Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Review
a b s t r a c t
This review-perspective paper describes the current state-of-the-art in the eld of rotating reactors. The paper has a
focus on rotating reactor technology with applications at lab scale, pilot scale and industrial scale. Rotating reactors
are classied and discussed according to their geometry: stirred tanks, tubes, discs and miscellaneous reactors.
Their operating characteristics, industrial applications, and their main advantages and disadvantages are discussed
including power requirements, residence time distribution, reactor volume, gasliquid mass transfer rate, and the
micromixing time. Finally, the barriers for further industrial implementations are discussed.
2013 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1924
1.1. Reactor selection criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1924
1.2. Reactor classication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925
2. Rotating reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925
2.1. Stirred tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925
2.1.1. Rushton stirrer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1927
2.1.2. Gas-inducing stirrer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1927
2.1.3. Monolithic stirrer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1928
2.1.4. Foam based stirrer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1928
2.2. High shear rotating tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1929
2.2.1. Rotating packed bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1929
2.2.2. Rotating zigzag bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1929
2.2.3. Rotating uidized bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1930
2.2.4. TaylorCouette reactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1931
2.2.5. Spinning tube-in-tube reactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1931
2.3. Low shear rotating tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1931
2.3.1. Rotating tube reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1931
2.3.2. Rotating tubular membrane reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1932
2.3.3. Rotating annular chromatographic reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1932
2.3.4. Rotating sorbent reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1932
Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 40 247 2850.
E-mail address: J.C.Schouten@tue.nl (J.C. Schouten).
URL: http://www.chem.tue.nl/scr (J.C. Schouten).
Received 15 April 2013; Received in revised form 19 July 2013; Accepted 22 July 2013
0263-8762/$ see front matter 2013 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2013.07.021
1924 chemical engineering research and design 9 1 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 19231940
Fig. 3 Different liquid ow direction for various stirrers. Stirrer A shows the ow prole generated by a radial ow impeller
(Rushton stirrer), Stirrer B for a three blade propeller (Aiba, 1958). Stirrer C for an axial ow turbine in which liquid is
progressively sucked in (axial downwards) near the center and is forced radially outwards. An extensive list of different
stirrers is presented by Hemrajani and Tatterson (2004) and Joshi et al. (1982).
techniques to visualize the liquid ow behavior have been equal to DI /4, the blade width is equal to DI /5. The disc diam-
elaborated already earlier in a review (Mavros, 2001). eters equals either 0.66DI or 0.75DI , in which DI is the impeller
The catalyst in a stirred tank can be either dispersed diameter (Hemrajani and Tatterson, 2004). The gasliquid ow
as a slurry (with a particle diameter below 1 103 m) or behavior in a Rushton stirred tank was studied using Laser-
as a homogenous catalyst. The most important drawbacks Doppler Anemometry (Wu et al., 1989) and Particle Image
of a heterogeneously dispersed catalyst are the separation Velocimetry (Hill et al., 2000). The power characteristics of
of the catalyst from the reaction mixture, and the attrition Rushton stirrer are related to physical properties of the liquid
and agglomeration of the catalyst particles. Heat transfer to mixture and the geometry of the tank itself (Rushton et al.,
or from stirred tank reactors can be obtained by jacketing 1950a,b).
the stirred tank or by using internal coils. Usage of struc-
tures inside the reactor allows for higher heat transfer rates,
2.1.2. Gas-inducing stirrer
but increases also the risk of fouling, the non-uniformity of
Often the per pass conversion of the gas phase is low when
mixing intensity, and the time required for reactor clean-
gasliquid mass contacting is performed in a stirred tank, in
ing (Kumaresan and Joshi, 2006). Various methods can be
that case it is benecial to recycle the unreacted gas-phase
exploited in order to improve the mixing capability in stirred
back into the reactor. Dead end systems are than a solution in
tanks.
which expensive compression costs can be reduced: in these
The application of vertical wall bafes mounted to the reac-
systems the remaining gas phase is forced into the free reac-
tor wall is well known (Lu et al., 1997). A second method to
tor volume from where it is recycled internally into the liquid
enhance mixing capability in the stirred tank reactor is by
mixture. A gas-inducing impeller enables efcient recycling
applying a more sophisticated stirrer design, which can be cat-
of gas from the free reactor volume into the liquid-mixture.
egorized according to the induced direction of ow: up/down
The critical impeller speed that is required for the start of gas
draft (discs, plates), radial (at blade impeller, Rushton stirrer),
induction follows from a balance between the velocity head
axial (propeller, pitched blade turbine), or vortex (Kumaresan
generated by the impeller and the hydrostatic head above the
and Joshi, 2006; Stitt, 2002).
impeller (Patwardhan and Joshi, 1998). Guidelines have been
Stirrer geometries can be, but are not limited to, pro-
given about the desired geometry of gas-inducing impellers
pellers, turbines, anchors, or Archimedes screws (Hemrajani
for achieving different design objectives such as heat transfer,
and Tatterson, 2004). An extensive recent review on typical
mass transfer, mixing, solid suspension and froth otation.
impeller characteristics which are essential for further com-
Non-intrusive electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) has
parison of various impellers is given elsewhere and addresses
been used to study the dispersed phase hold up, mixing times,
the relevance of the power number, the ow number, the
and reaction metrics in a continuously operated stirred tank
momentum number, and the Zwietering constant (Machado
that was equipped with a gas-inducing stirrer (Bawadi et al.,
et al., 2012). Multiple stirrers on a single rotating shaft are
2011). Application of a gas-inducing stirrer in a stirred tank
needed when the aspect ratio, the ratio of the stirrer diameter
gives an increase in the productivity (Bawadi et al., 2011). The
over the tank diameter, exceeds 1.5. A last method to enhance
inuence of the stirrer diameter, the aspect ratio, the stirrer
mixing in stirred tanks is the application and improvement
submergence from the liquid level, and the clearance between
of a gas-distributing inlet, which will enhance the interfacial
the stirrer and the tank bottom has been presented elsewhere
area and the gasliquid mass transfer rate in the stirred tank.
(Saravanan et al., 1994).
