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( SOLID STATE )
STUDY MATERIAL
+
Li B C
= 2.57 + 2.57
2 2
= 3.63
therefore, radius of Cl = 3.63 = 1.81 A
Q. 3. Give reasons :
3
(a) Diamond and rhombic Sulphur are
covalent solids, but the latter has lower
melting points.
(b) Among NaCl and CsCl, CsCl is quite
stable.
Ans. (a) Due to weak Vander Waals Force in
Sulphur molecule.
(b) CsCl coordination number is 8. It is
surrounded by 8 anion tightly.
Q. 4. How many unit cells are present in a
cube shaped ideal crystal of NaCl of mass 1
gm ?
Ans. Mass of 1 unit cell = volume density
= a d
a3 M Z
= N0a3
58.5 4
= 6.023 1023
5
(b) Glass is not a true solid. But a super-
cooled liquid of high viscosity. It has the
property to flow.
(c) 2 Ag+ will be replaced by 1 Ca2+ ions to
maintain electrical neutrality. Thus a hole
is created and lattice site for every Ca 2+
ion introduced.
Q. 7. Analysis shows that nickel oxide has the
formula NiO.98O1.00. What fractions of
nickel exist as Ni2+ and Ni3+ ions ?
Ans. NiO.98O1.00
Let Ni2+ be x and Ni3+ be 0.98 x
Total charge on compd. is equal to zero.
[2 (Ni2+) + 3 (Ni3+) 2 (O2)] = 0
2 x + 3 (0.98 x) 2 = 0
x = 0.94
0.94
Therefore Ni2+ % = 0.98 100 = 96%
Ni3+ = 4%
Q. 8. What type of defect can arise when a
solid is heated ? Which physical property is
affected by this and in what way ?
Ans. When a solid is heated vacancy defect
arises. This is because on heating some atoms
or ions leacve the lattice site completely some
lattice sites are vacant. As a result of this
6
defect the density of the substance decreases,
because some atoms leave the structure
completely.
Q. 9. (a) What happens when a
Ferromagnetic or Ferrimagnetic solid is
heated ?
(b) The ions of MgO and NaF all have the
same number of electrons and
intermolecular distance are about the
same (235 & 215 pm). Why are the
melting points are so different (2642 C
& 992 C ?
Ans. (a) It changes into paramagnetic at hight
temperature due to randomization of spins.
(b) The ions in MgO carry two unit charges.
In NaCl only one unit charge. Hence
electrostatic forces of attraction in MgO
are stronger.
Q. 10. (a) If the radius of the Br ion is 0.182
nm, how large a cation can fit in each of
the tetrahedral hole.
(b) AgI crystallizes in a cubic closed packed
ZnS structure. What fraction of
tetrahedral site is occupied by Ag ion ?
(c) At what temp. range, most of the metals
becomes super conductors ?
7
Ans. (a) For a tetrahedron the limiting ratio is
0.225 0.414
For largest cation highest value 0.414
would be considered.
r+ / r = 0.414
r+ = 0.414 0.182 = 0.075 nm.
(b) In FCC there are 8 tetrahedral voids. Out
of this is occupied by Ag cation.
(c) 2 k 5 k.
Q1. Examine the illustration of a portion of the
defective crystal given below and answer the
following questions:
8
(iii) Name one ionic compound which can show
this type of defect in the crystalline state.
9
Q5. Why are amorphous solids to be considered as
supercooled liquids? (2 marks)
10
Ans:- No of atoms (sphere) by which the
central atom is surrounded.
We Know M
6.022 x10 23 x10.5 x( 4.077)3 x10 24
4
107.14 gm
13
Q11. Al crystallizes in a CCP structure. Its metallic
radius is 125 pm.
(i) What is the length of side of the unit cell?
(ii) How many unit cells are there in 1cm 3 of
Al?
15
9. What is ferromagnetism different from
paramagnetism?
FOR AVERAGE
1. An element (at. Mass=60) having fcc structure
has a density of 6.23 g cm-3. What is the edge
length of the unit cell? (Avg. const. N = 6.02 x
1023 mol-1)
17
4. Explain the following with suitable examples:
(a) Ferromagnetism (b) Paramagnetism (c)
Ferrimagnetism
(d) Anti ferromagnetism (e) 12-16 groups
(f) 13-15 groups
(g) Schottky defect (h) Frenkel defect (i) F-
centre
(j) Doping (k) n-type semiconductor (l) p-
type semiconductor
(m) Conductor/ Insulator/ Semiconductors.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
1. If NaCl is doped with 10-3 mol%. What is the
concentration of cation vacancies?
18
3. Silver forms ccp lattice and x-ray studies of its
crystal show that edge length of its unit cell is
408.6pm. Calculate the density of silver
(Atomic mass = 107.9 u)
UNIT:-2
SOLUTION
STUDY MATERIAL
20
1. Solution : Homogeneous mixture of two or
more pure substances.
2. Types of solutions :
a) Solid in solid solution. Eg: Bronze, Brass.
b) Liquid in solid solution. Eg: Zinc-amalgam.
c) Gas in solid solution. Eg: Solution of
hydrogen in palladium.
d) Solid in liquid solution. Eg: Aqueous Sodium
Chloride sol.
e) Liquid in liquid solution. Eg: Ethanol
dissolved in water.
f) Gas in liquid solution. Eg: Carbondioxide
dissolved in water, ammonia dissolved in
water.
g) Solid in gas solution. Eg: Iodine vapour in
nitrogen .
h) Liquid in gas solution. Eg: Water vapoursin
air, Chloroform vapour in nitrogen.
i) Gas in gas solution. Eg: Water gas, Producer
gas.
3. Concentrations of solution :
21
a) Mole fraction ( X):
Xsolvent = nsolvent /nsolvent + nsolute
Xsolute = nsolute /nsolvent + nsolute
b) Normality (N) :
N = WB/EB x 1000/V
c) Molarity (M) :
M = WB/MB x 1000/V
d) Molality (m) :
m = WB/MB x 1000/WA
WB = Mass of solute in gram.
WA = Mass of solvent in gram.
MB = Molar mass of solute.
V = Volume of the solution.
EB = Equivalent weight of the solution.
4. Henerys Law : Mass of gas dissolved per
unit volume of the solvent is directly
proportional to the pressure of the gas in
equilibrium with the solution.
Limitations : Not applicable when pressure is
very high.
Not applicable when the temperature is too low.
Not applicable when the gas is highly
soluble.
Not applicable when the gas react chemically
with solvent and dissociate and associate in
the solvent.
22
5. Colligative Properties : Properties of solution
which depends upon the number of solute
particles dissolved in it. Eg: R.L.V.P, Osmotic
pressure, Elevation of boiling point.
6. Vapour Pressure : Pressure exerted by
vapours in equilibrium with its liquids at a
given temperature.
7. Lowering of vapour Pressure :
P = PA0 P (PA0 = v.p of pure solvent, p
= v.p of sol.)
8. Relative lowering of vapour pressure : Ratio
of lowering of vapour pressure of pure
solvent.
R.L.V.P = (PA0 P)/ PA0
9. Raults Law :
a) Partial pressures of components in the
solutions are directly proportional to their
mole fractions.
b) R.L.V.P. of solution containing non volatile
solute is equal to mole fraction of the solute.
10. Limitations of Raults Law;
a) Applicable only to dilute solution.
b) Applicable only to homogeneous solution.
c) Applicable to the solution in which solute
doesnot undergo association or dissociation.
23
11. Boiling Point : Temperature at which vapour
pressure of the liquid is equal to atmos[heric
pressure.
12. Elevation of boiling Point :
Tb = T0 T = kb x m.
Here T0 and T are Boiling points of pure solvent
and solution.
m = molality , kb = Ebullioscopic constant.
1. Freezing points : Temperature at which
liquids and its solid phase have same vapour
pressure.
2. Depression of freezing point :
Tf = T - T0 = kf x m.
Here T0 and T are freezing points of pure solvent
and solution
m = molality , kf = Cryoscopic constant.
3. Osmotic pressure : External pressure applied
to the solution to just prevent osmosis.
4. Osmosis : Spontaneous flow of solvent
molecule from lower concentrated solution to
higher concentrated solution through semi
permeable membrane.
5. Reverse Osmosis : When the applied pressure
is greater than osmosis pressure, the reverse
24
osmosis take place. (used in desalination
plants to meet potable water)
6. Isotonic solution : The solutions having same
osmotic pressure.
7. Azeotropic mixture : Binary mixture of
liquids having same composition in liquid
and vapour phase and boils at the constant
temperature.
a) Maximum Boiling Azeotropes : Azeotropes
boils at the temperature higher than the
boiling point of its components. Eg: Mixture
of HNO3 (68 %) and water (32%)
b) Minimum Boiling Azeotropes : Azeotropes
boils at the temperature lower than the boiling
point of its components. Eg: Mixture of
Ethanol (95%) and water .
8. Ideal Solutions: Solutions obeying Raults
Law and solvent solute molecular forces are
same as that of solvent solvent and solute
solute molecular forces.
Eg: Solution of N- Hexane and N- Heptane,
Solution of Benzene and Toluene etc.
25
9. Positive Deviation from Raults Law :
Solutions having solvent solute molecular
forces are weaker than that of solvent
solvent of solute solute molecular forces .
Hmix = + ve, Vmix = +ve and P > PA + PB .
Eg: solution of ethanol and acetone, solution of
carbondisulphide and acetone.
10. Negative Deviation from Raults Law :
Solutions having solvent solute molecular
forces are stronger than that of solvent
solvent or solute solute molecular forces.
Hmix = - ve, Vmix = - ve and P < PA + PB
11.Abnormal molecular mass : Molecular mass
calculated by measurement of colligative
properties differ from normal value due to
association or dissociation of solutes in
solution.
Modified equation for colligative properties are
a) P/ PA0 = i XB
b) Tb = i kb x m.
c) Tf = i kf x m.
d) = i C R T.
12. Vanthoff factor :
26
i = M normal / M observed
ratio of observed value of colligative properties
and normal value of colligative properties is
called vanthoff factor.
13. Degree of dissociation () = (i -1) / (n-1).
n = no. of particles formed from dissociation of
1 molecule.
i = vant hoff factor.
14. Degree of association () = (i -1) / (1/n-
1).
n = no. of simple molecule to form an associated
molecule.
15. a) i >1 (solute undergoes dissociation).
b) i <1 (solute undergoes association).
c) i =1 (solute undergoes neither dissociation
nor association).
Important Questions:
1. Define the Mole Fraction of a substances in
a solution. What is sum of mole fraction of
all components in a three component
system?
27
2. How is the molality of a solution different
from its molarity?
3. Calculate the density of H2SO4 solution if
molality and molarity are 94.5 and 11.5
respectively.
4. How many ml of 0.1 (M) HCl required to
react completely with a 1 gm mixture of
sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate
containing equimolar amount of both.
5. State Henerys Law for a solubility of a gas
in a liquid. Give its applications (three) and
limitations?
6. Explain the significance of Henerys Law
constant KH . At the same temperature
hydrogen is more soluble in water than
Helium. Which of them will have a higher
value of KH and Why?
7. What concentration of nitrogen should be
present in a glass of water at room
temperature? Assume a temperature of 250
celcius. A total pressure of 1 atm and mole
fraction of nitrogen in air is 0,78 (KH for
nitrogen is 8.42 x 10-7 M/mm Hg).
28
8. Henerys Law constant for CO2 in water is
1.67 x 108 Pa at 298 K. calculate the quantity
of CO2 in 500 ml of soda water when packed
under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
9. Mention some limitations of Raults Law.
10. Urea form ideal solution of water.
Determine the vapour pressure an aqueous
solution containing 10 % by mass of urea at
400 C. (V.P of water at 400 C = 55.3 mm
Hg.).
11.Derive the equation to express the relative
lowering of vapour pressure for a solution is
equal to its mole fraction of the solute in it
when the solvent alone is volatile.
12. Two liquids X and Y boil at 1100 C and
1300 C, which one of them has higher
vapour pressure at 500 C.
13. Benzene and Toluene forms ideal solution
over entire range of composition. The
vapour pressure of pure Benzene and
Toluene at 300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and
32.06 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the
mole fraction of Benzene in vapour phase if
29
80 gm of Benzene is mixed with 100 gm
Toluene.
14. An aquous solution of 2 % non volatile
solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at
normal boiling point of solvent. What will
be the molar mass of solute. (V.P of pure
water = 1.013 bar).
15. A person suffering from high blood
pressure is advised to take minimum
quantity of salt.
16. Write the name of two inorganic substance
(compounds) which can be used as
semipermiable membrane.
17. 100 mg protein is dissolved in enough
water to make 10 ml of solution if this
solution has an osmotic pressure of 33.3 mm
Hg at 250 C . what is the molar mass of
protein. ( R = 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 and
760 mmHg = 1 atm).
18. State condition resulting in reverse
osmosis. Give one of its application.
19. Define the following with a suitable
example :
30
a)Maximum and minimum boiling
azeotropes.
b) Desalination
c)Ideal solution
d) Abnormal molecular mass
20. a) Define Vanthoff factor.
b) What is the Vanthoff factor for a
compound which
undergoes tetramerisation in an
organic solvent.
c) What would be the value of Vanthoff
factor for
1) dilute solution of K2SO4 in water
2) Na2SO4.10H2O in water
3) Ethanoic acid in Benzene
d) When is the value of Vanthoff factor
1) more than one
2) less than one
3) equal to one
Hints:
3. m = 1000 M / (1000d MMB) ,
31
M=molarity, MB = molar mass of solute, d=
density of sol.
d = 1.24 gm/cm3
4. 157.8 ml
7. Partial pressure of nitrogen in atmosphere (PN2)
= Ptotal x XN2
PN2 = 592.8 mm Hg
Solubility of N2 = KH x PN2 = 4.99 x 10-4 (M)
8. KH = 1.67 x 108 Pa , PCO2 = 2.5 atm = 2.5 x
1.01325 x 10-5 Pa
PCO2 = KH x XCO2 , XCO2 = 1.517 x 10-3
nCO2/(nCO2 + nH2O) = 1.517 x 10-3
nCO2 = 42.14 x 10-3 mole.
10. From Raults Law : (PA0 P)/PA0 = XB = nB/nA
P = 53.46 mm Hg.
12. X has higher vapour pressure than Y.
13. nbenzene = 80/78 = 1.026 moles
ntoluene = 100/92 = 1.087 moles
Xbenzene = 0.486 , Xtoluene = 0.514
From Raults Law : PBen = PBen0 x XBen = 24.65
mm Hg
PTol = PTol0 x XTol = 16.48
mm Hg
Mole fraction of Benzene in vapour phase =
PBen/PBen + PTol = 0.60.
14. (PA0 P)/PA0 = XB = nB/nA
MB = 41.34 gm mol-1
16. Calcium phosphate , Copper Ferrocyanide
17. = C x R x T
32
= WB x R x T/MBV
MB = 13980.45 gm Mol-1
18. External pressure greater than osmotic pressure
Desalination plant .
20. a) Ratio of observed value of colligative
properties to the
normal value of colligative properties is called
Vanthoff factor.
b) i =
c) 1) 3,
2) 3,
3)
d) 1) solute undergoes dissociation in the solution
2) solute undergoes association in the solution
3) solute undergoes neither dissociation nor
association
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q. 1.The vapour pressure of deliquescent
substance is less or more than that of water
vapours in air ?
Ans. Less than that of water vapours in air.
Q. 2. If is the degree of dissociation of
Na2SO4 then write the Vant Hoff factor used
for calculating the molecular mass.
33
Ans. = i 1 / m 1, => (m 1) = i 1, =>
1 + (m 1) = i, => i = 1 + (3 1), => i = 1 +
2 .
Q. 3. If 6.023 1020 molecules of urea are
present in 10 ml of its soln. then what is the
conc. of urea soln.?
Ans. N0 = 6.023 1023 = 1 mol
6.023 1020 molecules = 0.001 mol in 10 ml
N 1000 .001 1000
M= v = 10 1000 = 0.01 M.
Q. 4.Why camphor is used in molecular mass
determination ?
Ans. Because it has very high cryoscopic
constant.
It has large depression in m. p. when an
organic solute is dissolved in it.
Q. 5.0.004 M soln of Na2SO4 is isotonic with
0.01 M soln of glucose at the temp. What is the
apparent degree of dissociation of Na2SO4 ?
Ans. 75%
Q. 6.What happen when mango is placed in
dilute aqueous soln. of HCl?
Ans. When mango is placed in dilute aqueous
soln. of HCl it swells.
Q. 7. Out of (a) 200 ml of 2 M NaCl Soln. and
(b) 200 ml of 1 M glucose Soln. which one has
higher osmotic pressure?
Ans.: (a) 200 ml of 2 M NaCl Soln.
34
NaCl is an electrolyte which dissolve to give ions.
Glucose and urea are non electrolytes. Thus
glucose has minimum conc. and hence minimum
osmotic pressure.
Q. 8.Out of (a) 0.01 M KNO3, (b) 0.01 M
Na2SO4 which aqueous soln. will exhibit high
B. P.?
Ans. (a) 0.01 M Na2SO4
Q. 9.Out of (a) 1 M CaCl2 (b) 1 M AlCl3 which
aqueous soln. will show max. vapour pressure
at 300 K ?
Ans. (a) 1 M CaCl3, if we assume 100%
dissociation, i for CaCl2 = 3 and AlCl3 = 4 and
relative lowering of V. P. is directly proportional to
i.
Q. 10. Out of (a) HNO3 + H2O and (b) C6H6 +
C6H5CH3 which will form max. boiling
azeotrope ?
Ans. (a) HNO3 + H2O.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1.Two solns of a substance (non-electrolyte)
are mixed in the following manner 480 ml of
1.5 M (First Soln) + 520 ml of 1.2 M (Second
Soln). What is the molarity of the final
mixture ?
35
M1V1 + M2 V2 1.5 480 + 1.2 520
Ans. Total molarity = V + V = 1 2 480 + 520
= 1.344 M
Q. 2.To get the hard boiled eggs, why common
salt is added to water before boiling the eggs?
Ans. Due to addition of common salt the B. P.
of the salt containing water elevated, hence the egg
at high temperature becomes hard.
Q. 3.Equimolar Soln. of NaCl and BaCl2 are
prepared in H2O. D. F. pt. of NaCl is found to
be 2 C. What freezing point do you expect
from BaCl2 soln ?
Ans. i for NaCl = 2 i for BaCl2 = 3
3 2
Therefore TF (BaCl2) = 2 3 ,
TF for BaCl2 = 3 C ,
Freezing Point of BaCl2 Solution is TF = 3 C.
37
depression in freezing point is measured at low
temp.
Q. 8. How much ethyl alcohol must be added to
1 litre of water so that the solution will freeze at
14 F ?
(Kf for water = 1.86 C/mol)
Ans. (14 32) / 9 =C/5
C = 5 ( 18) / 9
= 10 C
K 1000 W
TF = W M
F
a b
b
Wb = mass of
solute
Mb = molar mass
of solute
Wa = mass of
solvent
1.86 1000 W
10 = 1000 46 b
Wb = 247.31 g
Q. 9. 75.2 g of phenol is dissolved in solvent of
KF = 14, if the depression in freezing point is 7
k. What is the % of phenol ?
38
Ans. KF = 14 2 C6H5OH
(C6H5OH)2
1000 K W
Mb = W DT1
F
F
2
1
Taking the solvent as 0
1 kg 1
Mb = 10001000 14 75.2 /2
7k
Total = 1 +
= 150.4 g per mol
/2
phenol (molar mass)
=1/2
94 g/mol
Calculated molar mass i =1+/
i = Observed molar mass 2
= 94 / 150.4 = =1/2=
0.625 0.625
/ 2 = 0.375
= 0.75
% of association =
75%
41
water decreases. Due to this decrease in dissolved
oxygen the survival of fish becomes difficult.
Q.13 How much NaOH is required to preapre
50 ml of aqueous solution with 70mg of Na+
ions per ml. of the solution?
Ans. : Na+ ions in 1 ml = 70 mg
Na+ ions in 50 ml = 70 50 = 3.5g
43
Q4. What do you understand by colligative
properties?
Ans:- Properties of solutions which depend on the
number of solute and solvent particles
but not on the nature of solute are called
colligative properties.
46
Ans:- Non ideal solution are those which do not
obey Raoults law.
When the molecular interaction between
solute molecules solvent. Solvent molecules
is not same as the molecular interaction
between solute & solvent molecules then
deviotion occurs.
Q17. What are colligative properties? Mention
them.
Ans:-these are the colligative properties.
(a) Osmotic pressure (b) Relative
lowering of vapour pressure
(b) Elevation in B.P (d) Depression in F.P
NUMERICALS
Q1. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol
(C2H6O2) in solution containing 20 %
of ethylene glycol by mass.
Ans:-
Mole fraction of ethylene glycol =
no.of .mole.of .thelene.glycol
No.of .moles.of .water + No.of .moles.ofC2 H 6O2
47
i.e
20 / 62
glycol nglycol / nwater + nglycol
20 / 62 + 80 / 18
20 X 62 X 18 9
0.0676
62 X 5320 133
48
Q3. A solution 3.8 g of sulphur in 100 g of CS2
(Boiling point=46.3 0 C) boils at 46.66 0c.
what is the formula of sulphur molecules in
the solution .(Atomic mass of sulphur is
32 g mol-1 and Kb= 2.4 K kg mol-1)
Ans:-
WB 1000 K B
We have :- MB
DTb WA
Here
DTb ( 273 + 46.66) (273 + 46.3) 0.36 K
49
mol -1K-1)
Ans:-
We know V nRT
0.25 + 0.1
0.2 ( ) 0.0821 293
2
Or
0.35 0.0821 293
21.022atm
2 0.2
We have
WB 1000 K f 2 1000 4.9
MB 241.98 gmol 1
DT f W A 1.62 25
50
Also 2C6H5COOH (C6H5COOH)2
Initially 1 0
( 1-x) x/2 mole
x x
Total no. of particles at equilibrium. = (1 x) +
2
1
2
x
i 1
2
52
15. Name the two factors on which the vapour
pressure of the liquids depend.
