NIOSH SHO 07-Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment And
Management
Safety and Health Officer

Certificate Course
1
Learning Objectives
To define what is hazard, risk and danger
To explain the risk assessment process
To describe the method of identifying hazard
To use the risk assessment matrix
To explain the hierarchy of control
2 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be
reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.
Scope
Overview of risk and risk assessment
Planning for risk assessment
Risk control
Overview of Risk and
Risk Assessment
Definitions
Hazard: A source, situation or act with
a potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill health and damage to
property (Source: MS1722:2011)
Danger: Relative exposure to hazard
Definitions
Risk: A combination of the likelihood of an
occurrence of a hazardous event or
exposure with specified period or in
specified circumstances and the severity of
injury or damage to the health of people,
property, environment or any combination
of these caused by the event or exposure
(Source: MS1722:2011)
Risk Assessment
What is Risk assessment: The process

of evaluating the risks to safety and
health arising from hazards at work
Risk assessment results is documented
and used for:
1. Risk control in OSH management
2. Future reference and review
Basic Principles of
Risk Management
1. Integrate Risk Management as part
of planning at all levels of business
2. Accept all risks
3. Make risk decisions appropriately
(depending on level of risk)
4. Manage the risk
Why Carry Out
Risk Assessment?
Gives organisations a more effective way of
managing hazards
- Systematic way of understanding hazards
- Control hazards based on facts
Requirement of the law e.g.
OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 & USECHH Regulations
2000
Requirement of OSH management system
standards:
MS 1722:2011,
OHSAS 18001:2007
Risk Assessment Should Be
Carried Out For:
Routine and non-routine activities including
emergencies;
Activities of all personnel having access to the

workplace (including subcontractors visitors and
others involved in or affected by);
Facilities at the workplace, whether

provided-by the organization or others.
When to Carry Out
Risk Assessment
Before Operation
During Operation
After Operation
When to Review
Risk Assessment
Types of review:
initial review, and
periodic review.
When to Review
Risk Assessment
Review whenever there are changes:
internal
Before modification, changes or introduction
of new
Materials, machinery or processes, working
procedures,
external
Amendments of national laws and regulations
Developments in OSH knowledge and
technology
Who Will Carry Out
Risk Assessment
Person or persons trained to identify hazard
and risk assessment
In some cases legally competent person,
example : Chemical Health Risk Assessor
Consultation with and involvement of

workers
Safety and Health committee OR workers and
their representatives
Involvement of supervisors
Basic Components of
Risk Management
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control
Review
The Process of
Risk Management
Start
Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services, Activities)
Identify Hazards
Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood
Decide if Risk is Tolerable

Decide if Impact is Significant
Risk Control Action Plan
Review Adequacy of Risk Control

Hazard Identification
SOURCES OF HAZARDS
Man Unsafe acts
Machinery Installation, layout and design of
equipment
Materials Substances such as chemicals
and gases used in the workplace
Method The way people carry out their
work
Media Workplace condition i.e. air
quality, ventilation, lighting, noise,
vibration etc.
Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification of Example of Potential Sources of Hazards
Hazards
Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges,
overload or force a tool beyond its
capabilities and grinding wheel without
guard
Electrical Electrical cord insulation damaged,
electrical face plate or cover broken or
missing and fan cord insulation pulled
loose
Biological Exposed to airborne and blood borne
viruses, bacteria and fungus
Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification of Example of Potential Sources of Hazards
Hazards
Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,
sensitizers and corrosive chemicals
Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnatural
postures and unnatural movement,
awkward design of workstation, tools
and task
Psychological Stress, sexual harassment and violent at
work
Pre-Assessment
Information Gathering
Information on the facilities, processes and
activities of the organization, including:
Area Map
Site plan(s); own and neighbour
Process flow-charts
Inventory of materials (raw materials, chemicals,
wastes, products, sub-products)
Toxicology and other health and safety data
Monitoring data
Pre-Assessment
Classifying Work Activities
Geographical areas within/outside the
premises;
Stages in a production process, or in the
provision of a service;
Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window
cleaning);
Identify the working groups;
Land use; previous property use, future use.
Methods of
Identifying Hazards
Review of documents and publications
Inspection and observation at the
workplace
Measurement of the atmosphere,
monitoring the environment or medical
surveillance of workers
Hazard Analysis
Document Review
Reports of accidents, accident
investigation and audits
Information from publications