Four different stirrers are described in more detail here: Rush-
The gasliquid mass transfer rate in stirred tanks that are
ton stirrer, gas inducing stirrer, monolithic stirrer and the solid
equipped with gas-inducing impellers was measured, and can
foam stirrer.
be described by a dimensionless correlation which contains
the Froude number (gas-induction rate), the Reynolds number
2.1.1. Rushton stirrer (turbulence intensity), and the Schmidt number (uid prop-
The Rushton stirrer was developed around 1940 (Foust et al., erties) (Zieverink et al., 2006). The separation of the reaction
1944), and is a radial ow generating stirrer, which is equipped mixture and the catalyst particles at the outlet of a stirred tank
with six vertical (at or curved) blades which are mounted is often troublesome; there is therefore a tendency to immo-
on a disc (Fig. 4). For the standard stirrer the blade length is bilize the catalyst on the stirrer. In early attempts a lab-scale
1928 chemical engineering research and design 9 1 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 19231940
Fig. 4 The top view and the side view of a Rushton stirrer (left) and a side view of a monolithic stirred tank reactor (right).
rotating basket was mounted in the reactor, such that kinet- yields a high surface to volume ratio. As a result non-rotating
ics could be measured without the presence of external mass foam packed columns exhibit a low pressure drop and high
transfer limitation in the gas phase (Carberry, 1964). gasliquid mass transfer rates (Stemmet et al., 2005, 2006). Due
to the high surface area it is an excellent material for the depo-
2.1.3. Monolithic stirrer sition of catalysts (Ordomsky et al., 2012a,b; Wenmakers et al.,
Mounting monolithic blocks on the stirrer shaft can be an 2008, 2010).
attractive alternative for stirred tanks with dispersed cata- The rotating foam stirrer reactor yields higher gasliquid
lyst particles (Fig. 4). Most monoliths consist of one piece of and liquidsolid mass transfer rates than stirred tanks
ceramic material; within this piece a large number of parallel equipped with a Rushton stirrers or slurry bubble columns
channels is present which extends over the entire length of the (Tschentscher et al., 2010a,b). Various foam structures have
block. The concept of a monolithic stirrer was demonstrated been applied including donuts, two-blades, and blocks (Leon
in 1998 for liquid mixtures with a low viscosity (Albers et al., et al., 2012a). Rotating foam stirrer reactors have promising
1998). Because the catalyst is immobilized in the monolith applications for multiphase processes (Leon et al., 2012b).
there is no need for liquidsolid separation at the reactor out- Mounting multiple foam blocks on a single horizontal shaft
let. Another advantage is the open structure of the monolithic with bafes in between the consecutive foam blocks, yields
block which results in a large geometrical area. The inside of plug ow behavior in this reactor, and accordingly a higher
the monolithic channels can be coated with a thin layer of selectivity toward the desired product in selective reactions
either a conventional catalyst (Bennett et al., 1991) or a biocat- with unwanted consecutive reactions (Leon et al., 2013).
alyst (De Lathouder et al., 2006). The monolith is characterized Tomography measurements have shown that also liquids with
by its number of cells per square inch (Hoek, 2004b). With a higher viscosity can be fed to such a reactor (Tschentscher
increasing cell density the catalyst layer thickness decreased,
which proved to be benecial for the performance of the
monolithic stirrer reactor (Hoek et al., 2004). The volumetric
gasliquid mass transfer coefcient in a monolith increases
from 0.015 s1 at 200 RPM to 0.527 s1 at 450 RPM when mea-
sured for the stirrer conguration with two monoliths in one
plane (Hoek, 2004a). The cell density of the monoliths has no
effect on the gasliquid mass transfer rate. The volumetric
gasliquid mass transfer increases by a factor of three when
a stirrer conguration consisting of four monoliths in one
plane is used. The liquidsolid mass transfer rate increased
with increasing stirrer speed (Hoek, 2004b). The biggest
potential for industrial implementation would be the replace-
ment of conventional slurry reactors that are nowadays
used for multiphase processes, for example in ne chemical
synthesis.
Fig. 10 A schematic side view and front view of the rotating biological contactor. A stack of discs (black) is partially
immersed in the liquid (gray). Rotation of the stack of discs increases the liquid lm renewal at the disc surface.
2.3.2. Rotating tubular membrane reactor two cylinders is lled with the solid phase. Often ion-exchange
The rotating membrane bioreactor with a tubular geometry resins are used which have the function of both catalyst and
was patented in 1982 (Cowen et al., 1982). In this reactor the adsorbent. The adsorbent can also be used for the immobi-
membrane is rotating around a shaft which is placed at the lization of biocatalysts (Sarmidi and Barker, 1993b).
liquid level in the reactor. As a result the membrane is par- The solvent of the reacting molecules is distributed equally
tially wetted but continuously refreshed during operation. The at the top of the reactor. The rotational speed of the cylin-
rotational speed of the membrane is most often below 10 RPM. ders, typically below 10 RPM, causes horizontal migration of
A typical reactor volume equals 2 103 m3 , and has a total the reacting molecules, whereas the uid ow causes a ver-
effective ltration area of 0.043 m2 (Jiang et al., 2012). Rotation tical downward migration of the reacting molecules through
of the membrane allows for an increase of the permeate ux the solid phase. Reaction products with a high afnity to the
because cake formation is suppressed in microltration and solid phase will have a large horizontal velocity component,
concentration polarization is suppressed during ultraltration whereas reaction products with a low afnity have a small
and reverse osmosis (Jaffrin, 2008). horizontal velocity component (Sarmidi and Barker, 1993a).
At different angular positions of the reactor, the sepa-
2.3.3. Rotating annular chromatographic reactor rated products can be collected in high purity. The historical
The rotating annual chromatographic reactor is a chemical development is described in detail in a review elsewhere
reactor in which chromatographic separation takes place, and (Uretschlger and Jungbauer, 2002). Typically the reactor vol-
is used for liquidsolid or gassolid systems (Cho et al., 1980a). ume is in the range of 10 103 m3 , whereas the volumetric
The reactor consists of two rotatable cylinders which are rotat- ow rate equals 15 103 m3 h1 (Cho et al., 1980b). The pres-
ing around one central shaft (Fig. 11). The volume between the sure drop due to the packing inside the narrow concentric
space limits the scalability in terms of volumetric throughput
(Strhlein et al., 2007).
Fig. 13 Shockwave power reactor (Mancosky, 2013). Fig. 15 Dynamically rotating axis micro reactor.
