Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Course Outline
K E N N E T H
Molarity (M)
O
OH
solution
Aspirin
O OH
Stearic Acid
For very dilute solutions, parts per million A handy rule in calculating parts per
(ppm) is a convenient way to express million is to remember that for dilute
concentration aqueous solutions whose densities are
approx. 1.00 g/mL,
1
8/22/2016
Normality
O O
H
Gravimetric
H H Analysis O
Anthraquinone
OH
O
Progesterone
H H
O
Testosterone
2
8/22/2016
Precipitation of Analyte
Elements / Ion Precipitating Final/Ignited
Precipitated Agent Form
Cl, Br, I AgNO3 AgCl, AgBr, AgI
EXCESS Fe, Al ,Cr NH3 Fe2O3 , Al2O3 , Cr2O3
DISSOLVED
PRECIPITATING
SAMPLE Mg NH4 HPO4 Mg2P2O7
AGENT
K H2PtCl6 K 2PtCl6
Ni Dimethylglyoxime Ni DMG
CaC2O4 - 110C
Ca (NH4)2C2O4 CaCO3 - 500C
CaO - 800C
FILTRATION
PRECIPITATION
AND
OF THE IGNITION
ANALYTE
OF THE
PRECIPITATE
3
8/22/2016
WT.
FINAL FORM
Example Example 1
A 0.5662-g sample of an ionic compound The aluminum in a 759.08 mg of impure
containing chloride ions and an unknown aluminum sulfate sample was precipitated
metal is dissolved in water and treated as Al(OH)3 and ignited at 1100C to yield a
with an excess of AgNO3. If 1.0882 g of precipitate of Al2O3 weighing 387.953 mg.
AgCl precipitate forms, what is the percent Express the result of analysis in terms of
by mass of Cl in the original compound? %Al.
ANS. 47.54% a. 27.05% b. 13.53%
c. 18.67% d. 23.29%
Example 2
A 250 mg sample containing 45% MgCO3
and 55% CaCO3 was ignited producing
CO2 as decomposition product. Assuming
that the decomposition reaction is
complete, what is the change in weight of
a NaOH solution used to absorb CO2
ANS. 119.21 mg
4
8/22/2016
Example 3 Example 4
What weight of an impure NaCl sample A sample containing NaBr and KBr only
must be taken for analysis so that the weighs 253.02 mg. The sample was
weight of AgCl precipitate obtained in mg dissolved in water and treated with excess
will be equal to the %Cl in the sample? AgNO3. The precipitate formed was found
to weigh 429.85 mg. Calculate the %NaBr
ANS. 24.73 mg in the sample.
ANS. 49%
Example 5
A 0.6407-g sample containing chloride and O O
Arrhenius defined acids as substances Monoprotic Acid - each unit of the acid
that ionize in water to produce H+ ions and yields one hydrogen ion upon ionization
bases as substances that ionize in water
to produce OH- ions.
ARRHENIUS ACID ARRHENIUS BASE
Produces H3O+ in soln Produces OH- in soln
5
8/22/2016
6
8/22/2016
Bronsted-Lowry
Acids and Bases
Brnsted acid is a substance capable of
donating a proton, and a Brnsted base is
a substance that can accept a proton.
BRONSTED ACID BRONSTED BASE
Proton Donor Proton Acceptor
Bronsted-Lowry Bronsted-Lowry
Bronsted-Lowry
7
8/22/2016
Bronsted-Lowry Bronsted-Lowry
Every Brnsted acid has a conjugate
base, and every Brnsted base has a
conjugate acid. For example, the chloride
ion (Cl- ) is the conjugate base formed
from the acid HCl, and H3O+ (hydronium
ion) is the conjugate acid of the base H2O.
Bronsted-Lowry
8
8/22/2016
Lewis
9
8/22/2016
At 100C,whatistheneutralpHofwater?
10
8/22/2016
pH of 1 x 10-10 M HCl
Using A and B.pH =? E
11
8/22/2016
Example
A 0.03 M HClO2 solution is 10.0% ionized.
Calculate Ka
12
8/22/2016
13
8/22/2016
pH of Salts Example
Acidic Salt: What is the pH of the resulting solution
when Csalt/KH >>> 1000 made by mixing 25 mL of 0.1 M HCl and
15 mL of 0.1 M NaOH?
Basic Salt:
What is the pH of 0.256 M NH4Cl? Kb of NH3
when Csalt/KH >>> 1000
= 1.8 x 10-5?
14
8/22/2016
pHofaBufferSolution
Buffer Solutions
Solutions that contains weak acid or weak
base and its conjugate salt.
These solutions tend to resist changes in
pH.