16. Define mole fraction of a substance in a
solution
17. When is the value of Vant Hoff factor more
than 1?
FOR AVERAGE
1. Why is the elevation in b.p. of water different
in the following solutions? (i) 0.1 M NaCl
solution (ii) 0.1 M Sugar solution.
2. What are azotropes?
3. What happens when blood cells are placed in
pure water?
4. Why is the cooking temperature in pressure
cooker higher than in open pan?
5. Why does molality of a solution remain
unchanged with change in temperature while
its molarity changes?
6. Why is ether not miscible in water?
53
7. What are maximum boiling azeotropes? Give
one example?
8. What are minimum boiling azeotropes? Give
one example?
9. Why do doctors advice gargles by saline water
in case of sore throat?
10. Why is boiling point elevated when a non
volatile solute is added?
11. A person suffering from high blood pressure
should take less common salt, why?
12. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in
liquids as the temperature is raised?
54
3. What is expected value of i for K4[Fe(CN)6]
in dilute solution?
4. How molarity and molality of solute are
related.
5. What possible value of i will it have if solute
molecules undergo association in solution.
6. Define molal elevation constant or
ebullioscopic constant?
7. Define molal depression constant or
cryoscopic constant?
8. Why is osmotic pressure considered as a
colligative property?
9. On mixing equal volumes of water and ethanol
what type of deviation would you expect from
Raoults Law?
10. What are isotonic solutions?
55
1. Under what condition Vant Hoff factor is (i)
equal to one, (ii) greater than 1, (iii) less than
1.
2. Two liquid A and B on mixing produce a warm
solution. Which type of deviation from
Raoults Law does it show?
3. What are non-ideal solutions? Explain as to
why non-ideal solutions deviate from Raoults
Law.
4. What are colligative properties? Mention
them.
5. Differentiate between molarity and molality of
a solution. When and why is molality preferred
over molarity in handling solutions in
chemistry?
FOR AVERAGE
1 Name the factors which affect the vapour
pressure.
56
2. Amongst the following compounds, identify
which are insoluble, partially soluble and
highly soluble in water.
(a) Phenol (b)Toluene (c) Formic Acid
(d)Ethylene Glycol
(e)Chloroform (f) Pentanol
3. What do you mean by relative lowering of
vapor pressure ? How is relative lowering of
vapor pressure related with mole fraction of
non volatile solute in a solution?
4. With the help of a suitable diagram show that
the vapour pressure of a solution is lower than
the pure solvent, causes a lowering of freezing
point for the solution compared to that of the
pure solvent.
5. Carbon tetra chloride and water are immiscible
where as ethanol and water are miscible in all
proportions. Correlate this behaviour with
molecular structures of these compounds.
FOR ABOVE AVERAGE
57
1. What do you mean by abnormal molecular
mass? What are its cause?
2. With the help of suitable diagrams, illustrate
the two types of non ideal solutions.
3. State Raoults law for solutions of non volatile
solutes in volatile solvents. Derive a
mathematical expression for this law.
4. What is osmotic pressure and how is it related
with the molecular mass of non-volatile
solute?
5. What is meant by abnormal molecular mass of
solute? Discuss the factors which bring
abnormality in the experimentally determined
molecular masses of solutes using colligative
properties.
6. State Raoults Law. Discuss the factor
responsible for the deviation from this law.
7. State Henrys Law and mentions some
important application.
58
8. Explain the significance of Henrys Constant
(KH). At the same temperature, hydrogen is
more soluble in water than helium. Which of
them will have a higher value of KH and why?
9. Explain the difference between osmotic
pressure and vapour pressure of a solution.
10. Give one example each of miscible liquid pairs
showing positive and negative deviation from
Raoults Law. Give one reason each for such
deviations.
59
6.5 g of C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450 g of
CH3CN.
3. H2S, toxic gas with rotten a like smell, is used
for qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H 2S
in water at STP is 0.19 m. Calculate Henrys
law constant.
4. 18 g of glucose is dissolve in 1 kg of water in
a saucepan. At what temperature will water
boil at 1.03 bar? Kb for water is 0.52 K kg mol-
1
.
5. An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute
exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal
point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of
the solute?
6. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K.
When 1.08 gm of non-volatile solute was
dissolved in 90 gm of benzene. The boiling
point is reached to 354.11 K. Calculate the
molar mass of solute. Kb for benzene is 2.53 K
kg mol-1.
60
7. 45 g of ethylene glycol is mixed with 600 g of
water. Calculate (a) the freezing point
depression and (b) the freezing point of the
solution.
8. 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein
contains 1.26 g of protein. The osmotic
pressure of such a solution at 300 K is found
to be 2.57 x 10-3 bar. Calculate the molar mass
of the protein.
9. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in
water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate
the freezing point of 5% glucose in water if the
freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
FOR ABOVE AVERAGE
03 Marks Questions (Numerical)
1. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293K,
how many millimoles of nitrogen gas would
dissolved in 1 ltr. of water. Assume that N 2
exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bars. Given
61
that Henrys law constant for N2 at 293 K is
76.48 kbar.
2. 0.6 mL of acetic acid having density 1.06 g
mL-1, is dissolve in 1 litre of water. The
depression in freezing point observed for this
strength of acid was 0.0205C. Calculate the
Vant Hoff factor and the dissociation constant
of acid.
3. 100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g/mol) was
dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass
180 g mol-1). The vapour pressure of pure
liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate
the vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its
vapour pressure in the solution if the total
vapour pressure of the solution is 475 Torr.
4. 2 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 25 g of
benzene shows a depression in freezing point
equal to 1.62 K. Molal depression constant for
benzene is 4.9 K kg mol-1. What is the
62
percentage association of acid if it forms
dimmer in solution?
5. Determine the osmotic pressure of solution
prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K2SO4 in 2
litre of water at 25C. Assuming that it is
completely dissociated.
6. Two elements A and B from compounds
having formula AB2and AB4. When dissolved
in 20 g of benzene, 1 g of AB 2 lowers the
freezing point by 2.3 K where as 1.0 g of AB 4
lowers it by 1.3 K. The molar depression
constant for benzene is 5.1 K kg mol -1.
Calculate atomic mass of A and B.
7. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6
g of ethylene glycol and 200 g of water.
Calculate the molality of solution. If the
density of the solution is 1.072 g/mol, then
what shall be the molarity of the solution?
63
*************************
64
UNIT :-3
ELECTRO CHEMISTRY
STUDY MATERIAL
65
It is the product of specific conductivity and
volume of solution containing 1 g molecular mass
of the electrolyte.
K 1000
mol
C
* Variation :-
66
Ans:- Limiting molar conductivity of an
electrolyte is the sum of molar conductivity of
cation and anion at concentration approaches zero.
0 0 0
mol +
+
0
=Molar Conductivity of cation
0
=Molar Conductivity of anion
Reaction :-
Anode reaction:- H2(g)+2OH-(aq) ---
2H2O+2e.X 2
Cathode reaction:- O2(g) +2H2O+4e ---- 4OH-
Overall reaction :-2H2(g) + O2(g) ------ 2H2O(l)
67
Q3. What do you mean by Corrosion? How it is a
electrochemical phenomena?
Ans:- in corrosion a metal is oxidized by a lose of
electrons to oxygen and metal oxide is formed. It
is an electrochemical phenomenon.
Chemistry of corrosion of iron:-
The sport where iron under goes oxidation is
considered as anode.
At anode: 2Fe ---- 2Fe2+ + 4e-
At another sport on the metal these
electrons reduce oxygen in presence of H+.
At anode :O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e- ---- 2H2O(L)
63 900
900 C charge deposited 2 96500 gm of copper
=0.2938 gm.
Q5. The resistance of a conductivity cell
containing 0.001 M Kcl solution at 298 K is 1500
. What is the cell constant If conductivity of
0.001 M Kcl solution 298 K is 0.148 X
10-3 S cm-1.
69
Ans:- R=1500
0 390.5Scm 2
K 1000
C
C
C 32.93
0.0838
0
390.5
K 2C (0.0838) 2 0.00241 1.85 10 5
70
Q7. Represent the cell in which the following
reaction takes place.
0.591 C
E + log 2
E.M.F of the cell E= n C1
0.0591
Ag + 2
=3.17 + 2
log
Mg 2 +
0.0591 (0.0001) 2
=3.17 + 2
log
0.130
71
=3.17 -0.21
E=2.96 V
Q8. 0 mol for NaCl, HCl and Na AC(CH3COONa)
are 126.4, 425.9 and 91.0 Scm2 mol-1
respectively. Calculate 0 mol for HAC(CH3COOH,
Acetic Acid).
Ans:-
0 HAC 0 CH # COO + 0 Na + + 0 H + + 0 Cl 0 Na + 0 Cl
91.0 + 425.9 126.4 516.9 126.4
Ans:-
E 0 cell E 0 Cathode E 0 anode
+0.34 (0.76) 0.34 + 0.76
1.10V
DG 0 nE 0 F 2 1.10V 96500c
212.2kjmol 1
73
(a) Which of the electrode is negative
chage.
(b) The carries of the current in the cell.
(c) Individual reaction at each electrode.
Cell representation
2 + ( aq )
Zn Zn Ag + Ag
E E+ E Ecathode Eanode
Zn Zn 2 + + 2e Oxidation
At cathode.
74
2 Ag + + 2e 2 Ag Re duction
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Which solution will allow greater
conductance of electricity, 1 M NaCl at 293
K or 1 M NaCl at 323 K and why ?
Ans. 1 M NaCl at 323 K as the ionic mobilities
increase with increase in temperature.
Q. 2. What does the negative value of Ecell
indicate ?
Ans. G will be positive, the cell will not
work.
Q. 3. Why is the equilibrium constant K,
related to only Ecell and not Ecell ?
Ans. This is because Ecell is zero at
equilibrium.
Q. 4. What is the sign of G for an
electrolytic cell ?
Ans. Positive.
Q. 5. Rusting of iron is quicker in saline
water than in ordinary water. Why is it so ?
Ans. In saline water, NaCl helps water to
dissociate into H+ and OH. Greater the
number of H+, quicker will be rusting of Iron.
Q. 6. What would happen if the protective tin
coating over an iron bucket is broken in
some places ?
75
Ans. Iron will corrode faster as the oxidation
potential of Fe is higher than that of tin.
Q. 7. Can a nickel spatula be used to stir a
solution of Copper Sulphate ? Justify your
answer.
(ENi+/Ni = 0.25 V ECu+/Cu =
0.34 V)
Ans. Reduction potential of Ni is less than Cu.
Ni will replace the Cu from CuSO4. Thus Ni
spatula cannot be used to stir a solution of
CuSO4.
Q. 8. Which out of 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M
NaCl, do you expect have greater m and
why ?
Ans. 0.1 M HCl will have greater m
because H+ (aq) being smaller in size than
Na+ (aq) and have greater mobility.
Q. 9. Three iron sheets have been coated
separately with three metals A, B, C whose
standard electrode potentials are given
below :
A B C Iron
Evalue 0.46 V 0.66 V 0.20 V
0.44 V
76
Identify in which rusting will take place
faster when coating is damaged.
Ans. Rusting of iron will take place when
coated with metal C as it is placed above iron
more than other metal.
Q. 10. Which will have greater molar
conductivity ? Solution containing 1 mol
KCl in 200 cc or 1 mol of KCl in 500 cc.
Ans. 1 mol of KCl in 500 cc.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1. (a) How will the value of Ecell change
in an electrochemical cell involving the
following reaction of the concentration
of Ag+ (aq) is increased ?
(b) What will be e. m. f. when the cell
reaches equilibrium :
Mg (s) + 2 Ag+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) +
Ag (s)
0.059 Mg2+
Ans. (a) Ecell = Ecell 2
log Ag+
2
Q. 3. Knowing that :
Cu2+ (aq) + 2 e Cu (s) E = +
0.34 V
2 Ag+ (aq) + 2 e 2 Ag (s) E =
+ 0.80 V
Reason out whether, 1 M AgNO3 solution
can be stored in Copper Vessel or 1 M
CuSO4 solution in Silver Vessel.
Ans. A solution of an electrolyte can be stored
in a particular vessel only in case there is no
78
chemical reaction taking place with the
material of the vessel.
Cu is a strong reducing agent and can lose
electrons to Ag+ as E of Cu is less than that
of Cu. So AgNO3 cannot be kept in Copper
Vessel.
CuSO4 solution can be stored in Ag Vessel as
no chemical reaction will take place as Ag is
placed above Cu in the activity series and Ag
is less reactive than Copper.
Q. 4. What is the number of electrons in one
Coloumb of electricity ?
Ans. Charge on one mole of electrons = 1 F =
96500 C
96500 C of Charge is present on electrons =
6.022 1023
1 C of Charge is present on electrons =
23
6.022 10
96500 C 1 C
= 6.24 1018
Q. 5. Which of the following pairs will have
greater conduction and why ?
(a) Copper wire at 25 C and Copper wire
at 50 C.
(b) 0.1 M acetic acid solution or 1 M acetic
acid solution ?
Ans. (a) Copper wire at 25 C because with
increase in temperature metallic
79
conduction decreases due to vibration of
kernels.
(b) 0.1 M acetic acid solution because with
dilution degree of dissosciation increases
and hence no. of ions.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1. The following curve is obtained when
molar conductivity (m) is plotted against
the square root of concentration for 2
electrolytes A and B.
(a) What can you say about the nature of
the two electroyltes A and B ?
(b) How do you account for the increase in
molar conductivity m for the
electrolytes A and B on dilution ?
400
lm
200
A
B
0.2 0.4
C
82
2 H2O O2 + 4 H+ +4 e E =
1.23 V
Explain why CO3+ is not stable in aqueous
solution ?
Ans. The Ecell can be calculated as :
4 [CO3+ + e CO2+] E = 1.82 V
2 H2O O2 + 4 H+ +4 e E =
1.23 V
Cell reaction : 4 CO3+ + 2 H2O
CO2+ O2 + 4 H+
Ecell = 1.82 V ( 1.23 V) = 3.05 V
Since Ecell is positive, the cell reaction is
spontaneous. CO3+ iron will take part in the
reaction and hence unstable in aqueous
solution.
Q. 5. For the reaction :
Ag+ + Hg Ag + Hg22+
E = 0.80 VE = 0.79 V
Predict the direction in which the reaction
will proceed if :
[Ag+] = 101 mol/h [Hg2+] = 103 mol/h
Ans. Cell reaction is :
83
2 Ag+ + 2 Hg 2 Hg + Hg22+
0.0591 Hg2 2+
Ecell = Ecell 2
log + 2
Ag
0.0591 103
= (0.80 V 0.79 V) 2 log 10
1 2
0.0591
= 0.01 V 2 ( 1) = 0.01 + 0.0295
= 0.0395 V
Since Ecell is positive, the reaction will be
spontaneous in the forward direction.
02 Marks Questions
1. What is corrosion? How is rusting of iron
protected by cathodic protection.
2. How is cathodic protection different from
galvanization in protection of iron from
rusting?
3. What do you understand by equilibrium
constant? Calculate the equilibrium constant
of the reaction
Cu (s ) + 2Ag + (aq) Cu 2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s)
E = 0.46 v .
85
4. Represent Zn Cu cell and write Nernst
equation for the calculation of emf of the
cell.
5. The conductivity of 0.2M solution of NaCl at
298 K is 0.0248 S cm-1. Calculate its molar
conductivity.
6. The standard electrode potential for Daniell
cell is 1.1v. Calculate the standard Gibbs
energy for the reaction
Zn (s) + Cu 2+ (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + cu (s)
86
Arrange the following metals in the
order in which they displace each from
the solution of their salts.
Al, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn
03 Marks Questions
1. Write the Nernst equation and calculate the
emf of the following cell at 298 K. Cu(s) /
2+
Cu ( 0.130 M ) // Ag+ ( 1 x 10-4 M ) / Ag
(s). Given that E0 Cu+2 / Cu = 0.34 V and E0
Ag+ / Ag = 0.80 V, F = 95500 C Mol-1
2.What is standard hydrogen electrode? How it
measures the electrode potential of an
electrode? Explain.
87
Now write:
(a) Which of the metal electrode
is negatively charged?
(b) The direction of the current (either
anode to cathode or cathode to anode)
(c) Individual half electrode
reaction for cathode
5.What are electrode potential and emf of a cell?
Calculate the emf of the cell
Mg(s) / Mg 2+ ( 0.1 M ) // Ag+ ( 0.01 M ) /
Ag at 250 C
Given that E0 Ag+ / Ag = 0.8 V, E0 Mg2+ /
Mg = - 2.37 V
05 Marks Question
1. What is EMF of a cell?
Calculate the emf of the cell
Mg(s) / Mg2+ ( 0.1 M ) // Ag+ ( 1 x 10-4 M) /
Ag (s) at 250 C,
Given that E0 Ag+ / Ag = 0.8 V , E0 Mg2+ / Mg
= -2.37v
88
2.What will be the effect on EMF of the cell if
concentration of Ag+ is increased to 1 x 10-3M?
3. Explain the product of electrolysis of molten
NaCl and aqueous NaCl. Explain the
difference between these two phenomena and
list two other application of electrolysis.
4. A cell is formed as
Ni (s) / Ni2+ ( 0.01 M ) // Cu2+ ( 0.1 M ) /
Cu(s)
The E0 values for Ni2+ / Ni and Cu2+ / Cu
electrodes are -0.25 V and 0.34 V
respectively.
Calculate the cell potential, equilibrium
constant and work done by the cell.
5. Electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride gives
H2 gas at cathode instead of sodium metal and
Cl2 gas anode while electrolysis of molten
NaCl gives sodium metal at cathode. How is
this difference in results explained? Give
electrode reactions for anode and cathode.
89
FOR BELOW AVERAGE
01 Mark Questions
1. What is over voltage in an electrolytic
reaction?
2. What is Nickel- Cadmium cell?
90
name of the electrode and what is its polarity?
92
Comment on the result of treating a
solution of Cr (II) with a solution containing
Fe (III) ions
7. Calculate the standard free energy change for
the reaction occurring in the cell
Zn|Zn2+ (IM) // Cu2+ (IM) / Cu
Given E0zn2+/zn = -0.76V and E0 cu2+/Cu=
0.34V.
19. Explain the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl and
molten NaCl with their Chemical reactions.
Give reasons for this difference and deduce
criteria for product formation.
93
(i) An aqueous solution of AgNO3
With Ag electrodes.
(ii) A Dilute solution of H2SO4 With
platinum electrodes.
(iii) An aqueous solution of CuCl2 with
platinum electrodes.
2. The resistance of a conductivity cell
containing 0.001 M KCl Solution at 298 K is
1500 ohms. What is the cell constant if
conductivity of 0.001 M KCl Solution at 298
K is 0.146X10-3 S cm-1.
94
5. Silver is electrodeposited on a metallic vessel
of surface area 800 cm2 by passing current of
0.2 ampere for 3 hours. Calculate the
thickness of Silver deposited.
(Density of Ag =10.47 g cm-3, Atomic mass of
Ag=108 amu)
05 Marks Question
6. Calculate the potential of following cell
reaction at 298 K
Sn4+(1.50 M)+ Zn Sn2+(0.5M)+
Zn2+(2M)
The standard potential E0; of the cell is 0.89V,
whether the potential of the cell increase or
decease (R=8.314 JK-1mol-1, F=96500 C mol-1)
if the concentration of Sn2+ is increased in the
cell.
7. The conductivity of NaCl at 298 K has been
determined at different concen-tration and the
results are given below:
95
Concn / M 0.001 0.010 0.020
0.050 0.100
102 x K/S m-1 1.237 11.58 23.15
55.53 106.74
Calculate ^m for all concentrations and draw a
plot between ^m and C1/2. Find the value of
^m.
8. (a) State the reasons for the following :-
a. Iron does not rust even if Zinc coating
is broken in a galvanized iron pipe.
b.Electrolysis of KBr (aq) gives Br2 at
anode, but that of KF (aq) does not
give F2.
(b) Write the electrode reaction of H2-O2
Cell.
(c) Calculate the EMF of the following
cell at 298 K
Sn/Sn2+(0.1M) // Ag+(0.1M) / Ag
Given E0 Sn2+/Sn = -0.14V, E0 Ag+/Ag =
0.8V
96
9. (a) State Kholrauschs law for electrical
conductance of an electrolyte at infinite
dilution.
(b) Give the composition and reaction of
cathode and anode in a mercury cell? Give
one use.
(c) Silver is electrodeposited on a metallic
vessel by passing a current of 0.2 ampere
for 3 hours. Calculate the weight of silver
deposited. (Atomic mass of Ag=108
amu)
FOR AVERAGE
01 Mark Question
1. Define the molar conductivity of an
electrolytic solution.
2. Express the relation between degree of
dissociation of an electrolyte and its molar
conductivities.
97
3. What does the standard electrode potential of a
metal being negative E0 Zn2+/Zn = - 0.76 v
shows?
4. What happens when the protective coating of
galvanized iron is broken?
5. How is electroplating different from
galvanization?
6. How does a fuel cell operate?
7. How much charge is required for the following
reduction of 1 mol of Cu2+ ions to cu (s)?