Acts, Regulations, Guidelines and Codes of
Practice
Statistics
Handbooks
Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
Inspection and Observation
Types of inspections: statutory inspection,
periodic inspection, formal and informal
inspection
Documentation - Checklist and inspection

worksheet (standard approach and record)
Inspection and Observation
Activities - to involve supervisors, managers
and employees
Inspection outcome - to include actions and

timeframes
Ensure follow up on action - to ensure

effectiveness
Exposure Monitoring
Types of monitoring: area and personal
monitoring
Monitoring of:
Noise
Heat
Radiation
Air contaminants
Chemicals etc.
Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring is a regular measuring
activity where selected validated indicators
of the uptake of toxic substances in the
human body are determined in order to
prevent health impairment
This form of monitoring could entail

examination of, for example, blood, urine,
saliva and contaminated air
Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring commonly features

in the health or medical surveillance of
persons exposed to hazardous
environments especially complying to
legal requirement i.e. USECHH
Regulations 2000 etc.
Medical Surveillance
Health Surveillance is Warranted if:

Substance is used in workplace
Substance is hazardous
Evidence or reason to suspect injury
Insufficient atmospheric monitoring
Hazards Analysis
Method use: (example)

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
Fault Tree Analysis etc.
Identify job to be done
Task described in less than 10 steps
Action verb used to describe job
List things that can go wrong
Note:
The term JSA includes the formulation of safe work
procedures using written instructions for workers
May still require other risk controls
Supervisor and workers assist
Ideally all jobs should have a JSA (mainly high risk

jobs)
Hazards And Operability Studies
(HAZOP)
To identify and evaluate safety hazards in
the process plant
To identify operability problems
New design or process
Multidisciplinary brainstorming
What If questionnaire method
Focus on fire, explosion, toxic release etc.
Fault Tree Analysis
To analyse how and why incident could
occur
Graphic technique - traces branches of
events
To calculate probability of end event
Example: Water pumping system
Fault Tree Analysis
No Flow (T)
Pump failure Control valve (C)

failure to regulate
flow of water through
pump
Pump failure (A) Pump failure (B)

(automatic
standby pump)
No water flow occurs if both pumps fail or if the control valve fails.
If the individual initiating event probabilities P(A), P(B), and P(C) are
known, then the probability of P(T) the top or end event can be
calculated.
Risk Assessment
Types of Risk Assessment
Approach:
Qualitative Risk Assessment
Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment
Quantitative Risk Assessment
Determining Severity
Severity in terms of:
Harm to health
Damage to property
Damage to environment
Or the combination of the above
Severity
Determine severity categories i.e.:
Fatality
Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or

damage to health)
Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or

damage to health requiring days off work)
Negligible injuries (first aid)
Determining Likelihood of
Occurrence of Hazard
Based on statistic & data, professional
judgement
Determine likelihood categories i.e.:
very unlikely,
likely,
unlikely,
highly unlike.
Likelihood
Very likely - could happen frequently
Likely - could happen occasionally
Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely
Highly unlikely - could happen, but

probably never will
Qualitative Risk Table
Severity Likelihood
Very Likely Likely Unlikely Highly Unlikely
Fatality High High High Medium
Major Injuries High High Medium Medium
Minor Injuries High Medium Medium Low
Negligible Injuries Medium Medium Low Low
Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determine severity categories i.e. :
4: Fatality & Permanent Disability
3: More than 4 days MC
2: Less than or 4 days MC
1: First aid and near misses
Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determining Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard
4: Daily
3: Weekly
2: Monthly
1: Yearly
Semi-Quantitative
Risk Assessment
LIKELIHOOD
Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
1 2 3 4
First Aid
1 2 3 4
SEVERITY
and Near 1
Misses
Less than
or 4 days 2 2 4 6 8
MC
More than
4 days MC
3 3 6 9 12
Fatality &
Permanent 4 4 8 12 16
Disability
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Where the hazards presented by the
undertaking are numerous and complex,
and may involve novel processes, for
example in the case of large chemicals
process plants, detailed and sophisticated
risk assessments will be needed, and it is
appropriate to carry out a detailed
quantitative risk assessment
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Quantitative risk assessment involves

