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Terminology/Classification Terminology/Classification
Composite: Matrix phase: woven
-- Multiphase material that is artificially -- Purposes are to: fibers
made. - transfer stress to dispersed phase
- protect dispersed phase from
Phase types: environment
-- Matrix - is continuous -- Types: MMC, CMC, PMC 0.5 mm
-- Dispersed - is discontinuous and cross
surrounded by matrix metal ceramic polymer section
view
Dispersed phase:
-- Purpose:
MMC: increase y, TS, creep resist. 0.5 mm
CMC: increase KIc Reprinted with permission from
D. Hull and T.W. Clyne, An
Adapted from Fig. 16.1(a),
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. PMC: increase E, y, TS, creep resist. Introduction to Composite Materials,
2nd ed., Cambridge University Press,
-- Types: particle, fiber, structural New York, 1996, Fig. 3.6, p. 47.

Chapter 16 - 1 Chapter 16 - 2

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Classification of Composites Classification: Particle-Reinforced

Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural
Elastic modulus, Ec, of composites:
-- two rule of mixture extremes:
upper limit: Ec = Vm Em + Vp Ep
E(GPa)
Data: 350 Adapted from Fig. 16.3,
lower limit:
Cu matrix 300 Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
w/tungsten250 1 Vm Vp (Fig. 16.3 is from R.H.
= + Krock, ASTM Proc, Vol.
particles 200 Ec Em Ep 63, 1963.)
Adapted from Fig. 16.2,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. 150

0 20 40 60 80 10 0 vol% tungsten
(Cu) (W)
Application to other properties:
-- Electrical conductivity, e: Replace Es in equations with es.
-- Thermal conductivity, k: Replace Es in equations with ks.
Chapter 16 - 3 Chapter 16 - 4

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Classification: Fiber-Reinforced Classification: Fiber-Reinforced

Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural
Fibers very strong in tension Fiber Types
Whiskers - thin single crystals - large length to diameter ratios
Provide significant strength improvement to the graphite, silicon nitride, silicon carbide
composite high crystal perfection extremely strong, strongest known
Ex: fiber-glass - continuous glass filaments in a very expensive and difficult to disperse
polymer matrix Fibers
Glass fibers polycrystalline or amorphous
strength and stiffness generally polymers or ceramics
Polymer matrix Ex: alumina, aramid, E-glass, boron, UHMWPE
holds fibers in place Wires
protects fiber surfaces metals steel, molybdenum, tungsten
transfers load to fibers

Chapter 16 - 5 Chapter 16 - 6

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Fiber Alignment
Longitudinal Classification: Fiber-Reinforced
direction

Adapted from Fig. 16.8,

Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural
Callister & Rethwisch 8e. Aligned Continuous fibers
Examples:
-- Metal: '(Ni3Al)-(Mo) -- Ceramic: Glass w/SiC fibers
by eutectic solidification. formed by glass slurry
matrix: (Mo) (ductile) Eglass = 76 GPa; ESiC = 400 GPa.
Transverse
direction

(a) fracture
surface

From F.L. Matthews and R.L.

2 m Rawlings, Composite Materials;
Engineering and Science, Reprint
ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
fibers: (Ni3Al) (brittle) (b) 2000. (a) Fig. 4.22, p. 145 (photo by
J. Davies); (b) Fig. 11.20, p. 349
From W. Funk and E. Blank, Creep
aligned aligned random deformation of Ni3Al-Mo in-situ composites",
(micrograph by H.S. Kim, P.S.
Rodgers, and R.D. Rawlings). Used
Metall. Trans. A Vol. 19(4), pp. 987-998,
continuous discontinuous 1988. Used with permission.
with permission of CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Chapter 16 - 7 Chapter 16 - 8

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Classification: Fiber-Reinforced Classification: Fiber-Reinforced

Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural
Discontinuous fibers, random in 2 dimensions Critical fiber length for effective stiffening & strengthening:
Example: Carbon-Carbon C fibers: fiber ultimate tensile strength fiber diameter
-- fabrication process: very stiff d
- carbon fibers embedded very strong fiber length > f shear strength of
in polymer resin matrix, (b) 2c fiber-matrix interface
C matrix:
500 m
- polymer resin pyrolyzed less stiff
view onto plane less strong
Ex: For fiberglass, common fiber length > 15 mm needed
at up to 2500C.
-- uses: disk brakes, gas For longer fibers, stress transference from matrix is more efficient
fibers lie Short, thick fibers: Long, thin fibers:
turbine exhaust flaps, d d
missile nose cones. (a) in plane fiber length < f fiber length > f
2 c 2c

Adapted from F.L. Matthews and R.L. Rawlings,

Composite Materials; Engineering and Science,
Reprint ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
(a) Fig. 4.24(a), p. 151; (b) Fig. 4.24(b) p. 151.
(Courtesy I.J. Davies) Reproduced with
permission of CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Low fiber efficiency High fiber efficiency
Chapter 16 - 9 Chapter 16 - 10

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Composite Stiffness:
Critical Fiber Length
Longitudinal Loading
Continuous fibers - Estimate fiber-reinforced composite
f f modulus of elasticity for continuous fibers
Longitudinal deformation
c = mVm + fVf and c = m = f
l/2 l/2
f volume fraction isostrain

Ecl = EmVm + Ef Vf Ecl = longitudinal modulus

l/2

c = composite
f = fiber
m = matrix
Chapter 16 - 11 Chapter 16 - 12

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Composite Stiffness:
Stress-Strain Behavior
Transverse Loading
In transverse loading the fibers carry less of the load

c= mVm + fVf and c = m = f =

isostress
1 V V
= m + f
Ect E m E f
Ect = transverse modulus
Em Ef
Ect =
VmEf + Vf Em

c = composite
f = fiber
m = matrix
Chapter 16 - 13 Chapter 16 - 14

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Classification: Structural Composite Benefits

Particle-reinforced Fiber-reinforced Structural CMCs: Increased toughness PMCs: Increased E/
Force particle-reinf ceramics
10 3
Laminates - E(GPa) 2 PMCs
-- stacked and bonded fiber-reinforced sheets 10
- stacking sequence: e.g., 0/90 fiber-reinf
10
metal/
Adapted from
- benefit: balanced in-plane stiffness Fig. 16.16, 1 metal alloys
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e. un-reinf
0.1 polymers
Sandwich panels
0.01
-- honeycomb core between two facing sheets Bend displacement 0.1 0.3 1 3 10 30
- benefits: low density, large bending stiffness 10 -4 Density, [mg/m3]
face sheet 6061 Al
ss (s-1)
adhesive layer MMCs: 10 -6
Adapted from T.G. Nieh, "Creep rupture of a
honeycomb Increased silicon-carbide reinforced aluminum
composite", Metall. Trans. A Vol. 15(1), pp.
creep 10 -8 6061 Al 139-146, 1984. Used with permission.
Adapted from Fig. 16.18,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
resistance w/SiC
(Fig. 16.18 is from Engineered Materials
whiskers
10 -10
(MPa)
Handbook, Vol. 1, Composites, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1987.) Chapter 16 - 15 20 30 50 100 200 Chapter 16 - 16

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Chapter 16 - 17