Courtesy to Ogura et al. (2008).
2.6.2. RAPTOR
both liquids obey ideally mixed behavior. These mass trans-
RAPTOR is an abbreviation of Racteur Agit Polyvalent
fer rates are at least 25 times higher compared to those in
Transfert Optimis Rectiligne, or Reactor with Polyvalent
packed columns and at most 15 times higher compare to those
Rectilinear Stirred Reactor with Optimized Transfer (Bahroun
measured in state-of-the-art microchannels (Visscher et al.,
et al., 2010).
2012d). -Ray tomography measurements have shown the vol-
The technology is developed by the AET group and was pre-
ume fraction of the dispersed phase is closely related to the
sented in 2007, and is shown in Fig. 17 (Barillon et al., 2007).
ratio of the dispersed phase volumetric ow rate over the total
The exact geometry of the reactor is only scarcely disclosed
ow rate (Visscher et al., 2012b).
in the literature (Bahroun et al., 2010). Rotational speeds of
A patented prototype of rotorimpellerrotor spinning disc
the inner part do not exceed 1500 RPM. The small reactor vol-
equipment has been reported in literature which exploits
ume (smaller than 2.9 103 m3 , Milly et al., 2008) allows for
these high liquidliquid mass transfer rate with the aim to
the application of temperatures up to 300 C and an operat-
intensify liquidliquid contacting equipment (van der Schaaf
ing pressure of 250 bar. The maximum ow rate is 0.15 m3 h1 ,
et al., 2012; Visscher et al., 2012a). The height equivalent of a
with a residence time between 15 s and 10 min. The heat trans-
theoretical stage in the extractor equals 1.4 102 m (Visscher
fer area per reactor volume equals 150 m2 m3 which is at least
et al., 2013), which is a factor 10 higher when compared to
30 times higher than for an industrial scale stirred tank reactor
other rotating equipment applied for liquidliquid contacting.
which is batch wise operated (5 m2 m3 ).
2.6. Remaining reactor types 2.6.3. Dynamically rotating axis micro reactor
A unique combination of micro reactor technology and
2.6.1. Shockwave power reactor mechanical agitation is used in the dynamically rotating
The shockwave power reactor was patented in 1993 (Griggs,
1993), and consists of a spinning rotor that is bafed such
that dead ended cavities are present at the rim of the rotor
Figs. 13 and 14. The rotation creates locally a low pressure
zone in the cavities which collapses under the emission of
an energy wave in the surrounding liquid, called the shock-
wave. As a result gasliquid mass transfer rates up to 5.2 s1
have been obtained (Mancosky, 2013), which is about 25 times
higher than in a mechanically agitated tank. The volumetric
ow rate may vary from 0.23 m3 h1 to 1.14 m3 h1 , with typ-
ical rotational speeds of the Shockwave power reactor range
up to 3600 RPM. A challenge in the design of this reactor is the
lifetime of the rotor and the cavities. The combination of cavi-
tation with corrosive chemicals implies that the rotor needs to
be coated with an extraordinary material to resist such harsh
conditions.
equipment manufacturers, end-product consumers, proto- Baldyga, J., Pohorecki, R., 1995. Turbulent micromixing in
type experts, and reactor scientists collaborate together from chemical reactors a review. Chem. Eng. J. Biochem. Eng. J. 58
(2), 183195.
the start in research projects dealing with reactor develop-
Barillon, O., De Panthou, F., Marie, S., Trani, A., Falk, L., Jenck, J.,
ment.
2007. 1st European Process Intensifcation Conference ,
A promising route to bridge the gap between lab-scale 19-9-2007, Copenhagen, Denmark.
reactor development and industrial implementation of new, Bawadi, Abdullah, et al., 2011. Chapter Synthetic Liquids
intensied reactors is the process of knowledge valorization. Production and Rening. American Chemical Society.
One method to achieve such an industrial implementation is Bennett, C.J., Kolaczkowski, S.T., et al., 1991. Determination of
the startup of spinoff companies (De Cleyn and Braet, 2009). heterogeneous reaction kinetics and reaction rates under
mass transfer controlled conditions for a monolith reactor.
Examples of such spinoff companies are Transatomic Power
Trans. Ins. Chem. Eng. B69 (4), 209220.
(molten-salt reactors), FLOWID (micro reactor technology), Berty, J.M., 1974. Reactor for vapor-phase catalytic studies. Chem.
SOWARLA (wastewater treatment), and SPINID (rotorstator Eng. Prog. 70 (5), 78.
and rotorrotor spinning technology). The presence of Blse, D., Feuerpeil, H.P., Olapinski, H., 2006. EP1299177 B1,
resource incubators at research institutes and universities will Rotating lter. Date of patent: 8/11/2006.
facilitate and speed up the development of such companies. Boodhoo, K.V.K., 2012. In: Boodhoo, K.V.K., Harvey, A. (Eds.),
Introducing new reactor concepts in chemical engineering Process Intensication Technologies for Green Chemistry:
Engineering Solutions for Sustainable Chemical Processing.
is a lengthy process. Industry is reluctant to introduce novel
Wiley, ChiChester, UK (Chapter 3).
chemical reactor types in existing processes when replace- Boodhoo, K.V.K., Al-Hengari, S.R., 2012. Micromixing
ment is not essential, with the aim to minimize possible risks characteristics in a small-scale spinning disk reactor. Chem.
to plant performance. The introduction thus depends mainly Eng. Tech. 35 (7), 12291237.
on the development of new processes and new production Boodhoo, K.V.K., Jachuck, R.J., 2000. Process intensication:
plants. spinning disk reactor for styrene polymerisation. App. Therm.
Eng. 20 (12), 11271146.
A strong argument for the introduction of novel reactor
Boodhoo, K.V.K., Cartwright, C.D., et al., 2010. Development of a
types will come from the experience that is built up dur-
HIGEE bioreactor (HBR) for production of
ing public-private research projects in which both academic polyhydroxyalkanoate: hydrodynamics, gasliquid mass
and industrial partners are collaborating. During such projects transfer and fermentation studies. CEP:PI 49 (7), 748758.
detailed information of chemical resistance, heat- and mass Bourne, J.R., Studer, M., 1992. Fast reactions in rotorstator mixers
transfer performance, mechanical durability of rotating parts, of different size. CEP:PI 31 (5), 285296.
and energy consumption can be collected. Buhtz, E., US1629200. Method of and apparatus for carrying out
chemical reactions or physical processes. Date of patent:
17/5/1927.