8. Which type of metal can be used for the
cathodic protection of iron?
9. Give one difference between primary and
secondary cells.
10. What are uses of salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
02 Marks Question
1. What is mercury cell? Give an electrode
reaction?
2. Make difference between molar conductivity
and equivalent conductivity.
98
3. Suggest a cell to determine molar conductivity
experimentally.
4. How will you explain the sharp increase in
molar conductivity of a week electrolyte on
dilution? How is molar conductivity related to
the degree of dissociation?
5. The conductivity of 0.20 M solution of
potassium chloride 298 K is 2.48 x 10-2 ohm-1
cm-1 calculate the molar conductivity ?
6. A solution of Ni (NO3)2 is electrolyzed
between platinum electrodes using a current of
5 A for 20 minutes? What mass of Nickel is
deposited at the cathode?
101
corrosion of iron with chemical equation
involved?
05 Marks Question
1 What is EMF of a cell? How is it different
from cell potential (Ecell)? Calculate the
EMF of the cell reaction
Sn4+ (1.5M) + Zn Sn2+ (0.5 M) + Zn2+ (2M )
The standard cell potential of the cell is 0.89 v.
2. Explain the primary and secondary batteries.
How are secondary cells different from
primary cells? Give the composition and
reaction of cathode and anode in a mercury
cell?
3.. What do you mean by molar conductivity and
equivalent conductivity? Explain the
experimental Determination of molar
conductivity with help of conductivity cell.
4 In the electrolysis of aqueous solution of
sodium chloride, there are two possible anode
reactions.
102
2Cl- (aq) Cl2 + 2e- E0 = 1.36 v
2 H2O (l) O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e- E0=
1.23 v
Which of the above reaction actually takes
place and why? Also give other utilities of
electrolysis?
********************
103
UNIT 04
CHEMICAL KINETICS
STUDY MATERIAL
104
i.e. rate of reaction when the average rate is taken
over a very small interval of time.
2.303 A
or K
t
log 0
A
107
Third Order Reaction : The reaction in which
sum of powers of concentration terms in rate law
is equal to 3 i.e.
dX
K A B , Where x+y =3
x y
Rate
dT
Large Excess
Rate K H 2 Br2
1 1
2
108
t is independent for first order.
1
t for second order.
1
a2
1 rd
a for 3 order.
t
1 2
2
Ea is activation Energy.
112
Q11. What do you mean by order of reaction.
Ans. : Sum of powers of the comcentarion of the
reactants in the rate law expression is
called the order of that chemical reaction.
Suppose, Rate = K[A]x[B]y
Hence, Order of reaction = x+y
113
Q16. Write the determination of second order
reaction?
Ans. Molecularity is two & order of reaction is
one.
Ex : CH COOC H + H O CH COOH + C H OH
3 2 5 2
H+
3 2 5
114
Q3. A reaction is 50% complete in 2 Hrs and 75%
complete in 4 Hrs.What is the order
of the reaction?
Ans. First Order.
298
115
Q3. A catalyst provides a path of
. Activation energy.
Ans. Lower
C 1/c C C2
Ans.: (a)
CHEMICAL KINETICS
Below Average Students :02 Marks
Glucose Fructose
118
Log
(Conc.)
time
10 4
0.544 Ea 5.714
19.15
Ans. Ea 0.544
19.15
18230.8 J
5.714 10 14
Ea RT
Since, K Ae
18230.8
0.02
A 1.61
0.012
120
RP
d R
Rate K R
dt
d R
or , K .dt
R
0.693
t 1
2 K
121
FOR AVERAGE STUDENTS :03 Marks
0.693
(b) t1
2 2 Min 1
3.465 min 0.35 min ..
0.693
(c) t1
2 4
0.173 years
123
Ans.: Chain initiation step :
Cl + Cl HN
2Cl
Eaf
Energy DH o S E R E P
ER JHoS
Reaction condition
125
UNIT 05
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
STUDY MATERIAL
126
7. Enthalpy of Adsorption:- The amount
of energy released by the attraction of one mole of
adsorbate on the adsorbent.
127
isotherm .Only in place of pressure ,concentration
of solution is taken.
Therefore x/m=k C 1/n
129
20. Lyophilic Colloids : Those colloids which
are solvents loving or attracting they are reversible
Sols.
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q. 1. What kind of adsorption is represented
by the following graph :
133
x
M
Ans. Chemisorption.
Q. 2. In the titration of oxalic acid by
acidified KMnO4, the oxidation of oxalic
acid is slow in the beginning but becomes
fast as the reaction progresses. Why ?
Ans. Autocatalysis by Mn+2.
Q. 3. Out of PO43,, SO42,, Cl,, which wil
act as the best coagulating agent for for Fe
(OH)3 ?
Ans. PO43.
Q. 4. Arrange the following in correct order
of their coagulating power :
Na+, Al3+, Ba2+
Ans. Na+ < Ba2+ < Al3+
Q. 5. Which type of charged particles are
adsorbed on the surface of As2S3 during its
preparation ?
As2O3 + 3 H2S As2S3 + 3 HOH
134
Ans. S2.
Q. 6. Which type of metals act as effective
catalysts ?
Ans. Transition metals.
Q. 7. The colloidal solution of gold prepared
by different methods have different colours.
Why ?
Ans. Due to difference in the size of colloidal
particles.
Q. 8. At high pressure, the entire metal
surface gets covered by a mono molecular
layer of the gas. What is the order of the
process ?
Ans. Zero order.
Q. 9. What is the term used for minimum
concentration of an electrolyte which is able
to cause coagulation of a sol ?
Ans. Flocculation value.
Q. 10. A liquid is found to scatter a beam of
light but leaves no residue when passed
through the filter paper. What can the
liquid be described as ?
Ans. Colloid.
Q. 11. If an electric field is applied to a
colloidal sol, the dispersed phase particles
are found to move towards the electrode of
opposite charge. If however, the dispersed
135
phase is made stationary, the dispersion
medium is found to move in the opposite
direction. What is the term used for such
movement of dispersion medium ?
Ans. Electro osmosis.
Q. 12. Out of glucose, urea and dodecyl
trimethyl ammonium chloride, which one
forms micelles in aqueous solution above
certain concentration ?
Ans. Dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride.
Q. 13. A plot of log versus log p for the
adsorption of a gas on a solid gives a
straight line. What is the slope equal to ?
1
Ans. n
Q. 14. The formation of micelles occurs only
beyond a certain temperature. What is the
temperature called ?
Ans. Kraft temperature
Q. 15. What are the signs of H, S and G
for the process of adsorption ?
Ans. H = ve
S = ve
G = ve
Q. 16. Out of CO and NH3 which is adsorbed
on activated charcoal to a large extent and
why ?
136
Ans. Ammonia; because more easily liquefiable
gas undergoes adsorption to a greater extent.
Q. 17. On passing H2S through dilute HNO3 the
colourless solution becomes turbid. Why ?
Ans. Due to formation of colloidal sol of
Sulphur.
Q. 18. A sol is prepared by addition to excess
AgNO3 solution in KI solution. What
charge is likely to develop on the colloidal
particles ?
Ans. Positive.
Q. 19. If we add equimolar amounts of ferric
hydroxide sol and arsenic sulphide sol, what
will happen ?
Ans. Both the sols will get coagulated.
Q. 20. What happens when freshly
precipitated Fe (OH)3 is shaken with a little
amount of dilute solution of FeCl3 ?
Ans. It causes peptization leading to the
formation of a positively charged sol of Fe
(OH)3.
Q. 21. What happens to a gold sol if gelatin is
added to it ?
Ans. It causes stabilisation of gold sol.
Q. 22. Out of NaCl, MgSO4, Al2 (SO4)3,
K4[Fe(CN)6], which one will bring about
137
the coagulation of a gold sol quickest and in
the least of concentration ?
Ans. Al2 (SO4)3.
Q. 23. What is the unit for expressing
flocculation value ?
Ans. millimole per litre.
Q. 24. Out of PO43, SO42, Al3+ and Na+,
which will have the highest coagulating
power for As2S3 colloid ?
Ans. Al3+.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Bleeding is stopped by the application of
alum to a wound. Why ?
Ans. Blood is a colloid alum being an
electrolyte, makes the blood to coagulate and
form clot.
Q. 2. What is the purpose of adding gelatin to
ice cream ?
Ans. Ice cream is a colloid. Gelatin imparts
stability to it because gelatin is a protective
colloid.
Q. 3. Dialysis is a method of purification of
sols. But prolonged dialysis of the sol makes
it unstable. Why ?
Ans. Traces of electrolytes in the sol, impart
charge to dispersed phase particles making it
138
stable. Prolonged dialysis removes all
electrolytes thus making the sol unstable.
Q. 4. What is the function of gum arabic in
the preparation of Indian ink ?
Ans. Gum arabic is a protective colloid and thus
provides stability to Indian ink.
Q. 5. What is collodion ? What is its use ?
Ans. Cellulose dispersed in ethanol, is called
collodion. It is used for making membranes for
ultrafiltration.
Q. 6. Why the sun looks red at the time of
setting ? Explain on the basis of colloidal
properties.
Ans. At the time of setting, the sun is at the
horizon. The light emitted by the sun has to
travel a longer distance through the
atmosphere. As a result, blue part of the light
is scattered away by the dust particles in the
atmosphere. Hence the red part is visible.
Q. 7. Addition of H2 to acetylene gives ethane
in presence of palladium but if BaSO4 and
quinoline or sulphur are also added, the
product is ethane. Why ?
Ans. BaSO4 + quinoline / s poison the catalyst.
Hence, the efficiency of the catalyst decreases
and the reaction stops at the first stage of
reduction.
139
Q. 8. SnO2 forms a positively charged
colloidal sol in acidic medium and a
negatively charged sol in the basic medium.
Why ?
Ans. SnO2 is amphoteric in nature. It reacts
with acid eg. HCl to form SnCl4 in the
solution. The common Sn4+ ions are adsorbed
on the surface of SnO2 particles giving them a
positive charge.
SnO2 reacts with a base eg. NaOH to form
Sodium Stannate in the solution. The stannate
ions are adsorbed on the surface of SnO2
particles giving them a negative charge.
Q. 9. Why physical adsorption is
multimolecular whereas chemisorption is
unimolecular ?
Ans. Chemisorption takes place as a result of
reaction between adsorbent and adsorbate.
When the surface of the adsorbent is covered
with one layer, no further reaction can take
place.
Physical adsorption is simply by Vander
Waals forces. So any number of layers may be
formed one over the other on the surface of the
adsorbent.
Q. 10. What is meant by induced catalysis ?
Give an example.
140
Ans. It is a phenomenon in which a chemical
reaction increases the rate of another reaction
which otherwise may not occur in similar
conditions.
Eg. Sodium arsenite (Na3AsO3) is not
oxidised in air but if air is blown into a
solution containing Na3AsO3 and Na2SO3,
then both AsO33 and SO32 ions are
oxidised.
Q. 11. What type of colloidal sols are formed
in the following ?
(i) Sulphur vapours are passed through
cold water.
(ii) White of an egg is mixed with water.
(iii) Concentration of soap solution is
increased.
Ans. (i) Multimolecular colloid
(ii) Macromolecular colloid
(iii) Associated colloid.
Q. 12. What is common to aquasol and
aerosol ? In what respect do they differ ?
Ans. Both are colloids.
In aquasol, water acts as dispersion medium.
In aerosol, air acts as dispersion medium.
Q. 13. Explain as to why SnO2 forms a
positively charged sol in solutions with pH <
7 and negatively charged sol in solutions
with pH > 7.
141
Ans. Refer Ans. 8.
For average
Q.1 Why does physisorption decrease with
increase of temperature ?
Ans.: Because the attraction between gas
molecules and solid surface is very weak
which easily over come by increase of
temperature.
146
BELOW AVERAGE STUDENTS :01 Mark
Questions
148
6. Write two examples of heterogeneous
catalysis.
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Below Average Students :02 Marks Questions
149
5. Write two applications of catalyst in
Industry.
6. Explain cleansing action of soap.
7. What are the methods for the preparation of
colloids.
8. What is purification of colloidal solution?
Name the process of purification of colloids.
9. Write brief notes on
(a) Brownian Movement and
(b) Electrophoresis.
10. State Hardy-Schulze Rule. What is its
application?
11. Write the example of colloids which is
being used in our daily life.
AVERAGE STUDENTS :
02 Marks Question
1. Write the mechanism of Adsorption.
150
2. Why are substances like Platinum and
Palladium often used for carrying out
electrolysis of aqueous solution?
3. What is function of promoters and Poisons?
4. Write the name of process and catalyst used
for the preparation of NH3
5. How can be Lyophobic colloids prepared?
6. Give two examples for preparation of
colloids by chemical methods.
7. What is demulsification? Name two
demulsifiers .
151
3. What is the role of electrolyte in coagulation
or precipitation?
4. Write the cause of formation of delta in
brief.
5. Define Intrinsic and Extrinsic colloids with
example.
152
6. Write three differences between Lyophilic
and Lyophobic colloids.
7. Define Multimolecular, Associated and
Macro molecular colloids.
8. Define Dialysis, Electro dialysis and Ultra
filtration.
9. What is Emulsion. Write the types of
Emulsions. How can be tested?
10. Write at least three applications of colloids.
AVERAGE STUDENTS :
03 Marks Questions
x
1. Draw a graph between log
m and log P.
Write the value of intercept and slope.
2. Write a brief notes on activity and selectivity
of solid catalyst with example.
3. What is Zeolite? Write its structure and use.
4. What are Enzymes. Write the mechanism of
Enzyme catalysis.
153
5. Write at least three differences between true
solution , colloidal solution and suspension.
6. Write the causes for the creation of charge
on colloidal particles.
7. Explain the terms with suitable examples
(a) Alcosol, (b) Aerosol, (c) Hydrosol
8. Name the catalyst for Habers Process,
Ostwalds Process and Contact Process.
154
UNIT 06 :
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND
PROCESS OF ISOLATION
OF ELEMENTS
STUDY MATERIAL
Important Points :
156
Malachite CuCO3.Cu(OH)
2
Cuprite Cu2O
Zinc Zinc Blend ZnS
4[M CN 2 ]
2
aq + Zn s [Zn(CN ) 4 ] aq + 2M s
158
its m.p. either in absence or limited supply of
air.
This method is commonly used to convert
metal carbonates and hydroxides to their
respective oxides.During the process of
calcination, the following chemical changes
occurs.
1) Moisture is driven out.
2) Volatile impurities of S, As & P are removed
as their volatile oxides.
3) Water is removed from hydrated oxides and
hydroxides ores.
Al 2 O3 .2 H 2 O Heat
Al 2 O3 + 2 H 2 O
Bauxite Alumina
D
Fe2 O3 .3H 2 O
Fe2 O3 + 3H 2 O
Malachite
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Why carbon reduction process is
not applied for reducing aluminium
oxide to aluminium ?
160
Ans. Because aluminium metal itself a
very powerful agent and can easily reduce
CO formed during the reaction back to
carbon.
Q. 2. Explain why thermit process is
quite useful for repairing the broken
parts of a machine ?
Ans. In thermit process, oxides of
metals are reduced by aluminium in which
large amount of beat is evolved, metal
is in the motten state & is allowed to fall
between the broken parts of a machine.
heat
Fe2O3 (s) + 2 Al (s)
Al2O3 + 2 Fe (l) + heat
molen
Q. 3. Free energies of formation (fG) of
MgO (s) and CO (g) at 1273 K and 2273 K
are given below :
fG MgO (s) = 941 KJ/mol at 1273 K
= 344 KJ/mol at 2273 K
fG CO (g) = 439 KJ/mol at 1273 K
= 628 KJ/mol at 2273 K
161
On the basis of the above data, predict
the temperature at which carbon can be
used as reducing agent for MgO (s).
162
Ans. Granular zinc is obtained by pouring
molten zinc in cold water & zinc dust by
melting zinc & then atomising it with blast of
air.
Q. 7. How does NaCN act as a depressant in
preventing ZnS from forming the froth ?
Ans. NaCN forms a layer of zinc complex, Na2
[Zn (CN)4] on the surface of ZnS and thereby
prevents it from the formation of froth.
Q. 8. In the process of extraction of gold,
Roasted gold ore :
O2
Roasted gold ore + CN + H2O
[X] + OH
[X] + Zn [Y]
+ Au
Identify the complexes [X] & [Y].
Ans. [X] = [Au (CN)2], [Y] = [Zn (CN)4]2
Q. 9. Why is the reduction of a metal oxide
easier if the metal formed is in liquid state at
the temp. of reduction ?
Ans. The reduction of metal oxide is as :
M2O (s) + xM1 (s or l) x M (s or l)
+ M1xO (s)
163
The entropy of liquid metal is more than
entropy of the metal in solid state. G
for the reduction become more on negative
side.
G = H TS
Q. 10. What is the role of collector in froth
floatation process ?
Ans. Collector enhances non-wettability of the
mineral particles.
Q. 11. At which temperature direct
reduction of Fe2O3 by carbon is possible ?
Ans. Above 1123 K, carbon can reduce Fe2O3.
Q. 12. Why a very high cosmic abundance
of iron is there ?
Ans. A very high cosmic abundance of iron is
due to its high nuclear binding energy.
Q. 13. Why refractory metals are used in
construction of furnaces ?
Ans. Refractory metals are used in construction
of furnaces because they can withstand high
temperature.
Q. 14. What is pyrometallurgy ?
Ans. Extraction of metals using heat is called
pyrometallurgy. It involves concentration of
ores, roasting calcination, smelting, reduction
164
and refining of metals. Sulphide, carbonate,
oxide ores etc. are subjected to pyrometallurgy.
Q. 15. How the most electropositive metals
are isolated from their ores ?
Ans. The most electropositive metals are
isolated from their ores by electrolysis of fused
ionic salts.
SOME IMORTANT QUESTIONS
Ni + 4CO 330 Ni CO 4
350 K
Pure Nickel
Zr s + 2 I 2 g 870
ZrI 4 g 2075
K
Zr s + 2 I 2 g
1
ii) C + 2 O CO ; D G 439Kj / mol
s 2 s f
D r G +602 KJ / mol
1
iv) C + 2 O CO ; D G 628KJ / mol
s 2 s f
170
Q10. What are fluxes? How are they useful ?
Ans. : Flux is a substance that combines with
gangue which may still be present in the roasted
on the calcined ore to form an easily fusible
material called the slag.
174
4. What is the role of depressant in froth
floatation process?
5. What criterion is followed for selection of
the stationary phase in chromatography?
6. What is the role of collector & froth
stabilizer in froth floatation process?
176
FOR BRIGHT STUDENTS:
02 Marks Questions
1. Out of C and CO, which is a better reducing
agent for ZnO?
2. What is the role of graphite in the
electrometallurgy of Aluminium?
3. What do you mean by leaching? Explain
with an example.
4. The Choice of a reducing agent in a
particular case depends on thermodynamic
factor, how far do you agree with this
statements? Support your opinion with two
examples.
5. Discuss some of the factors which need
consideration before deciding on the method
of extraction of metal from its ore.
177
2. What is the chief ore of iron? Write chemical
reactions taking place in the extraction of
Iron from its Ores.
3. Give the important uses of
a)Aluminium,b) Copper, c) Iron
3. Differentiate between (i) Gangue and Flux
(ii) Minerals & Ores
178
a)Metal X which is low in the reactivity
series.
b) Metal Y which is in the middle of the
reactivity series.
c)Metal Z which is high up in the reactivity
series
3. a) Describe a method for refining of Nickel.
b) The extraction of Ag by leaching with
NaCN involves both oxidation &
reduction.
180
UNIT 07
THE p-BLOCK
ELEMENTS
General characteristics:
184
MEMBERS:- Oxygen is the 1st element of the
group and other members are sulphur, Selenium,
Tellurium and Polonium.
General Electronic configuration, Valency &
oxidation state: The general electronic
configuration is ns2np4. The valence electrons are
six and valency varies from 2 to 6. The oxidation
state varies from -2 to +6. The maximum oxidation
state of oxygen is +2.
General Characteristics:
(i) Anomalous character of oxygen:
185
d) Valency:- Only oxygen is divalent, others are
tetravalent and hexavalent also.
iv) Allotropy:
186
b) Sulphur has two allotropes viz Rhombic (State
at room temp) and Mono clinic (Prepared by
heating rhombic sulphur).
General properties:
(1) Electronic configuration - All these
members have electrons (ns2np5) in their
valence shell.
(2) Atomic and ionic radii - They have the
smallest radii in their respective periods.
However size increases downward the
group due to increase in no. of shells.
(3) Ionization enthalpy - They have very
high ionization enthalpy. It decreases
down the group due to increase in size.
(4) Electron gain enthalpy - They have
maximum negative electron gain
enthalpy in their periods as they have
one electron short to attain stable
electronic configuration. These values
become less negative downwards the
group.
(5) Electronegativity - They are highly
electronegative in nature. It decreases
down the group.
187
(6) Colour - All halogens are coloured . F2
yellow, Cl2 greenish yellow , Br2
red , I2 violet.
188
XX , XX3 , XX5 , XX7 (where X is
larger in size than X)
(12) Reactivity towards metal They form
metal halides . Their ionic nature
decreases as follows
MF > MCl > MBr >MI
Anomalous behaviour of fluorine
Fluorine is anomalous in many
properties due to following reasons;
(1) Small size and high charge
density.
(1) Absence of vacant d- orbital in the
outermost shell.
(2) The highest electronegativity.
