Dejiny VB

Test II

Elizabeth I of England

a very popular Queen of England

the last monarch of the House of Tudor
Elizabeth I was the longest reigning English monarch in the nearly two
centuries and the first woman who succesfully occupied the English throne
sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, Good Queen Bess
Elizabeths reign is known as Elizabethan era
Elizabeths father broke with Rome and under her reign she broke with Rome
too
o catholic services were forbidden and the decorations from the church
as well
o Act of uniformity: unified the Church of England a single church of
England
o her majesty won the argument (presadila si zkon) and she became
Head of the Church of England
1571: International conspiracy was uncovered to assassinate Elizabeth in
favour of her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots
Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Bell Tower Mary, Queen of Scots, was
convinced that Elizabeth was involved in a plot to overthrow her from the
throne
she never marrid called Virgin Queen: several suiters were introduced to her,
she had no desire to share her power, she rejected them
Spain was her main trade rival and enemy, Spain was in the 16th century the
most powerful country in the world
Private ship building broomed: Elizabeths grandfather Henry VII had
recognised the importance of trade and had built a large fleet of Merchant
ships. Her policy encouraged merchant expansion
new destinations, new markets were accessed by merchant ships
finished wool, woolen cloth traded for finished goods and french wine
in 1600 the East India Company founded only this company could trade
(monopoly trade! in rich regions (Asia, Africa, America)
Sir Francis Drake was chosen by Queen Elizabeth I to sail around a world in
the Golden Hind ship, his successful voyage helped the English to trade in the
New World. She also encouraged English traders to settle abroad and to
create colonies
the spanish ships from America were loaded with gold and silver and
privateers attacked them; the treasures were shared with the Queen
privateers (or see pirates) were called privateers officially. They had this
permitteed by the Queen officially by the letter to attack ships
the most famous privateers were Hawkins, Walter Raleigh (brought tobacco
and potatoes from the New World), Francis Drake
England began selling West African slaves
1587 unsuccessful attempt to establish colony on Roanake Island North
Carolina
King of Spain Philip organized 130 ships, 3 000 men naval fleet, but english
ships were faster and could shoot further than spanish ships
the fleet was defeated by Francis Drake in 1587

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1588 a Spanish Armada of 130 ships sailing against England is defeated by

bad weather and the English fleet under Admiral Drake and John Hawkins
using fireships. Only 67 ships returned to Spain for English it was a glorious
moment
1603 Elizabeth died and one of the greatest epoches ended
peace was only made with Spain once she died
English culture flourished William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe,
Ben Johnson filled the theatres with their new exciting plays

The Stuarts

were far less successful rulers than the Tudors

they frequently wuarrelled with the parliament and that ended in a civil war:
between the parliament and the supporters of the Queen
the only king of England ever to be tried and executed was a Stuart
after the end of their rule, the power of the monarch was far weaker than
before

James I

he was clever and well educated, talented scholar

the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots (Elizabeths cousin)
James VI was Protestant, became the King of Scotland when his mother Mary
abdicated and when Elizabeth died he became James I of England united
2 countries under one monarch
it was openly joked that Elizabeth was King: now James is Queen! he
prefered a male company
he believed in the Divine right of the kings: the king was chosen by God and
therefore only God can judge him and according to this, the kong can do no
wrong
when Elizabeth died she left James with a huge debt, he had to ask
Parliament to raise a tax to pay the debt
until his death he was always quarreling with the Parliament over the money
he ruled without a Parliament for 10 years (1611 1621), but it was possible
because Britain remained in peace

17th century

at the beginning 13 people tried to kill the king because he was not catholic
enough and at the end of the 17th century he was forced to exile, he was too
catholic
strong central government James believed in royal absolutism
Gunpowder plot: 5th November 1605
o Jamess policies toward Catholics led to the Gunpowder plot
o it was a conspiracy to kill James I in the House of Lords and Commons
a Roman Catholic plot

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o a small group of Catholics had been caught trying to blow up the House
of Parliament with James I inside. One of them, Guy Fawkes, was
captured in the cellar under the House
o Guy Fawkes the only person to enter the Parliament with honest
intention
Duke of Buckingham he was the favourite of James I, golden age
continued
James authorized the production of the King James Version of the Bible:
has been used in anglican church ever since

