
van.maddamsetti, Itub, SmackBot, Terrancommander, Jrockley, Fabiolucas, Sprited Spheniscidae, Tree Biting Conspiracy, Sbharris, Mikker,
Parent5446, Addshore, Decltype, Smokefoot, Polonium, DMacks, Beetstra, Hyenaste, SR Pipster, Iridescent, Thricecube, LipeFontoura, A876,
Rieman 82, Alaibot, Omicronpersei8, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Marek69, Oosh, AntiVandalBot, VoABot II, Talon Artaine, DerHexer, Bbi5291,
Naveregnide, Bot-Schafter, ArturoWu, Sbastien Bruneau, Hqb, Flopster2, MattTracy, Michael Frind, PGWG, YonaBot, Ju5t1n 0w 1, Chem-
awb, ClueBot, Zee Zee Chicken, Coralmizu, PixelBot, Madboys, Plasmic Physics, Bird man022, Addbot, DOI bot, Jasper Deng, OlEnglish,
99bluefoxx, Luckas-bot, CheMoBot, Amirobot, Kingpin13, ArthurBot, Scottthezombie, Raphaeljstone, Jdsilentio, Citation bot 1, Nirmos,
Mikespedia, Double sharp, Nevin.williams, EmausBot, Frank-Wilcox, Wayne Slam, Zach444, Pajo96, Hstarkuzz, YOSF0113, Chuispaston-
Bot, Whoop whoop pull up, ClueBot NG, Horoporo, Eugenlou, M97uzivatel, Wikiguylolcat, Rezabot, Helpful Pixie Bot, JohnSRoberts99,
Explodo-nerd, Steeldragon7, Renzootjes, Khazar2, Scientic Alan 2, Suradnik50 and Anonymous: 95
Gallium antimonide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_antimonide?oldid=586463893 Contributors: Femto, Stemonitis, DePiep,
Jaraalbe, Sbyrnes321, Jrockley, Beetstra, Thricecube, Chrumps, Jim Swenson, Axiosaurus, Chem-awb, PixelBot, Addbot, HerculeBot,
CheMoBot, Materialscientist, Dinamik-bot, Rycecube57, Rezabot and Anonymous: 7
Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_indium_arsenide_antimonide_phosphide?
oldid=600924817 Contributors: WOSlinker, Kj cheetham, Yobot, Materialscientist and Anonymous: 2
Indium antimonide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium_antimonide?oldid=601249455 Contributors: Dhc529, Tom harrison, Icairns,
Cacycle, Benjah-bmm27, RJFJR, Ctdunstan, Physchim62, Jaraalbe, Shaddack, Ivan Bilenjkij, Sbyrnes321, SmackBot, Jrockley, Bluebot, Tim Q.
Wells, Beetstra, Thricecube, MessedRobot, Rieman 82, Christian75, DmitTrix, MSBOT, S. Randall, CommonsDelinker, Leyo, Belovedfreak,
Jim Swenson, AlleborgoBot, Chem-awb, ImageRemovalBot, Plasmic Physics, DumZiBoT, AgnosticPreachersKid, Dsimic, Addbot, Lightbot,
Yobot, CheMoBot, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Obersachsebot, Citation bot 1, Mikespedia, Spmoura, ZroBot, BG19bot, Anrnusna and
Anonymous: 19
Meglumine antimoniate Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meglumine_antimoniate?oldid=616708068 Contributors: Gak, Arcadian, Teu-
teul, SmackBot, Edgar181, Beetstra, Vanisaac, Fvasconcellos, Bonadea, JavierMC, Addbot, Luckas-bot, CheMoBot, Anypodetos, JackieBot,
, Erik9bot, Medicaltrade, Nirmos, BogBot, Crazydingdong88, PotatoBot, Louisajb and Anonymous: 2
Pentavalent antimonial Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentavalent_antimonial?oldid=534364719 Contributors: Gak, Chowbok, Drag-
onySixtyseven, Klemen Kocjancic, Arcadian, Rjwilmsi, Gaius Cornelius, DMacks, Eastlaw, ThreeofFour, DOI bot, Citation bot 1, PotatoBot,
Alpha1337Saint, Jessmaniac and Anonymous: 2