General Properties:-
189
make compounds with highly electronegative
elements like fluorine & oxygen.
sp3d sp3d2
Sp3d3 sp3d2
sp3
OXO- ACIDS
OF PHOSPHORUS
190
OXO- ACIDS OF
SULPHUR
(1 mark questions)
(2 marks questions)
1. Write shape of following molecules:
a) Ammonia
b) Phosphorous Pentachloride
Ans: a) Pyramidal
b) Trigonal bipyramidal
(3 marks questions)
4. Nitrogen shows anomalous behaviour in the
group. Why?
Ans: i) Small size
ii) High electro negativity
iii) Absence of vacant d-orbital.
194
ii) XeF6 + H2O --- + ---- ( Complete
hydrolysis )
iii) Cl2 + H2O --- + ----
Ans: i) XeOF4 + HF
ii) XeO3 + HF
iii) HOCl + HCl
07. Arrange the following in decreasing order :-
i) NaF, NaI, NaCl,NaBr( Ionic nature)
ii) PH3, NH3, ,AsH3,SbH3 ( Basic Strength)
iii) HF,HBr,HCl,HI ( Acid Strength)
Ans i) NaF> NaCl > NaBr> NaI
ii) NH3> PH3> AsH3> SbH3
iii) HI> HBr> HCl> HI
196
Ans Due to smallest size and high effective
nuclear charge , readily accept one electron
to acquire noble gas electronic
configuration
A. Give reasons
01. N2 is relatively inert in terms of reactivity.
02. NH3 is a good complexing agent.
03. O3 acts as a powerful oxidizing agent.
04. NH3 forms hydrogen bond but PH3 does not.
05. Bond angle of NH4+ is higher than NH3.
06. H2S is less acidic than H2Te.
07. H2O is a liquid but H2S is a gas.
08. NH3 acts as a lewis base.
198
09. Halogens act as strong oxidizing agent.
10. Dioxygen is a gas but sulphur is a solid at
room temperature.
11. Nitrogen does not form NCl5 whereas
phosphorous does.
12. N2 is a gas but phosphorous is a solid.
13. N2 is possible but P2 is not,Why?
14. NH3 is more basic than PH33
15. F2 and Cl2 are gases but I2 is a solid
16. NH3 is soluble in water but PH3 is not.
17. PH3 has lower boiling point than NH3.
18. PCl5 is unstable.
19. Catenation in nitrogen is weaker than
phosphorous.
20. Stability of hydride of group 15 decreases
down the group.
21. The +5 oxidation state of Bi is less stable
than +3.
22. The basic character of hydride of group 15
decreases down the group.
199
23. NH3 is pyramidal.
24. One of the noble gases only xenon is known
to form real chemical compounds.
FOR AVERAGE
200
11. Electron affinity of fluorine is less than
that of chlorine.
12. Sulphur vapours show paramagnetic
behaviour.
13. Halogens are coloured.
201
9. Identify the neutral molecule which is
isoelectronic with ClO-. Is that molecule a
lewis base?
10. PKa(I) for H2SO4 is larger than PKa(II).
FOR BELOW AVERAGE
1.XeF2 + H2O
2.XeF2 +PF5
3.XeF4 +H2O
4.XeF6 +H2O
5.XeF4 +SbF5
6.I2+H2O+Cl2
FOR AVERAGE
1. CaF2+H2SO4
1. NaOH +Cl2
2. F2 + H2O
3. PCl3 + H2O
4. PCl5 + H2O
5. C + H2SO4
6. Ca(OCl)Cl+HCl
203
FOR BELOW AVERAGE
D. What happens when;
205
F. Some more additional questions; (3 & 5
marks each)
1. Explain the process and necessary conditions
involved in the preparation of NH3, H2SO4 or
HNO3.
2. What are interhalogen compounds? How are
they classified?
3. Describe the chemistry of ring test.
4. Why do noble gases have comparatively
larger atomic size? Give the reasons which
prompted Bartlett to prepare first noble gas
compound.
5. Explain the chemistry of group 15 elements
with respect to catenation, stability of
hydrides, and relative stability of oxidation
states.
6. Describe the chief uses of fluorine, chlorine
and their compounds.
How is bleaching powder prepared?
Mention two of its uses .
206
7. Write the three steps involved in the
manufacture of sulphuric acid by the contact
process
8. What are the condition to maximize the
yield of H2SO4 in contaqct process ?
9. How can H2SO4 reacts with cu metals ?
10. How ammonia is manufactured by Habers
process on large scale ?
11. Mention the Conditions to maximize the
yield of ammonia .
12. How does amminia acts as a Lewis base
,show it with the help of a chemical .
13. Illustrate how copper metal can give diff.
products on reaction with HNO3 .
14. How HNO3 is prepared by ostwalds process
? Write reaction only at diff . stages
15. Balance the following equation :-
(i) I2 + HNO3 HIO3+NO2+H2O (ii) C+
HNO3 CO2 +NO2 +H2O
207
(iii) S + HNO3(conc.) H2SO4 +NO2+ H2O
(iv) P4+ HNO3 (conc.) H3PO4+ NO2+H2O
(V) HNO3 HNO3+ NO+ H2O
UNIT 08
THE d- BLOCK AND
f-BLOCK ELEMENTS
208
STUDY MATERIAL
209
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSITION
ELEMENTS:-
Actinoids
Lanthanoids
Common oxidation state Common oxidation state
is +3, besides this +2 ,+4 is +3, besides this
+4,+5,+6, &+7 also.+2
quite rare
Have smaller tendency Strong tendency of
of complex forming complex forming
Dont form oxo- ions Do form oxo-ions i.e.
UO2+, PuO2,UO+
Non-Radioactive Except All are Radio-active
Promethium
Compounds are less Compounds are more
basic basic
Preparation:-
Structure:-
Properties:-
1. Oxidising property:
213
Cr2O7 2- + 14H+ + 6e- 2Cr 3+ + 7H2O
6I- 3I2 + 6e-
-------------------------------------------------------------
--
Cr2O7 2- + 14H+ + 6I- 2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O
(b)Ferrous to ferric:
Preparation:-
2MnO2+ 4KOH + O2 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
4H+ + 3MnO42- 2MnO4- + MnO2 +2H2O
214
Structure:
Below
Properties:-
1.In acidic solutions:-
Iodine is liberated from potassium iodide
10 I - + 2MnO4- + 16 H+ 2Mn 2+ + 8H2O
+5I2
Fe 2+ ion(green) is converted to Fe 3+
(yellow)
Uses:
5Fe 2+ +MnO4 - + 8 H+ Mn 2+ + 4H2O + 5
Fe3+
Uses:-
As disinfectant
As oxidizing agent
For qualitative detection of halides,
sulphites, tartarate
215
In dry cell
QUESTION BANK
Below Average : 01 Marks
1. What are d Block Elements ?
02 Marks
1. What are lanthanides ? Write electronic
configuration of lanthanides .
Ans The 14 elements after lanthanum (57)
are called lanthanides . There outer electronic
216
configuration is (n-2) f1-14 (n-1)d 0-1 ns2
2. For Some of first row of transition
elements the E o value are
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
- - -1.18 -0.44 -0.28 -0.25 +0.34
1.1 0.91v v v v v V
8v
217
due to force of attraction between them
and metal ions .
5. Why Ce+3 Can be easily Oxidised to
Ce+4 ?
Ans : It is because Ce+4 has stable electronic
configuration .
03 Marks
1.Give balanced equation for the preparation of
K2Cr2O7 from chromate ores . What happens
when acidified dichromate soln. react with (i)
FeSo4 (ii) H2s gas ?
Ans : 4FeCr2O4 + 16 NaOH + 7O2 8 Na2CrO4
+ Na2SO4+ 2Fe2O3
2Na CrO4 + 2H2SO4 + (Conc)
Na2Cr2O7 + H2O + Na2SO4
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl K2 Cr2 O7 + 2 NaCl
(i) 6Fe +2 + Cr2 O7-2 + 14 H+ 6Fe+3 + 2Cr+3
+7H2O
green
(ii) 3H2S + Cr2 O7-2 + 8H+3S+ 2Cr+3 + 7H2O
219
(i) The ion ic size of lanthanoid is similar to
each other , they occur , together and their
separation becomes difficult .
(ii) The ionization energy of 5 d transition
series are higher than 4 d transition series .
(iii)There is close resemblance between elements
of 4 d and 5 d transition series . due to similar
ionic
Average 01 Mark
(i) Why does V2O5 acts as catalyst ?
Ans : It is because V shows variable
O.S .
(ii) Why are transition metals and there
compounds generally coloured ?
Ans It is due to present of unpaired electrons
in transition metals and their ions , that is
why they absorbed light from visible region
and undergoes d-d transition and radiate
complementary colour .
(iii) Why are Cr+ , Ag+ & Sc+3 Colour less ?
Ans It is because they do not have unpaired
electrons ,therefore can not under goes d-d
transition .
(iv) Why do Zr and Hf show similar
properties ?
Ans It is due to similar ionic size which
due to lanthanide contraction .
220
(v) Why is Cu+1 diamagnetic and Cu +2
paramagnetic ?
It is because Cu+ does not have unpaired
electrons where as Cu+2 has unpaired
electrons in d-sub cell .
02 Marks
221
Ans It is due to presence of unpaired
electrons, they are paramagnetic and they absorb
light
From visible region and undergoes f-f
transition and radiate complementary colour .
03 Marks
223
Marks 02
(1) Write an equation in ionic form to
represent oxidizing action of Cr2 O7-
2
ion in acidic
Medium and draw its structure . Draw
structure of CrO4 -2 also .
Ans- ionic equation 6 e- + 14 H+ + Cr207-
2
2Cr+3 +7H2O
************************
UNIT -09
CO-ORDINATION
COMPOUND
STUDY MATERIAL
225
1 MARK & 2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1. A cationic complex has two isomers A &
B. Each has one Co3+, five NH3, one Br and
one SO42. A gives a white precipitate with
BaCl2 solution while B gives a yellow
precipitate with AgNO3 solution.
(a) What are the possible structures of the
complexes A and B ?
(a) Will the two complexes have same
colour ?
Ans. (a) [CO (NH3)5 Br] SO4 and [CO
(NH3)5 SO4] Br
(b) NO
Q. 2. FeSO4 solution mixed with (NH4)2SO4
solution in 1 : 1 molar ratio gives the test of
Fe2+ ion but CuSO4 solution mixed with
aqueous ammonia in 1 : 4 molar ratio does
not give the test of Cu2+ ion. Explain why ?
Ans. When FeSO4 and (NH4)2SO4 solution are
mixed in 1 : 1 molar ratio, a double salt is
formed. It has the formula FeSO4 (NH4)2SO4
. 6 H2O. In aqueous solution, the salt
dissociates.
226
When CuSO4 and NH3 are mixed in the molar
ratio of 1 : 4 in solution, a complex
[Cu (NH3)4] SO4 is formed.
Q. 3. If to an aqueous solution of CuSO4 in
two tubes, we add ammonia solution in one
tube and HCl (aq) to the other tube, how
the colour of the solutions will change ?
Explain with the help of reaction.
Ans. In first case, colour will change from blue
to deep blue.
[Cu (H2O)4]2+ + 4 NH3 [Cu
(NH3)4]2+ + 4 H2O
deep blue
While in second case, its colour will change to
yellow.
[Cu (H2O)4]2+ + 4 Cl [CuCl4]2+
+ 4 H2O
yellow
Q. 4. A, B and C are three complexes of
Chromioum with the empirical formula
H12O6Cl3Cr. All the three complexes have
Cl and H2O molecules as the ligands.
Complex A does not react with conc.
H2SO4. Complexes B and C lose 6.75% and
13.5% of their original weight respectively
227
on heating with conc. H2SO4. Identify A, B
and C.
Ans. Data suggests that the complexes are
hydrate isomers.
As comples A does not lose any molecule of
H2O on heating which shows that no water
molecule of H2O is outside the co-ordination
sphere.
A = [Cr (H2O]0] Cl3
As B loses 6.75% actual loss in wt.
= 266.5 = 18 au
B = [Cr (H2O)5 Cl] Cl2 . H2O
As C loses 13.5% of wt. on heating which is
twice the loss in the first case, C isomer
exists as a dihydrate :
[Cr (H2O)4 Cl2] Cl . 2 H2O
SCN F
Q. 5. Fe3+ (A) (B)
excess excess
What are (A) and (B) ? Give IUPAC name
of (A). Find the spin only magnetic moment
of (B).
Ans. A = Fe (SCN)3, B = [FeF6]3
228
IUPAC name of A = trithiocyanato iron (III)
E. C. of Fe (III) = d5, unpaired es = 5
Spin only magnetic moment = 5(5 + 2) B. M.
= 5.916 B. M.
Q. 6. A complex is prepared by mixing
COCl3 and NH3 in the molar ratio of 1 : 4,
0.1 M solution of this complex was found to
freeze at 0.372 C. What is the formula of
the complex ? Given that molal depression
constant of water Kf = 1.86 C/m.
Ans. The oretical Tf = Kf . m
= 1.86 0.1
= 0.186
observed Tf = 0.372
As observed Tf is double of the theoretical
value this shows that each molecule of the
complex dissociates to form two ions.
formula is :
[CO (NH3)4 Cl2] Cl
Q. 7. How t2g and eg orbitals are formed in
an octahedral complex ?
Ans. In an octahedral complex, positive metal
ion is considered to be present at the centre
and negative ligands at the corners. As lobes of
dx y and dz lie along the axes, i. e. along
229
the ligands repulsions are more and so is the
energy. The lobes of the remaining three
d-orbitals lie between the axes i. e. between
the ligands, the repulsions between them are
less and so is the energy.
230
(b) O. S. = + 2
bybridisation = dsp
(c) diamagnetic as no unpaired electron.
Q. 9. Explain the reason behind a colour of
some gem stone with the help of example.
Ans. The colours of many gem stones are due to
the presence of transition metal ions & colour
are produced due to d-d transition. For
example the mineral corundum Al2O3 is
colourless when pure but when various M3+
transition metal ions are present in trace
amounts various gem stones are formed. Ruby
is Al2O3 containing about 0.5 1% Cr3+.
Q. 10. How many EDTA (lethylendiamine
tetra acetic acid) molecules are required to
231
make an octahedral complex with a Ca2+
ion.
Ans. EDTA is a hexadentate ligand therefore
only one EDTA molecule is required to form
octahedral complex.
Q. 11. What is the hybridisation of central
metal ion and shape of Wilkinsons
catalyst ?
Ans. Wilkinsons catalyst is (PH3P)3 RhCl. In
this Rh has dsp hybridisation and square
planar shape.
Q. 12. Which vitamin is a complex compound
of cobalt ?
Ans. Vitamin B12 is a complex compound in
which central metal atom is cobalt.
Q. 13. Write the IUPAC name of [CO (NH3)4
B12]2 [ZnCl4].
Ans. Tetraamminedibromocobalt (III)
tetrachlorozincate (II)
Q. 14. What is the value of x in the complex
HxCO (CO)4 on the basis of EAN rule. (At.
No. Co` = 27)
Ans. x = 36 (27 + 4 2)
= 36 35
=1
Q. 15. Why is the silver plating of copper, K
[Ag (CN)2] is used instead of AgNO3 ?
232
Ans. This is because if AgNO3 is used Cu will
displace Ag+ from AgNO3. The deposit so
obtained is black, soft, non-adhering. To get a
good shining deposit, [Ag (CN)2] are used as
it is a stable complex, the conc. of Ag+ is very
small in the solution. As such no displacement
of Ag+ ions with Cu is possible.
Short answer type question
234
Ans: When a legend is bound to a metal ion
through a single diner atom, is said to be
unidentate for ex- Cl-, H2O & NH3
When a legande can bound through two
donor atoms as in H2N CH2 CH2NH2, or
C2 O4 (oxalate) is said to be
didentate legend. When several donor atoms
are present in a single ligand, the ligand is said
to be polydentate ligand which can ligate
through two different atoms is called
ambidenate ligand Ex-NO2, SCN
235
Q. 7. Discuss the nature of bonding in
metal carbonyls
Ans: The homoleptic carbonyls are formed by
most of the transition metal. These
Carbonyls. Show Simple tetrahedral ,
trigonal bypyramidal and octahydral
Structure .
It is Shown on poge no. 255 of unit 9
NCERT Vol I
Ans A)Stereoisomerism
(a) Geometrical isomerism Cis & trans
of [ Pt (NH3)2cl2]
236
(b) Optical isomerism d & l of [Co
(en)3]3+
(B) Structural isomerism
(a) Linkage isomerism [ Co (NH3) 5
(NO2)]Cl2
(b) Co ordination isomerism
[ Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6]
(c) Ionisation [Co(NH3)5 SO4] Br &
[Co(NH3) 5 Br ] SO4
(d)Solvate isomerism [Cr (H20) 6 ] Cl3 .
237
Ans : The over all dissociation constant is
the reciprocal of over all stability constant
i.e
1 /4 = 4.7X 10 -14.
1.Define ligands
2.What do yoy mean by complex compounds
3.Explain Co-ordination number.
4.Calculate Co-ordination no. of [Co(NH3)4 (Cl)
(NO2) ] cl complex
5.What do you mean by oxidation no/state of co-
ordination compounds .?
6.Write the example of linkage ammonium
7.Write two use / application of Co-ordination
compounds .
8.Write example of chelating lingads
9.What do you mean by chelate effect?
10. Write the IUPAC name of [Cu (NH3)5Cl]
Cl2 complex
238
Marks Question (For Below Averege )
1. How will you distinwich Homoleptic &
hetroleptic complex
2. What are the limitation of VBT
3. What are the merits of CFT
4. Explain t2g and eg in the field of CFT
Splitting.
5. What is meant by stability at a Co-ordination
Compound in solution? State the
factor on which stability Of the complex
depends.
6. What is spectrochemical serious? Explain the
difference between strong field ligand
weak field ligand.
7. Give reason why FeSO4 Soln mixed with
(NH4) 2SO4 soln in 1:1 molar ratio given
the test of Fe2+ ion but cuso4 soln mixed
with aqueas ammonia in 1:4 molar ratio
does not given the test of Cu2+ ion
239
8. out of given two Co-ordination compound
which is Chiral & why explain
(a) cis [CrCl2 (ox)2]3- (b) [Cr Cl2(ox)2]3-
9. Give evidence that
[Cu (NH3)5Cl SO4 and [Co (NH3)5 SO4]Cl are
ionization isomerism .
241
4. Explain Aqueous copper Sulphate Solution
gives
(a) A green ppt with aqueous potassium fluoride.
(b) A bright green solution with aqueous
potassium chloride
***********
UNIT -10
HALO ALKANE AND HALO
ARENE
242
FOR AVERAGE
01 mark questions
Q.1. Write down the IUPAC name of the following
organic compounds: -
(a) CH3CHCl2
(b) CH3CH2CH2CH(C(CH3)3)CH(I)CH2CH3
(c)
H5C2 Cl
Cl
(c ) CCl3CH
Cl
(d) [-CH2 CH - ]n
Cl
b)
Cl + HOH H+
OH + HCL
Phenol
U.V. Light or
( c) CH3 CH = CH2 + Cl2
CH2 CH= CH2 + HCL
Heat
Cl
Allyl Chloride
245
O Cl
Cl
(d) anhyd.
COCH3
Cl + CH3-C-Cl +
AlCl3
COC
H3
Air
1
(e) CHCl3 + 2 O2 COCl2 + HCl
FOR AVERAGE
2 marks questions
CH3
(CH3)2 C CH2 CH3,
CH3
246
(CH3)2 CH CH CH3 and
Cl
Ans:
(a) (CH3)3C-Br< CH3CH2CHBrCH3<
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br
247
(b) CH3Br< CH2Br2< CHBr3
Ans: -
(a) H2SO4 converts KI to corresponding HI
and then oxidise it into iodine.
(b) When halo alkane interacts with water
molecule , less amount of energy is
released which is not sufficient to break
the original H- bond between water
molecule and to form new H-bond with
halo alkane and water.
For Average
3 marks questions
249
a) CH3CH=CH2 + HBr A
B
C
b) CH3 CH3
Na/Dry ether
Mg
CH3 CH3 RX
D
H2O
CH3 CH3
E
Ans:-
(a) A CH3CH2CH2Br
B CH3CH2CH2OH
C CH3CH2COOH
(b) R (CH3)3C-
D (CH3)3CMgX
E (CH3)3CH
Q.2. Write down the IUPAC name of the following
organic compounds:
(a) Br
Br
250
b) O- Br- C6H4CH(CH3)CH2CH3
c)(CH3)3CCH=CHC6H4I-p
Ans:-
a)4,4-Dibromo pentene
b) 2-methyl- 2-(o-bromophenyl) butane
c)3,3-Dimethyl-1-(p-iodophenyl) butane
Q.3. How can the following interconversions are
carried out
(a) Ethanol to but-1-yne
(b) Benzene to 4-bromo nitro benzene
( c) Toluene to benzyl alcohol
NO2
NO2
b) Conc.HNO3 Br2/ CCl4
Br
CH3 CH2Cl
251
c) U.V.Light
HO H HO
H
H Cl Cl H
C6H5 C6H5
b) Br H H
Br
COOH COOH
COOH
HO H H OH
H OH
H OH HO
H H OH
COOH COOH
COOH
l-T.A d-T.A.
Meso-T.A.
253
(c) CH3 C (Cl) (C2H5) CH2 CH3 (d) CH3
C(P-Cl-C6H4)2 CH (Br)CH3
CH2-Cl
Cl
C2H5
Cl
(c) Br Cl (d) CH3-CH
Cl
254
COCl
(e)
(a) Br
+NaSH
CH2Br
Cl
(b) + C2H5ONa +
ethanol
Heat
O2N NO2
Ans:- Br OC2H5
(b)
(a)
CH2SH NO2
O2N
255
Q2. Give the Preparation and uses of chloropicrin
chlorotone.