1625 son Charles I replaced James

major conflict between the king and the Parliament passed on

Parliament refused to give out money only if agreed with the Act of Parliament, but in
1629 he dissolved Parliament (rozpustil)
Charles ruled without a Parliament 1629 1640
he was unpopulra, because he thought he was a God (like his father, he believed in
the Divine Rights of Kings)
1642 Civil War: Cavaliers (Kings supporters) versus Roundheads (their short hair
gave them the name Roundheads supporters of the Parliament)

Oliver Cromwell

created a new model army, instead of mobility, hired people who wanted to
fight for their beliefs
1645: The battle of Nassaby the king was eventually captured by Cromwell
and Roundheads and there was a question what to do with him. Some poeple
wanted to bring him back to the throne and the others remove him and create
a new political system. Most people in the country and Houses of Parliament
wanted a king back. They feared the Parlamentarians and they feared the
dangerous behaviour of the army. But some army commanders were
determined to get rid of the king
o these men were Puritans extremists who did not like Charless
catholic sympathies and policies
o two-third of the MPs were against to put the king on trial, but they were
removed from Parliament by the army and remainng MPs found him
guilty of making war against his kingdom and Parliament
o King Charles was executed, it was a cold day and he wore 2 shirts so
the crowd could not see him shiver and think him frightened
o most people realised they did not want Parliamentary rule and were
sorry Charles was still not a king
o OC was unpopular as Lord Protector. He failed to persuade the English
that republicans government was better than monarchy, mainly
because people had less freedom under his authorisation than they had
under Charles I
1649 1660: the only time when Britain was a republic but the republic
was not a success

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he disliked Irish Catholics, Rebelion in Ireland Cromwell took his army to
Ireland to punish Irish for killing Protestants and to punish Royalist rebels. He

captured 2 towns Drogheda (infamous massacre) and Wexford and killed

their inhabitants about 6 000 people
from 1653 Britain was governed by Oliver Cromwell alone:
o he formed republic in England known as Commonwealth
o he was unpolular as a Lord Protector, he failed to persuade English that
republican government was better than monarchy, mainly because
people had less freedom under his authoritarian rule than they had
under Charles I. He had far greater powers than him
o he ruled as a dictator
o his efforts to govern the country through the army were extremely
unpopular
o people were forbidden to celebrate Christmas and Easter, or to play
games on Sunday
Cromwell died and the republic was over

1660 Stuarts were restored to the throne

Charles II

returned to England
known as merry monarch people were allowed to celebrate again
thoe who were responsible fof his fathers death were punished
Parliament was once more as weak asi t had been in the time of James I and
Charles I
his reign was cerefree and relaxes
he believed in the divine rights of kings, but he avoided an open break with
Parliament
Charles II was attracted to the Catholic church
Parliament knew this and was afraid hed become a Catholic
for this reason, Parliament passed the Test Act excluded all Catholics from
the Office (from the government)
The first political parties in Britain:
o Whigs afraid of absolute monarchy
o Tories supported the authority of the crown and the church

1665 1666: the last major outbreak of plague known as Great Plague of
London

over 100 000 people died

London residents were strongly urged to smoke tobacco, it was thought to
help avoid infection
1665 had experienced a very hot summer. Londons popilation had continued
to grow and many lived in poverty. The only way people had to get rid of
rubbish was to throw it out into streets. This would include normal household
waste as well as human waste. As a result, London was filthy. But this was
a perfect breeding place for rats. Londoners were also paid to kill dogs and
cats asi t was assumed that these spread the disease

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the plague was caused by disease carrying fleas carried on the bodies of
rats

any family that had one member infected by the plague was locked in their
home for forty days and nights. A red cross was painted on the door to warn
others of the plight of those in the house LORD GAVE MERCY UPON US,
no one was allowed in except nurses.
the plague was brought under control in 1666 when the Great fire of London
burned down the areas most affected by plague (fire stopped the plague)
13 200 houses and 87 churches burned

17th century was an era of the scientific discoveries

William Harvey
discovered the circulation of blood, this lead to great advances in medicine
and in the study of the human body

Robert Hook
he was the first to study and record cells by using a microscope

Isaac Newton
one of the most influental people in the history
the Cambridge professor of Mathematics
studied gravity
he published his important discovery in Principia book, perhaps the greatest
book in the history of science
the most important scientific book in the 17th century to sedcribe universal
gravitation