Burns, J.R., Jachuck, R.J.J., 2005. Determination of liquidsolid
mass transfer coefcients for a spinning disc reactor using a
References limiting current technique. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 48 (12),
25402547.
Agarwal, L., Pavani, V., et al., 2010. Process intensication in Burns, J.R., Ramshaw, C., 1996. Process intensication: visual
HiGee absorption and distillation: design procedure and study of liquid maldistribution in rotating packed beds. Chem.
applications. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49 (20), 1004610058. Eng. Sci. 51 (8), 13471352.
Aiba, S., 1958. Flow patterns of liquids in agitated vessels. AlChE J. Burns, J.R., Ramshaw, C., et al., 2003. Measurement of liquid lm
4 (4), 485489. thickness and the determination of spin-up radius on a
Al-Rawashdeh, M., Yu, F., et al., 2012. Numbered-up gasliquid rotating disc using an electrical resistance technique. Chem.
micro/milli channels reactor with modular ow distributor. Eng. Sci. 58 (11), 22452253.
Chem. Eng. J. 207208, 645655. Carberry, J.J., 1964. Desiging laboratory catalytic reactors. Ind.
Albers, R.K.E., Houterman, M.J.J., et al., 1998. Novel monolithic Eng. Chem. 56 (11), 3946.
stirred reactor. AlChE J. 44 (11), 24592464. Chandra, A., Goswami, P.S., et al., 2005. Characteristics of ow in
Anderson, N.G., 2012. Using continuous processes to increase a rotating packed bed (HIGEE) with split packing. Ind. Eng.
production. Org. Process Res. Dev. 16 (5), 852869. Chem. Res. 44 (11), 40514060.
Aoune, A., Ramshaw, C., 1999. Process intensication: heat and Charpentier, J.C., McKenna, T.F., 2004. Managing complex
mass transfer characteristics of liquid lms on rotating discs. systems: some trends for the future of chemical and process
Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 42 (14), 25432556. engineering. Chem. Eng. Sci. 59 (89), 16171640.
Arbiter, N., Harris, C.C., 1962. Chapter 14: Flotation machines. In: Chaudhari, R.V., Mills, P.L., 2011. Multiphase catalysis and
Fuerstenau, D.W. (Ed.), Froth Flotation. AIME, New York, pp. reaction engineering for emerging pharmaceutical processes.
347364. Chem. Eng. Sci. 59 (2223), 53375344.
Ascanio, G., Castro, B., et al., 2004. Measurement of power Chen, J., Jiang, J., et al., 2011. Catalytic cracking of soybean oil for
consumption in stirred vessels a review. Chem. Eng. Res. production of renewable fuel using rotating cone reactor.
Des. 82 (9), 12821290. Taiyangneng Xuebao/Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica 32 (3),
Ashcraft, R.W., Heynderickx, G.J., et al., 2012. Modeling fast 354357.
biomass pyrolysis in a gassolid vortex reactor. Chem. Eng. J. Chen, Y.M., 1987. Fundamentals of a centrifugal uidized bed.
207208, 195208. AlChE J. 33 (5), 722728.
Ashcraft, R.W., Kovacevic, J., et al., 2013. Assessment of a Chen, Z., Xiong, S., et al., 1995. Helical rotating absorber. J. Chem.
gassolid vortex reactor for SO2 /NOx adsorption from Flue Ind. Eng. 46, 388392.
Gas. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52 (2), 861875. Cho, B.K., Carr, J., et al., 1980a. A continuous chromatographic
Assirelli, M., Bujalski, W., et al., 2002. Study of micromixing in a reactor. Chem. Eng. Sci. 35 (12), 7481.
stirred tank using a rushton turbine: comparison of feed Cho, B.K., Carr, R.W., et al., 1980b. A new continuous ow reactor
positions and other mixing devices. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 80 for simultaneous reaction and separation. Sep. Sci. Technol.
(8), 855863. 15 (3), 679696.
Bahroun, S., Li, S., et al., 2010. Control and optimization of a Chu, G.W., Song, Y.H., et al., 2007. Micromixing efciency
three-phase catalytic slurry intensied continuous chemical of a novel rotorstator reactor. Chem. Eng. J. 128 (23),
reactor. J. Process Control 20 (5), 664675. 191196.
chemical engineering research and design 9 1 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 19231940 1937
Cohen, S., Marom, D.M., 1983. Experimental and theoretical study Hessel, V., 2009. Novel process windows gate to maximizing
of a rotating annular ow reactor. Chem. Eng. J. 27 (2), 8797. process intensication via ow chemistry. Chem. Eng. Tech.
Coltrin, M.E., Kee, R.J., et al., 1989. A mathematical model of the 32 (11), 16551681.
uid mechanics and gas-phase chemistry in a rotating disk Hessel, V., Renken, A., Schouten, J.C., Yoshida, J., 2009. Micro
chemical vapor deposition reactor. J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (3), Process Engineering: A Comprehensive Handbook. Wiley,
819829. Weinheim, Germany.
Cowen, G., Morton-Berry, P., Steel, M.L., US4311570. Chemical Hill, D.F., Sharp, K.V., et al., 2000. Stereoscopic particle image
process on the surface of a rotating body. Date of patent: velocimetry measurements of the ow around a Rushton
19/1/1982. turbine. Exp. Fluids 29 (5), 478485.
Cybulski, A., Moulijn, J., 2005. Structured catalysts and reactors, Hoek, I., 2004a. Towards the Catalytic Application of a Monolithic
2nd ed. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL. Stirrer Reactor. TU, Delft, The Netherlands (Chapter 2)
Dahl, J.A., Maddux, B.L.S., et al., 2007. Toward greener (PhD-Thesis).
nanosynthesis. Chem. Rev. 107 (6), 22282269. Hoek, I., 2004b. Towards the Catalytic Application of a Monolithic
de Broqueville, A., De Wilde, J., 2009. Numerical Stirrer Reactor. TU, Delft, The Netherlands (Chapter 3)
investigation of gassolid heat transfer in rotating (PhD-Thesis).
uidized beds in a static geometry. Chem. Eng. Sci. 64 (6), Hoek, I., Nijhuis, T.A., et al., 2004. Performance of the monolithic
12321248. stirrer reactor: applicability in multi-phase processes. Chem.
de Caprariis, B., Di Rita, M., et al., 2012. Reactionprecipitation Eng. Sci. 59 (2223), 49754981.
by a spinning disc reactor: inuence of hydrodynamics on Holl, R., US7780927. Spinning tube in tube reactors and their
nanoparticles production. Chem. Eng. Sci. 76, 7380. methods of operation. Date of patent: 24/8/2010.
