P RA C TI C A L

MA L A Y G R A MMA R

C O MP I L E D BY

REV . w . G . S H E L L A B EA R,
MI S S I O N A R Y O F TH E ME TH O D I S T E P I S C O P A L CH U RCH ,

L AT E R O YA L E NG I N E E R S .

Ma la y E ngli sh Voca bula ry

'

A u t or o; A - t lz e E volulz on o;

Ma lay Sp elli ng ; etc .

, e tc .

S E C ON D E DI TI ON .

O F T HE

S I N G APO R E

P R I N T ED AT T H E A ME R I C A N MI S S I O N P R ES S
28, R AF F L E S P L A C E .
 Th i s w or k a s i ts n a m e i m p li e s i s i n t e n d e d
, , as a p ra c ticalai d

to E ng l ish spe a k i n g pe o pl e i n t h e i r e fforts to

-
a cqu i re a k n ow
led g e o f t h e Ma la y l a n g u a g e .

P eopl e na tur a l l y n d i t e a si e r to g r a s p a n e w l a n g u a g e i f
i ts g r a m m a ti c a l co n structi o n i s e xpl a i n ed a s fa r a s possi b l e i n th e
s a m e p h r a seolo g y a n d o n th e s a m e l i n es a s th e y h a ve b ee n a c
c usto m ed to i n l e a r n i n g t h ei r o w n a n d oth e r l a n g u a g es Th i s .

g r a m m a r h a s th ere fore b ee n a r r a n g ed m a i n ly o n th e usu a l pl a n

o f the r m m a rs o f E uro pe a n l a n u a es d ll p h i l ol i c l i
g a
g g a n a ,
o
g a n

ve s t i g a t i o n s a n d sc i e n ti fi c th eor i es o f th e l a n u a g e h a v e b ee n
g
i n t e n t i o na llv a void ed a s b ei ng b eyo n d th e sc o pe o f a P r a c t ic a l
,

G ra m m a r .

By m ea ns o f
p ro g ressi ve se r i es o f exerc i ses th e a tte n t i o n
a ,

o f th e s tud e n t i s d i rec ted ch i ey t o w a r d s t h e co n struc ti o n o f

.

M a l a y se n te n ces Th e a d v a n t a g e o f th i s pl a n w i ll b e reco g n ised

.

w h e n i t i s re m e m b ered th a t t h e ch i e f o b jec t w h ic h m ost le a r n ers

h a ve i n vi e w i s n o t to re a d M a l a y b oo k b ut t o for m se n t e n ces
s
,

a n d to spe a k th e l a n u a e Th exerc ises sh o u ld o f c o u rse b e

g g e .

w r i t t e n w i t h ou t a n y oth er a ssist a n ce th a n th e voc a b u l a ry w h i c h

a cco m p a n ies e a c h l esso n a n d th e m i st a k es m a d e s h ou ld t h e n b e

,

correc ted b y co m p a r iso n w i th th e K e y wh i ch w i l l b e fou n d o n

,

p a g e 6 8 a n d th e fol l o w i n g p a g es A sh or t ser i es o f R e a d i n g
.

E xerc i ses a re g i ve n a t t h e e n d o f th e G r a m m a r b ut th ey a re i n
,

te n d e d a s ex a m pl es o f M a l ay c o n str ucti o n r a th e r th a n fo r p ra c
ti ce i n r e a d i ng .

I t i s perh a ps a s w el l to c a uti o n th e stud e n t a t th e outse t

a g a i n st t h ose corr u pti o n s o f th e l a n g u a g e w h i c h h a ve co m e i n to

use to a g re a t exte n t a m o n g th e m i xed pop ul a t i o n s o f th e l a r g e

tow n s Th e ch i e f o f th ese a re th e use o f th e ver b ea s e/1 or ka s i
.

21 1 5 3 1
IV P RE F ACE .

in th e S outh er n S ettl e m e n ts a n d b/z ag l i n Pe n a ng a n d P r ovi n c e

,

Wel lesl e y a s a uxi l i a r i es fo r th e fo r m a tio n o f tr a n si ti ve ver b s a n d

, ,

th e co n ti n u a l us e o f t h e possessive p a rt i c le p m zy a B oth o f th ese .

a re C h i n ese co n s t r uct i o n s a n d i n th e M a l a y l a ng u a g e th e y a re
,

qu i te u n n ec e ss a ry a n d ve ry c l u m s y .

W G S . . .

M eth od i st E p i scop a l M i ssi o n S i n ga pore

, ,

N o vem be r 1 899 .

P R E FA C E TO T H E S EC O N D E D I T I O N .

Th e ste a d y d e m a n d fo r th is M a l a y G r a m m er h a vm g n e c e s
s i t a t e d th e p r i n ti n
g o f a seco n d ed i ti o n th e w h ol e b oo
,
k h a s b ee n

c a r e ful l y r evi sed a n d a fe w ver b a l a l te r a t i o n s m a d e

, .

Pa r a g r a p h IOI th e u se o f th e p re x 771 h a s b ee n re w ri t
,
on ,

t e n ; a n d a m ore c o m pl ete l i st o f c o m pou n d w o rd s h a s b ee n

su b sti tu ted fo r t h e old l i st i n L esso n XXV I I Th i s l a tte r ch a n g e .

h a s b ee n m a d e possi b l e o w i n g t o t h e u b l ic a ti o n o f m y M a l a y
p
E n g l i sh Voc a b u l a r y to w h i c h t h e stud e n t i s re fe rred w h er e th e
,

c o m pou n d s fo r m e d w i t h a n y p a r ti c ul a r w or d a re ver y n u m e r o us .

Ma la cca ,
1 9 4
0 .
 TA B L E O F C O N T E NT S .

P R O N U N CIA T I O N AN D OR T H OG RA P H Y
L E S SO N S

I . Th e Ar ti cl e S u b st a n ti ves
,
and A djec ti ves

II . P e rs o na l P r o n o u n s
Th e P ossessi ve C a se
Possessi ve P ro n ou n s

III . D e m o n s t r a ti ve P r o n ou n s
I n t e rr o ga ti ve P ro n ou n s
R el a ti ve Pro n o u n s
R eec ti ve P r o n o u n s

A d ver b s

P re posi tio n s
C o nj u n c ti o n s
N u m e ra l s
Fr a c ti o n a l n u m b e r s
C ollec t i ve n u m b ers
Ti m e
Th e Ve r b
A uxi l i a ri es

Th e Ver b Add

Questi o ns a nd A n s w ers

N e g a ti ve A uxi l i a r i es a nd th e use o f

Th e Ve r b s S a d a /z d H a bz s
'

an

Th e Ver b K m:
Th e Ver b B ri
XIV . For m a ti o n o f t h e Pl ur a l
N u m er a l C o e f c i e n t s or C l a ssi e rs

G e n d er
C o m p a r i so n of A djecti ves
VI T AB LE OF CO NTEN T S .

XV I . D er i v a t i ve Ver b s
I n tr a n si ti ve a n d Tr a n si ti ve
XV I I . Th e P re x m

XV I I I . Th e P a ssi ve Voic e
Th e P rex f er
XIX . Th e P rex be?

D er i v a t ive N ou n s
( a Th e P re x p
b ) Th e P r ex p a n d S u fx a n
S i

( )
e Th e P rex p e r a n d u x a n

XX I .
( d )Th e S u fx an

( )
e Th e P r ex k

(f ) Th e P r ex k a n d S u fx an

( g) Th e P r e x b e r a n d S u f x a n
,

( /Z Th e S u fx cm w i th r ed u pl i c a ti o n

XX I I . I n te rj ec ti o n s
P u n c tu a ti o n Wo rd s
C o m p ou n d S e n te n ces
A djec ti v a l C l a use s

XX I I I . A d ver b i a l C l a uses
XX I V . Th e U se of P r e posi ti o n s

XX V . E l e m e n t a ry M a l a y I d i o m s
Pol i te P h r a se s
Th e U s e o f B la m e
Th e U s e o f
XX V I . Word s of S i m i l a r M e a n i ng
XX V I I . C o m pou n d Word s
XX V I I I . R el i g i o u s Te r m s
XX I X . Th e M o h a m m ed a n C a le n d a r
R EA D I N G E XE RCISE S
KE Y TO THE E xE R c I S E s
 PR O N U N C I AT I O N A N D O R TI I OG RA PH Y

Fo r w r i t i n g th ei r o w n l a ng u a g e th e M a l a ys h a ve b orro w ed
th e i r c h a r a c te rs fro m th e A r a b s Th ose w h o i n te n d to m a k e a .

th orou g h stud y o f t h e M a l a y l a ng u ag e a n d l i te r a tur e w i l l th ere

fore n d i t n ecessa r y to le a r n to re a d th e A r a b ic ch a r a c te r B ut .