Sodium stibogluconate Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_stibogluconate?oldid=606869839 Contributors: Gak, Chowbok, Dragon-
ySixtyseven, Rich Farmbrough, Xezbeth, Arcadian, Gene Nygaard, Abanima, Rjwilmsi, Physchim62, David Underdown, SmackBot, Edgar181,
Dreadstar, Smokefoot, Beetstra, Fvasconcellos, Je Dahl, Jmh649, Carlo Banez, Addbot, DOI bot, CheMoBot, Anypodetos, JackieBot,
, Nirmos, BogBot, Peryeat, Louisajb, Pashihiko, Kasirbot and Anonymous: 5
Sodium thioantimoniate Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_thioantimoniate?oldid=591881849 Contributors: Stone, Kjkolb,
Keenan Pepper, Rjwilmsi, SmackBot, Smokefoot, Eastlaw, CmdrObot, Rieman 82, VPliousnine, 0612, VolkovBot, AlnoktaBOT, Chem-awb,
EdChem, Addbot, Element16, CheMoBot, AnomieBOT, Bob Burkhardt, Pinethicket, EmausBot, PBS-AWB, Makecat, BattyBot, ChrisGualtieri
and Anonymous: 5
Stibine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibine?oldid=597961074 Contributors: Stone, Denelson83, Benjah-bmm27, Walkerma, Gene
Nygaard, Physchim62, Jaraalbe, TangParadise, Conscious, Shaddack, Bota47, RyanJones, Tetracube, CWenger, Groyolo, Edgar181, Blue-
bot, MalafayaBot, CSWarren, Smokefoot, Beetstra, Rieman 82, After Midnight, Xuanji, JAnDbot, MartinBotIII, Axiosaurus, Peteritism,
Okyea, BotMultichill, Lightmouse, Chem-awb, Auntof6, Puppy8800, Regardless143, Shinkolobwe, Plasmic Physics, Addbot, DOI bot, Neodop,
MZaplotnik, Luckas-bot, CheMoBot, KamikazeBot, Rubinbot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, R8R Gtrs, Saehrimnir, Finalius, Citation bot 1, EmausBot,
Jsjsjs1111, ZroBot, Rycecube57, Frietjes, Justincheng12345-bot, Hmainsbot1, Irrelevantsquare and Anonymous: 7
Stibophen Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibophen?oldid=616712095 Contributors: Arcadian, Edgar181, Vanisaac, CheMoBot, Any-
podetos, AnomieBOT, , BogBot, Jsjsjs1111, PotatoBot and Anonymous: 1
Titanium yellow Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_yellow?oldid=602173779 Contributors: Bobrayner, Shaddack, Cquan, Bluezy,
Chris the speller, Keraunos, Addbot, FK1954, FrescoBot, Ebe123 and Anonymous: 4
Trimethylstibine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylstibine?oldid=574583977 Contributors: Shoy, Plasmic Physics, Addbot,
Yobot, CheMoBot, Citation bot 1, Nirmos, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, ZroBot, Helpful Pixie Bot and Anonymous: 2
Triphenylstibine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphenylstibine?oldid=593827673 Contributors: Rjwilmsi, Tetracube, Smokefoot,
Beetstra, Rieman 82, Chem-awb, Jed 20012, Addbot, CheMoBot, , EleferenBot, ZroBot and Amolbot
Yttrium(III) antimonide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium(III)_antimonide?oldid=541683411 Contributors: Keenan Pepper,
Wimvandorst, Megapixie, SmackBot, Shoy, Bluebot, Beetstra, Thricecube, Christian75, Alaibot, MSBOT, Chem-awb, Canis Lupus, Pichpich,
Addbot, CheMoBot, Materialscientist, Gap9551, GrouchoBot, RjwilmsiBot, Ebe123, HiW-Bot and ZroBot
56 CHAPTER 6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Zinc antimonide Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_antimonide?oldid=616064922 Contributors: Bearcat, Keenan Pepper, Rjwilmsi,

Kisch, Megapixie, SmackBot, Shoy, Bluebot, Rory096, Beetstra, Thricecube, Alaibot, MartinBot, Ppesavento, T.vanschaik, Watch37264, Chem-
awb, Canis Lupus, Addbot, ChenzwBot, CheMoBot, Materialscientist, RjwilmsiBot, HiW-Bot, Whoop whoop pull up and Anonymous: 1
Allargentum Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allargentum?oldid=541435321 Contributors: Sbisolo, Vsmith, Schmloof, VolkovBot, Ad-
dbot, Eudialytos, Materialscientist, RibotBOT, Kenilworth Terrace, ZroBot and Kleopatra
Antimonate mineral Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonate_mineral?oldid=532059540 Contributors: Vsmith, Risyphon1024, Ad-
dbot and Anonymous: 1
Antimonide mineral Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonide_mineral?oldid=544102900 Contributors: Vsmith, Benbest, SmackBot,
Avicennasis, VolkovBot, Addbot, Erik9bot, El Roih and Anonymous: 1
Aurostibite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurostibite?oldid=597434330 Contributors: DIUZOMA, Vsmith, Longhair, Benbest, 25,
Ligulem, FlaBot, Nowhither, Flowerparty, Jaraalbe, Gil Gamesh, Magioladitis, Shmoppy, Addbot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Chris.urs-o, Gary-
brennan, ZroBot, Kleopatra and Anonymous: 2
Berthierite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthierite?oldid=542239600 Contributors: Ping, Vsmith, FlaBot, Jaraalbe, YurikBot, Com-
mander Keane bot, Mairibot, CmdrObot, Tillman, PixelBot, Addbot, Lightbot, Chris.urs-o, ZroBot, Kleopatra, Rezabot and Anonymous:
1
Biehlite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biehlite?oldid=619094488 Contributors: Vsmith, Xezbeth, Yuanga, Eudialytos, Materialscientist,
Erik9bot, Strickja and Kleopatra
Boulangerite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulangerite?oldid=583547611 Contributors: Ping, Vsmith, Lego872, FlaBot, Jaraalbe,
YurikBot, GeeJo, SashatoBot, CommonsDelinker, Birczanin, Gerakibot, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Xqbot, Chris.urs-o, Erik9bot, Al99999,
BenzolBot, ZroBot, Sven Manguard, Rezabot, John Mortimore and Anonymous: 2
Bournonite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournonite?oldid=616951958 Contributors: Stan Shebs, Slawojarek, Sbisolo, Vsmith, Miaow
Miaow, Jaraalbe, YurikBot, GeeJo, Albedo, Bluebot, SashatoBot, Thijs!bot, JAnDbot, DuncanHill, Rhadamante, Suriel1981, Sirbogdan, DumZ-
iBoT, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Chris.urs-o, Archaeodontosaurus, FoxBot,
Strickja, Rezabot, Rocksandwaves, Jasmin Ros, DavidBrooks-AWB and Anonymous: 2
Breithauptite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breithauptite?oldid=608055451 Contributors: Vsmith, FlaBot, Berichard, Addbot,
Alchemist-hp, Brandon5485, Chris.urs-o, Archaeodontosaurus, John of Reading, ZroBot, Kleopatra, Lanthanum-138, YFdyh-bot and Anony-
mous: 2
Chapmanite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapmanite?oldid=554402275 Contributors: Aramgutang, Vsmith, Ligulem, FlaBot, Gil
Gamesh, Thijs!bot, VolkovBot, Addbot, Chris.urs-o, ZroBot, Kleopatra, Rezabot and Anonymous: 2
Cylindrite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrite?oldid=540881593 Contributors: Ping, Vsmith, Jaraalbe, YurikBot, Rhanyeia, Ad-
dbot, Luckas-bot, Chris.urs-o, EmausBot, Kleopatra, Rezabot, Danim, Metaknowledge and Anonymous: 1
Franckeite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franckeite?oldid=540935525 Contributors: Vsmith, Eagleamn, Lego872, FlaBot, Ian Pitch-