What mass in grams of NaC2H3O2 must be What is the pH of the resulting solution
dissolved with 500 mL of 0.100 M acetic made by mixing 5 mL of 0.2178 M HCl and
acid to make 2L of buffer solution of pH = 15 mL of 0.1156 M NH3? Kb = 1.8 x 10-5?
5? Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 a. 9.49 b. 11.00 c. 9.02 d. 12.74
a. 2.28 g b. 7.19 g c. 7.38 g d. 2.12 g
O O
Progesterone
H H
O
Testosterone
15
8/22/2016
Volumetric Analysis
Standard Solution solution of known
Volumetric Methods of Analysis measures concentration
the volume of solution necessary to react
completely with the analyte
Volumetric Analysis
Primary standard
a substance
of high purity
NaOH
PELLETS
16
8/22/2016
17
8/22/2016
Kjeldahl Method
Step 3. Titration
(Determination of Organic Nitrogen)
Using an excess amount of HCl. . .
Step 1. Digestion NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
The sample is oxidized in hot, concentrated The excess HCl is determined using a
sulfuric acid, H2SO4 and turns black. . . standard NaOH solution
Step 2. Distillation HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
The oxidized solution is cooled and then
treated with NaOH to liberate ammonia
gas: NH4+ + HO- NH3(g) + H2O
18
8/22/2016
A 5.8734-gram sample beef was analyzed A 2060 mg sample of flour was taken
for its N content and the liberated NH3 was through a Kjeldahl procedure and the
collected in a 50.00 mL of 0.4691 M HCl ammonium produced was distilled into 100
and a 12.55 mL back titration with 0.0256 mL of 0.1006 M H3BO3 solution. If this
M NaOH was required. Calculate the solution required 34.7 mL of 0.174 M HCl
percentage protein in the beef sample. for titration to methyl red end point, what is
a.17.32% b. 5.54% c. 34.64% d. 11.08% the percentage of protein in flour? Use
5.70 for flour. Ans. 23.89%
19
8/22/2016
20
8/22/2016
21
8/22/2016
22
8/22/2016
COMPLEXOMETRIC COMPLEXOMETRIC
The titrant is a reagent that forms a water-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is
soluble complex with the analyte, a metal
one of the most useful chelating agents
ion.
used for titration. It will react with a large
The titrant is often a chelating agent (a number elements , and the reactions can
type of complexing agent that contains two be controlled by adjustment of pH.
or more groups capable of complexing with Indicators can be used to form a highly
a metal ion). The reverse titration may be colored complex with the metal ion.
carried out also.
23
8/22/2016
Determination of Cyanide by
Example
the Liebig Method
The titration is carried by the drop wise A 500-mg sample containing NaCN
addition of AgNO3 in a solution of a required 23.50 mL of 0.1255 M AgNO3 to
cyanide forming a soluble cyanide obtain a permanent turbidity. Express the
complex of silver: result of this analysis as % CN-.
2CN- + Ag+ Ag(CN)2-1. a. 15.34% b. 23.01%
The endpoint of the titration is the c. 17.25% d. 30.67%
formation of a permanent faint turbidity:
Ag(CN)2-1 + Ag+ Ag[Ag(CN2)](s)
24
8/22/2016
Determination of Nickel
An ammoniacal solution of nickel is treated
Example
with a measured excess of standard cyanide A 750.25-mg of alloy nickel was dissolved
solution and the excess of standard AgNO3 and treated to remove the impurities. The
solution according to the reactions: ammoniacal solution was treated with 50 mL
Addition of Excess Cyanide: of 0.1075 M KCN and the excess cyanide
Ni(NH3)6+3 + 4CN-1 +6H2O Ni(CN)4-1 +6NH4OH required 2.25 mL of 0.00925 M AgNO3.
Back Titration with Ag+: Determine %Ni in the alloy.
2CN-1 + Ag+ Ag(CN)2-1 a. 20.86% b. 37.69%
Endpoint: c.10.43% d. 41.27%
Ag(CN)2-1 + Ag+ Ag[Ag(CN)2](s)
REDUCTANT
REDUCTANT Combining Ratio, also (f)
What is the molarity of a KMnO4 solution
Na2C2O4 (C2O42) 2
FeSO4 (Fe+2) 1 standardized against 1.356 gram Na2C2O4
Na2S2O3 1 (134 g/mol) requiring 25.1 mL of the
KI 1 solution in acidic medium?
Fe metal 2
a. 0.161 M b. 0.403 M
As2O3 4
H2O2 2 c. 1.008 M d. 0.856 M
Cu+ 1
25
8/22/2016
26