fo r th e m ajor i t y o f th ose wh o w i sh to l e a r n th e rud i m e n ts o f th e

M a l a y l a n g u a g e th e d i f cu l t y o f o b t a i n i n g a n y flue n c y i n re a d i n g
a n e w ch a r a cte r o fte n a p pe a rs so g re a t a s eve n to d i scour a g e

t h e m fr o m m a k i ng a b e g i n n i ng For th i s re a so n t h e M a l a y .

w ord s i n th i s g r a m m a r a re a ll pr i n ted i n R o m a n lette rs Th e s y s .

t e m o f r o m a n i s i n g a d op ted i s t h e s a m e a s h a s b ee n used i n
S /z ella bea r s Vo ca bula ry th e Tri glo t Voca bula ry t h e S tra i ts

, ,

Voca bula ry , S tra i ts D i a log ues , Ma lay a n d E ug li s /z S c/z o ol P ri m e r ,

a n d a ll th e oth er M a l a y p u b l ic a ti o n s o f th e A m er ic a n M i ssi o n

P ress . Th i s sy s te m i s esse n ti a l l y th e s a m e a s th a t w h ic h h a s b ee n
u n i vers a l l y a d o pted fo r ro m a n i si n g th e A m o y a n d S wa to w a n d
oth e r d i a l ec ts o f th e C h i n ese l a n g u a g e , a n d i s so m eti m es c a ll ed
th e R a t io n a l S y ste m .

V o w e ls

Th e ve vo w el s h a ve th e c o n ti n e n t a l sou n d s
a as i n f a ll/ e r . o as i n b o le .

e as th e ey i n f/z ey . u as i n ri n i e
i as i n ra t i ue '
.

In a d d i ti o n to th e a b ove th ere i s i n M a l ay a s i n n e a r l y a ll ,

or : e n t a l l a n g u a g es a n dth e r s i m p le vo w el sou n d w h i ch i s o fte n

,

c a l led th e sh or t vo wel sou n d I n th e d i ffere n t s y s t e m s o f.

ro m a n i si n g th i s sh o rt v o w e l sou n d h a s b ee n v a ri ously re p rese n t

,

ed by a a e e u a n d 27 b ut a ll o f th ese d i ffere n t m ethod s o f

, ,

, , , ,

represe n ti n g th i s vo w el sou n d a re ope n to t h e g re a t o bjecti o n

t h a t th ey m i sl e a d b oth E u rope a n s a n d n a tives i n to g ivi n g i t a n
i n c o rrec t p ro n u n ci a ti o n E x per i e n c e h a s sh o w n th a t t h e b es t
.

wa y to spe l l word s co n t a i n i n g th e sh or t vo w el sou n d w i th ,

a vi e w to h el p i n g th e stu d e n t to a c orrect p ro n u n c i a ti o n i s to ,

o m i t th e vowel a l to g eth er Th i s o m issi o n o f th e sh or t v o w e l i s

.

th e p ec ul i a r fe a tu re o f th e s y ste m o f ro m a n i si n g used i n th i s
g r a m m a r . Th e ex a ct sou n d o f t h i s sh ort vo w e l c a n o n l y b e

l e a r n t by e a r ; i t d o e s n o t occ u r i n a n y E n g li sh w ord o f o n e syl l a

, ,

b le b ut i s a l m ost i d e n ti c a l with th e
,
h a l f vow e l s o un d i n -
 P RACT ICAL MA LAY GRAM MAR .

th e rst s y l l a b le o f such word s a s m a c h i n e a n d ba l l oo n ,

.

W h e n two co n so na n ts c o m e to g eth e r wi th out a vo w el b e t w ee n ,

th e rst co n so n a n t m ust b e co n si d er ed a s h a vi n g th e shor t o r

i n h e re n t vowe l sou n d a n d i s th er e for e sou n d ed se p a r a tel y a s , , .

l lfa s t p i b ba l e tc
-
,
-
,
T h e d ou b l e c o n so n a n ts c/z Hz 3 b fi g a n d
-
, .
, , , ,

uy a re o f cou rse exce pti o n s to th i s r ul e a s th e y st a n d fo r s i n g l e ,

sou n d s Wh e re th e si ngl e co n so n a n ts k a n d li o r s a n d li would

.
,

co m e to g eth er th e vo w el a i s i n ser ted to a vo i d co n fus i o n wi th

,

th e d ou b l e c o n so na n ts b u s b a s i n ba lla n d a k s a b aja e tc ; i n , , , , .

th e w o rd ueg ri h o w eve r i t h a s b ee n th ou g h t b est to r et a i n th e

, ,

co n ve n ti o n a l m ethod o f s pell i n g w i th a n e Wh e n t h re e c o n .

so n a n ts co m e to g e th er th e rst t w o u su a l l y for m a c losed s y l l a ,

b le a n d th e th i rd co m m e n ces th e sec o n d s y l l a b l e a s i n th e
, ,

w ord s m uz ba i b i ru i a fe w c a ses h o w ever e a ch

p y
r r a n
-
z a , , , ,

c o n so na n t m ust b e g i ve n i ts i n h e re n t vo w el sou n d a s m l top , ,

- -
,

p -
u -
b u s s d k ,
a / z b u t suc
- h w-
ord s a r e so
,
f e w i n n u m b e r th a t th e y
pr ese n t ver y l i ttl e d i f c ul t y .

I n re g a rd to th e vowel s a e z o u i t m ay b e r e m a r k e d , . , , ,

th a t i n o p e n s y l l a b l es th e vo w e l sou n d h a s a l w a y s a g r e a te r d e
g r ee o f i n te n si t y th a n i n c losed s l l a b l es
y For i n st a n c e i n th e .
,

w ord p a a a ug th e a i n th e rst s y l l a b l e p a i s pro n ou n ced m uch

, ,

b ro a d e r th a n i n th e seco n d sy l l a b l e I n th e word g ig i t th e i i n .
,

g i h a s a stro n g er sou n d th a n i n th e s ec o n d syl l a b l e g i t w h e re i t ,

h a s m ore th e sou n d o f i i n bit S i m i l a rl y i n t h e w ord s bo a o /z

.

a n d t u ru t th er e i s m or e stress o n th e o pe n s y l l a b l es bo a n d tu
th a n o n th e c losed s y l l a b l es d oll a n d ru t w h e re a s i n suc h
,

w ord s a s p a a a g i gi jo a o a n d s us u t h e re i s a h e a vy stress o n
'

, ,

b oth sy l l a b les ; a n d so a l so i n suc h w ord s a s c/z i uc/z i u ,

b l wh ere b oth s l l b les c l osed th e stress i s

a ob
p o u uu
, g e u s y a ,
a r e ,

equ a l i n th e two sy l l a b les b ut i s m uc h l i g h ter th a n i n o pe n syl l a ,

b l es a n d th e vo w e l th e re fore a p p e a rs to h ave a sh orter sou n d

, .

I t sh oul d per h a ps b e r e m a r k e d h e re th a t E ng l ish spe a k i n g -

perso n s h a ve a stro ng te n d e n c y to m i sp ro n ou n c e th e M a l ay vowel

a , b y g i vi ng i t th e sho r t E ng l is h sou n d ; fo r i n st a n c e o ne o fte n ,

h e a r s th e word ap i p ro n ou n ced so m e th i n g l i k e th e E n g l i sh w o rd
h a p p y o n l y w i th out th e 12 a nd th e rst sy l l a b l e o f p a uja ug i s
,

,

o fte n p ro n ou n ced l i k e th e E ng l ish w ord p a n a n d th e seco n d ,

s y l l a b l e i s p ro n ou n ced s o th a t i t w ou l d r h y m e wi th ba ng S uch .

sh or t a sou n d s d o n o t exi st a t a ll i n th e M a l ay l a n g u a g e a n d ,

sh ou ld b e ve r y c a r e ful l y a voi d ed Th e r st sy l l a b l e o f pa af a ng .

sh oul d b e p ro n ou n c ed m ore l i k e th e E n g l ish w ord p un a n d ,

th e seco n d sy l l a b l e sh oul d b e m a d e to r h y m e w i th th e E ng l i sh

w ord ou

ng
y .

Th e sou n d 0 or u i n th e l a st sy l l a b l e o f m a n y word s i s n o t
q u i te th e sa m e a s ei th e r th e 0 o r th e u sou n d g i ve n a b ove .
 P RAC T ICAL MALAY G RAM MAR .
3

b ut i s a b out h a l f wa y b et w ee n those sou n d s so th a t so m e p erso n s ,

w r i te a n 0 a n d oth ers a u; fo r i n st a n ce o ne m a y w ri te e i th er ub o r ,

or ub ur ra m bo t or ra m bu t jmpo t or jmp u t I t m a tters l i ttl e

, ,
.

w h ic h w a y su ch w ord s a re w r i tte n t h ei r true pro n u n c i a ti o n

c a n o n l y b e le a r n t fro m a M a l ay .