ford, Jaraalbe, YurikBot, Emersoni, Droll, Axem Titanium, Cydebot, Tillman, Clerks, Ra'ike, MystBot, Addbot, Chris.urs-o, RedBot, Kleopatra,
Rezabot and Anonymous: 2
Freibergite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freibergite?oldid=541125013 Contributors: Ping, Thue, Vsmith, FlaBot, Jaraalbe, Kevmin,
Cydebot, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Chris.urs-o, Archaeodontosaurus, Interwikis, Kleopatra, Danim and Anonymous: 2
Freieslebenite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freieslebenite?oldid=628213256 Contributors: Vsmith, Malo, Gene Nygaard, Redvers,
FlaBot, Jaraalbe, DVD R W, SpLoT, Jfurr1981, Khazar, Gil Gamesh, Cydebot, Gogo Dodo, Bencherlite, Sleeym uo hllim, Clerks, Maxim,
Ra'ike, Maelgwnbot, EoGuy, PixelBot, Addbot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Bob Burkhardt, Chris.urs-o, Fr eine Enziklopdie ohne Entlnkt, Kleopa-
tra, PleUH515 and Anonymous: 1
Geocronite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocronite?oldid=541198223 Contributors: Ping, Vsmith, FlaBot, Jaraalbe, CmdrObot,
Ra'ike, Addbot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Chris.urs-o, ZroBot, Kleopatra and YFdyh-bot
Kermesite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermesite?oldid=583295687 Contributors: Jadepearl, Vsmith, Woohookitty, Seandop,
Ligulem, RussBot, GeeJo, Ospalh, ArielGold, That Guy, From That Show!, SmackBot, Chris the speller, Cephal-odd, Gil Gamesh, Thijs!bot,
Masamage, Tillman, SieBot, Seanwal111111, Addbot, Lightbot, Chris.urs-o, Leopardfur, FoxBot, CalicoCatLover, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot,
ZroBot, ChuispastonBot, Rezabot and Anonymous: 5
Kobellite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobellite?oldid=540153550 Contributors: Andre Engels, Ktsquare, Vsmith, Msh210, Vary,
FlaBot, Jaraalbe, Cydebot, Clerks, Holdens2, Lightbot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Chris.urs-o, Kleopatra, W.D. and Anonymous: 3
Miargyrite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miargyrite?oldid=540602800 Contributors: Mdebets, Ping, Vsmith, Woohookitty, Ligulem,
Jaraalbe, YurikBot, Richardcavell, MarshBot, Tillman, Rhanyeia, DragonBot, MystBot, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot, Chris.urs-o, ZroBot, Rezabot
and Anonymous: 2
Nadorite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadorite?oldid=540978507 Contributors: Ukexpat, Vsmith, FlaBot, Tillman, DuncanHill,
TXiKiBoT, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Materialscientist, Chris.urs-o, DixonDBot, ZroBot and Sandhillman
Polybasite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybasite?oldid=544105604 Contributors: Ping, Sbisolo, Vsmith, 99of9, Jaraalbe, GeeJo,
Albedo, Pablomartinez, SmackBot, Unyoyega, Thijs!bot, Tillman, McM.bot, SieBot, Addbot, Yobot, Chris.urs-o, Erik9bot, ZroBot, Kleopatra,
Rezabot, Hans Frrum and Anonymous: 1
Pyrargyrite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrargyrite?oldid=598191453 Contributors: Stan Shebs, Sbisolo, Vsmith, Woohookitty,
Ligulem, FlaBot, Jaraalbe, Shell Kinney, GeeJo, SmackBot, Unyoyega, Jeekc, Gil Gamesh, Thijs!bot, Reno Chris, McM.bot, BOTarate, Deineka,
Addbot, Lightbot, EnBob08, Stanzilla, Chris.urs-o, Garybrennan, Louperibot, Bromador, Rezabot, Hans Frrum, Jasmin Ros and Anonymous:
3
6.2. IMAGES 57

