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Universiti

PAHANG
Engineering . Technoiogy Creativity

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL & NATURAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING

FINAL EXAMINATION

COURSE MASS TRANSFER

COURSE CODE BKF2432

LECTURER FATMAWATI BINTI ADAM


MOHD NAJIB BIN RAZALI
SITI HATIJAH BINTI MORTAN

DATE 10 JANUARY 2013

DURATION 2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

SESSION/SEMESTER SESSION 2012/2013 SEMESTER I

PROGRAMME CODE BKBIBKC/BKG

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

1. This question paper consists of FOUR (4) questions. Answer ALL questions.
2. All answers to a new question should start on new page.
3. All the calculations and assumptions must be clearly stated.
4. Candidates are not allowed to bring any material other than those allowed by
the invigilator into the examination room.

EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS:

1. APPENDICES

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

This examination paper consists of FOURTEEN (14) printed pages including front page.

CONFIDENTIAL BKB/BKCIBKG/12131/BKF2432

QUESTION 1

A crystal of Glauber's salt, sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na 2 SO 4. 1 0H20) dissolves in a


large tank of pure water at 298 K. Assume that molecular diffusion occurs through a
liquid film 0.085 mm thick surrounding the crystal. At the inner side of the film, adjacent
to the crystal surface, the concentration Na2 SO 4 is 15.87 wt% and the density of the
corresponding saturated solution is 1240 kg/m 3 . The outer side of the film the solution is
virtually pure water. The density of pure liquid water at 298 K is 999.8 kg/m 3 and the
viscosity is 1.153 cP.
a) Estimate the diffusivity (m2 /s) of the Glauber' s salt in pure water at 293 K by
using Wilke-Chang equation.
(5 Marks)

b) Determine the rate at which the crystal dissolve by calculating the flux of Na2SO4
from the crystal to the bulk solution, NA (kg of crystal/m2.h)
(20 Marks)

2

CONFIDENTIAL BKBIBKCJBKG/121311BKF2432

QUESTION 2

Solute A is being absorbed from a gas mixture of A and B in a wetted wall tower with a
liquid flowing as film as illustrated in Figure 1. The film mass transfer coefficient of A
in the gas phase k is 1.465 x 10-3 kgmol Al s.m2 .mol fraction and for the liquid phase k
is 1.967 x 10 -3 kgmol Al s.m2 .mol fraction. Henry's Law states that composition y of a
gas as a function of partial pressure p is expressed as y = p/P. P is the total pressure of the
system which is at 2 atm. The partial pressure of solute A, pAl in the bulk gas is 0.3 atm.
Assume gas solute B is not diffusing into the bulk liquid.

Interface, i

Bulk liquid -
- -Bulk gas of A & B
- -------
'NA
- interface

Distance from interface


Figure 1: Schematic diagram illustrates the mass transfer at the film interface of
bulk liquid and gas of solute A.

a) Calculate flux N A if the interface concentration, YAi 0.085.


(8 Marks)

b) If the flux, NA is 1x10 kg mol Alsm2 and YAi is 0.12, what is the new partial
pressure, p of the bulk gas? State your explanation why does the mass transfer
increases when the partial pressure increases.
(10 Marks)

C) Calculate the mass transfer coefficient, kG (kg molAIsm 2.atm) from the question
(a) case.
(7 Marks)

3

CONFIDENTIAL BKB/BKCIBKG/121311BKF2432

QUESTION 3

Liquid benzene, C6116, a common industrial solvent with a density of 0.88 kg/M 3 , leaked
from the storage tank and seeped in to the ground as shown in Figure 2. As the density of
benzene less than density of water, the liquid benzene formed a light nonaqueous-phase
liquid layer on top the water-saturated soil. At a depth of 2 m below the water-saturated
soil layer is a nonporous, impermeable rock layer. Liquid benzene is sparingly soluble on
water, and its solubility limit is 24 mourn 3 at 293 K. The effective diffusion coefficient of
benzene in the water-saturated soil is lx 10 m 2 /s at 293 K. Assume that the pure liquid
layer resting on top of the soil is essentially constant source due to lo solubility of
benzene in water and benzene does not diffuse into the nonporous rock layer.