Wh e n t w o vo w el s c o m e tog eth e r b oth m ust b e sou n d ed , ,

b ut th e rst m us t b e run i n to th e sec o n d th us a u b eco m es ve ry ,

a s pi s a u m a u

n e a rl y th e sou n d o f o w i n a n d a i h as a l

co w , , ,

m ost th e sou n d o f th e E n g l ish i i n i c e a s s u ug a i pa b a i lea a i
, ,
'
.

C o ns o n a n t s .

Th e co n so na n ts i n M a l a y a re p ro n ou n ced a s i n E ng l i sh ex ,

ce p t th a t th e 7 sh ou l d a lw ay s b e sou n d ed m uch m ore cl e a rl y

'

a n d wi th m o re o f a r i n g th a n i n E n g l i sh Th e co n so na n t 72g .

re prese n ts a si n g l e sou n d i n M a l a y a n d should b e pro n ou n c ed ,

l i k e th e fi g i n si n g er n ever a s i n si n g l e ; th e l a tter sou n d i s
,

rep rese n ted i n M a l ay b y ugg th us : s i ug a a n d s i ng g a ll S o ,

-
,
-
.

a l so u ug u i s n o t uu
g u b u t u ug
-
u F i n a
,
l /
e i n M a l ay i s -
no t .

sou n d ed b ut th e sy l l a b l e i n w h ich i t occ urs m ust b e p ro n ou n ced

,

ver y sh ort i n d eed a n d th e b r e a th d r a w n i n so a s t o p rod u ce th e

,

sh orte n i ng o f th e sou n d Th e a postroph e a t th e e n d o f a syl l a b l e

.

i n d i c a tes a si m i l a r a b ru p t sou n d Wh e n th e a p ost r o ph e i s fou n d .

b e t w ee n t w o vo w el s i t i n d i c a tes th a t th e y should b e p r o n ou n ced

,

se p a r a t el y a s per/ea ta a u m ula i Fi n a l /t h a s a lso th e e ffect o f

, , ,
.

sh or te n i n g th e l a st s y l l a b l e b ut n o t m ore t h a n h a l f a s m uch
,

a s n a l 13 .

I n th e tr a n sl i ter a ti o n o f th e p urel y A r a b i c l e t ters n o d i s t i n c

t io n h a s b ee n m a d e b et w ee n Ca a nd lo ; u
C
o ; or
L3
a nd 5 Th e oth e r A rab i c letters h a ve b ee n i
t ran s li t e r

a ted as fol lo w s Hz 5 a /z ,

z : g a l,

la , tl,
C u
, ,
L)

l f Th e n a sa l l etter
C 5 c h a n g es i ts sou n d w h ich
g i
a
,

a ccord i n g to th e vo w el w r i tte n w i th i t i s re prese n ted b y a ,

rou g h b re a th i n g p l a ced b e for e th e vowel .

Th e hy ph e n i s used t o se p a r a te fro m th e w ord s to w h ich

th e y a re a tt a c h ed those p rexes su fxes a n d oth e r p a rti cles , ,

w h i c h d o n o t for m a n i n te g r a l p a rt o f th e w o rd i tsel f Th ese .

a re : th e pre posi ti o n la th e a b b revi a ted n u m er a l s th e p a ssi ve

p re x a i th e p r o n o m i n a l su ffi xes u uz u a n d uy a a n d t he

, ,
-
.
,
-
,
-
,

p a rt icl es la /z,
-
ua /z
, J ob Th e p reposi ti o n a i i s d i sti n
-
, .

g u i she d fro m th e p a ssi ve p r x fli b y th e a b se n ce o f thee

h y ph e n .
4 MA L AY G RA M MAR .

L ESSON I .

Th e A rt i c le , S ub s t a n t i v e s and A d je c t i v e s .
t

I . Th er e i s n o i n d e n i te r ti cl e i n M a l a y
a . Th e a djec ti ve
a l wa y s foll o w s th e su b st a n ti ve w h ic h i t q u a l i es .

ruuz a /t , a h ouse . bs a r b i g l a r g e
, , .

b ua a , a h orse . b ua t stro n g , .

o ra ug , a man . ba i l g ood
, .

ru m a / z bs a r ,
l a r g e h o use
a .

b ua a b un t

a s tro n h o rse
, g ,

o ra ug ba i b , a goo d m an
'

2 .P roper l y s pe a k i n g th e re i s a l so no d e n i te a rti c l e i n
M a l a y b ut th e
,
d e m o n str a ti ve p ro n ou n i t u th a t i s s o m e t i mes
, ,

u sed t o su p pl y th i s d ec i e n c y a n d ,
fol lo w s th e n ou n o r
a djecti ve .

b ud a or b ua a i tu , t h e h orse

.

o ra u
g b u at o r o ra ng b ua t i tu, th e stro ng man .

3 . In si m pl e se n te n c es ,
i n w h ic h t h e su bj ec t i s a s ub
s t a n t i ve a n d the p red i c a te a n a djec ti ve t w o c o n str uc t i on s a re
,

c o m m o n l y use d
a . Th e su bject i s pl a ced rst ; fol l o w ed b y th e d e m o n st r a
t i ve p r o n ou n i t u a n d th e a djec t ive i s pl a c ed a t th e e n d o f t h e
,

se n t e n c e a s,

ru m a /z i t u bs a r th e h ouse i s l a r g e ,
.

b .Th e a djec ti ve i s p l a ced rst usu a l l y fo l lo w ed b y th e ,

exple ti ve su f x /a /t ( w h i c h i s u n tr a n sl a t a b l e a n d i s m er e ly u sed
-
,

fo r e m ph a si s ) a n d t h e su b st a n ti ve fo l l o w ed b y t h e d e m o n st r a t i ve
,

p r o n ou n o r s o m e o th e r p a r t o f s peec h i s pl a ced a t th e e n d o f
th e se n te n ce a s , ,

ba i b la /z b ra ug i tu th e m a n i s g ood
'

-
.
,

bs a r b un/a i tu th e h orse i s b i g ,
.

Th i s c o n str ucti o n i s m ore e m ph a t i c th a n th e for m er .

4 .
M In
a l a
y th ere i s no d ecl e n si o n o f ei t h er s u b st a n t i ves
o r a djec ti ve s .

5 . Th e v e r b
to be i s sel d o m ex p r ess e d in such si m p l e
 PR AC TI CAL MALAY G RA MMA R .
5

M a l a y se n te n ce s a s are d e a l t w i th i n t h e
-
e a rl y ch a p te rs o f th i s
g r a m m a r a n d sh ou l d n o t b e t r a n sl a ted
, . L esso n X i s d evoted
to th e use o f th e Ma la v ve r b a a a
.

VO CA B ULA RY .

x0 1; N s

AU J EC I I V ES

vz
y ,
e r w a ter . ba i b , g o od .

bud a k , b o y , g i rl . bs a r, b i g l a r g e ,
.

baju, c o a t l . b/z a ru n e w , .

~
/ta ri d a y ,
.
f ez /t el l, b a d .

ja la u ,
ro ad . b elt i l, s m a l l .

b ucta , h orse . b ua t stro ng

,
.

o ra u , per s o n , m a n lu rus str a i g h t

g .
, .

'

p i 71t zt , d oo r , g a te V . i u a la y laz y, .

ra a , k i n g pa ua s h o t
j .
,
.

ma m a /t , h ouse .
p j lo
a u a ug n g ,
.

s um t, l etter ] b sh rt

p e u a e o , .

s a k c ol d
j , .

EXE RC IS E I .

1 2 3 4
A g r e a t k i ng A s h or t l ette r
. Th e b i g d oor A ne w . .

6 7
co at .T h e b a d pers o n Th e ro a d i s s tr a i g h t Th e d a y
. .

9
ho t h o rse i s str o ng Th e wa ter w a s c o ld Th e n e w c o a t
. .

2
i s l o ng Th e s m a l l b o y wa s l a z y
. Th e l o ng ro a d i s g ood .

13
The b i g h or s e i s stro ng .

LES S O N II .

P e rs o n a l P ro n o u n s .

6 . Th e fol lo w i ng a re th e pe rso n a l p ro n ou n s m o s t co m m o n
ly i n use
a . Wh e n a d d r essi n g a n i n fer i or i n r a n k or a fa m i l i a r fr i e n d ,

S i n g ul a r I st perso n a / u , ,
e
.

z ud u ng k a u .

3 rd a

ia or ia .