Emund Halley
mostly remembered for tracking a comet

Sir Christopher Wren

English architect
he was responsible for rebuilding 51 churches in the City of London after the
Great Fire in 1666, including his masterpiece, St. Pauls Cathedral

William of Orange III

Orange was his family name

William ruled jointly with his wife (William and Mary reign period)
1688: Glorious revolution
o bloodless, successful
o William and Mary replaced James II who tried to bring Catholic Church
back
o William accepted the Bill of Rights in 1689 it limited the monarchs
rights
o Parliament was more powerful than the king, the povwer was shifted
from the king to the parliament

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o King was unable to raise taxes or keep an army without the agreement
of Parliament

o since Glorious Revolution Britain was not absolute monarchy, but

a constitutional monarchy
1701: Act of Settlement
the Parliament passed the Act of Settlement to make sure pnly a Protestant
could inherit the crown
established Hanoverian and Protestant succession to the trhone
Queen Anne succeeds her brother-in-law William III

18th century

Jonathan Swift Gullivers Travels

Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe
Alexander Pope

1701 The War of Spanish Succession

England declares a war on France
France and Spain against Prussia, GB and Austria-Hungary
GB emerged from the war as one of the worlds most great military powers
(under the Duke of Marlborough the British army won several important
victories over the French)
British Navy captured Gibraltar
1707 the Scots were forced to accept the union with England by Act of Union
from now we can speak about Great Britain, instead of England and Scotland

Flag od Scotland Flag of England Flag of Britain

George I

the Protestant ruler of Hannover spoke no english, only german

Constitual monarchy indirectly ruled through ministers Walpole made suer
the power of the king would always be limited by the constitution
Parliament passed law, controlled foreign policy and approved taxes

Robert Walpole
considered Britains first PM
developed an idea that government ministers shoul work together in a small
group called Cabinet

1745 Jacobite revold

started in Scotland
the supporters of Stuarts wanted the return of Stuarts to English throne
James IIs grandson Charles Edward Stuart (Bonny prince Charles)
entered and captured Edinburgh and succesfully invaded the North of England

1746 Battle of Culloden

the rebels were defeated and the rebellion was finished

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the bagpipes and kilts were forbidden

By the 18th century Britain controlled many overseas areas:

New England timber for royal navy

American South tobacco
West Indies sugar
Asia tea
Western Africa slaves

Triangle trade:

most important possesions colonies in America

7 years war fought in Europe, America, India ended in victory for Britain
French had to give up the territory in Canada, removed french language
1783 loss of American colonies in the end of 18th century
George III was blamed for this disaster, bit mentally unstable
control again passed to MP William Pitt the Younger

The last important event of the 18th century:

French revolution in 1789
poor raised against the monarchs, they had to pay huge amount of taxes and
poor became poorer and rich richer

Horatio Nelson 1798

the naval battle between british and french

the French were defeated in Egypt by the British forces led by Horatio Nelson
1805 Battle of Trafalgar
o Nelson defeats French and Spanish fleets of Trafalgar, but is killed
during the battle

Industrial revolution

it was a long and gradual process

mass production became possible simple machines could make large
quantities of simple goods cheaply and quickly
Britain had more development conditions for IR than any other country:
o one of those conditions was a system of internal waterway between
towns and transport by these canals were cheaper than transport by
land
o Britain was very rich in raw materials coal mines and forests located
close to the deposits of metal ores (loisk kovovch rd) provided fuel
to power furnaces that produced iron
advances in agriculture instead of farms fewer farmers could feed more
people with cultivating the same amount of land

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Britain became primary supplier of cotton cloth (it was a wool before)

o cheap raw cotton imported from the USA where slaves worked in
plantations and exported finished cotton cloth
o new invention spinning jenny (spriadac stroj) replaced the work of
several hand spinners

Britains most important products - cotton, woolen cloth and iron

the use of coal instead of wood in furnaces allowed to change iron into steel
and Britain became the boggest producer of steel
use of iron building railroads