De Cleyn, S.H., Braet, J., 2009. Research valorisation through Jachuck, R.J., Lee, J., et al., 1997. Process intensication for energy
spin-off ventures: integration of existing concepts and saving. Appl. Therm. Eng. 17 (810), 861867.
typologies, World Review of Entrepreneurship. Manage. Sust. Jacobsen, N.C., Hinrichsen, O., 2012. Micromixing efciency of a
Develop. 5 (4), 325352. spinning disk reactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51 (36),
De Lathouder, K.M., Bakker, J.J.W., et al., 2006. Structured reactors 1164311652.
for enzyme immobilization: a monolithic stirrer reactor for Jaffrin, M.Y., 2008. Dynamic shear-enhanced membrane ltration:
application in organic media. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 84 (5), a review of rotating disks, rotating membranes and vibrating
390398. systems. J. Membr. Sci. 324 (12), 725.
De Wilde, J., de Broqueville, A., 2007. Rotating uidized beds in a Ji, J.B., Xu, Z.C., Yu, Y.L., 7,344,126. Equipment of multi-rotor
static geometry: experimental proof of concept. AlChE J. 53 (4), zigzag high-gravity rotating beds. Date of patent: 18/3/2008.
793810. Jian, Q., Deng, X., et al., 1998. Experimental study of gas ow
De Wilde, J., de Broqueville, A., 2008a. Experimental investigation resistance and gasliquid mass-transfer performance in
of a rotating uidized bed in a static geometry. Powder supergravity rotating packed bed with wavy disk packing.
Technol. 183 (3), 426435. Huaxue Fanying Gongcheng Yu Gongyi 14 (1), 4248.
De Wilde, J., de Broqueville, A., 2008b. Experimental study of Jiang, T., Zhang, H., et al., 2012. Fouling characteristics of a novel
uidization of 1G-Geldart D-type particles in a rotating rotating tubular membrane bioreactor. CEP:PI 62, 3946.
uidized bed with a rotating chimney. AlChE J. 54 (8), Jiao, W., Liu, Y., et al., 2012. Micromixing efciency of viscous
20292044. media in novel impinging stream-rotating packed bed reactor.
Deen, N.G., van Sint Annaland, M., et al., 2004. Multi-scale Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51 (20), 71137118.
modeling of dispersed gasliquid two-phase ow. Chem. Eng. Jones, E., McClean, K., et al., 2012. Biocatalytic oxidase: batch to
Sci. 59 (89), 18531861. continuous. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 90 (6), 726731.
Doraiswamy, L.K., Tajbl, D.G., 1974. Laboratory catalytic reactors. Joshi, J.B., Pandit, A.B., et al., 1982. Mechanically agitated
Cat. Rev. 10 (1), 177219. gasliquid reactors. Chem. Eng. Sci. 37 (6), 813844.
Dudukovic, M.P., Larachi, F., et al., 2002. Multiphase catalytic Kapteijn, F., Moulijn, J.A., 2008. Laboratory catalytic reactors:
reactors: a perspective on current knowledge and future Aspects of catalyst testing. In: Chapter Handbook of
trends. Cat. Rev. 44 (1), 123246. Heterogeneous Catalysis. Wiley, River Street Hoboken, ISBN
Foust, H.C., Mack, D.E., et al., 1944. Gasliquid contacting by 9783527610044.
mixers. Ind. Eng. Chem. 36 (6), 517522. Kashid, M.N., Gupta, A., et al., 2010. Numbering-up and mass
Froment, G.F., DeWilde, J., Bischoff, K., 2011. Chemical Reactor transfer studies of liquidliquid two-phase microstructured
Anaylysis and Design, 3rd ed. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA. reactors. Chem. Eng. J. 158 (2), 233240.
Gonzalez, M.A., Ciszewski, J.T., 2008. High conversion, solvent Kenyvani, M., Gardner, N.C., 1989. Operating characteristics of
free, continuous synthesis of imidazolium ionic liquids in rotating beds. Chem. Eng. Prog. 85, 4452.
spinning tube-in-tube reactors. Org. Process Res. Dev. 13 (1), Krishna, R., Sie, S.T., 1994. Strategies for multiphase reactor
6466. selection. Chem. Eng. Sci. 49(24 Part A), 40294065.
Griggs, J.L., US5188090. Apparatus for heating uids. Date of Kroger, D.G., et al., 1980. In: Grace, J.R., Matsen, J.M. (Eds.),
patent: 23/2/1993. Fluidization. Springer, US (Chapter).
Hampton, P.D., Whealon, M.D., et al., 2008. Continuous organic Kumaresan, T., Joshi, J.B., 2006. Effect of impeller design on the
synthesis in a spinning tube-in-tube Reactor: ow pattern and mixing in stirred tanks. Chem. Eng. J. 115 (3),
TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of alcohols by hypochlorite. Org. 173193.
Process Res. Dev. 12 (5), 946949. Laufhtte, H.D., Mersmann, A., 1987. Local energy dissipation in
Harish Kumar, S., Murthy, D.V.R., 2010. Minimum supercial uid agitated turbulent uids and its signicance for the design of
velocity in a gassolid swirled uidized bed. CEP:PI 49 (10), stirring equipment. Chem. Eng. Tech. 10 (1), 5663.
10951100. Lawrence, J.R., Swerhone, G.D.W., et al., 2000. A simple rotating
Harmand, S., Pelle, J., et al., 2013. Review of uid ow and annular reactor for replicated biolm studies. J. Microbiol.
convective heat transfer within rotating disk cavities with Methods 42 (3), 215224.
impinging jet. Int. J. Therm. Sci. 67, 130. Leon, M.A., Geers, P., et al., 2012a. Effect of foam stirrer design on
Harvey, A.P., Mackley, M.R., et al., 2001. Operation and the catalytic performance of rotating foam stirrer reactors.
optimization of an oscillatory ow continuous reactor. Ind. Chem. Eng. J. 207208, 209217.