P l u ra l , I st p erso n ,
b i ta o r b a m i .

z ud ba m u .

grd a za d z a o ra ug ,
'
,
o r o ra ug z tu .

W h e n a d d ressi n g superi o r or equ a l i n r a n k

'

a ,
an ,

S i n g ul a r ,
I st pe r s o n ,

z ud tua u .

ia

3 rd a or t a .

Pl u ra l . Th e sa me as ab ov e .
6 P RACT ICA L MA LAY GRA M M AR .

7 Th
. e perso n a l p ro n ou n a b u i s co m m o n l y u se d b y M a l a ys
am on
g th e m selves E urope a n s use
. s a /y
z a a l m ost exc l us ive l y .

K a m i i s b ut l i ttl e u sed i t exc l ud es th e pe rso n a d d ressed a n d i s ,

th ere for e th e c or rec t p ro n ou n to use i n pr aye rs a d d ressed to th e

D ei t y .

8 .Th e u se o f th e z ud p er so n p r o n ou n i s a void ed a s fa r a s
possi b l e Th e n a m e or r a n k or th e re l a ti o n wh ic h th e p er so n
.
,

a d d r essed b e a rs to th e s pe a k er b e i n
g s u b sti tu ted T h u s a Ma la
y .

would sa y J oh n i s a b i g b o y r a th er th a n Y o u a re a b i g b o y
, , .

9 . [a se ld o m u sed i n c o n vers a ti o n
is I n wr i ti n g i a i s .
,

f

g e n er a l l y use d fo r th e su bjec t a n d a i a o r th e o b
,
jec t O r a ug .

a d d ed to th e p ro n ou n o f th e
3 rd pe rso n for m s th e p l u r a l b ut th e ,

p l u r a l n eed n o t b e ex p ressed u n l ess a m b i g u i t y w ou l d a r i se

fro m th e us e o f th e si m pl e p ro n ou n a i a
.

I O Th e S tr a i ts b or n C h i n ese us e th e C h i n ese p ro n ou n s
.
-
,

g oa , I a n d ,l a
y o u w h e,n c o n versi n
, g a m o n g th e m sel ves ,

a n d i t h a s b ec o m e c o m m o n a m o n E u rope s i th e S tr i ts to
g a n n a

use th e p ro n ou n lu w h e n a d d ressi ng th e C h i n ese a n d T a m i l s .

A M a l a y sh oul d n eve r b e a d d r essed b y th i s p ro n ou n la w h i ch ,

w ou ld b e c o n si d e red a s a n a ffro n t 4
.

Th e P o s s e s s i v e C a s e .

11 Wh e n o n e su b st a n t i ve i s p l a c ed i m m ed i a te l y a fter
. an oth er
th e se co n d su b st a n ti ve i s i n th e possessi ve c a se Th us : .

baju j
ra a , th e k i ng s co a t .

S i m i l a rl y a pr o n ou n pl a ced i m m ed i a te l y af ter a n oun is in th e

possessi ve c a se a s , ,

rum a /t s a /zy a ,
my h ouse .

12 Th e possessi ve c a se m a y a lso b e for m ed by p l ac i n g the

.

p ossessive p a rtic le p uuy a a fte r e i th er a n ou n or p ro n ou n ; th e

n ou n o r p ro n ou n si n i f i n th e p ossessor th e n p re ced es th e
g y g
n ou n s i n i f i n th e th i p ossessed
g y g n g a s , ,

ra a
j y uuy a baju th e k i n g s c o a t
,
.

s a by a p uny a f um a /z , m y h ouse ;
N O T E Th e rst m eth od o f expr essi n g t h e p o s ses s i ve c a se

s h o uld b e g e n e r a l l y used b ut w h e n th e o bjec t p ossessed i s

,

q u a l i e d by a n a djec tive i t i s m or e co n ve n i e n t t o use p u uy a .

Th e freque n t us e o f p uuy a h o w eve r i s a C h i n e s e id i o m a n d

, , , ,
 P RACT ICA L M ALAY GRAM M AR .
7

th ou g h co m m o n w i th th e S tr a i ts b or n C h i n e s e sh ou l d be a voi d ed -
,

b y E u rop e a n s wh o w i sh to s pe a k w i th a ny a p pro a ch to
c o rrect n ess .

P o s se s s i v e P ro n o u n s .

I 3 . P roper l y
s pe a k i n g th e o n l y possessi ve p ro n ou n s i n

M a l a y a re th e su f xes u m i n e ; m u y ou rs ; a nd uy a h i s o r -
. ,
-
,
-
,

thei rs Th ese a re a ll joi n ed b y a h y p h e n to the n ou n exp ressi ng

.

th e th i ng possessed a s , ,

ba
j
u -
b u, co at my .

ru m a /t m u y ou r h ouse -
, .

b ua a uy a h i s h orse

-
.
,

O f t h ese only i s u sed i n c o n ve rsa ti o n ; b u a nd m a

-
uy a - -

b e i ng o n l y used i n w r i tte n co m posi ti o n s .

I4. A ll pe rso n al p ro n ou n s b eco m e possessi ve pro n ou n s

w h e n p l a ced a fter the n ou n ex p ressi n g th e o bjec t possessed or
by th e a d d i ti o n o f th e p o ssessi ve p a r tic le y a uy a a s expl a i n ed ,

a b ove i n p a r a g r a ph 1 2 .

15. Wh e n th e su b st a n tive w h ic h th e possessi ve p ro n o u n

q u a l i es i s o m i tted or u n d er s tood or w h e n t h e possessi ve p ro ,

n ou n co m pl etes th e p red ic a te o f a s e n te n c e th e for m p uuy a ,

m u s t b e u s ed a s , ,

ai a -la /i s a /zy a p uuy a , i t i s m i n e

.

rum a /t i tu a i a puuy a , th e h ouse hi s

is .

VO CA BU LA RY .

S U B ST A N I
'

I V ES . A 1)J E C T i V E s .

a ua k, ch i ld .
~
/z i ta m , b l a c k .

bapa , fa the r - a a ric h

.
.
y , .

bi ua ta ug , a n i m a l . b os o ug e m p ty , .

lei e ta , c a rt c a r r i a g e
/
, . m i s b i u , poor .

a ua a i , c leve r


b a k i , le g , foot .
p .

la ut s e a
,
.
p u te b , w h i te .

.
,
lm bu , b u l loc k .
t i ngg i , h i g h ta l l , .

t i b s a b i t , sore , sic k
p ,
o x .
.

. ta ug a u, hand .

~
t ua u , m a ste r .

I
Ro N O U N S .

he

a b u , s a li y a ,
I , me . a za ,
ta , he , s , he r ,
hi m .

Mm ,
l a m i , we

,
us .

a za , c li a o ra u
g , o ra u
g z t u,

a u
g b a u t ua,u b a mu , ,
you . the y th e m , .
 8 P RACT ICAL MA LAY G RA M MA R .

b u a b u puay a , e a m y , m i n e
t ma , a ug b a u
p m e tc ou r
-
zy a ,
, , . .
; y ,

lm p uuy a , ba m z p uuy a , ou r , y ou rs .

ou rs . di a y a uy a ,
-
uy a , h i s, he r ,

h e rs th e i r th e i rs , , .

E XE RCIS E I I .

1
I a m a g re a t k I n g 2
Y o u a re a s m a llc h i ld My c a r n ag e i s 9
o o o o

. .

4
ne w Y ou r b l a c k h orse i s stro n g
. Y o u a re r ic h w e a re poor .

, .

6
S e a w a te r 7
Th e Ch i ld s h a n d 8
B ul loc k c a rt

. I a m th e .
-
.

c h i ld o f th e k i n g o f M a l a cc a
Th e a n i m a l s foot i s sore He .
1

I s m y m a ste r
1 3 "
Th ey a re c lever . H i s co a t i s w h i te Th ei r . .

bo y i s ta l l Th e e m p t y bo x i s y ou rs
.
16
Th e h o t w a ter i s .

th e i r s Th e s m a l l bo y i s h ers
. .

L ES S O N III .

D e m o n s t ra t i v e P ro n o u n s .

16 Th e d e m o n s tr a t i ve p r o n ou n s i n M a l a y a re : i tu
.
,
th a t ,

th o s e ; i u i t h i s th e s e Th e y c a n b oth b e use d e i th e r a s
, ,
. a dj ec

t i ve s o r a s tr ue pro n ou n s ; w h e n u sed a s a dj e c ti ves th e y fo l lo w

t h e n o u n w h ic h th e y qu a l i fy E x a m pl es : .

i t u la /z a i a th a t i s h e


.
,

a ua k i u i th i s ch i l d
,
.