CH3-C-C2H5
Br
256
Q5.What mass of propene is obtained from 34.0
gm of 1-iosopropane on treating with ethanolic
KOH if yield is 36%
Ans:-3.02 gm.
Ans:-
C6H5C(CH3)
(C6H5)Br>C6H5(CH(C6H5)Br>C6H5CH(CH3)Br>C6
H5CH2Br
Reactivity towards SN2 Reaction
C6H5C(CH3)
(C6H5)Br<C6H5(CH(C6H5)Br<C6H5CH(CH3)Br<C6
H5CH2Br
259
Ans:- (a) Allyl chloride readily undergoes
ionization tpo produce sesonance stabilized allye
carbocation. Science carbocation are
rective species, therefore allyle cotion
reading combines with OH ions to form
allyl alcohol. In contrast n-propyl chloride
does not undergo ionization to produce n-
propyl chloride.
a. Vinyl chloride get reacting stabilization
Carbon-chlorine bond acquires some
double bond character. In contrast in ethyl
chloride, the carbon-chlorine bond is a
pure single bond. This Vinyl chloride
under goes hydrolysis more slowly than
ethyl chloride.
260
UNIT 11
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS
AND ETHERS
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q. 1. What is the main product obtained
when vapours of t-butyl alcohol are passed
over copper at 300 ?
Ans. Isobutylene (2-Methyl propene)
Q. 2. What is usually added to ethyl alcohol
to make it unfit for drinking purposes ?
Ans. Methanol and Pyridine.
Q. 3. Phenol has smaller dipole moment than
methanol.
(OR)
261
Why are dipole moments of phenols smaller
than dipole moments of alcohols ?
Ans. Due to electron-withdrawing effect of the
benzene ring, the C O bond in phenol is
less polar but in case of methanol due to
electron-donating effect of CH3 group, C
O bond is more polar.
Q. 4. Name the products obtained when
anisole is treated with HI.
Ans. Phenol and methyl iodide.
Q. 5. Why are Grignard reagents soluble in
ether but not in benzene ?
Ans. Grignard reagents from co-ordination
complexes with ether but not benzene since
the former has lone pair of electrons but the
later does not.
Q. 6. Alcohols are easily protonated than
phenols. Justify.
Ans. In phenols lone pair of electrons on the
oxygen atom are delocalised over the benzene
ring due to resonance and hence are not easily
available for protonation. In contrast in
alcohols, the lone pairs of electrons on the
oxygen atom are localized due to absence of
resonance and hence are easily available for
protonation.
262
Q. 7. Di-tert butyl ether cannot be made by
Williamsons synthesis. Explain why ?
Ans. To prepare di tert-butyl ether by
Williamsons synthesis, we need tert-butyl
bromide and Sodium tertiary butoxide. Since
tert-butyl bromide being 3-alkyl halide
prefers to undergo elimination rather than
substitution, therefore the product obtained is
isobutylene rather than ditertiary butyl ether.
Q. 8. While separating a mixture of ortho and
para-nitro phenols by steam distillation,
name the isomer which will be steam
volatile. Give reasons.
Ans. In o-nitrophenol, there is intramolecular
hydrogen bonding as follows :
263
Due to intermolecular H bonding in p-
nitrophenol, its b. p. is much higher than that
of o-nitrophenol. Hence o-nitraphenol due to
its lower b. p. is steam volatile while p-
nitrophenol is not.
Q. 9. How an OH group attached to
carbon in the benzene ring activates
benzene towards electrophilic substitution ?
Ans.
266
Q.1 Why is it that secondary alcohols can only
undergo a single oxidation step in contrast to
primary
alcohols? (2 marks)
1. Once the oxidation has reached the ketone stage,
(primary alcohols on oxidation yield aldehyde
where as
secondary alcohols on oxidation yield a ketone), it
is impossible to put more oxygen atoms on the
relevant
carbon atom without rupturing the backbone of the
molecule.
267
Q1. Why phenol is acidic ?
+H+
(Phenol) ( Phenoxideion
)
|| |
OH N OH
\\
O O
Q.1 Give the mechanism of formation of alkene
from alwhol in preserve of acid catalyst.
H H H H
269
| | | |
H-C-C-O-H H- C C -
OH2
| | | |
HH H H
Ethyl alcohol
(Protonated alcohol)
-H2O
HH
| |
H-C=C-H -H+ H-C-C-+
| | | |
H H H H
(Ethene)
(Carbocation)
Q2. Discuss the mechanism of fornsation of ether
from alcohol in presence of aid catalyst.
H H
| |
H-C-C-O-H + H+
H3CCH2 - +OH2
| |
HH
Ethylacohol
(Pronated alcocol)
270
H H
HH HH
| |
| | | |
H-C-C-O-H + H3CCH2-O+H2
H-C-C-O+-C-C-H
| |
| | | | |
HH
H HH HH
-H+
HH HH
| | | |
H-C-C-O-C-C-H
| | | | |
H HH HH
271
Ans:- In this method symmetrical and
unsymmehical ethers are formed. In this synthesis
an
alkyle is allowed to react with sodium
alkoxide.
R X + R O Na R O R +
NaX
Ethers contains substitutes
alkylgsoups can be prepared by this method. The
reaction involveds SN2 attack of an alkoxide ion
on primary alkyl halide.
CH3
CH3
|
|
H3 C O-Na+ + CH3 Br H 3C O
C-CH3 + NaBr
|
|
CH3
CH3
BELOW AVERAGE
1 mark questions:-
273
CH3
Ans:- 2- Methoxypropane
1 CH2OH
CH3
CH3 -- C -- OH
CH3
274
Ans : - 2-Methyl propanol
H H H
Ans: -
C2H5O - C - C C - H
H H H
H H
CH3 OC2H5 H
275
Ans: - H- C- C C - C
-- C - H
H H H H H
Ans :-
OH OH
CHO
KOH, CHCl3
(Phenol) H+ (2-
hydroxy benzaldehyde)
OCH3 + HI OH
Ans:-
+ CH3 I
(Anisole) (Phenol)
276
2 Marks Questions:-
3 marks questions
Q.1. The following is not an appropriate reaction
for the preparation of t-butyl ether.
C
H3 C H3
CH3
CH3
(i) What would be the major product of this
reaction?
(ii) Write a suitable reaction for the
preparation of t- butyl ether.
Q.2.
(i) Explain why is ortho - nitro phenol
more acidic than methoxy phenol ?
(ii) Why o-nitro phenol is steam volatile
while p-nitro phenol has higher boiling
point.
278
(iii) Give reason for the higher boiling point of
ethanol in comparison
to Methoxy methane.
Q.3.
(i) What happens when phenol is
treated with FeCl3?
(ii) Distinguish between phenol and
benzyl alcohol.
(iii) Explain the coupling reaction with
one example.
Q.5.
(i) Draw the structures of all isomeric
alcohols of molecular formula
C5H12O.
(iii) Classify the isomers of alcohols as
Primary, Secondary and
Tertiary alcohols.
279
Q.6. While separating a mixture of ortho
and para nitro phenols by steam
distillation, name the isomers which
will be steam volatile. Give reason.
Q.9.
(i) What is the Lucas test?
(ii) Distinguish Primary, Secondary and
tertiary alcohols with the
help of Lucas test.
Q.10.
(i) Why the presence of OH group
attracted to benzene ring
activates the ring towards
electrophilic substitution?
280
AVERAGE
01 mark questions : -
and
281
Q.5. Distinguish between
O
COCH3 C-
C6H5
and
CH3
282
2 marks questions
CH2OH OH
(i)
and
(ii) O
and
283
O H
C C- H
284
3 marks questions
Q.1. (a) When 3- methyl butan 2 ol is treated
with HBr, then following
reaction takes place
Br
Q.3.
(i) Explain why is ortho - nitro phenol more
acidic than o- methoxy phenol?
(ii) Write the mechanism of the reaction of HI
with methoxy methane.
285
(i) Ethyl magnesium chloride
Propan 1- ol
(ii) Benzyl chloride Benzyl
alcohol
(iii) Propane Propan 2-
ol
Q.5.
(i) Explain the preparation of ethers by
acid dehydration of secondary or
tertiary Alcohols is not a suitable
method.
ABOVE AVERAGE
01 mark questions
Q.1. What is meant by hydrocarbonation-
oxidation reaction?
Illustrate with an example.
OH
CCl4/
OH --
H+
Phenols
Q. 8.
CH3
287
CH3 -- C O -- CH3 + HI
CH3
Predict the product in the above reaction
(t-butyl methyl ether )
2 marks questions: -
CH2-O
(ii) CH3
CH3
CH3 OH
(i) OH (ii)
CH3
3 marks questions: -
Q.1.
(a) Show how the following alcohols prepared
by the reaction of a
suitable are Grignard reagent on
methanol?
CH3
(ii) CH2OH
290
(c) Give the mechanism
of conversion of alkene into alcohol in
presence of acid catalyst.
Q.2.
(a) Which of the following is an appropriate
set of reactants for
the preparation of 1- methoxy-4
nitrobenzene and why?
(i) (ii)
Br ONa
+ H3COONa + CH3Br
NO2 NO2
CH3
CH3 -- C -- Br + Na+CH3
..
CH3
Q.4.
(i) What is the cause of large difference of
B.P.s between ethyl alcohol, Ethylene
glycol and glycerol?
(ii) Of benzene and phenol, which is more
easily nitrated and why?
Q.5. Give the structures and IUPAC names of the
products expected
from the following reactions:
(a) Catalytic reduction of butanal.
(b) Hydration of propene in the presence of
dilute sulphuric acid.
(c) Reaction of propanone with
methylmagnesium bromide followed by
hydrolysis.
292
UNIT 12TH
ALDEHYDE, KETONS AND
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
293
ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
BASIC CONCEPTS:
1.Aldehydes and ketones :These are carbonyl
compounds and contain carbonyl ( >C=O)
functional group.They have general formula
RCHO and RCOR respectively. The carbon
atom of the carbonyl group is SP3 Hybridised.
The >C=O bond is polar due to the different
electronegativities of the constituent atoms.
Aldehydes (RCHO), ketones(R2C=O) and
carboxylic acids (RCOOH) are most important
and widely used compounds in organic
chemistry. They play an important role in
biochemical processes of life.These
compounds and their derivatives are used in
many food products, pharmaceuticals, for
artificial flavouring, as solvents and for
preparing a number of materials.
The structure of carbonyl group is given
below
294
2.PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES:
(a) By oxidation of alcohols
295
(e) Rosenmunds reaction
296
Nitriles react with Grignard reagent which on
hydrolysis gives ketones.
b) Addition of sodium
hydrogensulphite( NaHSO3)
c)Addition of alcohols:
302
e) Reduction reactions:
i) Using LiAlH4 or NaBH4 to alcohols
303
iii) Reduction to Hydrocarbons:
Clemmensen reduction
304
Tollens Test: The test is used to distinguish
between aldehydes and ketones. Aldehydes form
silver mirror with ammonical silver
nitrate( Tollens reagent). Ketones do not react
with it.
305
Iodoform test: ( using the reagent NaOH+I 2) is
group or in a compound.
g) Condensation reactions:
i) Aldol condensation: This recation is given by
those aldehydes and ketones which have -
hydrogen atom. -hydrogen of carbonyl
compounds is acidic due to strong electron
withdrawing nature of carbonyl group in
presence of a base.
b) From
alkylbenzene :
308
secondary alkyl groups also get oxidized, only
tertiary group remains unaffected.
d) From
Grignard reagent:
f) From esters :
309
(ii) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
a)Lower members of carboxylic acids (upto 9-C)
are liquids at room temperature, and have
foul odour.
b) High
er members are solid and odourless.
c)Carboxylic acids remain associated (dimer)
form in vapour state and in aprotic
solvents(like organic solvents).
d) In
protic solvents like H2O carboxylic acids
remain in dissociate form.
310
f) Carboxylic acids are soluble organic solvents
like benzene, ether, chloroform, etc.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS:
Acidic character of carboxylic acids:- carboxylic
acids are weaker than mineral acids but stronger
than alcohols and simple phenols. Carboxylic
acids are stronger acids than phenols because
carboxylate ion is more resonance stabilised than
phenoxide ion. As in carboxylate ion resonance
structure ve charge is on electronegative O-
atoms while it is on lesser electronegative C-
atoms in phenoxide ion resonance structure.
311
Higher the Pka value less is the acidic strength.
312
When carboxylic group is attached to vinyl or
phenyl group its acidic strength is due to
resonance.
Reactions
(i) Formation of anhydrides
(ii) Esterification
313
(V) Reduction
314
(vii)Hell Volhard Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction: By
this method - substituted carboxylic acids
can be prepared.
(viii) Aro
matic carboxylic acids undergo electrophilic
substitution reaction. The COOH group
attached to benzene ring is a deactivating
group and is m-directing.
315
Recap: Summary
Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids have
carboxyl group and are highly polar
compounds.
Carboxylic acids although contain group but
do not give the reactions given by aldehydes
and ketones.
Aldehydes and ketones have higher boiling
points than the corresponding hydrocarbons
and ethers due to higher polarity (stronger
dipole-dipole interactions)
Carboxylic acids have also higher boiling
points due to extensive H-bonding.
Carboxylic acids are stronger acids than
phenols and alcohols but weaker than mineral
acids.
Aromatic acids are in general more acidic
than aliphatic acids due to the presence of
electron withdrawing benzene ring.
316
Aldehydes are more reactive towards
nucleophilic substitution reactions than
ketones.
Aldehydes oxidise to give carboxylic acids.
Aldehydes on reduction give 1 alcohols.
Ketones on reduction give 2 alcohols.
Ketones are oxidised only under drastic
conditions and breaking of CC bond takes
place at the carboxyl group.
Aldol condensation is given by only those
aldehydes and ketones which have
Cannizaros reaction is given by only those
aldehydes which do not have
Aldehydes and ketones can be converted to
corresponding hydrocarbons (having same
number of C-atoms) by Clemensons reduction
and Wolf-Kishner reduction.
Carboxylic acids on reduction give 1
alcohols.
Sodalime decarboxylation method can be
used to reduce a C-atom in carboxylic acids.
Hell Volhard Zelinsky reaction is used to
introduce a substitute like CN, X, OH, etc.,
at in a carboxylic acid.
Carbonyl group and carboxylic group both
are ring deactivating and m-directing groups
when attached to benzene ring.
317
Aldehydes can be oxidised with mild
oxidising agents like Tollens reagent and
Fehlings solution but not ketones.
Aromatic aldehydes are oxidised by Tollens
reagent but not with Fehlings solution.
Formic acid is the only acid which gives the
tests given by aldehyde groups.
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Name the reaction and the reagent used
for the conversion of acid chlorides to the
corresponding aldehydes.
Ans. Name : Rosenmunds reaction
Reagent : H2 in the presence of Pd (supported
over BaSO4) and partially poisoned by
addition of Sulphur or quinoline.
O O
|| Pd/BaSO4 ||
R C Cl + H2 R
C H + HCl
+ S or quinoline
Q. 2. Suggest a reason for the large difference
in the boiling points of butanol and butanal,
although they have same solubility in water.
318
Ans. The b. pt. of butanol is higher than that of
butanal because butanol has strong
intermolecular H-bonding while butanal has
weak dipole-dipole interaction. However both
of them form H-bonds with water and hence
are soluble.
Q. 3. What type of aldehydes undergo
Cannizaro reaction ?
Ans. Aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes which
do not contain hydrogens.
Q. 4. Out of acetophenone and
benzophenone, which gives iodoform test ?
Write the reaction involved.
(The compound should have CH3CO-group
to show the iodoform test.)
Ans. Acetophenone (C6H5COCH3) contains
the grouping (CH3CO attached to carbon) and
hence given iodoform test while
benzophenone does not contain this group and
hence does not give iodoform test.
C6H5COCH3 + 3 I2 + 4 NaOH
CHI3 + C6H5COONa + 3 NaI + 3 H2O
Acetophenane Iodoform
I2/NaOH
C6H5COC6H5 No reaction
319
Q. 5. Give Fehling solution test for
identification of aldehyde gp (only
equations). Name the aldehyde which does
not give Fehlings soln. test.
Ans. R CHO 2 Cu2+ + 50 H
RCOO + Cu2O 3 H2O
Benzaldehyde does not give Fehling soln. test.
(Aromatic aldehydes do not give this test.)
Q. 6. What makes acetic acid a stronger acid
than phenol ?
Ans. Greater resonance stabilization of acetate
ion over phenoxide ion.
Q. 7. Why HCOOH does not give HVZ (Hell
Volhand Zelinsky) reaction but CH3COOH
does ?
Ans. CH3COOH contains hydrogens and
hence give HVZ reaction but HCOOH does
not contain -hydrogen and hence does not
give HVZ reaction.
Q. 8. During preparation of esters from a
carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the
presence of an acid catalyst, water or the
ester formed should be removed as soon as
it is formed.
Ans. The formation of esters from a carboxylic
acid and an alcohol in the presence of acid
catalyst in a reversible reaction.
320
H2SO4
RCOOH + ROH RCOOR +
H2O
Carboxylic acid alcohol Ester
To shift the equilibrium in the forward
direction, the water or ester formed should be
removed as fast as it is formed.
Q. 9. Arrange the following compounds in
increasing order of their acid strength.
Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3, 4-
dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-methoxy benzoic
acid.
Ans. Since electron donating gps. decrease the
acid strength therefore 4-methoxybenzoic acid
is a weaker acid because methoxy sp. is E. D.
G. than benzoic acid. Further since electron
withdrawing gps. increase the acid strength,
therefore both 4 nitrobenzoic acid and 3, 4-
dinitrobenzoic acids are stronger acid than
benzoic acid. Further due to the presence of
additional NO2 gp at m-position wrt COOH
gt, 3, 4-dinitrobenzoic acid is a lattice stronger
acid than 4-nitrobenzoic acid. Thus the
increasing order of acid strength will be :
4-methoxybenzoic acid < benzoic acid < 4-
nitrobenzoic acid < 3, 4, dinitrobenzoic acid.
Q. 10. How is tert-butyl alcohol obtained from
acetone ?
321
Ans.
322
(ii) Methanoic acid gives Tollens reagent test
whereas ethanoic acid does not due to
difference in their boiling points.
Q. 14. Why are aldehydes more reactive than
ketones ?
Ans. It is because of 2 reasons :
The carboxyl compounds (both aldehydes &
ketones) undergo nucleophilic addition
reaction.
(i) + I effect : The alkyl group in ketones due
to their e releasing character decrease the
electrophilicity / + ve charge on c-atom
and thus reduce its reactivity.
(ii) Steric hindrance : Due to steric hindrance
in ketones, they are less reactive.
Q. 15. Give the composition of Fehling A and
Fehling B ?
Ans. Fehling A = aq. CuSO4
Fehling B = alkaline sodium potassium
tartarate
(Rochelle Salt)
Q. 16. Name one reagent which can distiguish
between 2-pentanone and 3-pentanone ?
Ans. 2-pentanone has a CH3CO-group, hence
gives positive iodoform test.
3-pentanone does not have a CH3CO-group,
hence does not give positive iodoform test.
323
Iodoform test I2/NaOH
O
|| I2
CH3CH2CH2 C CH3 + NaOH
CHI3
(yellow ppt.)
O
||
CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH3
No rxn.
Q. 17. Why pcc cannot oxidise methanol to
methane and while KMnO4 can ?
Ans. This is because pcc is a mild oxidising
agent and can oxide methanol to methanal
only.
While KMnO4 being strong oxidising agent
oxidises it to methanoic acid.
Q. 18. Would you expect benzaldehyde to be
more reactive or less reactive in nucleophlic
addition reaction than propanal ? Explain.
Ans. C-atom of carbonyl group of
benzaldehyde is less electrophilic than C-atom
of carbonyl group in propanal. Polarity of
carbonyl group is in benzaldehyde reduced
due to resonance making it less reactive in
nucleophilic addition reactions.
324
O
||
C O
H
H
+
increase in bond polarity.
Q. 23. Why does solubility decreases with
increasing molecular mass in carboxylic
acid ?
Ans. Because of increase in alkyl chain length
which is hydrophobic in nature.
Q. 24. Although phenoxide ion has more no. of
resonating structures than carboxylate ion,
carboxylic acid is a stronger acid. Why ?
Ans. Conjugate base of phenol phenoxide
ion has non equivalent resonance structures in
which ve charge is at less electronegative C-
326
atom and +ve charge is at more
electronegative O-atom.
Resonance is not so effective.
+ + +
O
O O O O
R C
O
O
R C
O
] R C
O
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Arrange the following carboxyl
compounds in increasing order of their
reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.
Explain with proper reasoning :
Benzaldehyde. p-tolualdeyde, p-
nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.
Ans. Acetophenone is a ketone while all others
are aldehydes, therefore it is least reactive. In
p-tolualdehyde, there is methyl group (CH3) at
para position w.r.t. to the carboxyl gp, which
increases electron density on the carbon of the
carboxyl gp by hyperconjugation effect
thereby making it less reactive than
benzaldehyde.
H H
O
H C C H H C = = C e tc .
H H H
Ans.
330
density in the O H O H bond
thereby ion by intensifying ion by
dispersing
bond thereby making making the
release of a the ve charge. the ve
charge.
the relase of a proton proton easier.
difficult.
Thus due to lesser electron density in the O
H bond and greater stability of FCH2COO
ion over CH3COO ion FCH2COOH is a
stronger acid than CH3COOH.