Eng. Chem. Res. 40 (23), 53715377. Leon, M.A., Maas, R.J., et al., 2013. Hydrodynamics and gasliquid
Hemrajani, R.R., Tatterson, G.B., 2004. In: Paul, E.L., mass transfer in a horizontal rotating foam stirrer reactor.
Atiemo-Obeng, V.A., Kresta, S.M. (Eds.), Handbook of Chem. Eng. J. 217, 1021.
Industrial Mixing Science and Practice. John Wiley & Sons, Leon, M.A., Nijhuis, T.A., et al., 2012b. Mass transfer modeling of a
Hoboken, NJ (Chapter 6). consecutive reaction in rotating foam stirrer reactors:
1938 chemical engineering research and design 9 1 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 19231940
selective hydrogenation of a functionalized alkyne. Chem. Ogura, T., Ohta, T., Takahashi, Y., Mae, K., 2013. World Conference
Eng. Sci. 73, 412420. of Chemical Engineering 8 , 23-8-2009, Montreal, Quebec,
Lerou, J.J., Ng, K.M., 1996. Chemical reaction engineering: a Canada.
multiscale approach to a multiobjective task. Chem. Eng. Sci. Ogura, T., Ohta, T., Takahashi, Y., Mae, K., 2008. AIChE Spring
51 (10), 15951614. Meeting & IMRET-10, 2008 , New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
Leung, W.W.F., Li, K., Yang, C., et al., 2012. A high-efcient Ordomsky, V.V., Schouten, J.C., et al., 2012a. Foam supported
rotating disk photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reactor with macro sulfonated polystyrene as a new acidic material for catalytic
light harvesting pyramid-surface electrode. AlChE J. 58 (8), reactions. Chem. Eng. J. 207208, 218225.
24482455. Ordomsky, V.V., Schouten, J.C., et al., 2012b. Zirconium phosphate
Li, Y., Ji, J., et al., 2013. Pressure drop model on rotating zigzag bed coating on aluminum foams by electrophoretic deposition for
as a new HIGEE. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.. acidic catalysis. ChemCatChem 4 (1), 129133.
Li, Y., YuLi, Y., et al., 2012. Rotating zigzag bed as trayed HIGEE and Oxley, P., Brechtelsbauer, C., et al., 2000. Evaluation of spinning
its power consumption. Asia-Pac. J. Chem. Eng. 8 (4), 494506. disk reactor technology for the manufacture of
Liu, H.S., Wang, Y.H., et al., 2012. Characterization of AgI pharmaceuticals. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39 (7),
nanoparticles synthesized in a spinning disk reactor. Chem. 21752182.
Eng. J. 183, 466472. Pan, Z.Q., Zhang, Y.J., et al., 2006. Experimental investigation into
Lodha, H., Jachuck, R.J.J. AIChE Annual Meeting, Advances in mass transfer between liquid and gas in multi-staged
Process Intensication II, 4-11-2007. Salt Lake City, UT, USA. spraying rotating packed bed. J. South China Univ. Technol. 34
Lodha, H., Jachuck, R., et al., 2012. Intensied biodiesel (3), 6771.
production using a rotating tube reactor. Energy Fuels 26 (11), Pask, S.D., Nuyken, O., et al., 2012. The spinning disk reactor: an
70377040. example of a process intensication technology for polymers
Lu, W.M., Wu, H.Z., et al., 1997. Effects of bafe design on the and particles. Polym. Chem. 3 (10), 26982707.
liquid mixing in an aerated stirred tank with standard Patwardhan, A.W., Joshi, J.B., 1998. Design of gas-inducing
Rushton turbine impellers. Chem. Eng. Sci. 52 (2122), reactors. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 38 (1), 4980.
38433851. Pavko, A., Misic, D.M., et al., 1981. Kinetics in three-phase
Machado, M.B., Nunhez, J.R., et al., 2012. Impeller characterization reactors. Chem. Eng. J. 21 (2), 149154.
and selection: balancing efcient hydrodynamics with Peev, G., Nikolova, A., et al., 2007a. Solid dissolution in a thin
process mixing requirements. AlChE J. 58 (8), 25732588. liquid lm on a horizontal rotating disk. Heat Mass Transfer
Mahoney, J.A., 1974. The use of a gradientless reactor in 43 (4), 397403.
petroleum reaction engineering studies. J. Catal. 32 (2), Peev, G., Peshev, D., et al., 2007b. Gas absorption in a thin liquid
247253. lm ow on a horizontal rotating disk. Heat Mass Transfer 43
Mancosky, D.G., 2013. The ShockWave Power Technology. (8), 843848.
Commercial Brochure, Rome, GA. Pilo, C.W., US2941872. Apparatus for intimate contacting of two
Mavros, P., 2001. Flow visualization in stirred vessels: a review uids. Date of patent: 21/6/1960.
of experimental techniques. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 79 (2), Pliny the Elder, 1929. Naturalis Historia: The Elder Plinys
113127. chapters on chemical subjects, Translated by Bailey, K.C.
Meeuwse, M., Lempers, S., et al., 2010a. Liquidsolid mass Arnold, London, UK.
transfer and reaction in a rotorstator spinning disc reactor. Pudjiono, P.I., Tavare, N.S., 1993. Residence time distribution
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49 (21), 1075110757. analysis from a continuous couette ow device around critical
Meeuwse, M., Hamming, E., et al., 2011. Effect of rotorstator Taylor number. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 71 (2), 312318.
distance and rotor radius on the rate of gasliquid mass Qi, G.S., Liu, Y.Z., et al., 2008. Experimental research on extraction
transfer in a rotorstator spinning disc reactor. CEP:PI 50 (10), of acetic acid from dilute solution by chemical complexation
10951107. impinging stream-rotating packed bed. Xiandai
Meeuwse, M., van der Schaaf, J., et al., 2010b. Gasliquid mass Huagong/Modern Chemical Industry 28 (11), 6567.
transfer in a rotorstator spinning disc reactor. Chem. Eng. Ramshaw, C., 1983. HIGEE distillation an example of process
Sci. 65 (1), 466471. intensication. Chem. Eng. 389, 1314.