17 . Th e fo l l o w i n g a re a ls o d e m o n s tr a ti v e p ro n o u n s ,
b ut
c a n no t b e u s e d a s a djec ti ves :
'

i a i tu , l
th e y th a t th e sa m e
l

d i a i t u,
.
, ,

i a i ui ,

th i s th i s ,
o ne .

Th ese for m s a re mo re e m ph a tic th a n th e ab ove ; ex a m pl es

i a i t u la /t ba i b , s m a l l h orses , ( th e y )a re th e g ood o n es
'

k ua a
- .

i a i ui

a ua b o ra ug bay a , th i s o n e i s th e r ic h m a n s ch i ld .

I n t e rro g a t i v e {P ro n o u n s

18 .
Th e fo l l o wi n g a re th e i n te rrog a ti ve p ro n ou n s i n M a l a y
a
p a , w h a t ; s i ap a w h o ; m a ua w h i c h w h a t ; ap a m a c/t a m w h a t
, , , ,

k i nd of .

19 O n .
l y m a u a a n d ap a m a c/t a m c a n b
,
e used a s a djec ti ves .

z / a ua
l i s a l s o a n a d ve r b m e a n i n g w h e re i W h e n u s ed
,
a s a n

i n te r r o ga ti ve p r o n ou n i t m u s t fol l o w th e n o u n Apa m a c/ta ut .

m ay e i th e r pr e c e d e or fol lo w th e no u n Apa a nd s i a p a c a n n o t .

b e jo i n ed to a n o u n .
 P RAC T ICAL MA LAY G R AM MA R .
9

VO CABULA RY .

N o un s . A DJ EC I I V ES

a i
y fo
a la w l
, . be w are/z , c l e a n .

ba a /z , fru i t . b a to n d i r ty .

i /ea u , sh . it
em s , h a rd .

ba i u, c loth , c loth es . ri m / ml d e a r , .

b ay u , w ood . mam /z , red .

b urs t, c h a i r . te rzzp n ,
l ame .

Luk i , coo k

.
P RO N O U NS .

m a ug b ob , C li p
i t u,
th a t th ose
.

, .

mefa , t a b l e
zm,

.

th i s th ese , .

t lo r, e gg
d i n i t u th e y th a t
.

,
top i , h a t
.
,
.

th i s th i s o n e
t ul a ug , wor k m a n

, .

a pa wh a t
.

'

who 3
s za p a

m a m: w h i ch wh a t
a
p a m a c/ mm wh a t k i n d
EX E RCIS E I I I .

1 2
Th i s i s you r ch a i r Th i s t a b l e i s d e a r
. Th i s c u p i s d i rt y . .

Th i s i s a c l e a n c l o th Th i s i s re d wo o d th a t i s h a rd
.
6
Th i s , .

8
o n e i s th e l a m e m a n \N h a t i s th a t
'

. Th a t i s a h e n s e g g .

9
Wh o i s th i s m a n 1
Th i s i s m y n e w co o k "
W li i c h m a n i s
'

lame P Wh ose h a t i s th i s 3 13
W h i ch fr u i t i s th a t 9 14
W ha t
1 6
k i n d o f sh i s th i s 9 Wh o s e d i rt y cl oth es a re th ese ?
Who
17
i s th a t w or k m a n Wh a t i s th a t fru i t

L ES S O N IV .

R e la t i v e P ro n o u n s .

20 . Th e rel a tive p ro n ou n s in M a l ay a re

y a ug , w h o , w h a t , w h ic h , th a t .

m a ua y a ng , w h i ch ever .

ba ra ug y a ng , w h a t , t h a t w h ic h .

ba ra ug a p a ,
w h a t , w h a teve r .

ba ra ug si a pa h e w h o, w hoeve r
, .

ba ra ug s i a pa y a n
g h e w h o w hoeve,
r , .

Th e l a st fou r for m s a re use d o n l y wh e n th e n ou n

e x pres s ed .

2 1 . M a l a y y a ng i s o ft e n u s e d b e t we e n th e n o u n a n d t h e
In
a dj e c ti v e wh ic h q u a l i es i t w h e r e n o r e l a tive pro n ou n i s r e q ui r e d
,
IO P RACT I CA L MAL AY G RA M MA R .

m o m ng ba z ,

i n E ng l i sh , a s g ood a n l i ter a l l y a man y g

a n a , ,

w h o i s g ood Ya ng used b e fo re t h e a djec ti ve w h e n

. m ust b e
th e n ou n i s a co m pou n d word a s tn a ng k ay n y a ng pa n d a l
'

, , ,

a c l eve r c a r pe n te r .

R e e c t i v e P ro n o u n s .

22 .R eecti ve p ro n ou n s i n M a l a y a re for m ed fro m th e pe rso n a l

p ro n ou n s by th e a d d i ti o n o f s n d i rz or d z rz , sel f S n a i rz i s
' ' '

.

p l a ced a fte r th e p ro n ou n, a n d d i d b e fore th e pr o n ou n , a s s a lzy a ' '

s n d z n , a z rz s a /zy a , d z rz k z ta , e tc S n a z rz i s m ore co m m o n l y
' ' '


'

'

u sed i n co n vers a ti o n th a n a z rz .

S n d z rz a n d a z rz so m eti m es s t a n d by th e m se lves
'

'

23 . Th e y .

a re th e n i m p erso n a l a n d m e a n o n e s sel f
I n so m e c a ses th e .

pe rso n a l p ro n ou n i s u n d erstood b ut no t ex p ressed .

24 .Th e p ro
n o m i na l su f xes , -
7n n , -
ny a , m ay b e joi n e d to
e i th e r s n a z rz or th us
,

d i ni n g/a or h i m sel f h i s o w n , , .

Th e possessi ve c a se m a y b e for m ed a s usu a l b y th e U se o f

p a ny a o r b y p l a c i n g th e reec ti ve p ro n ou n a fte r th e n ou n a s
, , ,

M i n a /z ni ta l o u r o wn h ouse
Az ta / n ny a rm n a z j
.

sna z n p

V O C A B ULA RY .

N o un s . A DJ E C T I V E S .

[J a m /1g , th i n g . be ng no b e n t ,
.

boa o/z , st u p id

bs z , i ro n

. . .

'

g fa r n, for k . bra n z b r a ve ,
.

nbn n g a rd e n ,
.
g a w k fat , .

'

lan e/z , c a k e pud d i n g ,

. nz a n zs ,swe e t .

k i fe m a ra /z a ng r y

p z s a n n ,
.
, .

s e n a o n s poo n m a m a r i pe

,
. .
,

I n na /1g bs i , b l a c k s m i th

. n z a tz d e a d , .

t n k a ng k ay n , c a r pe n te r . s a /a /z w r o n g , .

t n k a ng abn n , g a rd e n e r . taja zn sh a r p ,
.

P RO NO U N S .

'

y a ng , wh o ,
w h a t , w h ic h , th a t . ba ra ng s za p a y g
a n , h e who ,

m a na y a ng , w h ic h ever w h oe v er
.
.

ba m ng y a ng , w h a t , th a t wh ic h .

s n a z rz , a z rz ,

se l f .

{J a m /1g a p a , w h a t , w h a teve r a zn p n ny a ,
o wn
.

ba ra ng s lapa , h e w h o , Whoeve r s n d z rz

.
p n ny a ,
12 PR AC T IC AL MA L AY GRA MMAR .

L ESSON VI .

P re p o m t i o n s .

26 . Th e m or e co m m o n p re posi ti o n s a re

d ef i fro m ( p l a ce s )
/
.

a : to
,

d eri pa ua , fro m ( pe rso n s )

n
. .

A to o le/z b

pa d a , f
r aaa ,
-
.
y , .

ma , bag z fo r
'

sa y e rta /
, a ng a n , wi th .
,
.

27 . M a ny o f th e a d ver b s o f p l a c e g i ve n i n p a r a g r a p h 2 5 a re
u sed as p re posi ti o n s i n c o m b i n a ti o n wi th at, 18 a n d d en , a s
a z a a /a nz ,
'

'

i n si d e .

a z a la s ,up o n .

Kz i nto . le a ta s o n to , .

( la /a m fro m i n sid e a e ri a fa s fro m

d on ,
.
,
ab ove .

C o n ju n c t i o n s .

28 . Th e fol l o w i n g a re th e p r i n c i p a l c o nj u n c ti o n s :

da n , a nd . a ta n , or .

p a n , a nd , a lso . a /a n , i f .

j a
g a ,
a l so . k e rn a , fo r .

s n b ec a use
'

ttap z , b ut .
, .

na n , b u t, e x ce p ti n g
'

n z /a z n s a/ a , i n ord er th a t
.
p y .

J eri p a t h th a n -
, .

VO CAB U LA RY .

R o ux s . A DV E R B S

ba na l, ba s k e t . ba ra ng p e r h a ps .

ba ng s a l sh ed la ra ng
'
a i ma na ,
w h er eve r
.
,

bla nja , expe nses ba ra ng k - zn a n a ,

.

bg z n z a n a , h o w ?

d ag z ng, esh , m e a t
'

m bg z n z , l i k e t h is , thu s

k a nz bz ng
'

u tto
'

a a zn n
g g , . .

a ag z ng ln z bn , b ee f

bg z t a l i k e th a t , so
'

. ,
.

ne rg a , v a l ue , pr ic e . bra p a , h o w m a n y ? h o w m uc h ?
k a m bi ng g o a t ,
. brap a ba ny a / , h o w m a ny
L

Aa w a n , fr i e n d
'

.
( q u a n ti ty ) .

Ka a i sh o p bra/p a acrg a h o w m uc h ( p ri c e )

.
, ,

rut z b re a d e no u h
'

,
.
g .
 P RA C T ICAL MA L AY G RA M MA R . 13

( WW W {ari a /n , te r/a n zp a n , too ver y ,

.

seld o m .
I n f , c ert a i n l y
alz a /n ,
d ay be fo re
y es t e rd a y A DJ E C T I V RS
.

m a rz h i th e r h ere
.
-
.
, ,

k nap a m ag ap a w h y , ,
. bn la t rou n d , .

k a ra ng less ,
.
b a s a r co a rse , ,
rou g h .

lag z [be/z m ore

, ,
. lnz bo t , so ft .

In s a d a y a fte r to m orro w
,
-
. J n n ra /z ch e a p , .

s a /z a a
j o n l y , .

s k a lz q u i te
'

.
,

s la i n a l w a y s , .

sp am , l i k e .

EX E R C IS E V I .

1
Wh e n ce i s th i s fr i n d o f y u rs
e o ? Wh ere i s th e b a s k et w h ich 2

3
wa s h e re jus t n o w ? O n t h e rou n d t a b l e w i t h th e b r e a d a n d
m ea t .
4
My fa th er s sh op i s fa r fro m h ere

I f i t i s co a rse i t

.
5
,
6
w il l cert a i n l y b e c he a p H o w m uch i s th i s m u tto n ? 7
Ho w .

m a n y g o a ts a re th e re i n t h e sh ed
8
W h y i s th i s b re a d so h a rd
H o w m uch were y o u r expe n ses y est erd ay
9 ? 1 0
H ow i t th a t
t h i s b ee f i s so so ft ?

L ES S O N VI I .

N u m e ra ls .

29 . Th e c a rd i n a l n u m b e rs in M a l ay a re :

ra i n or s o ne . a n a nz , si x .

t njo /z seve n

a na ,
t wo .
, .

a la pa n ei g h t

tzga , th ree .
, .

s nz bz la n n i n e
'

a n zp a t fou r ,
.
, .

li m a ve ,
. s p a la/z t e n
-
, .

Th ese m a y e i th e r prec ed e or fo ll o w th e n oun .

30 Th e a d d i ti o n o f bi a s to th e n u m e r a l s fro m o n e to n i n e
.

for m s those fro m el ev e n to n i n e t ee n a s : s bla s a n a bla s etc

- -
, , , .

u p to s nz bz la n bla s

-
.

31 . M ul ti ples o f te n for m ed a re si m i l a r l y b y th e a d d i ti o n of

lo/z e tc u p t o s nz /n la n
'

o /z a n

p n /o/z , a s s- p n l a -
p n , ,
.
,

Th e u n i ts s a tn to s m bi /a n a re p l a ced af te r th e te n s to fo r m
3 2 .

th e i n ter m ed i a te n u mb e rs a b ove twe n t y a s ,

azra p n /ofz m tn - -
, di m
p n /o/z a n a etc
-

, .
[4 P RAC T ICA L M ALAY G RA M MAR .

o f th ous a n d s
'

33 Th e.h u n d red s ra i n s th ous a n d s rz bn te n s , , , , ,

la /es a h u n d red s o f t h ous a n d s k t z a n d m i l l i o n s jn ta a re tre a ted

'

, , , ,

i n p reci se l y th e s a m e wa y N o co nju n c t i o n s a re requ i red b e .

t w ee n n u m er a l s Th u s rjn ta a n a k tz tzga la ks a a mpa l rz bn

'

- - -
. .

lz n z a ra tn s a n a nz p n /o d n/olz would re p rese n t

'

- -

34Th e ord i na l n u m b e rs a re fo r m ed fro m th e c a rd i n a l s b y

.

m e a n s o f th e w ord y a ng cor respo n d i n g to t h e d e n i te a r ti c l e ,

i n E n g l i sh a n d b y p re x i n g n t o th e c a rd i n a l s a s y a ng Ka n a


, , , ,

y a ng k t zga bla s y a n
~

g k a n zp at -
,

Th e o n l y exce pti o n to th i s r u l e i s th a t y a ng pe rta ma i s a l

w a ys used fo r rst .

W h e n used as a djec ti ves the ord i n a l n u m b ers fol low th e n ou n .

W i th ou t th e y a ng th e fo rm s na n a , nt i ga , k mpa t , e tc , m e a n
'

, a .

E x a mpl e : na nzp a t-p n /o/z

b oth a ll th ree a ll fou r etc

, , , .

ny a th e whol e for ty
,
.

F ra c t i o n a l Num be rs .

35 A h a l f i s e x p re ssed b y i ng a /l o r s tng a /z or spa m /z a n d

.
-
,

a qu a r ter b y s n k n or S S lh ll a ll oth e r fr a c t io n s a re for m ed fro m -

th e c a rd i n a l n u m b e rs b y m e a n s o f th e p rex p er th us : ,

S p e rt zg a , a th i rd ; t zga -p e m

nz
p a t, th ree fo u r th s ; t
a nz
p a

p p
e r a /o /z ,
fou r te n th s ; e t c .

C o lle c t i v e N u m b e rs .

36 . Th e fol l o w i n g a re th e c ol lec ti ve n u m b er s in Malay

pa s a ng p a i r c ou pl e , , .

a ns z n d o z e n , .

naa z sc or e
'

.

V O CA BU LA RY .

N o u ns .
N o uN s .

ba tn , sto n e , m i l e .
lea rn t sh oe , .

am t , w e i g h t . b ay /1 rol l o f , c loth .

bi z /a n m oo n , m o n th
,
.
o a i score

, .

a a la nz d e pth

, .
pa s a ng p a i r cou pl e , , .

ap a fa t h o m
'

rz ngg z t d ol l a r
'

.
, , .

ela y a rd
,
.
s b/a /z k a n a n r i h t
g , .

w a g es s a/a /z b rl l e ft

a
g j ,
z .
, .

g j ch u rc h ta /z str i n g rope
'

re a , .
.
, ,

na ta ng d e b t ,
.

f a n /z d i st a n ce,
.
 P RACT ICA L M ALAY G RA M MAR . 15

N O T E I n exp ress i n g qu a n ti ti es d i m e n si o n s or wei g h ts

.
, ,

th e M a l a y id i o m requ i re s th e w ord s ba ny a n p a nfa ng ti ngg z

'

, , ,

a a la m bra t ja zz /z to b e used a s n ou n s ; t h us i t we ig h s a

,
e tc , ,
.
, ,

p i k ul s a tn pi k ul bra t ny a l i te r a l l y o n e p i k ul i ts w e i g h t ; t wo
,

-
, ,

feet h i g h d n a k a k i tz ngg z ny a I n th e s a m e w a y la n za ny a

' '

- -
.
,

m ust a l wa ys b e used w h e n st a ti n g d u r a ti o n s o f ti m e a s a na
'

, ,

bula n la ma ny a t w o m o n th s -
,
.

EXE RC IS E V I I .

1
My d e b t i s twe n t y d ol l a rs sto n es a n d .
2
T wo w h i te
3 4
eleve n b l a c k Th re e p a i r o f sh oes . H i s w a g es a re four tee n .

6
d o l l a r s a m o n th H o w lo n g i s th i s str i n g ? . T w o fa th o m s
5
.

7
H o w m a n y y a rd s o f cloth a re th e re i n th i s rol l Th i s C hu rc h 8

9
i s o n e h u n d red a n d fort y ve fee t i n h ei g h t Th e d e p th o f th i s -
.

1
s e a i s twel ve h u n d red fa th o m s A m a n i s sel d o m so h e a v y h e .
,
11
w ould perh a ps b e t w o p i k ul s i n w ei g h t Th e four th h o use .

1
s m i ne
2
o n th e r i h t our so
s l d d st t th ree qu a rters
Q O

Y
0 0 0

-
g i n a n i s i a n .

o f a m i l e fro m th e s e a .

L ES S O N VI I I .

Ti m e .