Liquid benzene starage


&ow leak)

I ( / ( / (
Liquid benrtc
Dissoed benzene \.
2 m
diffusion

Li '
rWater
saturated
Nonporous iod. ei

Figure 2: Liquid benzene spilled on top of soil

a) Calculate the concentration (mol/m3) of the dissolved benzene at a position of 20


cm into the water-saturated soil layer after 72 h of benzene spill. State all your
assumptions.
(9 Marks)

b) Calculate the time required for the benzene concentration to reach 1 mourn 3 at the
boundary of water-saturated soil and nonporous rock layer.
(8 Marks)

c) If the thickness of water-saturated soil is halved, what would be the midpoint


concentration in 24 h?
(8 Marks)

4

CONFIDENTIAL BKB/BKC/BKG/121311BKF2432

QUESTION 4

A very thin polymeric coating of thickness 0.1 mm uniformly coats a rectangular surface.
The rectangular surface has a length of 20 cm in the direction of flow. The coating
contains a solvent that must be evaporated away from the coating in order to cure the
coating. Initially, there is 0.001 mole of solvent per m 3 of coating loaded in the coating. A
heated plate just beneath the surface maintains the coating at a uniform temperature of
45C. Air gently flows parallel to the surface at a velocity of 0.1 m/s and the surrounding
air at 1.0 atm. You may neglect any molecular diffusion of the solvent through the very
thin polymeric film and focus only on the convection aspects of the problem. The
diffusion coefficient of coating solvent in air at 45C is 0.1 m2/s.

a) Determine the Reynolds, Schmidt, and Sherwood numbers associated with this
process.
(9 Marks)

b) Find film mass-transfer coefficient, lc (mole fraction based driving force) and
mass transfer factor, JD associated with this process then calculate the mass flux
of the process.
(9 Marks)

C) If they try to coat a pipe has an inside diameter of 20 cm and 1 m length and the
velocity 0.3 m/s. Calculate the mass transfer coefficient of pipe, k.
(7 Marks)

END OF QUESTION PAPER


CONFIDENTIAL BKB/BKC/BKG/12131JBKF2432

APPENDICES

Formulas

J AZ DdCA
ABd

NA = -cDAB + (NA + NB)


dz c

DAB (CAI -CA2)


N
(z2-z1)
= DAB Cay
NA A1 xA2)
( 2 z1)xBM

CA y =(j)AV 2
M2)/

- XBI
X BM =
ln( x B2 /XBI)

9.96 x
1 0-16 T
DAB -
1/3
I
J VA

T
DAB =1.173x1016 (OMB )"2 0.6
/.IBVA

= 1.8583x10 7 T 3 ' 2 (i\uh/2


DAB
PO-2 AB c^DAB (MA MB)

1.00x1O 7 T' 75 (1 /M A + 1/MB)"2


DAB

P[(EvA)" +
(vB)h/3]2
=

NRe
- Lvp
,L1

7tT
.LV SC -
PD AB

CONFIDENTIAL BKBIBKCIBKG/12 131/BKF2432

k' L
Sh -
AB

Mass transfer in flow p arallel to flat plates


0.5 1/3
Nsh 0.664NRe (NR, < 15 000)
2
0.
Nsh = 0036NRe NS, "' ( NRe> 15 000)

J D = O.664N 5Re (NRe < 15 000)


= 0.03 6NRe2 (NRe> 15000)