Meeuwse, M., van der Schaaf, J., et al., 2009. Mass transfer in a Ramshaw, C., Mallinson, R.H. US4283255. Mass transfer process.
rotorstator spinning disk reactor with cofeeding of gas and Date of patent: 11/8/1981.
liquid. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49 (4), 16051610. Rao, D.P., Bhowal, A., et al., 2004. Process intensication in
Meeuwse, M., van der Schaaf, J., et al., 2012. Multistage rotating packed beds (HIGEE): an appraisal. Ind. Eng. Chem.
rotorstator spinning disc reactor. AlChE J. 58 (1), 247255. Res. 43 (4), 11501162.
Meijer, H.E.H., Singh, M.K., et al., 2012. On the performance of Reay, D., Ramshaw, C., Harvey, A., 2008. Process Intensication,
static mixers: a quantitative comparison. Prog. Polym. Sci. 37 Engineering for Efciency, Sustainability and Flexibility.
(10), 13331349. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
Milly, P.J., Toledo, R.T., et al., 2008. Hydrodynamic cavitation: Reddy, K.J., Gupta, A., et al., 2006. Process intensication in a
characterization of a novel design with energy considerations HIGEE with split packing. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45 (12),
for the inactivation of saccharomyces cerevisiae in apple 42704277.
juice. J. Food Sci. 73 (6), M298M303. Richter, O., Hoffmann, H., et al., 2008. Effect of the rotor shape on
Mohammadi, S., Boodhoo, K., 2012. Online conductivity the mixing characteristics of a continuous ow Taylor-vortex
measurement of residence time distribution of thin lm ow reactor. Chem. Eng. Sci. 63 (13), 35043513.
in the spinning disc reactor. Chem. Eng. J. 207208, 885894. Rivero, E.P., Granados, P., et al., 2010. Mass transfer modeling and
Mondt, E., Kemenade, H. P. van, Brouwers, J.J.H., Bramer, E.A., simulation at a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) reactor under
2004. 3rd International Symposium on Two Phase Flow turbulent ow for copper recovery. Chem. Eng. Sci. 65 (10),
Modelling and Experimentation , Pisa, Italy. 30423049.
Mukherjee, B., Wrenn, B.A., 2009. Inuence of dynamic mixing Rooze, J., Rebrov, E.V., et al., 2013. Dissolved gas and ultrasonic
energy on dispersant performance: role of mixing systems. cavitation a review. Ultrason. Sonochem. 20 (1), 111.
Environ. Eng. Sci. 26 (12), 17251737. Rosales Trujillo, W., De Wilde, J., 2012. Fluid catalytic cracking in a
Ng, C.M., Chen, P.C., et al., 2012. Green high-gravitational rotating uidized bed in a static geometry: a CFD analysis
synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a rotating packed bed accounting for the distribution of the catalyst coke content.
reactor (RPBR). Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51 (15), 53755381. Powder Technol. 221, 3646.
Ogihara, T., Matsuda, G., et al., 1995. Continuous synthesis of Rousseaux, J.M., Muhr, H., et al., 2001. Mixing and micromixing
monodispersed silica particles using CouetteTaylor vortex times in the forced vortex region of unbafed mixing devices.
ow. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 103 (1194), 151154. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 79 (5), 697707.
chemical engineering research and design 9 1 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 19231940 1939
Rushton, J.H., Costich, E.W., et al., 1950a. Power characteristics of Tschentscher, R., Schubert, M., et al., 2012. Gas holdup of rotating
mixing impellers, Part 1. Chem. Eng. Progr., Part III 46 (8), foam reactors measured by tomography effect of solid foam
395404. pore size and liquid viscosity. AlChE J.,
Rushton, J.H., Costich, E.W., et al., 1950b. Power characteristics of http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.13787.
mixing impellers. Part 2. Chem. Eng. Progr., Part III 46 (9), Uretschlger, A., Jungbauer, A., 2002. Preparative continuous
467476. annular chromatography (P-CAC), a review. Bioproc. Biosys.
Saravanan, K., Mundale, V.D., et al., 1994. Gas inducing type Eng. 25 (2), 129140.
mechanically agitated contactors. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 33 (9), van der Schaaf, J., Schouten, J.C., 2011. High-gravity and
22262241. high-shear gasliquid contactors for the chemical process
Sarkar, A., Moulik, S., et al., 2012. Performance characterization industry. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 1 (1), 8488.
and CFD analysis of a novel shear enhanced membrane van der Schaaf, J., Visscher, F., Bindraban, D., Schouten, J.C.
module in ultraltration of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). WO/2012/150226 A1. Device for multi phase and single phase
Desalination 292, 5363. contacting. Date of patent: 30/4/2012.
Sarkar, P., Ghosh, S., et al., 2009. Effect of different operating van Eeten, K.M.P., van der Schaaf, J., et al., 2012. Boundary layer
parameters on the recovery of proteins from casein whey development in the ow eld between a rotating and a
using a rotating disc membrane ultraltration cell. stationary disk. Phys. Fluids 24 (3), 033601033618.
Desalination 249 (1), 511. Vedantam, S., Joshi, J.B., 2006. Annular centrifugal contactors a
Sarmidi, M.R., Barker, P.E., 1993a. Saccharication of modied review. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 84 (7), 522542.
starch to maltose in a continuous rotating annular Vedantam, S., Joshi, J.B., et al., 2006. Three-dimensional CFD
chromatograph (CRAC). J. Chem. Tech. Bio. 57 (3), 229235. simulation of stratied two-uid TaylorCouette ow. Can. J.
Sarmidi, M.R., Barker, P.E., 1993b. Simultaneous biochemical Chem. Eng. 84 (3), 279288.
reaction and separation in a rotating annular chromatograph. Villermaux, J., 1988. The role of energy dissipation in contacting
Chem. Eng. Sci. 48 (14), 26152623. and mixing devices. Chem. Eng. Tech. 11 (1), 276287.