37 Ti . m e i s e x pr essed i n Mala b
y y th e use o f th e w ord p a lm !
( w h ic h l i ter a l l y m e a n s st ri k e ) fo r th e h ou r s o f th e c l oc k ; th u s , ,

pi neal tzg a th ree o cl oc k S a na s tng a /z a n d tzga s n k n a re used

'

- -
.
, , ,

fo r th e qu a rters a n d h a l f h ou rs a n d a re pl a ced a fter th e h ou rs , ,

wi th ou t a co nju n cti o n ; th us pa i n)! Zzga s n k n p i neal a nzp a t , ,

s i ng a /l etc
-
,
.

3 8 . T h e m i n u tes fro m
th e h ou r to th e h a l f h ou r fol low th e
s a m e rul e as th e qu a r ter a n d h a l f h ours ; th us pn no l lz n z a a n a
'
'
,

pi t /on 7n z n z t t wen ty m i n utes p a st ve

'

.
,

3 9 Th e.m i n u t es fro m th e h a l f h ou r to th e h ou r a re exp ress

ed b y su b str a c ti n g the m fro m th e fol lo w i n g h ou r by t h e use o f
th e w ord k n ra ng l ess ; th e m i n utes a re usu a l l y g ive n rst a n d , ,

t h e n th e h ou r th us n ra ng s p n /o /z nz z n z t pi neal a n a nz t e n
'

-
, , ,

m i n u tes to six Th e th i rd q u a rter m a y a l so b e exp ressed i n th e

.

sa m e wa y a s k n ra ng s n n p n o l i nfo/z a qu a rter to seve n

, , , .

40 Fu tur e i n terv a ls o f ti m e a re exp ressed by th e use o f th e

.

a d ver b s lag t m or e a n d l pa s a fte r ; th us lag z s p a la/z n a n t z p nk o/

' ' ' '

-
, , , ,

a la pa n i n t e n m i n u tes i t w i l l b e ei g h t o c lo c k ; lp a s t zg a na rz
' '

t a /z n n b/z a m i n t h ree d a y s m ore i t w i l l b e th e n e w y e a r

, .
16 MA LA Y G RA M MA R .

4 1 P
. a st i n ter va l s o f ti m e a re expres s ed b y w h i ch ,

wh e n u s ed i n th i s se n se h a s n o E n g l i sh equ iv a l e n t E x a m pl es : ,
.

// a rz o ra ng i t m a f z , th a t m a n h a s b ee n d e a d fo ur
'

s n a a /z a m r

p r t
d a y s ; s n a a /z brap a la m a { n a n s a z a ? h o w l o n g h a ve y o u b ee n
'
'
,

la ma s n a a /z , a l o ng ti m e

re a d v .

VO C A B U LAR Y .

N o uN s . A D V E RB S .

lz nja n , r a i n .

ja m , h our .
p n /eo l brap a wh a t ti m e
?
a z , m or n i n g it
'

p g .

'

pa pa n , p l a n k . sa mpa z , u n ti l .

m o rn i ng
' '

t a n , a fter n oo n ta a z p g th i s
p g . a z , .

t a /z a n , y e a r .

t g /Z lla f l; H O O ll A D J EC
'

. I IVES .

t ng a /z m a la m , m i d n i g h t .

P RO NOU N .
/
g pa , dark .

o ra ng ,
o ne (i nd e f .
la m a , ol d ( o f t h i n g s) .

ADV E R B s . la n z ba z , l a te , sl o w

.

5715 mm, to d a y
.
na l ,
ti red we a r y , .

la m a , lo n g ( o f t i m e ) . tn a , ol d ( o f li vi n g c r e a tu res ) .

EXE RC I SE V I I I .

1 3
1
Wh a t ti m e i s i t n o w N e a rl y o n e o c l oc k I t h a s b ee n d a r k? .

a l o n g ti m e H o w m uc h l o n g er w i l l i t r a i n l i k e th i s
.
4 ?
Ho w
6
l o n g h a ve th ese pl a n k s b ee n w e t l i k e th i s T w o h ou r a n d th ree s

q u a rters . A qu a r te r t o th ree A s l a te a s t h i s o n e i s s u re to b e .

1
ti r ed .T w e n t y ve m i n utes t o t w el ve
9 -
Th i s m or n i n g a t h a l f .

1"
Th ree o cl o c k i n th e a fter n o o n

p a st fou r . F ro m n o o n u n t i l .

t w e n t y m i n u tes p a st fou r .

L ES S O N IX .

Th e V e rb .

42 Ve r b s i n M a l a y m ay b e d i vi d ed i n to two C l a sses p r i m i ti ve
.
,

a n d d er i v a t i ve .

P r i m i tive ver b s a re th ose w h ic h a re ver b s i n th ei r root for m s .

D er i v a ti ve ve r b s a re for m ed fro m roots w h i c h m a y b e ve r b s ,

s u b st a n ti ves a dject i ves or a ny oth e r p a r ts o f speech by th e

, , ,

a d d i t i o n o f pr e xes or su fxes or b oth , .

Th e ver b h a s g e n e ra llv t h e s a m e posi ti o n m th e se n te n c e a s

i n E n gl ish .
 P RACT ICAL MA L A Y G R A MMA R .

43 . P r i m i ti ve ver b s m ay b e e i th er t ra n si ti ve or i n tr a n si ti ve ,
as ,

a ngg z l, c al l
' '

p .
perg z , g o

44 . Th e ve r b i n i ts si m p l e for m i s b est co n sid e red a s b ei n

g in
th e i m per a ti ve m ood seco n d pe rso n th a t b ei n g th e o n l y p a rt , , of

th e ver b w h ic h c a n i n a ll c a ses b e expressed w i th ou t t h e use o f

p rex s u fx a uxi li a r y ve r b or p a r tic l e
, ,
.

A u x i li a ri e s

45 .Th e fo l l owi n
g a uxi l i a r y ver b s o r p a r ti cl es a re u sed to ex
p ress th e te n ses o r a s a uxi l i a r i es prope r ,

aaa ,
is ,
a re .

is ill
'

tz a a a ,
no t, w no t .

s n a a /z ,

d i d h a s h ad wa s , , ,
.

'

t/a /z w a s d i d h a s h a d ( o n ly used
, , , , , i n w ri t i n g )
mea n w i ll sh a ll w o ul d s h oul d
, , , , .

m a n w i l l sh a l l w oul d sh ould
, , , , .

/z n a a w i ll sh a ll w ould sh ould

.
, , , ,

bo le/z c a n coul d m a y m i g h t
, , , ,
.

a ap a t c a n c ould ma y m i gh t

, ,
.
, ,

pa i n t ou g h t , .

46 . Th ese a uxi l i a r i es p r ec ed e th e ver b b ut m a y ,

be pl a c ed
ei th er b e for e o r a fte r t h e su bject o f th e se n te n ce a s , ,

s a lly a s n a a /z

p e rg z
LI we n t
s n a a n s a /zy a 5
.

g
a ,

47 . co n vers
In a ti o n p ri m i ti ve ve r b s fol lo w i n g a n a uxi l i a ry fre ,

q ue n tl y re m a i n i n t h e si m pl e ro o t for m Th e p rexes req ui red .

b y a m ore correc t st y l e a n d a l m o s t i n v a ri a b ly used i n w r i t te n ,

c o m posi ti o n w i l l b e d e a l t w i th l a t er
,
.

48 . Th e a uxi l i a ri es a re fr eque n tl y fou n d i n se n te n c es w h e re

th ere i s n o ver b i n such c a ses th e cop ul a or so m e ver b i s ,

i m pl i ed a s : ,

a ng k fz n a a k k - m a n a w h i th e r oi

an a re
y ou
( g ng) .

z k a n z n z s n a a /z
'

bn so /e th i s sh h a s
'

eco m e
'

, ( b ) bad .

na rz
'

'

lag z
'

a na n a n tz m a s a k , i n t wo d a y s i t w i l l ( b e ) ri pe .

Th e a b ove m e n ti o n ed a uxi l i a ri es sh ou ld n o t b e used to ex

press p a st or futu re te n ses w h e n th e te n se i s evid e n t fro m th e
co n text .

P e cu li a r us e of s om e v e rb s i n th i s le s s o n .

49 . Th e wa y i n wh ic h so m e M a l a y ve r b s a re u sed d i ffers so
18 P RA CT I CAL MALAY GRA M M AR .

m uch fro m th e E n g l i sh i d io m th a t th e i r use requ i r es expl a n a t io n .