James Watt
made a steam engine

George Stevenson
1829 developed an engine that could pull 3 times its weight
he built first engine called Rocket

soon railroad carried more people than products rail was cheaper and faster
important railway carrying coal between Liverpool and Manchester
until about 1850, Britain was in greater danger at home than abroad
IR was useful, but it brought some social negatives Napoleon wars have
hidden the social effects of IR
peace came and there was no need for manufacturing goods and no work for
almost 300 000 veterans
starving farmworkers rioted fot increased wages
the workhouses for the poor established by the government were feared and
hated. They were crowded and dirty, with barely enough food, the sexes were
separated
Charles Dickens wrote about the workhouses in his novels. The conditions
shocked the richer classes and the conditions slowly improved
in order to avoid workhouses, many ppeople moved to the towns
Britain changed from country people to town people
the cities like Birmingham, Leeds, Machester, Sheffield and Glasgow doubled
the size
early 19th century the main city areas were Northwest England, the area
around Glasgow and south Wales

1837 1901 longes reigned monarch in British history was crowned

Queen Victoria

Vicorian era she was a very popular queen

Victorian fashion outfit for bicycles

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The important events of the era:

1851 Queen Victoria opened the Great exhibition in London to show the
world the greatness of the Britains industry
1888 Jack the Ripper unidentified serial killer of prostitutes in and around
Whitechapel in London

Isambarad Kingdom Brunel

he designed the first steamship to cross Atlantic regularly
famous for constructing Great Western railway (major british railway)
designed several bridges

Charles Darwin
published The Origin of Species
theory of evolution based on scientific observation was welcomed by some
found it difficult to accept it

1854: Crimean War

Crimean War fought by Britain and France against Russia, to stop Russian
expansion into Eastern Meditarrean
known for the Change of the Light Brigade poem

Florence Nightingale
the english nurse who founded professional nursing and established the first
nursing school
more soldiers were dying in hospitals than on battlefields
she improved the doncidiones of hospitals
she was called The Lady with the Lamp

England was driven by fear of growing European competition, this leaf to the
creation of colonies
in 19th century geographical emphasis shifted to the eastern hemisphere
India, Australia, Britain focused on Africa
30 american colonies declared freedom from Britain
most of the powers competed in colonization of Africa
1875 10% of the continent were controlled by the Europeans

1914 whole continent was divided among European powers

British colonization David Livingstone one of the first europeans to
explore Africa
o the first european to see Victoria falls
o no one heard of him, another explorer found him after 2 years in a small
town and he greeted him Dr. Livingstone, I assume
Rhodes exploited minerals in South Africa, controlled S.A. diamond mines

British fought against Boers (dutch farmers) in Africa (1902)

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concentration camps it was a british inventions in Boer war

By the end of 19th century

Britain was not as powerful as it was before (lost its position)
Germany was now producing more steel

The reason why they lost their power:

other countries (France, Germany) had greater natural power (coal, iron)
Britain rather invested in the colonies therefore produced less than other
countries
Britain was behind with science and technology
Britain started to seek allies (spojenci) signed treaty with Russia and France

1914: WW I started in Europe

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and soon whole Europe was in

war
Prime Minister David Lloyd George: guided the Empire throught the First
World War to victory over Germany
more than 6 million british men became members of armed forces (women
worked in factories)
result they were giving suffrage (right to vote) in 1918
1916 Military draft (odvody) men did not join volunteerily, but they were
drafted
new weapons made war more attractive machine guns, tank (british
invention), poisonous gas
the cassualties were appauling 60 000 british roots were lost in a single
day
over all it cost Britain 3 million lives
despite bloody fighting in France war at sea was more important than war
in at land
1916 submarines Battle of Jutland a battle between German and
Britain commanded by Admiral Jellicoe the German Navy lost
11 November 1918 Germany surrended

WW II
by 1935 it became celar Hitler was preparing to began the position in Europe
1938 Germany seized western parts of Czechoslovakia
September 1939 Germany attacked Poland, Britain, France and Britain
entered the war
inspired by new PM Winston Churchill who promised his country only blood,
toil, tears and sweat
1940 Battle of Britain Germans were bombing in the air, british pitfires and
hurricane planes defeated germas in the air
The Blitz the bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany
1943 RAF bombed the industrial part of the Germany a key area for the
manufacutre of the Germans war munition

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6. 6. 1944 D-day invasion
May 1945 Germany surrended

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