Q. 4. Which acid is stronger and why ?
F3C COOH or
H3C COOH
331
Therefore due to greater stability of F 3C
C6H4 COO (p) ion over CH3
C6H4COO (p) ion, F3C C6H4 COOH
is a much stronger acid than CH3 C6H4
COOH.
Q. 5. Arrange the following compounds in
increasing order of their reactivity towards
HCN. Explain it with proper reasoning.
Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl
ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone.
Ans. Addition of HCN to the carboxyl
compounds is a nucleophilic addition reaction.
The reactivity towards HCN addition
decreases as the + I effect of the alkyl gp/s
increases and/or the steric hindrance to the
nucleophilic attack by CN at the carboxyl
carbon increases. Thus the reactivity decreases
in the order.
+ I effect increases
332
Steric hindrance increases
Reactivity towards HCN
addition decreases
In other words, reactivity increases in the
reverse order, i. e.,
Ditert-butyl Ketone < tert-Butyl methyl
Ketone < Acetone < Acetaldehyde
Q. 6. Write structural formulae and names of
four possible aldol condensation products
from propanal and butanal. In each case,
indicate which aldehyde acts as nucleophile
and which as electrophile.
Ans. (i) Propanal as nucleophile as well as
elecrophile.
OH CH3
5 4 3| 2|
1
CH3CH2CHO + CH3CH2CHO
CH3CH2 CH CH CHO
Propanal Propanal 3-hydroxy-2-
methyl pentanal
(ii) Propanal as electrophile and butanal as
nucleophile.
OH
CH2 CH3
5 4 3| 2| 1
333
CH3CH2CHO + CH3CH2CH2CHO
CH3CH2CH CH CHO
Propanal Butanal 2-ethyl-3-
hydroxy pentanal
(Electrophile) (Nucleophile)
(iii) Butanal as electrophile and propanal as
nucleophile.
OH
CH3
6 5 4 3|
2| 1
CH3CH2CH2CHO + CH3CH2CHO +
CH3CH2CH2 CH CH CHO
Butanal Propanal 3-
hydroxy-2-methyl pentanal
(Electrophile) (Nucleophile)
(iv) Butanal both as nucleophile as well as an
elecrophile.
OH
CH2CH3
6 5 4 3 |
2| 1
CH3CH2CH2CHO + CH3CH2CH2CHO +
CH3CH2CH2 CH CH CHO
Butanal Butanal 2-ethyl-3-
hydroxy hexanal
(Electrophile) (Nucleophile)
334
Q. 7. An organic compound with the
molecular formula C9H10O forms 2, 4-DNP
derivative, reduces Tollens reagent and
undergoes Cannizaro reaction. On vigorous
oxidation, it gives 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic
acid. Identify the compound.
Ans. (i) Since the given compound with M. F.
C9H10O forms a 2, 4-DNP derivative and
reduces Tollens reagent, it must be an
aldehyde.
(ii) Since it undergoes Cannizaro reaction,
therefore CHO gp. is directly attached to
the benzene ring.
(iii) Since on vigorous oxidation, it gives 1, 2-
benzene dicarboxylic acid, therefore it
must be an ortho substituted
benzaldehyde. The only o-substituted
aromatic aldehyde having M. F. C9H10O
is 2-ethyl benzaldehyde. All the reactions
can now be explained on the basis of this
structure.
335
COO
CHO COO H
[Ag (NH3)2]+ OH
C 2H
[O] 5 C H
COO H 2 5
Ag +
Tollens reagent
Silver
mirror 2-ethyl benzoate 2-ethyl benzaldehyde
1, 2-benzene dicarboxylic acid
(M. F. C9H10O)
2, 4-dinitrophenyl
hydrozene
NO 2
CH = NNH NO 2 + H 2O
C 2H 5
2, 4-DNP derivative
CO CH
Br2
3
I A + B C
(C17H12O)
NaOh
337
Ans. The given compound (I) contains CH3CO
gp and hence in the presence of Br2/NaOH
undergoes haloform reaction to give sodium
salt of carboxylic acid (A) and bromoform
CHBR3 (B). (A) on protonation gives the
corresponding acid (II). (II) being a -
ketoacid readily undergoes decarboxylation to
give 2-methylcylohexanane (C).
O O
CH CH
Br2/NaOH
3 3
COCH 3 COO
HI +
CHBr3 +
Haloform reacn (B)
(A)
H+ ( CO2)
Dexcarboxylation
(A -keto acid) 2-
methyl cyclo hexanone
(C) M. F. =
C7H12O
338
1 Write the structure of the following
compounds
(i) 4-OXO pentanal
(ii) 2, 4 Dimethyl pent 3-one.
(iii) 3-Methylbutanal
(iv) 4-chloropentane -2-one
(v) 3-brome-4-Phenyl pentanoic acid
(vi) Para-methyl Benzaldehyde
(vii) 4-Methyl pent-3-ene-2-one
Ans:- (i)
HOHH O
| || | | ||
H-C-C-C-C-C-H
| | |
H H H
(ii)
CH3 O CH3
| || |
H3C-C ----C-C-CH3
| |
H H
(iii) CH3-CH-CH2-CHO
339
Ch3
(iv) CH3-CH-CH2-C-CH3
Cl O
C6H5 - Br
(vii) CH3-C-CH=C-CH3
|| |
O CH3
(a) CH3-CHO
(b) CH3-CH2-OH
(c) CH3-O-CH3
(d) CH3-CH3
(e) CH4
341
ANS:- CH4 < CH3-CH3<CH3-O-CH3<CH3-
CHO<CH3-CH2-OH
Ans:-
(i) Propanal & propanone
(ii) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone Tollens
reagent Test
342
(i) Ethanal & Propanal
(ii) Acetophenone & Benzophenone
By Iodoform Test.
COOH COONa
|
+ NaHCO3 + CO2 + H 2O
343
Ans:- CH3-CH2-CH2-C-CH3, CH3-CH2- C-
CH2-CH2
Will Give +ve Iodoform test Do not give
+ve Iodoform test
344
(b) Acid derivative unlike aldehyde and
ketones show mucleophic substitution
9.What happens:-
345
03. Ethyne treated with H2O in the presence of
H2SO4 & HgSO4
H2O
Ans: CH = CH CH3-CHO
H2SO4-HgSO4
Corresponding Acetaldehyde is formed.
(ii) H2O
|
CH3-C-CH3+HCN CH3-
C-CH3
||
|
346
O
OH
ONa
CH3-CH-SO3Na
OH
Corresponding Sodiumbisulphite of ethanol
is formed.
H
347
|
CH3-CH2CHO+CH3MgBr
[CH3CH2-C-OMgBr]
|
CH3
H2O
CH3-CH2CH-OH
|
CH3
348
09. Ethanal is treated with dil NaOH.
Ans:-
dilNaOH
2CH3CHO CH3-CH-CH2-CHO
CH3-CH=CH-CHO
|
-H2O
OH
Aldol:Condensation taken-place giving rise to
a mixume of salt of Bemoic and Benzylalcohal.
2 CHO COONa
CH2OH
+
Disproportionation rection takes place giving
rise to a mixture of salt of Benzoic acid and
Benzylalcohol.
349
11.Benzoic acid is treated with NH3
Ans:-
Benzamide is formed.
(i) O
||
C-Cl H2 CHO
Pd- BaSO4
1. AlH(i-Bu)2
(ii)CH3-CN
CH3CHO
2 H2O
NH2 NC
350
COC2H5
O
(iv) || AlCl3
+ C2H5-C-Cl
CS2
Hg2+,H2SO4
(v) CH3-C = C-H H2O CH3COCH3
(vi)
H
Conc NaOH HCOONa + CH3OH
2 C =0
O
(vii) || NO2
NO2
| |
+ H2N -NH =N-NH-- -
NO2
NO2
(viii) CH2-CH2-CH3
351
COH
1. KMnO4
KOH
2. H2O
I LiAlH4
(ix) CH3-COOH CH3CH2OH
2. H3O+
12. Transformation:
OH
[H]
CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-OH
|
352
OH
Butane 1,3,-diol
Br MgBr
C-O-MgBr COOH
||
O 3- Nitro
Benzoic acid
353
(iv) Acetic acid to Ethan amine
Ans:- NH3 (i)
LiAlH4
CH3COOH CH3CONH2
CH3CH2NH2
(ii) H2O
(ii)
(iii)
355
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
356
(xi)
Q.2
Predict the products of the following reactions:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
ANS: (i)
357
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Q.3
Write the structures of products of the following
reactions;
(i)
358
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
ANS: (i)
(ii)
359
(iii)
(iv)
Q.4
Write structural formulas and names of four
possible aldol condensation products from
propanal and butanal. In each case, indicate
360
which aldehyde acts as nucleophile and which as
electrophile.
ANS:(i) Taking two molecules of propanal, one
which acts as a nucleophile and the other as an
electrophile.
361
Question 5:
An organic compound contains 69.77% carbon,
11.63% hydrogen and rest oxygen. The molecular
mass of the compound is 86. It does not reduce
Tollens reagent but forms an addition compound
with sodium hydrogensulphite and give positive
iodoform test. On vigorous oxidation it gives
ethanoic and propanoic acid. Write the possible
structure of the compound.
ANS: % of carbon = 69.77 %
% of hydrogen = 11.63 %
% of oxygen = {100 (69.77 + 11.63)}%
= 18.6 %
Thus, the ratio of the number of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the organic
compound can be given as:
362
Therefore, the empirical formula of the
compound is C5H10O. Now, the empirical formula
mass of the compound can be given as:
5 12 + 10 1 + 1 16
= 86
Molecular mass of the compound = 86
Therefore, the molecular formula of the
compound is given by C5H10O.
Since the given compound does not reduce
Tollens reagent, it is not an aldehyde. Again, the
compound forms sodium hydrogen sulphate
addition products and gives a positive iodoform
test. Since the compound is not an aldehyde, it
must be a methyl ketone.
The given compound also gives a mixture of
ethanoic acid and propanoic acid.
Hence, the given compound is pentan2ol.
363
Q.5
Arrange the following compounds in increasing
order of their property as indicated:
(i) Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone,
Methyl tert-butyl ketone (reactivity towards
HCN)
(ii) CH3CH2CH(Br)COOH, CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH,
(CH3)2CHCOOH, CH3CH2CH2COOH (acid strength)
(iii) Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-
Dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-Methoxybenzoic acid (acid
strength)
ANS:(i) When HCN reacts with a compound, the
attacking species is a nucleophile, CN. Therefore,
as the negative charge on the compound
increases, its reactivity with HCN decreases. In
364
the given compounds, the +I effect increases as
shown below. It can be observed that steric
hindrance also increases in the same
366
acid than 4-nitrobenzoic acid. Hence, the
strengths of the given acids increase as:
4-Methoxybenzoic acid < Benzoic acid < 4-
Nitrobenzoic acid
< 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid
Q.6
Predict the products formed when
cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with following
reagents.
(i) PhMgBr and then H3O+
(ii)Tollens reagent
(iii) Semicarbazide and weak acid
(iv)Excess ethanol and acid
(v) Zinc amalgam and dilute hydrochloric acid
ANS:(i)
(ii)
367
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Q.7
368
How will you prepare the following compounds
from benzene? You may use any inorganic
reagent and any organic reagent having not more
than one carbon atom
(i) Methyl benzoate (ii) m-Nitrobenzoic acid
(iii) p-Nitrobenzoic acid (iv) Phenylacetic acid
(v) p-Nitrobenzaldehyde.
ANS:(i)
(ii)
369
(iii)
(iv)
370
(v)
Q. 8
Name the reaction and the reagent used for
the conversion of acid chlorides to the
corresponding aldehydes.
Ans. Name : Rosenmunds reaction
Reagent : H2 in the presence of Pd (supported
over BaSO4) and partially poisoned byaddition
of Sulphur or quinoline.
371
Q.9 How is tert-butyl alcohol obtained from
acetone?
Ans.
372
Q. 12. Which acid is stronger and why ?
F3C C6H4 COOH or H3C C6H4 COOH
Ans.
CF3 has a strong I effect. CH3 has a weak + I
effect.
It stabilises the carboxylate ion It stabilises the
carboxylate ion
by dispersing the ve charge. by intensifying the
ve charge.
Therefore due to greater stability of F3C C6H4
COO (p) ion over CH3 C6H4COO (p) ion,
F3C C6H4 COOH is a much stronger acid
than CH3 C6H4 COOH.
1, 2-benzene
dicarboxylic
acid
CH3
FOR AVERAGE
375
02 Marks QUESTIONS
FOR AVERAGE
02 Marks QUESTIONS
378
4.Toulene is treated with chromyl chloride
(CrO2Cl2) followed by hydrolysis.
5.Propanone is treated with HCN
6.Ethanal is treated with NaHSO3.
7.Proponal is treated with Methyl magnesium
bromide.
8.3- Pentanone is treated with KMnO 4 at high
pressure
9.Ethanal is treated with dil NaOH.
10. Benzaldehyde is treated with hot Alkali.
11. Acetic acid is treated with PCl5.
12. Benzoic acid is treated with NH3.
C-Cl H2
?
Pd- BaSO4
1. AlH(t-Bu)2
(ii) CH3-CN ?
379
2 H2O
NH2
| CHCl3 + Alc KOH
(iii) ?
O
(iv) AlCl3
+ C2H5-C-Cl ?
CS2
Hg2+,H2SO4
(v) CH3-C = C-H ?
(vi)
H
Conc NaOH ?
2 C =0
|| O
(vii) NO2
380
|
+ H2N -NH NH2
(viii) CH2-CH2-CH3
1. KMnO4
KOH
2. H2O
I LiAlH4
(ix) CH3-COOH
2. H3O+
|| O
NH3 H2| Ni
(i) R2 C A B
381
Cu di NaOH
(ii) CH3-CH2-OH A B
573 K
|| O
1. CH3MgBr 2,4,DNP
(iii) CH3-C H A
B
2. H2O
|| O
1. CH3MgBr Cu
(iv) CH3-C-CH3 A B.
2. H2O 753 K
HgSO4 CH3MgX
[o]
(v) HC = CH A B C
H2SO4
14. Transformation
(i) Ethanol to butane 1, 3 diol;
382
(ii) 3- nitro bromobenzene to 3- nitro benzoic
acid
(iii) Butanal to butanoic acid
(iv) Acetic acid to Ethan amine
(v) Bromo benzene to benzoic acid
(vi) Benzene to m-nitro acetophenone
(vii) Benzoic acid to benzaldehyde
383
(c) An organic compound A C8H6 on
treatment with dilute H2SO4 containing HgSO4
gives compound B which can also be obtained
from a reaction of benzene with acid chloride in
presence of AlCl3? B on treated with I2 in aq
KOH gives C and yellow compound D identify
A,B,C,and D . Give the chemical reaction involved
384
(i) The boiling points of aldehyde and ketones
are lower than the corresponding alcohols
and carboxylic acid .
(ii) The boiling point of carboxylic acid is
higher than the Corresponding esters
(iii) Aldehydes and ketones under goes a number
of nucleophlic addition reaction
(iv) Aldehydes under go nucleophlic addition
reaction more readily than ketones
(v) Formaldehyde gives Cannizaro reaction
where as acetaldehyde gives aldol
condensation
(vi) Di- tert. butyl ketone does not give NaHSO3
adduct but acetone gives
(vii) Floroacetic acid is a stronger acid than
chloroacetic acid.
(viii) The PKa value of chloroacetic acid is
lower than PKa value of acetic acid
(ix) >C = O group behaves differently in
aldehyde and acid .
(x) The melting point of an aliphatic carboxylic
acid containing an even number of carbon
atoms is higher than next lower and next
higher homologues containing Odd number
of carbon atoms.
(xi) Electrophilic substitution on benzoic acid
takes place at meta position.
385
***************************************
*******
UNIT -13
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CONTAINING NITROGEN
AMINIES
386
Alkyl amines are more basic than ammonia and
aryl amines are less basic than alkyl amines due to
presence of electron density on N-atom.
This is as follows:
.. .. ..
NH3 < R-NH2 > Ar-NH2
387
+
NH2
388
BASICITY AMONG PRIMARY, SECONDARY &
TERTIARY AMINES:
PREPARATION OF AMINES:-
a. Reduction of amides-----
LAH
RCONH2 --------------------- RCH2NH2
WATER
390
V. Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction
Pr. amines are prepared by this reaction in which
amide combines with bromine in aq. Or ethanolic
solution of sodium hydroxide.
IMPORTANT REACTIONS:--
392
(I) Sandmeyers reaction :- The reaction of
diazonium salt with halo acid in presence
of copper halide to have halobenzene is
called sandmeyers reaction.
Ar-N2Cl + CuCl + HCl ------- Ar-Cl + N2
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Why the presence of a base is essential
in the ammonolysis of alkyl halides ?
Ans. During ammonolysis of alkyl halides, the
acid liberated during the reaction combines
with the amine formed to form amine salt. To
liberate free amine from the amine salt, a base
is needed.
394
Q. 2. Although NH2 gp is an ortho and
para directing gp, nitration of aniline gives
along with ortho and para, meta derivatives
also.
Ans. Nitration is carried out with a mixture of
Conc. NO3 + Conc. H2SO4 (nitrating mix). In
the presence of these acids, most of aniline
gets protonated to form anilinium ion.
Therefore, in the presence of acids, the
reaction mixture consists of aniline and
anilinium ion. Now NH2 gp in aniline is O,
p-directing and activating while N+H3 gp in
anilinium ion is m-directing and deactivating
hence a mixture of all threeortho, para and
meta derivatives is formed.
Q. 3. Pkb of aniline is more than that of
methyl amine.
Ans. In aniline, the lone pair of electrons on the
N-atom are delocalized over the benzene ring.
As a result electron density on the nitrogen
decreases. In contrast in CH2NH2, + I effect
of CH3 increase the electron density on the N-
atom. Therefore, aniline is a weaker base than
methylamine and hence its Pkb value is higher
than that of methylamine.
Q. 4. Aniline gets coloured on standing in air
for a long time. Why ?
395
Ans. Due to strong electron-donating effect (+
R effect) of NH2 gp, the electron density on
the benzene ring increases. As a result, aniline
is easily oxidised on standing in air for a long
time to form coloured products.
396
primary amines cant be prepared by this
method.
Q. 7. Accomplish the following conversions :
(i) Nitrobenzene to benzoic acid
(ii) Benzyl Chloride to 2-phenylethanamine
N N C l
+
CN
NH
Ans. (i)NO 2
NaNO2 + HCl
2
O (i) Fe/HCl
O 273
O 278 K O
CuCN/HCN
(ii) NaOH Diazotization
Benzene
Diazanium
Aniline
Chloride Benzonitrile
COOH
H3+O O
Hydrolysis
Benzoic acid
C H 2C N 2 1
C H 2C l2 C H 2C H 2N H 2
(ii) O O O
KCN (aq) LaAlH4
KCl Redue
397
Benzyl Chloride Phenyl
ethanenitrite 2-phenylethanamine
Q. 8. Give the structures of A, B and C in the
following compounds :
NaCN OH
NaOH + Br2
(i) CH3CH2I A
B C
Partial Hydrolysis
NH3 NaOBr
NaNO2/HCl
(ii) CH3COOH A
B C
D
Ans. O
NaCN OH
||
(i) CH3CH2I CH3CH2CN
CH3 C NH2
(Partial Hydrolysis)
Propanenitrile (A)
Ethanamide (B)
NaOH + Br2
CH3 NH2
Hofmann bromamide reacn Methanamine
(C)
398
NH3 NaOBr
NaNO2/HCl
(ii) CH3COOH CH3CONH2
CH3NH2
CH3OH
D (Hofmann
bromamide
Ethanoic acidEthanoimide (A) reac.)
Methanamine (B) Methanol (C)
Q. 9. Why is it difficult to prepare pure
amines by ammonolysis of alkyl halides ?
Ans. By ammonolysis of alkyl halides, a
mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary
amines is formed. So it is difficult to separate
it.
Rx Rx Rx Rx
NH3 R NH2 R2
NH R3 N R4 N+ X
1 amine 2 amine 3 amine
Quaternary Salt
Q. 10. Can tertiary amines undergo
acetylation reactions ? Explain.
Ans. For an amine to undergo acetylation, it
should have a replaceable hydrogen atom.
Tertiary amines cannot undergo acetylation
reactions because these do not have
replaceable hydrogen atom.
399
Q. 11. Sulphanilic acid has acidic as well as
basic group; but it is soluble in alkali but
insoluble in mineral acids. Explain.
Ans. Sulphanilic acid exists as Zwitter ion as :
NH 3
+
SO 3
HNH
|
C2H5
However in Aniline, due to larger
hydrophobic alkyl part extent of H-
bonding decreases considerably
401
insoluble in water.
(ii) Aniline being a Lewis base reacts with
Lewis acid AlCl3 or FeCl3 to form a salt.
C6H5NH2 + AlCl 3
C6H5NH2+AlCl3
Lewis base Lewis acid
As a result, N-atom acquires + ve charge
and hence acts as a strong deactivating
group for electrophilic reaction.
(iii) Diazonium salts of aromatic amines are
more stable due to dispersal of +ve charge
on benzene ring due to resonance.
+ + +
N N N += N
N= N
N += N
N N
+
+
--------HNR
|
H
(pungent smelling)
2 amines do not give this test.
403
(ii) Aryl sulphonyl chloride test :
|
H
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Give increasing order of reactivity
towarads electrophilic substitution reaction
of the following compounds :
CH 3
CH
CH 3 N 3
CH3 N
+
CH 3
CH2 N +
( C H 3) 3
CH 3
O O O O
406
Ans. Due to powerful I effect to the F-atom, it
withdraws electrons from N+H2 gp. As a
result, electron density in the N H bond of
p-fluoroanilinium ion decreases and hence
release of a proton from p-fluoroanilinium ion
is much more easier than from anilinium ion.
Therefore, p-fluoroanilinium ion is more
acidic than anilinium ion.
410
Ans.-- Tert. Amines donot undergo acylation
reaction because they donot have N- attached to
H- atom.
CH2 NH2
NO2 NH2
Fe/Hcl
+ 6[H] + 2H2O
NH2
OR
Br
414
(v) Methylamine is basic in nature and have
attracts to the cl group of Fecl3 in presence of H
of water and hence precipitate the Ferric oxide
hydrated.
(vi) Primary amires have less surface and less
spherical shape and hence expericnce greate
varder waals force of attraction and hence
greater boiling point
(vii) Silver chloride has tendency to form
complex compound with aqeous methyl amine
and hence dissolves.
(vii) Aniline has electron releasing amine group,
NH2 and increases electron density on the ortho-
and para- positions of the benzene ring and
hence form 2,4,6 tribromo-aniline.
.. ..
415
R NH2 NH2
.. + +
+ ..
NH2 NH2 NH2 NH2
NH2
I II III IV V
416
Out of I--V resonating structures the figures
II ,III and IV are involved in the
charge separation. The fig. II electrons are
always rotating between 6 carbon atoms and
not available permanently to the N-atom for
strong basic nature.
In comparision to the aryl amires the alkyl
amines have no such type of resonance and
hence the movement of electrons is always
alkyl group to the N-atom of the functional
group amino group (NH2).
R NH2
This phenomena makes the permanent
displacement of the electrons towards N-atom
makes it more basic.
01 Mark Questions
418
02 Marks Questions
1. Give reasons-
a. Aniline is weaker base than cyclohexaamine.
420
b. Alkylamines have less PKb value than arylamines.
c. Methylamine in water reacts with ferric
chloride to precipitate
ferrichydroxide.
421
5. Identify the compound A, B, C in the following
reactions-
Br2/ KOH
(iii) A------------------ B -------------------- C
Heat
FOR AVERAGE
01. Mark Questions
H2N OCH3
423
4. Give chemical test to distinguish between
benzyl amine & aniline .
5. Complete the following reactions
Conc. H2SO4
ArNH2 --------------------- -------------------
6. How would convert, aniline to benzonitrile?
7. What is Mendius reaction?
8. Why does ammonolysis of alkyl halides not give pure
Amines?
9. How will you convert aniline to phenol?
02. Marks Questions
02 Marks Questions.
1. Give reasons
a. Tert. Amines do not undergo acylation reaction.
b.Aniline cannot be prepared by Gabrial synthesis
2. Accomplish the conversions
b.Benzoic acid to aniline
c. Propanoic acid to ethanoic acid
3. What happens when-
b.Aromatic amines react with nitrous acid.
c. Aryl diazonium chloride reacts with phenolic
basic medium.
4. Distinguish between the pair of the compounds
a. Ethanamine & diethylamine
b.Phenol & aniline.
5. Write the product for the following reactions-
426
a. Nitroethane is treated with lithium Aluminiu
Hydride.
b. Ethyl-isonitrile is hydrolysed in the presence o
acid
3. Distinguish between.
(A) Aliphatic amines & aromatic amines.
(B) Aniline & phenol
(C) Diethylamine & triethylamine
4. Accomplish the conversions
a. Nitrobenzene to benzoic acid.
b. Benzene diazonium chloride to p-hydroxy
azobenzene.
c. Chlorobenzene to p-chloroaniline.
427
5. An aliphatic compound X, molecular formula
C3H7NO, reacts with bromine in presence of
KOH to produce another compound Y . The
compound Y further reacts with nitrous acid to
form Ethanol & nitrogen gas. Identify X & Y
and write chemical reactions involved.
************
428
UNIT -14
BIOMOLECULES
o Vitamin
o Hormone, Neurotransmitter
o Carbohydrate, Sugar
o Disaccharide
Monomers:
o Amino acid
o Nucleotide
o Phosphate
o Monosaccharide
Polymers:
o Peptide, Oligopeptide, Polypeptide,
Protein
o Nucleic acid, i.e. DNA, RNA
429
o Oligosaccharide, Polysaccharide
Saccharides
Monosaccharides are carbohydrates in the form of
simple sugars. Examples of monosaccharides are
the hexoses glucose, fructose, and galactose and
pentoses, ribose, and deoxyribose
Disaccharides are formed from two
monosaccharides joined together. Examples of
disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are sweet,
water soluble, and crystalline.
Polysaccharides are polymerized
monosaccharides, complex, unsweet
carbohydrates. Examples are starch, cellulose, and
glycogen. They are generally large and often have
a complex, branched, connectivity. They are
insoluble in water and do not form crystals.
Shorter polysaccharides, with 2-15 monomers, are
sometimes known as oligosaccharides.
Amino acids
Amino acids are molecules that contain both
amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. (In
biochemistry, the term amino acid is used when
referring to those amino acids in which the amino
and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the
430
same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an
amino acid).
Amino acids are the building blocks of long
polymer chains. With 2-10 amino acids such
chains are called peptides, with 10-100 they are
often called polypeptides, and longer chains are
known as proteins. These protein structures have
many structural and functional roles in organisms.
There are twenty amino acids that are encoded by
the standard genetic code, but there are more than
500 natural amino acids. When amino acids other
than the set of twenty are observed in proteins, this
is usually the result of modification after
translation (protein synthesis). Only two amino
acids other than the standard twenty are known to
be incorporated into proteins during translation, in
certain organisms:
Selenocysteine is incorporated into some
proteins at a UGA codon, which is normally a
stop codon.
Pyrrolysine is incorporated into some proteins
at a UAG codon. For instance, in some
methanogens in enzymes that are used to
produce methane.
Besides those used in protein synthesis, other
biologically important amino acids include
431
carnitine (used in lipid transport within a cell),
ornithine, GABA and taurine.
Protein structure
The particular series of amino acids that form a
protein is known as that protein's primary
structure. Proteins have several, well-classified,
elements of local structure and these are termed
secondary structure. The overall 3D structure of a
protein is termed its tertiary structure. Proteins
often aggregate into macromolecular structures, or
quaternary structure.
Metalloproteins
A metalloprotein is a molecule that contains a
metal cofactor. The metal attached to the protein
may be an isolated ion or may be a complex
organometallic compound or organic compound,
such as the porphyrin group found in
hemoproteins. In some cases, the metal is
coordinated with both a side chain of the protein
and an inorganic nonmetallic ion. This type of
protein-metal-nonmetal structure is found in iron-
sulfur clusters.
Vitamins
A vitamin is a compound that cannot be
synthesized by a given organism but is nonetheless
vital to its survival or health (for example
432
coenzymes). These compounds must be absorbed,
or eaten, but typically only in trace quantities.
When originally discovered by a Polish doctor, he
believed them to all be basic. He therefore named
them vital amines. The l was dropped to form the
word vitamines.
1.Carbohydrates Carbohydrate is a class of
compounds that include polyhydroxy
aldehyde, polyhydroxy ketone and large
polymeric molecules that can be broken down
to polyhydroxy aldehyde and ketones.
Example: sugar, glucose, starch, gums etc.
They are derived mainly from plants.
436
17. Non- Essential amino acids Those
amino acid which are synthesized by our body
called non-essential amino acid. It is also
called dispersible amino acids. Example:
glycine, alanine, etc.
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Which carbohydrate is called grape-
sugar ? Give its condensed structural
formula.
Ans. Glucose is called grape-sugar ? Its
condensed structural formula is :
CHO
|
(CHOH)4
|
CH2OH
Q. 2. Which of the following is not an -
amino acid ?
437
Histidine, trypsin, cysteine, proline
Ans. Trypsin, it is a protein made from amino
acids.
Q. 3. Write the structure of Zwitter ion
formed from Alanine.
Ans. COO
|
CH3 C H
|
NH3+
Q. 4. Wreite the name and structure of the
simplest amino acid which can show optical
activity.
Ans COOH Alanine
|
CH3 C H
|
NH2
Q. 5. How many hydrogen bonds are present
between (i) A and T (ii) C and G in a double
helix structure ?
Ans. (i) between A and T there exist two
hydrogen bonds :
A----------T
----------
(ii) between C and G there exist three
hydrogen bonds :
438
----------
C---------- G
----------
Q. 6. When RNA in hydrolysed there is no
relationship among the quantities of four
bases obtained like DNA. What does this
fact indicate about structure of RNA ?
Ans. This indicate that RNA has a single strand
structure.
Q. 7. Where does the water present in the egg
go after boiling the egg ?
Ans. After boiling, the water soluble globular
protein of egg while get denatured and it
cogulates into hard and rubbery insoluble
mass.
Q. 8. Which vitamin is helpful in healing
wound and cuts ? What is the chemical
name of this vitamin ?
Ans. Vitamin-C is helpful in healing wounds
and cuts, its chemical name is Ascorbic acid.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1. What type of bonding helps in
stabilising the -helix structure of
proteins ?
Ans. In a -helix structure, polypeptide chain
of amino acids coils as a right handed screw
because of the formation of all possible
439
Hydrogen bonds between NH group at each
amino residue and > C = 0 group of adjacent
turn of helix.
Q. 2. Name the water insoluble fraction of
Starch. Name the monomer of this.
Ans. Amylopectin is water insoluble fraction of
starch. It is a polymer of -glucose.
Q. 3. What are the products of hydrolysis of
(i) lactose (ii) sucrose. Also name the
enzyme used for reaction.
Lactase
Ans. (i) C12H22O11 + H2O
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Lactose glucose glactose
Invertase
(ii) C12H22O11 + H2O
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Sucrose glucose fructose
Q. 4. How will you prove that all the carbon
atoms of glucose are in straight chain ?
Ans. The reaction of glucose with HI gives n-
hexane and it proves that all sin-carbon-atom
are in straight chain.
HI
Ho CH2 (CHOH)4 CHO CH3
(CH2)4 CH3
Heat n-hexane
440
Q. 5. Enumerate two reactions of glucose
which cannot be explained by its open chain
structure.
Ans. (i) Glucose does not give Schiffs Test
although it contains aldehyde group.
(ii) Glucose does not form crystaline product
with NaHSO3.
Q. 6. B-complex is an often prescribed
Vitamin. What is complex about it ? What
is its usefulness ?
Ans. It is a type of Vitamin which contains B 1,
B2, B6 and B12. It required to release energy
from food and to promote healthy skin and
muscles. Its deficiency causes beri-beri
(Vitamin B1) and Anaemia (Vitamin B12).
Q. 7. What are anomers ? Give two points of
difference between two anomer of glucose.
Ans. The pair of optical Isomers which differ in
the orientation of H and OH gp only at C1
Carbon atom are called anomers.
Difference between two anomers of glucose :
-D (+) glucose -D
(+) glucose
(1) The specific rotation is + 111.
(1) The specific rotation is + 19.2.
(2) The OH gp at C1 is below the plane.
(2) The OH gp at C1 is above the plane.
441
Q1. What monosaccharides could be obtained
from the hydrolysis of each of the following:
442
Q4. Why is sucrose a non-reducing sugar? (2
marks)
(2 marks)
3. During hydrolysis, the bond between second
and third phosphate can be easily broken to form
ADP the
point of cleavage is shown in diagram below. Point
of cleavageto form ADP.
444
Q.4 Why is sucrose a non-reducing sugar? (2
marks)
4. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because
anomeric carbon of both monosaccharides are
involved in
glycoside or acetal formation.
Q.5 Why are maltose and lactose reducing sugars?
(2 marks)
5. Maltose and lactose are reducing sugars because
in one of the monosaccharide units there is a
homiacetal
group that can be opened to give free CHO
group.
FOR AVERAGE
447
5.What happen when denaturation of proteins takes
place? Explain with examples
6.Give importance and source of vit. B.
7.Explain peptide linkage
FOR AVERAGE
448
2. Differentiate between tertiary and quaternary
structure of
proteins
3. Differentiate amylase and amylopectin
4. What are functional difference between DNA and
RNA.
5. Name the factors affecting enzymatic activity.
FOR BELOW AVERAGE
Questions of three marks
449
1. Give the reaction of glucose with (i) Br2 (ii)
NH2OH (iii) HNO3.
2. How can you show that glucose have cyclic
structure?
3. Explain the alpha helical and beta pleated
structure of proteins.
4. Explain the mechanism of enzyme catalysis.
5. Give difference between DNA & RNA. Give
applications of RNA
450
5. Supply of vit. C needs continue for
human body. Why ?
UNIT 15
POLYMER
453
Polymer: - Polymer compounds are very high
molecular masses formed by the
combination of Simple molecules by
covalent bonds.
Ex. nCH2=CH2 ( CH2 CH2
)n
Ethene
Polythene
( Monomer)
( Polymer)
Homopolymer :- A polymer from one type of
monomers is called homopolymer
Ex. Polythene.
Copolymer :- A polymer from two or more
type of monomers is called copolymer
Ex. Terylene or decron, Nylon
66.
Classification of polymers :- Polymer are
classified in number of ways described as
454
follows
(A) Natural polymers :- The polymers
obtained from nature (plants & animals ) are
called natural
polymers. Eg. Strarch, Cellulose, Natural
rubber and Proteins
etc.
(B) Synthetic Polymers :- The polymers
which are prepared in laboratory are called
Synthetic or man
made polymers. Eg. Polythene, PVC,
Nylon, Teflon.
Classification of polymers on the basis of
structure
(a) Linear polymer :- These are polymers in
which monomeric units are linked together to
form linear chains. Eg. Polythene, PVC,
Teflon
(b) Cross linked polymers:- These are
polymers in which the monomers unites are
455
cross-linked together to form a three-
dimensional network. Ex. Bakelite, Synthetic
rubber.
(c) Branch chain polymers:- The polymers in
which monomers are joined to form long
chains with side chains. Ex. Low density
polythene.
Classification of polymers on the basis of
molecular forces.
(a) Elastomers:- The polymers that have
elastic character like rubber are called
elastomers.
Ex. Natural rubber
(b) Fibers:- They have strong intermolecular
forces between the chains. These forces are
either H-bonding or dipole interactions.
Ex. Nylon-66, dacron, silk etc.
(c) Thermoplastics :- These are the polymers
which can be easily softened repeatedly
456
heated and hardened when cooled with little
change in their properties.
Ex. Polythene, PVC.
(d) Thermositting Polymers :- These are the
polymers which undergo permanent
change on heating. They become hard and
infusible on heating. Ex. Bakelite. Etc.
Classification of polymers on the basis of
mode of synthesis.
(a) Addition polymers:- A polymers
formed by direct addition of repeated
monomers without the elimination of by
product molecule is called addition
polymers. Ex. Polythene, PVC,PTFE, etc
(b) Condensation polymers :- A polymer
formed by the condensation of two or
more than two monomers with the
elimination of simple molecules like
water, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide,
alcohol, etc. is called condensation
457
polymer. In this each case monomer
generally contains two functional groups.
Ex. Nylon 66 and Nylon 6, Bakelite,
Daecron, etc.
High density polythene (Zeiglar Natta
catalyst)
It is prepared by heating of about 333- 343K
under a pressure of 6-7 atm in the
presence of Zeiglar Natta catalyst ( Tri ethyel
aluminium Titenium tetra chloride )
333-343K, 6-7 atam
n CH2 = CH2
( CH2 CH2)n
Zeiglar Natta catalyst
Uses:- It is used in manufacture of containers
( buckets , Dust bin, etc)
It is used in manufacture of different
house wares pipes etc.
458
Polymer (origion Greek) poly means many, mers
means part
459
Defination: Very large molecules having high
molecular mass (103-107 u)
Macromolecule: other name for polymer
Polymerization: the process of formation of
polymer
Classification of polymer:
1.Based on sources:
a. Natural: from plants and animal sources
for example starch cellulose rubber etc.
b.Semi synthetic: polymer with
modification of natural polymer for
example rayon.
c. Synthetic prepared in laboratory for
example nylon, ethylene etc.
2.Based on structure of polymer:
a. Linear: long and straight change for
example PVC
461
b.Condensation polymerization: repeated
condensation reaction between mostly
two different bi-functional monomer
unit with the elimination of water
alcohol etc. for e.g. nylon 66, Dacron
4.Based on molecular forces
a. Elastomers: rubber like solid with
stretchable property up to some extant
for e.g. Buna-S, Buna N.
The force between chains is weak
Vanderwall force.
b.Fiber: thread like solid with high tensile
strength
Force between chain is hydrogen
bonding for e.g. polyester, nylon 6, 6
c. Thermo plastic: linear or slightly
branched long chain molecule, soften on
heating. For example polyethylene
PVC. Etc.
d. Thermosetting: cross linked molecule
once setup cant not be soften on
heating. for example Bakelite, melamine
462
Decreasing order of force of attraction
between the chains
Thermosetting > Fiber> Thermoplastic>
Elastomers
Difference between thermoplastic and
thermosetting
Type of polymerization reaction:
Addition polymerization or chain growth:
Due to increase in the length of chain
Due to addition of similar monomer it is
addition polymerization e.g. polythene
Steps of addition polymerization with free radical
mechanism:
Chain initiation :by molecules like Benzoyl
peroxide(C6H5OCOOCOC6H5)
Chain propagation : through free radical
Chain terminalisation :combination of free
radicals.
Q .which catalyst is used in HDP like polythene?
A. Zeigler-Natta catalyst.
Q. what is Zeigler-Natta catalyst?
A. Triethylaluminium (C2H5)3Al and titanium
tetrachloride(TiCl4)
Condensation polymerization or step growth:
Since each step produces a functionalized species
and is independent of each other,this is called step
groth.
463
As,monomers with different functional groups are
condensed,so, it is Condensation polymerization.
e.g. Condensation between Hexamethylene-di-
amine[ NH2-(CH2)6-NH2] and Adipic
acid[HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH in Nylon-6,6.
Q.why nylon is named as such?
A.It is Acroname of New-York and London.
Q .why is it called 6,6?
A. As the monomers contain six carbon each i.e.
Hexamethylene- di - amine[ NH2-(CH2)6-NH2]
and Adipic acid [HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH.
Q. what is the monomer of nylon-6?
A. Caprolactum [NH2-(CH2)5-COOH].
Q. Which properties of polyester make it more
usable fibre ?
A. Crease resistant, Dip dry, Blending with other
natural fibre like cotton, wool etc.
Q. what are different kinds of blended polyester?
A. Tere-Cot (Terelene with Cotton)
Tere-Wool (Terelene with Wool)
Tere-Silk (Terelene with silk)
Q.A Tere-Cot shirt is marked as 60-40.What does
it mean?
A. It contains 60% terelene and 40% cotton.
Q. What is the source of natural rubber?
A. Milky latex from rubber tree.
Q. Which countries are the greater producer of
rubber ?
464
A. Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, South
America.
Q. What is the monomer of natural rubber?
A. Isoprene (2-Methylbut-1,3-diene).
Q. What is a vulcanized rubber?
A. When natural rubber is heated with sulphur, it
forms cross-linkage of sulphur between linear
polymers. Such rubber is called vulcanized rubber.
Q. How is vulcanized rubber than natural rubber?
A. vulcanized rubber
Natural rubber
1. Non sticky 1.Sticky
2. Linkage of sulphur
2.Linear chain
3. Less absorbent of water 3.
Absorbs water
4. Easily oxidized 4. Less
oxidized
5. Working temp. -40 to 120 0C
5. Working temp. 40 to 120 0C
6. Tough and hard 6.
Soft
Q. What is Neoprene rubber?
A.2-Chlorobut -1,3-diene
Q. Why is Neoprene rubber non inflammable ?
A. Due to presence of chloro group .
Q. What is Bio-degradable polymer?
A. The polymers which can be degraded by
microbes. e.g. PHBV and Nylon-2 ,Nylon-6.
465
Q. Give full form of PVC, PTFE,PHBV?
A. PVC: Poly Vinyl Chloride
PTFE : Polytetrafluoroethene
PHBV : poly--hydroxybutyrate-co--hydroxy
valerate.
Name of polymer Monomer structure Uses
Addition polymer
Polythene Ethene CH2=CH2 Carry
bags,toys,buckets
PTFE(Teflon) Tetraflouroetene CF2=CF2
Non -stick cookware,Oilseals,gasket
Polyacrylonitrile Acronitrile CH2=CHCN
Substitute for wool(mink)
Polypropene Propene CH2=CHCH3
ropes,pipes
Polystyrene Styrene CH2=CHC6H5
Insulator,Wrapping material
PVC Vinyl Chloride CH2=CHCl
Raincoats,flooring,water pipes
(Thermocol)
Condensation polymer
Nylon 6,6 Adpic Acid COOH-(CH2)4COOH
Parachute Rope, Socks, Stockings
Hexamethylene- di amine [ NH2-
(CH2)6-NH2]
Nylon 6 Caprolactum [NH2-(CH2)5-
COOH] Parachute Rope, Socks, Stockings
Dacron Ethylerne Glycol OH-(CH2)2OH
466
Terephthalic Acid COOH-C6H4-COOH
Blended Fibers, Socks, Stockings
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Write an equation for the Chemistry
involved when a drop of hydrochloric acid
make a hole in nylon stockings.
Ans. The ( CO NH ) amide bond in
nylon gets hydrolysed.
Q. 2. Fibres are of crystalline structure.
Why ?
Ans. Fibres have strong intermolecular forces
of attraction which leads to close packing of
their chains and impart crystalline structure.
Q. 3. Which artificial polymer is present in
bubble gum or chewing gum ?
467
Ans. Bubble gum or chewing gum contains
synthetic Styrene-butadiene rubber.