Schuur, B., Kraai, G.N., et al., 2012. Hydrodynamic features of Visscher, F., Nijhuis, R.T.R., et al., 2012a. Liquidliquid ow in an
centrifugal contactor separators: experimental studies on impellerstator spinning disc reactor. CEP:PI,
liquid hold-up, residence time distribution, phase behavior http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2013.01.015.
and drop size distributions. CEP:PI 55, 819. Visscher, F., Saffarionpour, S., et al., 2013. Counter-current
Sen, D., Sarkar, A., et al., 2012. Batch hydrolysis and rotating disk liquid-liquid contacting in an spinning disc reactor
membrane bioreactor for the production of (Unpublished Work).
galacto-oligosaccharides: a comparative study. Ind. Eng. Visscher, F., Bieberle, A., et al., 2012b. Water and n-heptane
Chem. Res. 51 (32), 1067110681. volume fractions in a rotorstator spinning disc reactor. Ind.
Serra, C.A., Wiesner, M.R., 2000. A comparison of rotating and Eng. Chem. Res. 51 (51), 1667016676.
stationary membrane disk lters using computational uid Visscher, F., de Hullu, J., et al., 2012c. Residence time distribution
dynamics. J. Membr. Sci. 165 (1), 1929. in a single phase rotorstator spinning disc reactor. AlChE J. 59
Sisoev, G.M., Matar, O.K., et al., 2006. The ow of thin liquid lms (7), 26862693.
over spinning discs. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 84 (6), 625642. Visscher, F., Gaakeer, W.A., et al., 2011. Liquidliquid extraction
Sthl Wernersson, E., Trgrdh, C., 1999. Scale-up of Rushton systems of benzoic acid in water and heptane,
turbine-agitated tanks. Chem. Eng. Sci. 54 (19), methylbenzene, or trichloroethylene as cosolvent. J. Chem.
42454256. Eng. Data 56 (9), 36303636.
Stankiewicz, A.I., Moulijn, J.A., 2000. Process intensication: Visscher, F., van der Schaaf, J., et al., 2012d. Liquidliquid mass
transforming chemical engineering. Chem. Eng. Prog. 96 (1), transfer in a rotorstator spinning disc reactor. Chem. Eng. J.
2233. 185186, 267273.
Stankiewicz, A., 2003. Reactive separations for process Wagenaar, B.M., Prins, W., et al., 1994. Pyrolysis of biomass in the
intensication: an industrial perspective. CEP:PI 42 (3), rotating cone reactor: modelling and experimental
137144. justication. Chem. Eng. Sci. 49(24 Part 2), 51095126.
Stemmet, C.P., Jongmans, J.N., et al., 2005. Hydrodynamics of Wang, G.Q., Xu, Z.C., et al., 2011. Progress on Higee distillation
gasliquid counter-current ow in solid foam packings. Chem. introduction to a new device and its industrial applications.
Eng. Sci. 60 (22), 64226429. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 89 (8), 14341442.
Stemmet, C.P., van der Schaaf, J., et al., 2006. Solid foam packings Wang, G.Q., Xu, Z.C., et al., 2008. Performance of a rotating zigzag
for multiphase reactors: modelling of liquid holdup and mass bed a new HIGEE. CEP:PI 47 (12), 21312139.
transfer. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 84 (12), 11341141. Weekman, V.W., 1974. Laboratory reactors and their limitations.
Stitt, E.H., 2002. Alternative multiphase reactors for ne AlChE J. 20 (5), 833840.
chemicals: a world beyond stirred tanks? Chem. Eng. J. 90 Wenmakers, P.W.A.M., van der Schaaf, J., et al., 2008. Hairy
(12), 4760. Foam: carbon nanobers grown on solid carbon foam. A fully
Strhlein, et al., 2007. Chapter 6: Simulated Moving-Bed accessible, high surface area, graphitic catalyst support. J.
Reactors. In: Sundmacher, K., Kienle, A., Seidel-Morgenstern, Mater. Chem. 18 (21), 24262436.
A. (Eds.), Integrated Chemical Processes. Wiley, River Street Wenmakers, P.W.A.M., van der Schaaf, J., et al., 2010. Comparative
Hoboken. modeling study on the performance of solid foam as a
Tai, C.Y., Tai, C.T., et al., 2007. Synthesis of magnesium hydroxide structured catalyst support in multiphase reactors. Ind. Eng.
and oxide nanoparticles using a spinning disk reactor. Ind. Chem. Res. 49 (11), 53535366.
Eng. Chem. Res. 46 (17), 55365541. Wood, R.M., Watts, B.E., 1973. The ow, heat and mass transfer
Trambouze, P., Euzen, J.P., 2002a. Chemical Reactors, From Design characteristics of liquid lms on rotating discs. Chem Eng.
to Operation. Institute Francais du ptrole Publications, Paris, Res. Des. 51 (a), 315322.
France (Chapter 4). Wu, H., Patterson, G.K., et al., 1989. Distribution of turbulence
Trambouze, P., Euzen, J.-P., 2002b. Chemical Reactors, Technip. energy dissipation rates in a Rushton turbine stirred mixer.
Insititut Francais du ptrole publications, Paris, France. Exp. Fluids 8 (34), 153160.
Tschentscher, R., Nijhuis, T.A., et al., 2010a. Gasliquid mass Yang, H.J., Chu, G.W., et al., 2005. Micromixing efciency in a
transfer in rotating solid foam reactors. Chem. Eng. Sci. 65 (1), rotating packed bed: experiments and simulation. Ind. Eng.
472479. Chem. Res. 44 (20), 77307737.
Tschentscher, R., Spijkers, R.J.P., et al., 2010b. Liquidsolid mass Zhang, D., Zhang, P.Y., et al., 2010. Application of HIGEE process
transfer in agitated slurry reactors and rotating solid foam intensication technology in synthesis of petroleum sulfonate
reactors. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49 (21), 1075810766. surfactant. CEP:PI 49 (5), 508513.
1940 chemical engineering research and design 9 1 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 19231940
Zhao, H., Shao, L., et al., 2010. High-gravity process intensication Zieverink, M.M.P., Kreutzer, M.T., et al., 2006. Gasliquid mass
technology and application. Chem. Eng. J. 156 (3), 588593. transfer in benchscale stirred tanks uid properties and
Zhevalkink, J.A., Kelderman, P., et al., 1978. Liquid lm thickness critical impeller speed for gas induction. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
in a rotating disc gasliquid contactor. Water Res. 12 (8), 45 (13), 45744581.
577581.