EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Switching As computer networks became more pervasive, more and more data and also less voice was transmitted over telephone lines. Circuit Switching The telephone network used circuit switching. Circuit switching operates by first reserving a complete route from the sender to the receiver. This bandwidth does not change during a call, and remains reserved even if the connection is not transmitting any data but is still active. An example follows:
A fixed bandwidth will be reserved at S1,S2,S4,S5, and S7 for the duration
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Packet Switching Packet switching is similar to message switching using short messages. Any message exceeding a network-defined maximum length is broken up into shorter units, known as packets, for transmission; the packets, each with an associated header, are then transmitted individually through the network. The performance of Packet Switching is called Best Effort performance. If you transmit from sender to receiver, all the network will do its best to get the packet to the other end as fast as possible, but there are no guarantees on how fast that packet will arrive.
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Packet Formats A packet contains three major fields: The header, the message, and redundancy check bits Most popular technique uses cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) CRC is nothing more than a set of parity bits that cover overlapping fields of message bits. CRC can detect small number of errors A header typically contain numerous subfields in addition to the necessary address field
Message
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Message Switching A message switch typically operates in the store-and- forward fashion Message has to be completely received and stored by the switch before it can be forwarded to the next switch.
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Delays in Message switching Minimum delay in message swicthing
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Connectionless Packet Switching Each packet is routed independently through network It is also called datagram packet switching Routers in the internet are packet switches that operate in datagram mode
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Delay Calculations Delay in datagram packet switching Assume P=T/3 is required to transmit
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching VC packet swtiching involves the establishment of a fixed path, often called a virtual circuit or a connection
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Congestion Congestion
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model
The TCP/IP Reference Model A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Layering Layering
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Protocol Hierarchies
Layers, protocols, and interfaces.
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) OSI partioned the communication process into seven layers and provided a framework for talking about the overall communication process. The OSI work also provided a unified view of layers, protocols, and services. This unified view has provided the basis for the development of networking standards to the present day.
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Reference Models
The OSI reference model.
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Services to Protocols Relationship The relationship between a service and a protocol.
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
TCP/IP Reference Model The TCP/IP reference model.
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Routing Routing the packets
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
HTTP Example
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Application
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Reference Models Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Network Standardization ITU Main sectors Radiocommunications Telecommunications Standardization Development
Classes of Members National governments Sector members Associate members Regulatory agencies
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
IEEE 802 Standards
The 802 working groups. The important ones are
marked with *. The ones marked with are hibernating. The one marked with gave up. EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Business Applications of Networks A network with two clients and one server.
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Home Network Applications
Access to remote information
Person-to-person communication Interactive entertainment Electronic commerce
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Network Hardware
Local Area Networks
Metropolitan Area Networks Wide Area Networks Wireless Networks Home Networks Internetworks
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Local Area Networks
Two broadcast networks
Bus Ring
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Metropolitan Area Networks A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Wide Area Networks Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Wide Area Networks (2) A stream of packets from sender to receiver.
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Wireless Networks Categories of wireless networks: System interconnection Wireless LANs Wireless WANs
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Wireless Networks (2) Bluetooth configuration Wireless LAN
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak
Wireless Networks (3) Individual mobile computers A flying LAN
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak