4 :

?
1

(.)



 ... .

.


...

--
---

...

1 8

2 16

3 : 24

4 : 34
1 ? 54
2 59

5 62
3 75

6 80

7 92
4 ? 100

...

8 104
5 GDP ? 110
6 119

9 () 122
7 ? 125
8 138

144

(Glossary) 145

152

157
...
1

8
 4 :

TRADE-OFF
(Make a choice)








Trade-off

9
...

...?
ECONOMICS 2
OIKOS House NEMEIN
To manage

( 2)

10

1 4 :

(keywords)

Resources
scarcity
:
Make a Choice Trade-off

Unlimited
wants

...?

...?









( )
(
)

11
...

Key points
on the other hand ( )




?







:
(Trade-off)

12
 1

4 :

: ...?

()

13
...

2
1. (MICROECONOMICS)


( 3)
2. ( M A C R O E C O N O M I C S )

14
 1

4 :

15
...
2

(Opportunity Cost)

(Scarcity)





(Scarcity)
(Unlimited wants)
(Limited resources)

16
 4 :

Key points


(Unlimited wants)
/
(Limited resources)

(Scarce goods) ...?

2555




:
1.

2.


39
(Choice and opportunity cost)

17
...

...?










2 2554
(/)
5,706
5,854
6,620
8,502
10,833
18,065
31,275
42,075

18

24

:

CHOICE AND


OPPORTUNITY

4 400,000
COST

. 6 80,000
4 80,000 x 4
= 320,000 400,000 + 320,000
= 720,000

19
...

...?


(Sustainable)



Exam tip

(Alternative choices)


(Next best alternative)




24 1

200,000 150,000
120,000
150,000

( 150,000 + 120,000 = 270,000 )

()
200,000
150,000
120,000

20

24

:

100
110
()
600
600


50
10 500
600

Key points

(Next best
alternative)

21
...

(Basic problems of Economics) :


3
3




3

22

24

:

What?

How?

For whom?

23
... :
3

? :
(Economic Units)

24
 4 :

+++






1. -

2. -

3. -




4. -

()

2 ()
()
300 250
240 260
260 260




(Economic Unit)

25
...

...?













4
(Land)

(Labour)

(Capital)

(Entrepreneurship)

?

()

26
 3
: 4

:

(Land)


(Rent)
(Labour)



(Wage or Salary)
(Capital)



(Interest)
(Entrepreneurship)



(Profit)

27
...

1)

2)
(
)
3)

28
 3
: 4

:

Capitalism
1. (Capitalism)
Key points

29
...

() ()
...?



(
)
( (What) (How)

)

(For Whom)
()





(Invisible hand)

30
 3
: 4

:

Exam tip



( 4)

oversupply


2. (Socialism)

Socialism


(What) (How)

(For Whom)

31
...

Mixed Economy 3. (Mixed Economy)

( )
(
)

32
 3
: 4

:

(What),
(How), (For whom)

(What) (How)
(For whom)

33
...
4
:

()
()





/

34
 4 :

+++










2

30 20
3
40 Key points
1 2 3

2
1.
(Willing to Pay)
2.
(Ability to Pay)
(Demand)





(Law of Demand)


L A W O F D E M A N D

35
...

...?

()

()
50
40
30
20
10 (Individual demand)
0
0 1 2 3 4
()

(Market demand)
30
(/) (/) (/) (/)
50 50 50 50
40 40 40 40
30 30 30 30 = 2 + 3 + 5 = 10
20 20 20 20
10 10 10 10
0 0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
() () () ()

36
 4 :

Key points

25 50
30 70
20 2 1.
30 (Willing to sell)
2.
30 50 70 (Ability to sell)

14,000 20,000



(supply)





LAW OF SUPPLY
(Law of Supply)

37
...

...?

() (Individual supply)
50
40
30 (Market supply) ?
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
()

(/) (/) (/) (/)
35 35 35 35
30 30 30 30
25 25 25 25 25
20 20 20 20
15 15 15 15
10 10 10 10
5 5 5 5 = 50 + 30 + 15 = 95
0 0 0 0
0 20 40 50 60 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 15 20 30 0 20 40 60 80 95 100 120 140
() () () ()

Key points





(/.) (.)
(.)
50 30 210
45 60 180
40 90 150
35 120 120
---> 30 150 90
25 180 60
20 210 30

38
 4 :

50
30
210 180
(Excess supply)
50

(120 )
35

Exam tip



(Plenty of choice)

...?

20

( : )

39
...

Exam tip

EQUILIBRIUM

S

POINT
E

D

(equilibrium
point)

(price mechanism)

+++



(change in demand)
(change in supply)

( )






1.

40
 4 :

...?
(Normal goods)


3

(Inferior goods)
2.




(Substitute goods) (Complementary
goods)









3.



(Brand loyalty)

4.
80

41
...

5.
iPhone

1.



2.


3.
14,000 20,000


4.

( )

5.

42
 4 :

()
(

30-50%)

Exam tip


(shift)

shift

shift
( :

)

43
...

()

(/.) (.) (.) (.)
50 30 90 210
45 60 120 180
40 90 150 150
35 120 180 120
30 150 210 90
25 180 240 60
20 210 270 30

35 120

(
) 35
180
120 60



40 150

44
 4 :

(
)

E1
E0

,
D
D

...?

( : )

,
S

E1 S
E0

45
...

1 ()
> ()
S
,

S
E1
--->
E

D
,
D

2 ()
= ()
S
,

S
E1
---> E

D
,
D

46
 4 :

3 ()
< ()

S
,
E1 S
--->
E

D
,
D

1 ()
> ()

S
,
S
--->
E

E1

D
, D

47
...

2 ()
= ()

,
S
S
---> E1 E

D
, D

3 ()
< ()

,
S
S
---> E1
E

,
D D

48
 4 :

Exam tip


(
)
-40%/25% = -1.6
= %
%



1 ()

elastic
1 ()

inelastic

49
...

10 40 50
60 150 90

(%)
(50-40)/40 = 25%
(90-150)/150 = -40%

...?

70,000
.. 2550
2



: 1.
2.
( )
( :
...


10% 30%
)

50
 4 :

elastic

inelastic

(
)

51
...

...?

( :

...
)

(/) () ()
50 10 500
40 20 800
30 50 1,500
20 60 1,200

30

30 - 40
40 30 (
(30-40)/40 = -25%) 20 50
( (50-20)/20 = 150%)
(150%/-25%) = -6 1
()
elastic
800 1,500
40 30 (

52
 4 :

)
...?

...


/


(inelastic)



(elastic)

()

( )


()

()

53
...

1
1
?









- 2550
8.8% 2.3%
-0.3 (-2.3%/8.8%)
- 2553 2.5%
7.5%
-3.0 (-7.5%/2.5%)



- 2553
- 2550
.. 2553

(LPG) (NGV)

54
 4 :

80
GDP

2

2554


91

55
...

...?

?


/

+++

= %
%

56
 4 :

+++
(Normal goods)
(Inferior goods)




3

()
= %
% )

(Substitute goods) (Complementary
goods)







(
)

57
...

%
=
%

elastic






inelastic


(1)


(2)

()

58
 4 :

Exam tip

1 elastic
1
inelastic

2
2

59
...

2
?

}
E1

E0

E1

elastic

1

60
 4 :

(What) (How)
(For whom)

5-7
5
()
() 6
7

61
...
5

()

()

62
 4 :

+++
= (Utility)
( )


( )




=





2 3

1




( )

(Consumption)

(Utility)

63
...

4 ( )

...?

( 4)

1.

64
 4 :
5

2.
...?

10%





GDP

80
MIDNIGHT SALE
30 - 70%






3.





4.


( 3
)

65
...

5.
...?






..
1914





..
1950

= +




(
) ( )
200 = +

66

5
4 :

...?

(Retained earnings)

...?


GDP 2553
% GDP
70
60 53.4
50 46.0 30.6
40 34.3 34.2 33.3 32.9
30 24.8 23.8
20
10
0

: World Economic Outlook, September 2011

67
...

(Profits)

+++

(Linkages)
(Forward linkage)




(Backward linkage)



Backward linkage Forward linkage
Backward linkage
Forward linkage

68

5
4 :

(Supply chain)

(Logistics network)
(Just in Time)

(Source of Origin)
(Source of Consumption)

SUPPLY CHAIN
(Investment)

(Change
in inventories)

69
...

...?







(financial investment)





/





GDP

70

5
4 :

...?












(Returns)



1. (Expected Profit)






2. (Interest rate)
(
)


3.

71
...

4.
...?





5. ()




1,500 .. 2550-2554
()




6.


( 8)

72

5
4 :

(Multiplier)

[] ( )
( )

[]


[] ...
[] ( )

[]

73
...

[] ( )

[]

[]



MULTIPLIER
EFFECT


(Multiplier effect)

+++




( 7)

74

5
4 :

3
3

FINANCIAL LINKAGE

2 (1)
(2) Real sector

75
...

.. 2551


()










()

76
 4 :
5

( 9 )

77
...

Key points

78

5
4 :

79
...
6

?









?

80
 4 :

+++





(Market failure)

.
(Market failures) 4

1. (Public goods) :


.
Free Rider ()


...?
2. (Externalities)
.
() 1 10
()
1

81
...

...? 3. (Natural monopoly)

1,100
1,800

2,700

(Fair price)


4. (Asymmetric information)


15,000


+++

:









(Privatization)


(Market failures)

82
 6
4 :

...?




.. 2554

1 Focused and Quick (FAQ) Issue 23 :

http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/Economic Conditions/
Publication/FAQ_documents/FAQ_23.pdf

83
...

= ( )

/ = / =

()
() (
)
()
(Transfer payments)

(
2,000 .. 2552)

84
 6
4 :

+++
1.




(
)

GDP ( 8)

2. 3






( 9)

>

>

85
...

:




100


100

100




?








(
8)

86
 6
4 :

?


(Progressive income tax : PIT)

...?

4
37% 1-4
30%
3%
2 3

150,000

52 0.07%

() PIT
... 1-150,000
150,001 - 1,000,000 10%
200,000 1,000,001 - 4,000,000 20%
4,000,001 37%

150,000 50,000 (
150,000 ) 10% ( 150,001 - 1,000,000
) 5,000 (50,000 x 10%)

87
...

...?
30%
23% .. 2555





VAT Included
()
7%

+++
7%

()

Value Add Tax () 7%
7%


()

.. 2553 1 4

88
 6
4 :

(.)

89
...

+++




?






30 2554 4.45
(GDP) 41.7%
GDP

90
 6
4 :

91
...
7

()

?









(Technology)
(Specialization)

92
 4 :

Exam tip


2

Comparative advantage
(Comparative advantage)

() ()

93
...

+++

?



(
/
)













GDP



1 = 30
1 = 1

30 = 1 = 1
() () ()
30 = 1

94
 7

4
:

?




30 1
39 100 43 1

(Baht appreciation)

30 1
30 1
28 1
28 1


(Baht depreciation)

30
1 32 1

...?


? ( :
)

95
...

+++

2 .. 2554
0.8%
4.1% 0.9%
0.2%

?


(Derived demand)

()

()

(Floating Exchange Rate)


(Managed Floating Exchange Rate)
( 9)

?

(1)

(2)

96
 7 4
:

(3)

(1)


(2)


(3)

...?
?

(Settlement)




( : ) 2536 2553
91.8 80.0
0.9 8.2
3.9 6.1
0.0 2.8
3.4 2.9

97
...

2



30 /1 32 /1













30 /1 28 /1

98
 7

4
:

( 9)

99
...

4
4
Foreign Direct Investment

?







()





(Foreign Direct Investment) FDI
FDI

100
 7 4
:

1990








( 8)

101
...

Key points

(
) ()















()
()

102
 7
:
4

( : )

(
)

()

103
...
8

4 1) 2)
3) 4)
1. (Economic Growth)

104
 4 :

Gross

3
Domestic
3

Product

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
(Gross Domestic
Income)
(Gross Domestic Expenditure)

105
...

Exam tip

1
50 ()
50 50


15 10 5
20
( 50 )
( 50 )

= = /

( )

( )
*

106

4 8

:

GDP
GDP

GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)
1. (Private Consumption Expenditure)
( 5 )
2. (Private Investment Expenditure)
( 5 )
3. (Government Expenditure)
( 6
)
4. (Net Export)
(Exports) (Imports)

GDP
GDP
3 (
)

GDP
GDP
GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)
C (Consumption)
I (Investment)
G (Government Expenditure)
X-M

107
...

100 GDP
= . 100


200
(200-100)/100 = 100%
100.- = 200.-



1 100 2
200 (200-100)/100 = 100%
6% 8%
GDP (
) (Economic
growth) GDP ( .. 2531) 10.5
GDP ( .. 2531) 10
5% ( 10.5-10
10 x 100) GDP
.. 2531
/

108

4 8

:

(Economic
growth)
(Sustainable economic growth)

...?


GDP ?
GDP Gross Domestic Product

GDP


GDP
( )
( )
GDP


GNP (Gross national product)





GNP
GDP

109
...

5
5
GDP ? *
GDP
60



1.
GDP



2. GDP
GDP

Green GDP GDP
( )
GDP
3. GDP



GDP
4.

GDP

110

4 8

:

GNH (Gross National Happiness)

GNH
Gross National
.. 2515
(Happy Planet
Happiness
Index : HPI) (New Economic Foundation : NEF)
.. 2550

1 GDP 150
HPI
GDP
Inclusive growth
Happy Planet


Index


2
1



GDP
GDP

*
?
www.thaiwellbeing.org
(Inclusive growth)

111
...

...?
(
) ()

2. (Price stability)


()
()

Exam tip

112

4 8

:

(
)
()
(Deflation)







()
(
?
)
1
()
100 25 4

50 100 2
100

113
...

...?
.. 2548
2,200,000%
1 100,000,000,000

...? 2
Wage-price spiral

()
(spiral) -
( (wage-price spiral)
)


3
wage-
price spiral



...?

114
 4 8

:

4 +++






5


100 3% 1

103 5%

10 10.50 103

9.81 10










.. 2540
6

115
...

...?


(Inflation-
link Bond)






.. 1981




...? ()


3. (Full employment)
(Mild inflation)
2-3%

Exam tip
(Full employment)

116

4 8

:

4. (Income distribution) Key points

(inequality)












1) (Government spending)



2) (Transfer payments) (

)
2,000 .. 2552 3)
(Progressive income tax)








-
(Price-Wage Spiral)

117
...

...?




(Stagflation)











Phillips Curve

118
 4 8

:

6
6

(Economic
growth) -

( 4
)



Ben Bernanke




*


(Economic stability)

119
...

balance






















269,000 (2,790 1 )
23,600 32,000

120
 4 8

:

6


(Hyper inflation)
HYPER
30
2
INFLATION
3,250,000%

.. 2548 ( )

(Turnover rate for central banks
governorship)

80 56
1



.. 2485 4 .. 2551
(... .)



... .

121
...
9
()

122
 4 :

3

3 .
3

3 3 1)
() 2) (
) 3)
()

3 .

123
...

3
3

Exam tip

2 () ()



/

(
( 2,000 .. 2552)

124
 9
4
(:


)

()


/


(
)

125
...

7
7
?

4
GANG OF FOUR
3 4
Gang of Four

(.
) (. )




.


.




4

126
 9
4
(:


)

...?

.. 2554
5 1)

2)

(Public sector balance) 3)
(Crowding-out) 4)
5)


4



4

Crowding in effect in out
Crowding out effect

127
...

+++





1.


(Exchange rate Targeting)
2.
(Monetary Targeting)

3.
(Inflation Targeting)

4.




Just-do-it approach


...?

(Inflation
Targeting) .. 2543



(Transparency)




( (Accountability)
http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/
Monetary Policy/Documents/ (Creditability)
MPC_Assessment.pdf)

128
 4
9 (:


)

(Inflation Targeting)

(.)
0.25 3.0 3.25

+++




()

2
1.

129
...

(
)

Exam tip

...?

( : )

130
 9
4
(:


)

2.
...?

...?

131
...

...?




?

132
 9
4
(:


)

3
(1) (long-term
price stability)
(2)

(3)

5
1.
()

133
...

2.





3.




( )

...?
.



.
()
.
(
)
Standing facility .


Standing facility

134
 9
4
(:


)

4.










5.

EXPECTED INFLATION

135
...

.





1)

2)
3)










3 6 12

136
 9
4
(:


)

Key points

















(Inflation
Targeting)

7
(
) (
) 7




(Non-performing Loans : NPLs)

137
...

.. 2551

()




.. 2540

8
8



...


. 7
. . 2
4 6-8 8
.

.
.

138
 9
4
(:


)

.
.

.
.
.

. 14.00 .
.
.

.
. .
2
.
.
.

139
...

( 30 )

(
)
()

( )

140
 4
9 (:


)

+++

(Nominal Effective Exchange Rate : NEER)

21
http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/
MonetaryPolicy/Target/ExchangeRates/Pages/ExchangeRate.aspx)

(Real Effective Exchange Rate : REER)

141
...

3
...?
(1) (Volatility)

(2)
(Nominal effective exchange rate NEER)

()


(3)
(Imbalances)





(Inflation Targeting)

142
 9
4
(:


)

Key points

(1)

(2)

(Policy
mix)

143
...

144
 4 :

Glossary

2 Price mechanism

Full employment

Natural monopoly

Economic activity

145
...

Economic Growth




GDP (
)


Elasticity


elastic




Deflation

146
 4 :

Inflation

Transfer payments
(
2,000 2552)

() Trade balance
()

() ()

Opportunity Cost

147
...

Fiscal policy

() ()




()



Monetary policy


.

148
 4 :

Production factor



4

Economic bubble

Economics

149
...

Inferior goods



3

Public goods





Price stability



Economic unit (


Public debt

150
 4 :

Exchange rate
30 = 1

(Supply) Supply

(Demand) Demand

151
...

/ Website Source
http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/Statistics/Indicators/
Pages/index.aspx
http://www2.bot.or.th/statistics/BOTWEBSTAT.aspx?
() reportID=409&language=TH
http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/Statistics/Economic
( AndFinancial/EconomicIndices/Pages/Index.aspx

)
(GDP) http://www.nesdb.go.th/Default.aspx?tabid=95


http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/Statistics/Financial
Markets/ExchangeRate/_layouts/Application/
ExchangeRate/ExchangeRate.aspx
NEER REER http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/MonetaryPolicy/Target/
ExchangeRates/Pages/ExchangeRate.aspx
http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/Statistics/FinancialMarkets/
Interestrate/_layouts/application/interest_rate/
IN_Rate.aspx
http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/Statistics/Financial/
EconomicAndExternalSector/Pages/
StatInternationalReserves.aspx
http://www.indexpr.moc.go.th/price_present/
cpi/stat/others/report_core1.asp?tb=cpig_index_country
&code=93&c_index=a.change_year
http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/Statistics/EconomicAnd
Financial/MoneyAndBanking/Pages/index.aspx#
http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/Statistics/EconomicAnd
( Financial/ExternalSector/Pages/menu.aspx
)
( http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/Statistics/EconomicAnd
Financial/RealSector/Pages/Index.aspx
)
http://www.oie.go.th/industryindex_th.asp

152
 4 :

http://www.oae.go.th/ewt_news.php?nid=4542

http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/Statistics/EconomicAnd
Financial/MoneyAndBanking/Pages/index.aspx#
http://www2.bot.or.th/statistics/
BOTWEBSTAT.aspx?reportID=624&language=TH
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( http://www.fpo.go.th/FPO/index2.php?mod=
) Category&file=categoryview&categoryID=CAT0001203
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BaseStat/basestat.html
)
http://www.nesdb.go.th/Default.aspx?tabid=322

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Docs/tab01.pdf
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Category&file=categoryview&categoryID=CAT0000314
http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm
(International Monetary Fund : IMF)
(World bank) http://www.worldbank.org/

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Pages/index.aspx
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(.) Pages/MonetaryPolicy.aspx
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& file=categoryview&categoryID=CAT0000027
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. (2553). .4-.6.
. (2552). 4-6 .
: .
. (2554). . (1). : .
. (2548). . (1). : .
. (). (Inclusive Growth). (1). : .
. (2553). .... (1).
. (2553). . :
.
. (2543). 10 . : .
. (2542). : . (1). : .
. (2539). Macroeconomics. (3). :
.
. (2550). .3 3.
. (2485). 2485. (1). :
.
. (2542). . : search http:/
/www.nso.go.th/

Bradley R. Schiller. (1996). Essentials of Economics. (2). : McGraw-Hill.
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Focused and Quick (FAQ). Issue 32,. .
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Issue 23, .
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. (2548). .
, .

. (25 2553). : . (1). :

.
. (2554). ?. (1). : .
. (21 2550). - .
.
. (2 2553). . .

http://www.bot.or.th .
http://www.bot.or.th/Thai/MonetaryPolicy/Pages/MonetEducation.aspx
.
http://th.wikipedia.org .
http://www.thaiwellbeing.org ?
.
http://www. uinthai.net
.
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.

155
...

273 10200

.
... -- : , 2555. 160 .
1. 2. 3. I.
ISBN 978-616-7220-17-8

1 : .. 2555
20,000

101/99-101 10400
. 0 2692 0621-3
GDP per capita : : : 1 3

~1500,000
160,000 * : 67.28 : 38.64 * : 97.0%
120,000 (% GDP)
80,000
100
** 2553
40,000 %
0
75 80

14.2% 38.2%
2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2544 2545 2546 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 3.9%
: 60
50

100,000 40
~47,280 USD 25 7.0%
80,000 20
60,000
~9,200 USD 0
~1,160 USD 0

2494

2504-2509

2510-2514

2515-2519

2520-2524

2525-2529

2530-2534

2535-2539

2540-2544
2545-2549

2550-2554

4
0

8
4
0

6
2

2
40,000 16.4%

254

254
254
252
252

252
253
253

255
6.2% 14.1%
20,000

0 * : 15 ()
Luxembourg

Norway

Germany

T urkey
Singapore

Netherlands

France

Chile

B razil

Philippines

Nepal
Mexico

Haiti
Zimbabwe
B urundi
Congo
Switzerland

K uwait

New Zealand

T hailand

E gypt

B angladesh
USA

J apan

B hutan

Iraq

Vietnam
Denmark
Australia

K orea

Saudi Arabia
Russia

Malaysia

Venezuela

South Africa

China

Indonesia

India

Cambodia
K enya
Qatar

Myanmar
Lao PDR
UK
UAE
B runei

Hong K ong

T aiwan

* : UNESCO, Principal Regional Office for Asia and Pacific, Literacy in Asia And the Pacific, 2010
** 2541 ISIC Revision 4
: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2010 ~ : : 2553

: GDP :

2553 5
(%)
GDP / 120
1. 1,052,575
2. 692,525 100
9.5% 11.1% 3. 620,773 80
4. 523,899 60
5. 441,062 40
8.0% ( : 6
4.2% = 365,619 /) 20

16.1% 0
5
/ -20

2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
1. 35,986
41.3% 2. 36,142
3. 36,734 ( - )
9.7%
4. 38,681
: 5. 38,688 :

- : : : Made in Thailand

Degree of Openness*
2552 140

2531 2537 2543 2549 2552 (%) 120 Dot com Import Export

60 5 5
633 838 1,135 1,386 1,586 50 100
(//)
40 (12.3%) (9.5%)
22.1 10.7 12.6 6.1 5.3 30 80
()
20 (9.8%) (8.4%)
42.1 19.0 21.0 9.6 8.1 10 60
() (9.5%) (7.1%)
0
Rich Upper-middle Middle Lower-middle Poor 40 (8.8%) (6.0%)
2523 2528 2533 2538 2543 2548 2553
: (7.3%) (4.7%)
100 : GDP
: : : 2553