Architecture 324

Structures II

Masonry

Clay Masonry
Concrete Masonry
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

Hchst Entrance Hall

Arch: Peter Behrens
Photo: Eva Krcher

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Clay Brick

Molded
or
Extruded
Cored adds stability, strength
cored < 25% > hollow
Fired (2000 F)

Sizes use 3/8 mortar bed

Six ways to position in wall:

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Clay Brick

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Concrete Masonry Units

(CMU)

Cast (molds)
Dried
Autoclaved

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Concrete Masonry Units
(CMU)

Geometric Properties
TEK 14-1B
Radius of gyration, r =

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Concrete Masonry Units

(CMU)

Reinforcing

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Autoclaved Aeriated Concrete
(AAC)

Used predominately in Europe

Developed by Dr. Johan Axel Eriksson in
mid- 1920s in Sweden as Ytong
since 1943, Hebel blocks in Germany
Current largest production in China
Lighter weight
Better insulation value
Better fire resistance
Better moisture transmission
Larger blocks for faster erection
Can be shaped on site

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Autoclaved Aeriated Concrete

(AAC)

Density 20 to 50 PCF (floats)

Compressive strength 300 to 900 PSI

Allowable Shear Stress 8 to 22 PSI

Thermal Resistance - 0.8 to 1.25 R/ IN

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Autoclaved Aeriated Concrete
(AAC)

Tools for placement

Easily shaped on site

Thin mortar bed 1/8 (1mm to 3mm)

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Autoclaved Aeriated Concrete

(AAC)

Larger blocks so faster layup e.g. 8x8x24

Panel layup with onsite crane

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Autoclaved Aeriated Concrete
(AAC)

Finish with stucco

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Mortar Types

Types M, S, N, O

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Mortar Types

Type M, S, N, O

Slump is higher than cast concrete

based on workability

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Member Types

Compression members based on

proportions.

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Member Details

Compression members based on

proportions.

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Masonry Strength

Masonry strength, fm, based on unit strength, fu, and mortar type

Clay Masonry Concrete Masonry

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Constructive Properties

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Empirical Design of Masonry

TEK 14-8B

Seismic limitations:
Can generally be used for Seismic Design Category
(SDC) A, B, or C , or only A if part of the seismic lateral
force resisting system.

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Empirical Design of Masonry TEK 14-8B
International Building Code (IBC) Limitations:
1. Seismic (as above)
2. Basic wind speed < 110 mph (coastal areas)
3. Building height (table 1) and bracing (table 2)
4. Location of gravity load (in middle 1/3 of wall)

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Empirical Design of Masonry

TEK 14-8B
Strength of masonry:

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Seismic Design Category
Wind map from ASCE 7 2005
Zones A trough E for eastern US

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Empirical Concrete Masonry

Using TEK 14-8B (2006 IBC)

Given: location, geometry, material

Find: strength (load capacity)

1. Check axial loading must be within

middle 1/3
2. Check seismic category to be A, B, or
C , or only A if part of the seismic
lateral force resisting system.
3. Check wind speed (ASCE-7 2005)
compare with table 1, TEK 14-8B
4. Check minimum thickness.
1 story 6 2 story 8
5. Check lateral support (vertical or
horizontal) tables 2 and 3 TEK 14-8B
6. Determine allowable compressive
stress from table 4 TEK 14-8B
7. Allowable load = stress x gross area

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Empirical Design Example

Given:
8 hollow non-reinforced CMU wall
Ann Arbor, Mich.
Interior DL + LL

Find:
LL capacity

Checks:

Axially loaded :
loaded within middle 1/3 (kern)

Seismic Category:
A, B, or C , or only A if part of the
seismic lateral force resisting
system

Wind:
less that 90mph (by 2006 code)

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Wind and Seismic Limits

Wind for Ann Arbor 90 mph
SCD for Ann Arbor - Zones A

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 Empirical Design Example

Checks:

Maximum height table 1

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Empirical Design Example

Checks:

Minimum bracing table 2

Maximum unreinforced height - table 3

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Empirical Design Example
Find allowable stress table 4
Find load
P = F Ag

Calculate per foot using gross Area

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Reinforced Masonry Analysis

for axial compression using TMS 402 (2011)
Strength Design non-reinforced

Given: geometry, material

Find: axial compressive load capacity, Pn

1. Determine the masonry strength, fm, based

on unit strength, fu, and mortar type
2. Find the net area, An, and Moment of
Inertia, In (see TEK 14-1B)
3. Calculate r =
4. Check
5. Choose the axial strength equation, Pn:
If < 99 use TMS 402 eq.3-11
If > 99 use TMS 402 eq.3-12
6. Calculate Pn where for axial force = 0.90
7. Check that Pn is greater than Pu.

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Reinforced Masonry Analysis
for axial compression using TMS 402 (2011)
Strength Design non-reinforced

Section Properties of Concrete Masonry Walls TEK 14 1B

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Reinforced Masonry Analysis

for axial compression using TMS 402 (2011)
Strength Design non-reinforced

Section Properties of Concrete Masonry Walls TEK 14 1B

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Reinforced Masonry Analysis
for axial compression using TMS 402 (2011)
Strength Design non-reinforced

Example Problem

Given: geometry, material

Find: axial compressive load capacity, Pn

1. Determine the masonry strength, fm,

based on unit strength, fu, and mortar
type. Given 3000 psi

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Reinforced Masonry Analysis

for axial compression using TMS 402 (2011)
Strength Design non-reinforced

2. Find the net area, An, and Moment of Inertia, In (see TEK 14-1B)

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Reinforced Masonry Analysis
for axial compression using TMS 402
(2011) Strength Design non-reinforced

3. Calculate r =

4. Check

5. Choose the axial strength equation, Pn:

If < 99 use TMS 402 eq.3-11
If > 99 use TMS 402 eq.3-12

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Reinforced Masonry Analysis

for axial compression using TMS 402
(2011) Strength Design non-reinforced

6. Calculate Pn
where for axial force = 0.90

7. Check that Pn is greater than Pu.

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Lateral Force Resistance

Stability requires at least 2 points of

intersection.

Force is more evenly resisted with

centroid of walls in the kern of slab

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