Samsonite (mineral) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsonite_(mineral)?oldid=541283392 Contributors: Everyking, Vsmith, Lilac

Soul, Ra'ike, Rhanyeia, Addbot, Bermicourt, Luckas-bot, KamikazeBot, Chris.urs-o, Garybrennan, ZroBot, Kleopatra, Danim, BattyBot and
Anonymous: 6
Stephanite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanite?oldid=555646441 Contributors: PBS, Sbisolo, Tagishsimon, Vsmith, Dalf, Jaraalbe,
YurikBot, GeeJo, Tavilis, Bluebot, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, Clerks, Kosigrim, SieBot, Calliopejen1, Ra'ike, Rhanyeia, Addbot, Lightbot, Luckas-
bot, Chris.urs-o, Archaeodontosaurus, Leondumontfollower, EmausBot, Suslindisambiguator, Bromador, Brandmeister, Rezabot, Danim, Hans
Frrum, YFdyh-bot and Anonymous: 2
Stibiconite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibiconite?oldid=540795608 Contributors: Vsmith, FlaBot, Smokefoot, Addbot, Yobot, Ma-
terialscientist, RibotBOT, Chris.urs-o, Atlantia, ZroBot, ChuispastonBot, Kleopatra and Rezabot
Stibiopalladinite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibiopalladinite?oldid=577705672 Contributors: Stone, Vsmith, FlaBot, Derek R Bul-
lamore, Origamikid, Mack2, Addbot, Orci, AnomieBOT, Chris.urs-o, LucienBOT, ZroBot and Kleopatra
Stibnite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibnite?oldid=539552625 Contributors: Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Chris 73, Securiger,
Dmadeo, Mervyn, DocWatson42, Vsmith, Dlloyd, Art LaPella, Fiveless, Mac Davis, Benbest, Aviemet, Palica, Rydia, Ligulem, Bladeofgrass,
FlaBot, Flowerparty, EvilStorm, Jaraalbe, YurikBot, Shaddack, Dogcow, Gnusbiz, Tetracube, CRKingston, Edgar181, Smokefoot, Kevmin, Gil
Gamesh, JohnCD, Chmee2, Calvero JP, Thijs!bot, JAnDbot, Arch dude, IanOsgood, Filll, Maximusthaler, DorganBot, Idioma-bot, TXiKiBoT,
Rei-bot, Til Eulenspiegel, Rhanyeia, Mike Shepherd, Auntof6, Q247, SkyLined, Addbot, Neodop, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, DSisyphBot,
Chris.urs-o, Ludvig14, FrescoBot, Jauhienij, Leondumontfollower, RjwilmsiBot, PBS-AWB, Chemicalinterest, Rmashhadi, Kleopatra, ClueBot
NG, Helpful Pixie Bot and Anonymous: 22
Tetrahedrite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedrite?oldid=618386279 Contributors: Stepp-Wulf, Vsmith, Jaraalbe, YurikBot,
GeeJo, SmackBot, Colonies Chris, Kevmin, Thijs!bot, Escarbot, Lfstevens, MSBOT, Rhadamante, SoCalSuperEagle, Reno Chris, Mercury-
woodrose, Fr33Lanc3r, Rhanyeia, ClueBot, Addbot, Basilicofresco, Luckas-bot, Chris.urs-o, FrescoBot, EeX2, Archaeodontosaurus, Gary-
brennan, Atlantia, Erzengel13, ZroBot, Danim, CarlesMillan and Anonymous: 7
Ullmannite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmannite?oldid=622484268 Contributors: Greyweather, Vsmith, Dlloyd, Brian0918,
Rjwilmsi, FlaBot, Physchim62, Jaraalbe, YurikBot, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, Eastmain, S142968, Clerks, TXiKiBoT, Ra'ike, Rhanyeia, ClueBot,
Micha Sobkowski, Addbot, Yobot, LilHelpa, Chris.urs-o, Garybrennan, RjwilmsiBot, ZroBot, Rezabot, Gsturdevant, Monkbot and Anony-
mous: 5
Valentinite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinite?oldid=541123733 Contributors: Charles Matthews, Adam Bishop, Sam Hoce-
var, Nogwa, Vsmith, ESkog, Gene Nygaard, Palica, FlaBot, Carrionluggage, YurikBot, GeeJo, Unyoyega, Smokefoot, Thricecube, Cydebot,
Thijs!bot, Tigga, Clerks, Rhanyeia, ClueBot, Addbot, ChenzwBot, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Chris.urs-o, Shadowjams, Atlantia, ZroBot, Can-
man53, ClueBot NG, Rezabot, Helpful Pixie Bot and Anonymous: 5
Zinkenite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinkenite?oldid=541403912 Contributors: Maximus Rex, Vsmith, Saga City, Zzyzx11,
Rjwilmsi, FlaBot, Jaraalbe, YurikBot, MSBOT, Ra'ike, Rhanyeia, Alexbot, Versus22, Addbot, Chris.urs-o, ZroBot, Kleopatra and Anony-
mous: 2
Antimonial Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonial?oldid=577638396 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Stone, Brian0918, Gaius Cor-
nelius, Pseudomonas, Tonywalton, Eastlaw, Lightbot, Citation bot and PotatoBot
Antimonial cup Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonial_cup?oldid=548256484 Contributors: DragonySixtyseven, Brian0918, Art
LaPella, Circeus, (aeropagitica), Gaius Cornelius, NawlinWiki, Yoninah, Bibliomaniac15, SmackBot, Hmains, Doug Coldwell, Em Mitchell,
Johnbod, Philip Trueman, EdChem, Tassedethe, Jarble, Scientic29, Whoop whoop pull up, Zazgodagomb95, Helpful Pixie Bot, ZeroProleZ
and Anonymous: 9
Glass of antimony Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_of_antimony?oldid=630201746 Contributors: Stone, Brian0918, SmackBot,
Edgar181, Betacommand, CmdrObot, R'n'B, Auegel, 1ForTheMoney, Aunt Entropy, Iceblock, Jesse V. and Anonymous: 1
Organoantimony chemistry Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoantimony_chemistry?oldid=607135911 Contributors: Lfh, V8rik,
Rjwilmsi, Itub, Shoy, Kupirijo, Headbomb, Petergans, Addbot, Luckas-bot, , RjwilmsiBot, Makecat, Helpful Pixie Bot, Fylbe-
catulous and Makecat-bot

6.2 Images
File:AdhesiveBandage.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/AdhesiveBandage.png License: ? Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Allargentum-d32a.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Allargentum-d32a.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Image: http://www.irocks.com/db_pics/pics/d32a.jpg, Description: http://www.mindat.org/photo-39154.html Original artist: Rob
Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:Aluminium-antimonide-unit-cell.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/
Aluminium-antimonide-unit-cell.png License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by
User:Leyo using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was JaredAllred at en.wikipedia
File:Ambox_content.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png License: ? Contributors:
Derived from Image:Information icon.svg Original artist:
El T (original icon); David Levy (modied design); Penubag (modied color)
File:Amoxicillin-3D-vdW.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Amoxicillin-3D-vdW.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
58 CHAPTER 6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Amthystre_sceptre2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg License:

CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Didier Descouens
File:Antimon.PNG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Antimon.PNG License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Ondej Mangl
File:Antimony(III)-acetate-xtal-1980-CM-3D-balls.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Antimony%
28III%29-acetate-xtal-1980-CM-3D-balls.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:Antimony(III)-oxide-senarmontite-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/
Antimony%28III%29-oxide-senarmontite-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:Antimony(III)-oxide-valentinite-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Antimony%
28III%29-oxide-valentinite-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:Antimony-pentachloride-3D-balls.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/
Antimony-pentachloride-3D-balls.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Antimony-pentafluoride-2D.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Antimony-pentafluoride-2D.png Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/
Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/
Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-O1-coord-B-3D-balls.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/
Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-O1-coord-B-3D-balls.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-O2&3-coord-B-3D-balls.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/
Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-O2%263-coord-B-3D-balls.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-Sb-coord-3D-balls-O.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/
Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-Sb-coord-3D-balls-O.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:Antimony-symbol.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Antimony-symbol.svg License: CC-BY-3.0 Con-
tributors: SVG version of Image:Antimony-symbol.png Original artist: Reuvenk
File:Antimony-trichloride-3D-balls.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Antimony-trichloride-3D-balls.png
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Antimony-trifluoride-2D.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Antimony-trifluoride-2D.png License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Antimony-trifluoride-molecule-in-xtal-3D-vdW.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/
Antimony-trifluoride-molecule-in-xtal-3D-vdW.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:Antimony-trifluoride-unit-cell-1970-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/
Antimony-trifluoride-unit-cell-1970-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:Antimony-triiodide-from-xtal-3D-balls.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/
Antimony-triiodide-from-xtal-3D-balls.png License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: CCoil (<a href='//commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:CCoil' title='User talk:CCoil'>talk</a>)
File:Antimony_-_world_production_trend.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Antimony_-_world_
production_trend.svg License: Public domain Contributors: U.S. Geological Survey Original artist: Leyo
File:Antimony_acetate.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Antimony_acetate.png License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Edgar181
File:Antimony_massive.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Antimony_massive.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aram Dulyan (User:Aramgutang)
File:Antimony_oxychloride_solid.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Antimony_oxychloride_solid.JPG
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Chemicalinterest
File:Antimony_pentachloride_in_an_ampoule.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Antimony_
pentachloride_in_an_ampoule.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: LHcheM
File:Antimony_trichloride_solution.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Antimony_trichloride_solution.
JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Chemicalinterest
File:Antimony_trioxide.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Antimony_trioxide.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Antimonyall_Cupps.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Antimonyall_Cupps.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Antimonyall Cupps: Pocula Emetica, Or Calices Vomitorii by St Clair Thomson, The British Medical Journal, Vol. 1, No. 3406, pp.
669-671, Original artist: BMJ Publishing Group
File:Antimoon_kwalitatieve_analyse.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Antimoon_kwalitatieve_analyse.
png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dr.T
File:Asterisks_one.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: DePiep
6.2. IMAGES 59

File:Asterisks_one_(right).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg License:

CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: DePiep
File:Asterisks_two.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: DePiep
File:BSbBr3structure.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/BSbBr3structure.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Leyo using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Materialscientist
File:Berthierite.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Berthierite.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http:
//libraryphoto.cr.usgs.gov/htmllib/btch555/btch555j/btch555z/btch555/byu00131.jpg - Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original
uploader was Tillman at en.wikipedia
File:Biehlite.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Biehlite.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http://
www.purple-sky-minerals.com Original artist: David Hospital - www.purple-sky-minerals.com
File:Boulangerite-uri-41a.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Boulangerite-uri-41a.jpg License: CC-BY-
SA-3.0 Contributors: Image: http://www.irocks.com/db_pics/pics/uri-41a.jpg, Description: http://www.irocks.com/render.html?species=
Boulangerite&page=1 Original artist: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:Bournonite_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Bournonite_2.jpg License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Didier Descouens
File:Breithauptite-229669.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Breithauptite-229669.jpg License: CC-BY-
SA-3.0 Contributors: http://www.mindat.org/photo-229669.html Original artist: Leon Hupperichs
File:Breithauptite.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Breithauptite.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Didier Descouens
File:CIE1931simple.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CIE1931simple.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Captain_Cook{}s_antimonial_cup.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/66/Captain_Cook%27s_antimonial_cup.
jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
http://www.christies.com/departments/exploration-and-travel/ Original artist: ?
File:Chapmanite.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Chapmanite.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Aram Dulyan (User:Aramgutang)
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist:
?
File:Cylindrite-37943.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Cylindrite-37943.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: http://www.mindat.org/photo-37943.html Original artist: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -x-
File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, construction sheet. Redo by: cs:User:-xfi- Original artist: Made by Andrew Duhan for the Sodipodi SVG
ag collection, and is public domain.
File:Flag_of_Laos.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006

File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg License: ? Contributors:

Open Clip Art Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist:
?
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by Frederick
Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
60 CHAPTER 6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain Contrib-