Mass transfer for flow inside pipes

Sc )1/3f )0.14
Hb (NRc <2100)
Nsh =1.86(NReN D

f \O.83 7 '0.33
( lu
Nsh=0.023I' (NRe> 2100)
PJ pDAB J

7

CONFIDENTIAL BKB/BKCIBKG/121311BKF2432

A.1-3 Length
1 in. = 2.540 cm
100 cm = 1. m (meter) 10- 1
1 micron = 10 6 m = cm 10 mm = 1 pm (micrometer)
1 A (angstrom) 10 m = iO .tm
1 mile = 5280-ft
1 m = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in.
A.1-4 Mass
1 lb- 453.59 g = 0.45359 kg
1 ibm = 16 oz = 7000 grains
1 kg = 1000 g = 2.2046 lb_
1 ton (short) = 2000 ibm
I ton (long) 2240 lb_
1 ton (metric) 1000 kg
A.1-5 Standard Acceleration of Gravity
g = 9.80665 rn/s2
g = 980.665 cm Is2
g = 32.174 ft/s2
g (gravitational conversion factor) = 32.1740 Ib m ft/lb S2
= 980.665 g cm/ge . S2
A.1-6 Volume
1 L (liter) 1000 cm3 1 m3 = 1000 L (liter)
1 in.3 = 16.387 cm 1 U.S. gal = 4 qt
1 ft3 = 28.317 L (liter) 1 U.S. gal = 3.7854 L (liter)
1 ft3 = 0.028317 m3 I U.S. gal = 3785.4 cm3
1 ft3 = 7.481 U.S. gal 1 British gal = 1.20094 U.S. gal
1 m3 = 264.17 U.S. gal 1 m3 = 35.313 ft3
A.1-7 Force
1 g.-CM/S2 (dyn) = 10 kg . rn/s2 = iO N (newton)
I g cm/s2 = 7.2330 X 10 ibm ft /s2 (poundal)
1 kg m/s' = 1 N (newton)
1 lb1 = 4.4482,N
1 gcm/s2 = 2.2481 x 1061bf
A.1-8 Pressure
1 bar = I X 102 Pa (pasa1) = 1 X 10' N/rn2
1 psia = 1 1b1/in.2
1 psia = 2.0360 in. Hg at 0C
1 psia 2.311-ft H20 at 70F
1 psia = 51.715 mm Hg at 0C (PHS = 13.5955 g/cni')
1 atm = 14.696 psia = 1.01325 X 102 N/rn2 = 1.01325 bar
1 atm = 760 nun Hg at 0C = 1.01325 x 102 Pa = 1.01325 X 102 kPa

8

CONFIDENTIAL BKB/BKC/BKG/121311BKF2432

TkBLE 7.2-1. Flux Equations and Mass-Transfer Coefficients

Flux equations for equi,nolat counterdiffusion


Gases: N A = k(cAI - c,) k(pAL - PA2) 14(y 1 -
Liquids: NA k' (c - CA2) k(cAl CA2) = - XA2)

llux equations for diffusing through stagnant, nondiffusing B


Gases: NA = k(cAI - c) k 0 (p - p,.) = k5(y4 - YA2)
Liquids: NA k(cAt e.i) kL(cAj - c,) XA2)

Conversions between mass-zransfe,coeffi&nxs


Gases:
= = = kF = /4 = kyaM C = koyaMP
Liquids:
14c k}c kLXBMC = kp/M k,
(where p i&jttflsity of liquid and Mis molecular weight)
Units of mass -transfer coefficients
SI Units Cgs Units English Units
m/s cmis ftlh
kg mo l grnol lb mot
k,kkk '
s- rn,2 wolfrac s . cin . moifrac h . ft . mot frac
kgmol kgrnol g snot lb snot
ka, k
s.m1.Pasm2atrn s-cm2 -atrn h-ft-atm
(preferred)

A.1-1 Gas Law Constant R


Numerical Value Units

1.9872 gcal/gmol - K
1.9872 btu/lb mot
82.057 CM atmfg mot K
8314.34 J/kg mot K
82.057 X 10 m3 atm/kg mot K
8314.34 kg m21s2 - kg mot K
10.731 ft'- lb/in.2. lb mot R
0.7302 ft3- atm/lb mot
1545.3 ft. lb/lb mot .
8314.34 m3 Pa/kg mot -K

CONFIDENTIAL BKB/BKC/BKG/12131JBKF2432

TABLE 6.3-2. Atomic and Molar Volumes at the Normal Boiling Point
Atomic Volume Atomic Volume
Material (ni3/kg mol) 703 Material (in/kg mol) 10

C 14.8 Ring, 3-membered -6


H 37 as in ethylene
0 (except as below) 74 oxide
Doubly bound as 7.4 4-membered -8.5
carbonyl 5-membered -11.5
Coupled to two 6-membered -15
other elements Naphthalene ring -30
In aldehydes, ketones 7.4 Anthracene ring -47.5
In methyl esters 9.1
In methyl ethers 9.9
In ethyl esters 9.9
In ethyl ethers 9.9 Molecular Volume
In higher esters 11.0 (m3 /kg niol) 10
In higher ethers 11.0 Air 29.9
In acids (-OH) 12.0 0, 25.6
Joined to S, 1 N 8.3 N2 31.2
N Br, 53.2
Doubly bonded 15.6 C12 48.4
In primary amines 10.5 CO 30.7
In secondary amines 12.0 CO2 34.0
Br 27.0 H, 14.3
Cl in RCHCIR' 24.6 H2O 18.8
Cl in RCI (terminal) 21.6 H2S 32.9
F 8.7 NH3 25.8
1 37.0 NO 23.6
S 25.6 N20 36.4
P 27.0 SO2 44.8
Source: 0. I.e Ban. The Molecular Volumes of Liquid Cl,en,knl compounds. New York: David McKay Co.. Inc., 1915