obtaining a numerical estimate of the risk
from a quantitative consideration of event
probabilities and consequences
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
In carrying out quantitative risk assessments,

special quantitative tools and techniques will
be used for hazard identification, and to
estimate the severity of the consequences
and the likelihood of realization of the
hazards
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Where such methods and techniques are
used it is important that they are carried out
by suitably qualified and experience
assessors
Decision for Action
AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP)
PRINCIPLE
Risk cannot be Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)

justified
on any grounds LEVEL
TOLERABLE IF:
A Risk is undertaken if OF Reduction
a benefit is desired
L Impractical
RISK or
A Reduce risk Cost / gain grossly
R Disproportionate
P No need for
detailed
action
Trivial
Risk Assessment Form
Risk
Activities / process / facilities/ Current Risk Legal
Hazard Effect Action & Recommendations
equipment Control Reqmt Risk
Severity. Likelihood.
Rating
Risk Control
Principle of Control
Substitution Housekeeping Training and

Modify process General education
Enclosure ventilation Worker rotation
Local exhaust Continuous area Enclosure of
Fugitive monitoring worker
emission control Dilution Personal
Isolation ventilation monitoring
Automation or Personal
remote control protective devices
Consideration in Implementing
Risk Control
Review measures regularly; modify if
necessary
Comply with national laws and regulations
Reflect good management practice; and
Consideration in Implementing
Risk Control
Consider the current state of knowledge
Include information or reports from

organizations such as:
DOSH, OSH services, and others.
Hierarchy of Control
MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination - remove the hazard
FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Substitution - use less hazardous one.
Isolation isolate the work area i.e. X-ray machine in restricted
room
Engineering Control design, isolation at source, barricade,
guarding,
LEAST EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control safe work procedure, isolation i.e. reduce
exposure time and limit, training, signage etc
PPE - last resort.
Summary
The basis of OSH management is the
identification of hazard, risk assessment and risk
control
Ways of identifying hazards varies from
inspection of the workplace to reviewing
legislation
Risk assessment allows an organisation to build
a sound basis for managing hazard
Hierarchy of hazard control starts by elimination;
usage of PPE for protection as the last resort

NIOSH SHO 07-Risk Assessment

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

NIOSH SHO 07-Risk Assessment

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Risk Assessment And

Safety and Health Officer

To explain the risk assessment process

To describe the method of identifying hazard

To use the risk assessment matrix

To explain the hierarchy of control

Overview of risk and risk assessment

Planning for risk assessment

Danger: Relative exposure to hazard

What is Risk assessment: The process

Activities of all personnel having access to the

Facilities at the workplace, whether

Consultation with and involvement of

Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood

Decide if Risk is Tolerable

Risk Control Action Plan

Review Adequacy of Risk Control

Information from publications

Documentation - Checklist and inspection

Inspection outcome - to include actions and

Ensure follow up on action - to ensure

This form of monitoring could entail

Biological monitoring commonly features

Health Surveillance is Warranted if:

Evidence or reason to suspect injury

Insufficient atmospheric monitoring

Method use: (example)

Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Fault Tree Analysis etc.

Identify job to be done

Task described in less than 10 steps

Action verb used to describe job

List things that can go wrong

May still require other risk controls

Supervisor and workers assist

Ideally all jobs should have a JSA (mainly high risk

Pump failure Control valve (C)

Pump failure (A) Pump failure (B)

Qualitative Risk Assessment

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

Quantitative Risk Assessment

Severity in terms of:

Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or

Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or

Negligible injuries (first aid)

Likely - could happen occasionally

Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely

Highly unlikely - could happen, but

3: More than 4 days MC

2: Less than or 4 days MC

1: First aid and near misses

Quantitative risk assessment involves

In carrying out quantitative risk assessments,

Risk cannot be Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)

Substitution Housekeeping Training and

Comply with national laws and regulations

Reflect good management practice; and

Consider the current state of knowledge

Include information or reports from

Potrebbero piacerti anche