Q. 4. Name the polymer used for making
medicinal Capsule.
Ans. PHBVUC Polyhydroxy butyrate-CO--
hydroxy valerated.
Q. 5. Which polymer is used in making
electrical goods and why ?
Ans. Bakelite because of its electrical insulator
property.
Q. 6. Is (CH2 CH C6H5)n a homo
polymer or a copolymer.
Ans. It is a homo polymer and the monomer
from which it is obtained in styrene C6H5 CH
= CH2.
Q. 7. Which colligative property is used to
determine the molecular masses of the
polymers ?
Ans. Osmotic pressure is the colligative
property used to determine the molecular
masses of polymer.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 8. Write the names of monomers and
structure used for getting the following
polymers ?
PmmA, PVC, Teflon
468
Ans. (i) PVC monomer Vinylchloride,
CH2 = CH Cl
(ii) Teflen monomer Tetrafluoro
ethylene, F2C = CF2
(iii) PMMA monomer Methyl
methacrylate,
CH3
|
CH2 = C COOCH3
Q. 9. Identify the monomer in the following
polymer structures :
O
Ans. (i) HOCH2 CH2OHand HOOC
COOH
N N
NH 2 and HCHO
469
Q. 10. How do double bonds in the rubber
molecule influence their structure and
reactivity ?
Ans. Due to presence of double bond the rubber
molecule show cis-configuration because
which the polymer chains can not come close
to each other and get boiled but as they have
their hindrance problem. This causes them to
have weak Vander Waals intraction between
the molecules consequently they get elastic
property, solubility in organic solvents etc.
Q. 11. Why are the No. of 6, 6 and 6 put in the
names of nylon-6, 6 and nylon-6 ?
Ans. The no. of 6, 6 in nylon-6, 6 implies that
both the monomers of nylon-6, 6 namely
hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid
contain six carbon atom each. The no. of 6 in
nylon-6 contains six carbon atom each. The
no. of 6 in nylon-6 indicates that its monomer
Caprolectum has six carbon atom in its
molecule.
Q. 12. Could a copolymer be formed in both
addition and condensation polymerisation
or not ? Explain.
Ans. Yes, though copolymers are mostly
addition polymers like styrcue butadiene
rubber and butyl rubber, the term can be used
470
for condensation polymers also eg. for
example.
(i) Addition polymerisation of styrene and
butadiene form copolymer styrene
butadiene rubber.
n CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + n C6H5CH
= CH2 >
C6H5
( CH2 CH = CH CH2)n CH2 CH
)n
(ii) Condensation polymer became thylene
diamine and adipic acid form nylon-6, 6.
n HOOC (CH2)4 COOH + n H2N
(CH6) NH2
adipic acid hexamethylene
n H2O
diamien
( NH (CH2)6 NH CO
(CH2)4 CO )n
472
Ans: Man made polymers are called Synthetic
polymers. Polyethene, PVC.
Q5: What is approximate molecular mass of
Polymer ?
Ans: It is approximate molecular mass 103-107u.
Q6: What are monomers of Nylon 6.6
Ans: (a) Hexamethylene diamine and adaipic acid.
Q7: Write the Mnomers of Buna-s.
Ans. 1, 3 butadine and styrene
Q8: What are carben fibers ? Give two examples.
Ans: A long thread solid posses high tensile
strength. Eg. Terrylen and Nylon.
Q9: What is addition polymerization ?
Ans: A chemical reaction in which monomer unit
is repeated to produce a molecule without
losing of molecule like water or ammonia.
Ex. Polythene, Polyvinyl chloride
Q10: Give one example of each for low density
polythene and high density polthene.
Ans: LDP. Squeze bottle and toys
473
HDP. Buckets, dustbin, bottles.
02 Marks Questions
Q1. Differentiate between thermo plastic and
thermo setting Plastic.
Ans:
COOH
Q5 : Define Copolymers.Give two examples.
Ans: The Polymer in which repeating units are
combined with two or more differents types of
monomers
Eg. Polyster and terrylene(Dacron)
Q6: What is Neoprene? Mention any two uses.
475
Ans: A synthetic rubber made by chloroprene. It is
a synthetic rubbers.
Uses: Conveyor belts in coal mines &
gaskets.
Q7: Define Synthetic rubbers. Whether it is
homopolymer or co-polymer?
Ans: Any Vuclanised rubbers like polymers.
Which is getting stretched to about twice lengths
and returns to the original shape and size as
the external force is released.
Eg. Homopolymers.
Q8: Explain the difference between Buna-N and
Buna-S.
Ans: Buna-N:-
1.It is obtained by the copolymerization of 1,3
butadiene and acrylonitrile in the presence of a
Peroxide Catalyst.
2.It is resistant to action of Petrol.
3.It is used in making in oil seals tank lining etc
Buna-S:-
476
1.It is obtained by the Copolymerisation of buta
diene and styrene.
2.It is used for automobile tyres.
Q9: What do you understand by Vulcanised
Rubbers?
Ans: When natural rubber is heated with sulpher at
373K to 415K. The vulcanized rubber
has excellent elasticity with low water
absorption tendency. The probable structure of
vulcanized rubber molecule as follows;
CH3
CH2 C CH CH2
S S
CH2 C CH CH2
CH3
Q10: Explain the terms:-
477
(a) PDI
(b) PMMA
Ans: PDI :- Polydispersity Index: The ratio of the
mass average molecular mass is called
PDI
PMMA:- It is polymer of ethyl
methylacrylate.
AVERAGE STUDENT
Very Short Answer 01 Marks
Q1: Write the monomer of Polystyrene?
Ans: Styrene.
Q2: Write the structure of monomer of
Polystyrene?
Ans: Ar CH = CH2
Q3: Write the monomer of Neoprene?
Ans: Chloroprene.
Q4. Write the name of monomers of Melamine-
Formaldehyde.
478
Ans: Melamine and Formaldehyde.
Q5: What is the monomer of Polyacrylonitrile?
Ans: Acrylonitrile
Q6. Write the polymer of Tetrafluoro ethane.
Ans: Teflon.
Q7: Define Copolymers?
Ans: The polymer is obtained by two or more
different monomers.
Q8: Is ( NH CHR CO )n is a
homopolymer or a copolymer?
Ans: It is a Copolymer.
Q9: Why should one always use purest monomer
in free radical polymerization?
Ans: The impurities present in monomer may
combine with free radical that slow the rate
of polymerization.
Q10: What is meant by PTEE ? Give its popular
name.
Ans: Polytetra fluoroethylene. Teflon.
02 Marks Questions
479
Q1: Differntiate between addition polymer and
condensation polymer.
Ans:
Addition Polymer Condensation Polymer
1. Large no. of 1. Large no. of
unsaturated monomers monomers having
combine together to different functional
form polymers Eg. group with release of
Polythene and small molecule like
polystyrene water combine to form
polymers. Eg. Nylon
and Teflon
481
R* + CH2 = CCH = CH2 R CH2
CCH = CH2
|
|
CH3
CH3
.
R CH2
C=CH CH2
CH3
482
and
C=C
R CH2 H
Trans
1, 4 structure
CH3 H
C=C
Cis
1, 4 structure
483
Ans: Nylon 66 means that it is formed by two
monomers each containing six carbon
atoms. While in Nylon 6 means that it is
formed by a monomer containing six carbon
atoms.
CO
||
O
Q8: What is PHBV ?
Ans: It is a poly hydroxyl butyrate. Co-- hydroxyl
Valerate.
484
It is copolymer of 3- hydroxyl butanoic acid
and 3- hydroxyl pentanoic acid in which
monomer units linked by ester linkage.
Q9: Explain the difference between Buna-N and
Buna-S.
Ans: Buna-N:-
1. It is optained by the copolymerization of 1,3
butadiene and acrylonitrile in the presence of a
Peroxide Cxtalyst.
2. It is resistant to action of Petrol.
3.It is used in making in oil seals tank lining etc
Buna-S:-
1.It is obtained by the Copolymerisation of buta
diene and styrene.
2.It is used for automobile tyres.
Q10. Arrange the following Polymers in
increasing order of inter molecular forces.
(a) Nylon 66, Buna-S and Polythene
(b) Nylon 6, Neoprene and PVC
Ans: (a) Buna-S, Polythene and Nylon 66.
485
(b) Neoprene, PVC and Nylon 6.
BRIGHT STUDENT
Very Short Answer Question: 01 Mark
Q1. What does stand for PDI
Ans: Polydispersity Index.
Q2. Write the name of neoprene polymer?
Ans: Chloroprene
Q3: Write the name of reagent use for initating a
free radical chain reaction.
Ans: Tertiary Butyle peroxaide.
Q4: What are carbon fiber?
Ans: A long thread solid posses high tensile
strength. Eg. Terrylen and Nylon
Q5: A polymer is use for making combs, name
the polymer.
Ans : Baklite
Q6: A polymer is used for making paints and
lacquers, name it.
Ans: Glyptal.
Q7: Name the monomer of polyvinylchloride.
486
Ans: Vinylcloride.
Q8: Arrange in increasing order of inter
molecular forces.
Nylon 66, Buna-S and polyethene.
Ans: Nylon 66 > polyethene> Buna-S
Q10. Arrange the following Polymers in increasing
order of inter molecular forces
Nylon 6, Neoprene and PVC
Ans : Nylon 6, PVC and. Neop
SHORT ANSWER 02 Marks
Q1: Write the structure of monomer of
polystyrene.
Ans: Styrene. Ar CH=CH2
Q2: Clasify the polymers as addition and
condenstation polymers.
Nylon 66, Buna-S, Polythene.
Ans: Nylon 66 condensation polymer.
Buna-S and polytheneAddition polymer.
Q3: Classify the polymers as addition and
condensation polymer
487
Nylon 6, Neoprene and PVC.
Ans: Nylon 6 Condensation polymer
Neoprene and PVC Addition polymer.
Q4: What is Biodegradble polymer?
Ans: The polymers which are Biodegrable and not
causes any environmental population is
called Biodegrable . Eg. PHBV and Nylon 2
Nylon 6.
Q5. Who do double bonds in rubber molecules
influence there structure and reactivity.
Ans: Greater the number of double bound the
rubber will be less reactive because of
greater inter molecular forces of attraction
among the monomers.
Q6: What is PHBV? Give its one use.
Ans: It is a poly hydroxybutyrateco
hydroxyl valerate .
It is obtain by the copolirisation of 3
hydroxyl butanoic acid and 3 hydroxy
488
pentanoic acid.It is used in speciality
packaging , orthopaedic devices.
UNIT -16
CHEMISTRY IN
EVERYDAY LIFE
STUDY MATERIAL
489
1. Tranquilizers- they are chemicals which are
used for treatment of mental diseases .they act
on higher centers of central nervous system.
Example Equanil , Seconal ,luminal or
Barbituric acid etc.
2. Antibiotics- Chemical substances which are
produced by micro-organisms(such as moulds
and bacteria) and are capable of destroying
other micro organism are called antibiotics
.Example penicillin ,Ampiciline.
3. Broad spectrum Antibiotics- Antibiotics which
are effective against several different types of
harmful micro-organisms and thus, capable of
curing several infections are called broad
spectrum antibiotics Example chloromycetin,
Tetracycline .
4. Antihistamins :- Antihistamins are amines
which are used as drugs to control the allergy
effects produced by histamines. Example
diphenyl hydrazine or promethazine .
5. Antipyritics :- Chemical substances which are
used to bring down the body temperature in
high fevers are called antipyretic. Example
Aspirin, paracetamole or Analgin etc.
6. Disinfectants :- Chemical substances which
kill micro organism or stop their growth but
are harmful to human tissue are called
490
disinfectants .example 1.% solution of phenol
(2)SO2 in very low concentration.
7. Analgesics:- chemical substance used for
relieving pain are called analgesics . Example
novalgin, profanes etc.
492
Class 1 preservatives-includes table salts,
sugar , vegetable oil.
Class 2 preservativesodium benzoate ,salts
of sorbic acids and propanoic acid.
NaOH(aq) - +
CH3(CH2)16CH2OH+H2SO4
CH3(CH2)16CH2OSO3H
CH3(CH2)16CH2OSO3 Na
-
H2O
494
Lauryl alcohol
Lauryl hydrogen sulphate Sodium
lauryl sulphate
(Anionic detergents)
496
11.Anionic Detergents : Eg:
Sodiumdodecylsulphate.
12. Non-ionic Detergents : Eg:
Pentaacrythritolmonostearate.
13. Biodegradable Detergents : Detergents
having straight hydrocarbon chain and easily
decomposed by microorganisms. Eg:
Sodiumlaurylsulphate, sodiumdodecyl
benzenesulphonate.
Important Questions :
16. What is understood by Chemotharepy.
17. Explain the terms with an example :
a) Antibiotic.
b) Tranquillizers.
c) Antihistamin.
d) Antipiratics.
e) Disinfactant.
18. Describe the following substances with
one suitable examples :
a) Food Preservatives.
b) Sweetning agent.
497
c) Enzymes.
d) Antioxident.
19. Explain the following terms with one
examples :
a) Biodegradable detergents.
b) Non-biodegradable detergents.
c) Anionic detergents.
d) Non- ionic detergents.
20. What are analgesic drugs. How are they
classified and when are they usually
recommended for use.
21. Aspirin drugs help in preventing of heart
attack, explain.
22. Diabetic patient are advised to take
artificial sweeteners instead of natural
sweetener. Why?
23. Which type of detergent produce less
foam.
24. Which type of detergent would you use to
formulate toilet cleaner and Why?
25. Name the antiseptic you will add to soap
to make it useful for control of pimples.
498
26. Discuss two ways in which drugs prevent
attachment of natural substrate on active site
of enzymes.
27. Write one use of followings :
a) Zentac.
b) PCM.
c) Ranitidine.
d) Equanil.
e) Novestrol.
f) Morphin.
g) ChloroamPhenicol.
h) Bithional.
Hints :
5. Analgesics Pain Killer
Classification Narcotic Morphin (to relief
post operative pain)
Non Narcotic Aspirin, PCM (to reduce fever ,
to prevent blood platelets coagulation)
6. Aspirin act as blood thiner and causes no
coagulation.
7. The artificial sweetners are either non
metabolized by body or do not produce
carbohydrate like glucose when metabolized.
499
8. Nonionic detergents
9. Cationic detergents
10. Bithional
12. Zentac Antacid
PCM Antipyretics, Analgesics
Ranitidin Antacids
Equanil Tranquillizer
NonVestrol Antifertility drugs
Morphine Analgesics
ChloroamPhenicol Antibiotics
Bithional Anticeptics
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Give an example of a chemical
substance which can act both as an
antiseptic and disinfectant.
Ans. Phenol.
Q. 2. What is the chemical name of antiseptic
chloroxylenol ?
Ans. 4-Chloro-3, 5-dimethyl phenol.
Q. 3. Which alkaloid is used to control
hypertension ?
Ans. Reserpine.
Q. 4. Which alkaloid is used to treat
malaria ?
500
Ans. Quinine.
Q. 5. Identify the following :
HO NHCOCH3
Ans. Paracetamol.
Q. 6. What is the use of the following
compound :
OCO CH 3
COO H
Ans. Analgesic.
Q. 7. Which artificial sweetner has the lowest
sweetness value ?
Ans. Aspartame.
Q. 8. Which artificial sweetner has the
highest sweetness value ?
Ans. Alitame.
Q. 9. What kind of a drug is
Chlorpheniramine maleate ?
Ans. Anti histamine drug.
Q. 10. What is the chemical name of aspirin ?
Ans. 2-Acetoxy benzoic acid.
Q. 11. Name the antibacterial present in
toothpaste.
Ans. Triclosan.
Q. 12. Identify the drug :
501
Ans. Penicillin G.
Q. 13. Which antibiotic contains NO2 group
attached to aromatic nucleus in its
structure ?
Ans. Chloramphenicol.
Q. 14. What is the use of barbituric acid ?
Ans. Tranquilizer.
Q. 15. Name one analgesic drug which is also
used to prevent heart attacks.
Ans. Aspirin.
Q. 16. What is the application of the following
molecule in everyday life ?
O
CH3 (CH2)11 CH2 SO 3
Na+
Ans. It is a detergent.
Q. 17. Give an example of a drug that is
antipyretic as well as analgesic.
Ans. Paracetamol.
502
Q. 18. Out of morphine, N-Acetyl-para-
aminophenol, Diazepam and
tetrahydrocatenol, which can be used as
analgesic without causing addiction ?
Ans. N-Acetyl-para-aminophenol.
Q. 19. Name a sugar substitute which is 160
times as sweet as surcrose.
Ans. Aspartame.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1. When a mixture of salicylic acid, acetic
anhydride and acetic acid is refluxed, what
is the product obtained and what is its use
in everyday life ?
Ans. Aspirin used as analgesic.
Q. 2. Distinguish between a narrow spectrum
and broad spectrum antibiotic.
Ans. A narrow spectrum antibiotic works
against a limited range of microbes whereas a
broad spectrum antibiotic works against a
large variety of microbes.
Q. 3. What is Salvarson ? To which class of
drugs does it belong ? For what distance is
it used ?
Ans. Antimicrobial agent.
Used for the treatment of STD called Syphilis.
Q. 4. How does apirin act as an analgesic ?
503
Ans. It inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins
which stimulates inflammation of the tissue
and cause pain.
Q. 5. What are barbiturates ? To which class
of drugs do they belong ?
Ans. 5, 5-derivatives of barbituric acid are
called barbiturates. They belong to the class of
tranquilizers. They also act as sleep producing
agents.
Eg. Luminal, Veronal.
Q. 6. What is tincture iodine ? What is its
use ?
Ans. Alcoholic Solution of I2.
Used as an antiseptic.
Q. 7. To what class of medicines does
chloramphericol belong ? For what disease
can it be used ?
Ans. Broad spectrum antibiotic
Used to cure typhoid, dysentry, acute fever.
Q. 8. Pick the odd one amongst the following
on the basis of their medicinal properties
mentioning the reason.
(i) Luminal, seconal, phenacetin, equanil
(ii) Chloroxylenol, phenol, chlorampherical,
bithional
Ans. (i) Phenacetin is an antipyretic while all
the rest are tranquilisers.
504
(ii) Chlorampherical is an antibiotic while all
the remaining are antiseptics.
Q. 9. Why is bithional added to soap ?
Ans. Acts as an antiseptic and reduces the
odours produced by bacterial decomposition of
organic matter on the skin.
Q. 10. Why are cimetidine or ranitidine better
antacids than sodium bicarbonate or
magnesium or aluminium hydroxide ?
Ans. If excess of NaHCO3 or Mg (OH)2 or Al
(OH)3 is used, it makes the stomach alkaline
and thus triggers the release of even more HCl.
In contrast, cimetidine or ranitidine prevent the
interaction of histamine with the receptor cells
in the stomach wall and thus release lesser
amount of HCl.
Q. 11. Why is the use of aspartame limited to
cold foods and drinks ?
Ans. It decomposes at baking or cooking
temperatures and hence can be used only in
cold foods and drinks.
Q. 12. What problem arises in using alitane as
artificial sweetener ?
Ans. It is a high potency artificial sweetener.
Therefore it is difficult to control the
sweetness of the food to which it is added.
505
Q. 13. What is the purpose of adding
antioxidants to food ? Give two examples of
antioxidants.
Ans. They are added to prevent oxidation of
fats and oils present in food thus preventing
food from becoming rancid.
Eg. BHA (Butylated hydroxy anisole)
BHT (Butylated hydroxy toluene)
FOR BELOW AVERAGE
01 Mark Questions
FOR AVERAGE
01 Mark Questions
509
detergents which one will you use for
cleansing cloths?
6. Why should not medicine be taken without
consulting doctors?
7. Name two narcotics which are used as
analgesics?
8. What is an antipyretics ? Give an example.
9. What are antagonists and agonists ?
10. Pick out the odd amongst the following
compounds on the basis of there
medicinal properties.
Luminal, Seconal, Phenacetin, Equanil.
FOR ABOVE AVERAGE
01 Mark Questions
510
1. Mention one important use of each of the
following
(i) Equanil (ii) sucralose
2. Name a broad spectrum antibiotics and state
two diseases for which it is prescribed.
3. State the function along with one example
each of (i) Antihistamines (ii) Antioxidents.
4. Describe the following with an example.
(i) Antimicrobials (ii) Analgesics
5. Name the medicines used for the treatment of
the following diseases (i) Tuberculosis (ii)
Typhoid
6. Describe the following with example.
(i) Preservatives(ii) Biodegradable detergents
7. Describe the following with giving examples
(i) Edible colours (ii) Antifertility drugs
8. Define the followings and give one examples.
(i) Antipyrites (ii) Antibiotics
9. Give one important use of each of the
following :
(i) Bithional (ii) Chloramphenicol
(iii) Streptomycine
(iv) Paracetamol
FOR AVERAGE
02 Mark Questions
1. Why do we require artificial sweetening
agents?
511
2. Which process is involved in holding the drugs
to the active site of enzymes?
3. What are different types of synthetic
detergents ? Explain with sutable
Examples.
4. How are synthetic detergents better than soap?
5. Describe the cleansing action of detergents.
FOR ABOVE AVERAGE
02 Mark Questions
1. What are biodegradable and non
biodegradable detergents?
2. Explain the following terms with suitable
examples.
(a) Cationic detergents (b) anionic detergents.
3. Why are detergents usually preferred to soap
for washing cloths?
4. Why biodegradable detergents are more prefer
now a days.
5. Define the following terms with suitable
examples.
512
(i) Antacids (ii) Antihistamines (iii)
Antibiotics
(iv) Antifertility drugs (v)
Foodpreservatives.
THE END
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513