Table 1: Atomic Volumes for Complex Molecular Volumes

Compound Atomic volume Compound Atomic volume


(m3/kgmol) 103 (m3/kgmol) 103

Sodium 23.75 Potassium 45.68


Magnesium 13.98 Calcium 25.86
Manganese 7.355 Copper 7.124
Iron 7.092 Zinc 9.161

Table 2: Recommended values of the association parameter, 1s for common solvents


Solvent
Water 2.6
Methanol 1.9
Ethanol 1.5
Benzene, ether, heptanes, and other unassociated 1.0
solvents

10
CONFIDENTIAL BKB/BKCII3KG/12131/J3KF2432

A.2-11 Heal-Transfer Properties of Liquid Water, Si Unit

Ii. x ZO (93j)242)
T T p. c,, (Pa . or /c j3X 101 X10
(Cj (Ic) (kJrn1) (U/kg K) kg/rn .) (W/,n K) Iv, (i/K) (i/K in)
0 2712 999.6 4i29 1.786 05694 13.3 -0.630
15.6 288.8 998.0 4.1,87 1.131 0.5884 8.07 1.44 10.93
26.7 299.9 996.4 4.183 0.860 i 0.6109 59 2.34 30.70
37.8 311.0 994.7 4.183 0.682 0.6283 4.51 3.24 68.0
65.6 338.8 981.9 4.187 0.432 0.6629 2.72 5,04 256.2
931 3665 9627 4.229 03066 06802 191 666 642
121.1 394.3 943.5 4.271 0.2381 0.6836 1.49 8.46 1,300
148.9 422.1 917.9 4.312 0.1935 0.6836 1.22 10.08 2231
204.4 477.6 858.6 4.522 0.1384 0.6611 0.950 14.04 5308
260.0 533.2 784.9 4.982 0.1042 0.6040 0.859 19.8 110-30
315.6 588.8 679.2 6.322 1
0.0862 0.5071. 1.07 31.5 19260

TABLE 7.1-1. Relation Between Mass- and


Heat- Transfer Parameters for
Unsteady-Stare Diffusion*
Mass Transfer
Heat Transfer K=c1jc=1.O K=c/c1.O
T1 -T c1 -c c1IK-c
'T 1 - T 0 Cl - c11K - co
T - T0 c - co c-
- T 0 Cl- CO c1/K - CO
at DABt DARt
xi X1
x x x
2V 2VZ57 2V7
k D48 DAB
hx 1 kx1 Kkx1

k VC-
ft
DAB ;ABt

X1 X1 X1
x Is the distance from the center of the slab, cylinder, or *pherc; for a semi
infinite slab, x is the distance from the surface. C.. is the original uniform
concentration in she solid,, c 1 the concentration in the fluid outside the slab,
and c the concentration in the solid at positions and time 1.

11
CONFIDENTIAL BKB/BKC/BKG/12131/BKF2432

1.0

__% ----

IN IV

1
INMENIfnqfi
'

0.10

'a
MERIN M '1102,1111
IitWIi&.
0.010

iI
I11IU
00010
hO 2.0 3.0 4.0 510 6.0

Olt
xi

Figure 5.3-5 Unsteady state heat conduction in a large flat plate. [From
H.P. Gurney and J. Lurie, Ind. Eng. Chem., 15,1170 (1923)]

12
0

LU
08
0.4

0.08

0.02

J) 0.01
0.00s

0004
0.002

0100 1 P0
V
x1

FLGuJ 5.3-6. C/rn it forkrcrm'irirtg reperr4utt al the enrer o.fa


duran /Fwnz IT P Jkder. T,imy. A.SMJ., 69_L17(1947) With ptmiskmJ
0

z
LA The Periodic Table of the Elements VMA,
-4

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