utors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the Turkish Historical
Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%
27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/design.html Origi-
nal artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:FlattenedRoundPills.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-
3.0 Contributors: David Richeld Original artist: David Richeld
File:Formamide-3D-vdW.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Formamide-3D-vdW.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Franckeite-119411.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Franckeite-119411.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: http://www.mindat.org/photo-119411.html Original artist: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:Freibergite.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Freibergite.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Didier Descouens
File:Freieslebenit_-_Mineralogisches_Museum_Bonn_(7267).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/
Freieslebenit_-_Mineralogisches_Museum_Bonn_%287267%29.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Raymond - Raimond Spekking
File:Freieslebenite-169965.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Freieslebenite-169965.jpg License: CC-BY-
SA-3.0 Contributors: http://www.mindat.org/photo-169965.html Original artist: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg License: ? Contribu-
tors: EPS le acid.eps from UNECE web site converted with ImageMagick convert and with potrace, edited in inkscape Original artist: Torsten
Henning
File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg License: ?
Contributors: EPS le exclam.eps from UNECE web site converted with ImageMagick convert and with potrace, edited in inkscape Original
artist: Torsten Henning
File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg License: ? Contrib-
utors: EPS le pollu.eps from UNECE web site converted with ImageMagick convert and with potrace, edited in inkscape Original artist: Torsten
Henning
File:Geokronit_-_Sala,_Schweden.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Geokronit_-_Sala%2C_Schweden.
jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)
File:H2FSbF6.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/H2FSbF6.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Smokefoot
File:Hazard_C.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Hazard_C.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Orig-
inal artist: ?
File:Hazard_F.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Hazard_F.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Con-
verted from EPS le at http://forum.cptec.org/index.php?showtopic=368 Original artist: Phrood
File:Hazard_N.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Hazard_N.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Con-
verted from EPS le at http://forum.cptec.org/index.php?showtopic=368 Original artist: See historic
File:Hazard_X.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Hazard_X.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Orig-
inal artist: ?
File:ImprovedSbgluconicAcid.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/ImprovedSbgluconicAcid.png License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Smokefoot
File:Indium_antimonide.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Indium_antimonide.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-
2.0-de Contributors: Transferred from de.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Leyo using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Alchemist-hp. Original uploader was Alchemist-hp at de.wikipedia
File:Kermesite-223878.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Kermesite-223878.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: http://www.mindat.org/photo-223878.html Original artist: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:Miargyrite-rare08-07a.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Miargyrite-rare08-07a.jpg License: CC-BY-
SA-3.0 Contributors: Image: http://www.irocks.com/db_pics/pics/rare08-07a.jpg, Description: http://www.irocks.com/render.html?species=
Miargyrite&page=0 Original artist: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:Miargyrite_inquartz_Silver_antimony_sulfide_flint_district,_idaho_2806.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/6/69/Miargyrite_inquartz_Silver_antimony_sulfide_flint_district%2C_idaho_2806.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Dave Dyet http://www.shutterstone.com http://www.dyet.com
File:Mineraly.sk_-_kermezit.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Mineraly.sk_-_kermezit.jpg License: CC-
BY-2.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Mineraly.sk_-_pyrargyrit.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Mineraly.sk_-_pyrargyrit.jpg License:
CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:NaCl_polyhedra.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/NaCl_polyhedra.png License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Solid State
6.2. IMAGES 61

File:Nadorite.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/49/Nadorite.jpg License: ? Contributors:

http://libraryphoto.cr.usgs.gov/ Original artist:
Andrew Silver, USGS
File:Nickel_antimonide.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Nickel_antimonide.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-
de Contributors: Own work Original artist: Alchemist-hp (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Alchemist-hp' title='User talk:
Alchemist-hp'>talk</a>) (www.pse-mendelejew.de)
File:Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg License:
LGPL Contributors: http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-themes-extras/0.9/gnome-themes-extras-0.9.0.tar.gz Original artist:
David Vignoni / ICON KING
File:Office-book.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project
File:PD-icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/62/PD-icon.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Pigment_Yellow_53.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Pigment_Yellow_53.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: FK1954
File:Polybasite-tmu16a.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Polybasite-tmu16a.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-
3.0 Contributors: Image: http://www.irocks.com/db_pics/new2010/tmu16a.jpg, Description: http://www.irocks.com/render.html?species=
Polybasite&page=1 Original artist: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:Polybasite_-_Arizpe,_Sonora,_Mexico.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Polybasite_-_Arizpe%2C_
Sonora%2C_Mexico.jpg License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: http://www.mindat.org/photo-219522.html Original artist: Rock Currier
File:Pyragyrite09.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Pyragyrite09.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Liftarn using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was Reno
Chris at en.wikipedia
File:Pyrite-Valentinite-rare-09-34b.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Pyrite-Valentinite-rare-09-34b.jpg
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Image: http://www.irocks.com/db_pics/pics/rare-09-34b.jpg, Description: http://www.irocks.com/
render.html?species=Pyrite&page=45 Original artist: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: ? Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Ranitidine-B-3D-vdW.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Ranitidine-B-3D-vdW.png License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:Rhombohedral.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contrib-
utors: Image:Rhombohedral.png Original artist: Created by Daniel Mayer, traced by User:Stannered
File:Samsonite-MA1232092002.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Samsonite-MA1232092002.jpg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: picture and description Original artist: Christian Rewitzer
File:Sb2O4_structure.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Sb2O4_structure.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Leyo using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Materialscientist
File:Sb2Se3_structure.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Sb2Se3_structure.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Leyo using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Materialscientist
File:Sb4O6-molecule-from-senarmontite-xtal-2004-3D-balls-B.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/
Sb4O6-molecule-from-senarmontite-xtal-2004-3D-balls-B.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:SbAs_lattice.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/SbAs_lattice.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Materialscientist
File:SbCl3.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/SbCl3.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work
Original artist: Smokefoot
File:SbCl5-dimensions-by-ED-from-CRC-91-2D.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/
SbCl5-dimensions-by-ED-from-CRC-91-2D.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:SbIstructure.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/SbIstructure.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Leyo using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Materialscientist
File:Specola,_medaglione_di_vannoccio_biringucci.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Specola%2C_
medaglione_di_vannoccio_biringucci.JPG License: CC-BY-2.5 Contributors: Own work (my camera) Original artist: sailko
File:Sphalerite-221270.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Sphalerite-221270.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: http://www.mindat.org/photo-221270.html Original artist: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:Sphalerite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Sphalerite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
62 CHAPTER 6. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Stephanite_on_Calcite_-_Chanarcillo,_Copiapo_Province,_Atacama_Region,_Chile.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/

wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Stephanite_on_Calcite_-_Chanarcillo%2C_Copiapo_Province%2C_Atacama_Region%2C_Chile.jpg License:
CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: http://www.mindat.org/photo-245231.html Original artist: Maurizio Dini
File:Stibiconite.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Stibiconite.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http:
//libraryphoto.cr.usgs.gov/ Original artist: Andrew Silver, USGS
File:Stibine-3D-vdW.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Stibine-3D-vdW.png License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Stibine.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Stibine.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Stibiopalladinite_-_Mineralogisches_Museum_Bonn.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/
Stibiopalladinite_-_Mineralogisches_Museum_Bonn.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ra'ike
File:Stibnite.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Stibnite.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Taken by
author (User:pepperedjane) on 6 January 2007 at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Original artist: User:pepperedjane
File:Symbol_support_vote.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg License: ? Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Tetragonal-body-centered.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Tetragonal-body-centered.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Crystal stucture Original artist: Original PNGs by User:Rocha, traced in Inkscape by User:Stannered
File:Tetrahedrite,_Hbnerite,_Quartz_-_176605.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Tetrahedrite%2C_
H%C3%BCbnerite%2C_Quartz_-_176605.jpg License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: http://www.mindat.org/photo-176605.html Original artist:
Carles Millan
File:Tetrahedrite-Chalcopyrite-Sphalerite-251531.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/
Tetrahedrite-Chalcopyrite-Sphalerite-251531.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http://www.mindat.org/photo-251531.html
Original artist: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Text_document_with_
red_question_mark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Created by bdesham with Inkscape; based upon Text-x-generic.svg from the Tango
project. Original artist: Benjamin D. Esham (bdesham)
File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/
43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/
imgcat/html/object_page/a17_h_148_22727.html Original artist: NASA
File:Topaze_Brsil2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Topaze_Br%C3%A9sil2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Didier Descouens
File:Transparent.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Transparent.gif License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Edokter
File:Trimethylstibine_annotated.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Trimethylstibine_annotated.png Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Shoy
File:Triphenylphosphine-3D-sticks.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Triphenylphosphine-3D-sticks.png
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ben Mills
File:Ullmannit_-_Monte_Narba,_Sardinien.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Ullmannit_-_Monte_
Narba%2C_Sardinien.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ra'ike
File:Ullmannite-169966.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Ullmannite-169966.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: http://www.mindat.org/photo-169966.html Original artist: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:Valentinite-205948.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Valentinite-205948.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: http://www.mindat.org/photo-205948.html Original artist: Rob Lavinsky / iRocks.com
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: ? Contributors:
Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs), based on original
logo tossed together by Brion Vibber
File:World_Antimony_Production_2010.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/World_Antimony_
Production_2010.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Schtone
File:X_mark.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/X_mark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work
Original artist: User:Gmaxwell
File:Yes_check.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fb/Yes_check.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Zinkenite_2_w-_sphalerite_Lead_antimony_sulfide_Fargo_mine_Stevens_County_Washington_1971.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Zinkenite_2_w-_sphalerite_Lead_antimony_sulfide_Fargo_mine_Stevens_
County_Washington_1971.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dave Dyet http://www.shutterstone.com
http://www.dyet.com
File:ZnSbstructure.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/ZnSbstructure.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-
tors: Own work Original artist: Materialscientist at en.wikipedia
6.3. CONTENT LICENSE 63

File:Zoomed_view_of_carbon_nanotube.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Zoomed_view_of_carbon_

nanotube.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Carbon_nanotube.svg <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_nanotube.svg'
class='image'><img alt='Carbon nanotube.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carbon_nanotube.svg/
50px-Carbon_nanotube.svg.png' width='50' height='187' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carbon_nanotube.
svg/75px-Carbon_nanotube.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Carbon_nanotube.svg/100px-Carbon_
nanotube.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='159' data-le-height='594' /></a>
Original artist: Carbon_nanotube.svg: Guillaume Paumier (user:guillom)

6.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0