( )
a Th er e a r e t w o w or d s i n M a l a
y fo r g o

a /a n d escr i b es th e a cti o n o f g oi n g a s b e i n g i n p ro g r e ss
j as , ,

a la n laa s g o qu i c k l y t h a t i s g o a t a r a p i d p a c e
j , , ,
.

z v i e w s th e g o i n g a s a s i n g l e a cti o n a s
'

p g
e r , ,

r z L e a s g o qu ic k l y th a t i s g o i m m ed i a tel y
'

p ge , , , .

l
'

b
( ) Th e word s p g
e r z a n d j a a n c a n n ot b e used i n suc h exp r es
s io n s a s g o i n g o ou t g o u p g o d o w n g o h o m e e tc e a c h o f
, , , , , ,
.
,

th ese i d e a s b ei n g expr esse d b y a si n g l e M a l a y w ord a s fol l o w s , ,

m a s on nlzz a r n a z t n rn n p n /a ng

,
E a c h o f th ese ve w ord s
, , ,
.

exp resses th e i d e a o f c o m i n g a s w el l a s g oi n g ; th e y m ust th er e

fore a lso b e used fo r co m e i n c o m e out e tc , , .

( )
6 I n M a l a
y th e o b jec t w h e n i t i s a
p ro n ou n i s o fte n o m i t
te d ; a s s a ny a s n a a /z a ap a t I h a ve fou n d i t S i m i l a r l y such
,

, .

word s a s so m e a n d o n e a re n o t tr a n sl a ted w h e n th ey for m

th e o bjec t o f th e se n te n ce ; a s p erg z c/za rz g o a n d l oo k fo r o n e ;

' '

, ,

n a ve se n t so m e
'

n m h
'

s an y a s n a a z r z I
,
.

( )
a I n M
a l a y n o co n j u n cti o n s n eed b e u sed b e t w ee n ver b s as , ,

'

l d c l l h m r i si f l l i

i d

p g p gg
e r z a n z g o a n a n a z t z/
,
rn n n g a n a n
g , .

V OC ABU LARY .

VER Bs s na , r ejoi c e b e g l a d l i k e , ,
.

a ng n n , r i se g e t u p , . s u m /z ord er tel l , , .

c/z a rz see k l oo k fo r
'

t z ngg a l r es i d e r e m a i n l ive
'

, .
, , , ,
.

xa ap a t n d r ec e i ve t rz m a rece i ve

'

g e t , , , .
,
.

i r th i n k
a ,
. t a m/ n g o d o w n co m e d o w n
, , .

a ton fa ll
j ,
.

k z rz m se n d ( s m a l l th i n g s) N o un s
' '

. .
,

k ln a r g o ou t c o m e out bn z t, h i l l
'

, , .
.

m a s on e n ter g o i n co m e i n a ro m , n eed l e
, , , .

j .

n a z k g o u p co m e u p
'

, , .
lo ba ng , h ol e .

n a n tz wa i t
'

,
.

m a ta ey e ,
.

a ngg z l c a l l se n d fo r
'

p , , .
pa s a r, m a r k et .

f ) sc
'

e ral w el l
m ove , c h a n g e p osi ti o n f g rz z, .

.
n eg rz , to w n .

p l zz a ng , g o h ome c om e h om e , .

EX E RCIS E I X .

1
I f y o u g o too q uic k l y y o u w i l l pe rh a p s fa l l
2
C a l l th e coo k .

6 4
a n d tel l h i m to c o m e u p
.
Te l l th e c a r p e n te r to w a i t h er e I . .

th i n k h e h a s n o t y e t re tur n ed fro m th e m a r k e t I w a n t to g e t .
6

6
u p a t a qu a rte r to s ix to m o rro w m o r n i n g A ra t coul d g o i n to -
.

7
th a t h ol e S e n d th i s l etter t o y our fa th er h e w i l l c e rt a i n l y
.
,
20 PR AC T ICAL M A LA Y G R A M MAR .

m a raja z t a R aja A k m a a ,
a a a -la /z n a


,

n o w th e n a m e o f t h a t k i n g wa s R aj a A h m a d .

a a a t z a b a la n Za n z a ny a a k a a z a m a z s z n i
' '

'

-
g ,

I h a ve l i ved h e re fo r t h r e e m o n ths .

P e c u li ar use of s ome v e rb s i n t h i s le s s o n .

55 ( a ) E n g l i sh peo pl e fr eq ue n tl y use th e w ord s a m bi t a nd

ba w a w ro ng l y Th i s p ro b a b l y a ri ses fro m th e fa c t th a t th e E ng
.

l i sh w ord t a k e h a s a d ou b le m e a n i n g a n d i n voc a b ul a r i es

,

a m bi t i s u s u a l l i ve t e

y g n a s a k a n d b a wa a s b r i n g I t
,

.

sh ou ld b e r e m e m b ered h o w eve r th a t a m bi t o n l y m e a n s t a k e , ,

i n th e se n se o f r ec e i ve a n d n ever i n t h e se n se o f co n ve y

, .

Ta k e i n th e se n se o f c o n vey i s ba w a
,
B ut ba w a m e a n s to "
,

.

c o n ve y i n a n y d i rec ti o n a n d th ere for e st a n d s fo r b r i n g a s ,

w el l a s ta k e Wh ere i t i s n ec ess a r y to s pec i fy th e d i rec ti o n

.

i n w h ic h a n y th i n g i s to b e co n ve y ed so m e o th e r w or d m us t b e
a d d ed t o ba a a a s : ba w a s z n z b ri n g i t h e re ; ba w a s a n a take i t
' '

/
, , ,

th er e ba re a pe rg z t a k e i t a w a y
'
-
, .

( 5) I f th e o bjec t to b e c o n ve y ed i s l r e a d y i n th e h a n d s o f no t a

th e pe rso n w h o i s to c o n vey i t i t i s usu a l i n M a l a y to co m b i n e ,

t h e w o rd s a m bi t or a ng k a t w i th ba za a a s a nz lnl ba w a m a s ok t a k e

, , ,

i t a n d t a k e i t i n ; a ng k a t ba rc a p a la ng li ft i t a n d t a k e i t h o m e r
, .

( 6)

G e t , i n th e se n se o f o b t a i n i s d apa t

, ,
b ut w h e n it
m ea ns fetch i t sh ou ld b e

t r a n sl a ted b y th e w ord a m bi t

.

N o un s . N o un s .

ba ng , el d e r b roth e r tz k a r m a t

a . . .

n a ek , y o u n g e r b r o th e r p ou r

t a ng , .

o r s i ste r . t a k a ng ja /z i t ,
ta i lor .

bz lek r oo m sh oe m a k er
'

,
. t a k a ng k a ra t , .

ba ng a , o w er
VERBS
.

c/z a ng k o l h oe , .

m z l, fetc h , t a k e , g e t

C h i n ese .
a .

n a p a r ove n k i tc h e n a n k a t , l i ft , t a k e u p c a rr y

, , .
g , .

k a k a k eld er si ste r ,
. ba z aa , t a k e , b ri n g , co n ve y,
.

pay o ng um b re l l a : \ ,
17 12, b uy .

d a a ok , s i t

p z s a ng , ba na na . .

amp a /l z t , s e w
'

/ l f
'

p z ta , . .

l i ttl e a a l, sel l
a .
j .

EX ERCIS E X .

1
The re i s a l a m p i n your roo m Th er e is a l i ttle ou r i n i t .
2
.

I f th er e a re b a n a n a s a t t h e m a r k e t tel l t h e c oo k t o b uy so m e
6
.
,
 P RAC T ICAL MA LAY G RA M MAR . 2 1

6
Th e sh o e m a k er i s si tti n g o ut s i d e H o w m a ny per s o n s a re p re .
6

6 7
se n t to d a y
Yo u r t a i l o r i s he re n o w The re wa s a C h i na m a n .

6
i n t h e k i tch e n j ust n o w F o r th ree w ee k s m y el d e r b roth e r h a s .

6 2"
b ee n i l l . Th e g a rd e n e r h a s th e h oe I f y o u h a ve a n u m b rel l a .

g o a n d g e t i t T a k e th ese o w ers t o y o u r eld er si s ter

.
1
Ta k e 2

1 26
th a t m a t o u tsid e G o a n d g e t m y s h o es . A m a n i s b ri n g .

i n g th e m .

L ESS O N XI .

Qu e s t i o n s and A n s w e rs .

56 Th. e i n ter r o g a ti ve for m m a

y b e o b ta i n ed b y a d d i n g th e
su fx k a /z to th e a uxi l i a ry ver b o r a n y e m p h a t i c w o rd i n
-
the
se n te n ce ,
as,

bo le/t k a /z -
a ng k a a d a

ta ng ? ca n
y ou co m e 2

57 Wh.e n th e se n te n ce co n t a i n s an i n te rro g a ti ve a d ve r b o r

pro n ou n th e su fx ,
-
k a /z i s seld o m used , as,

k a pa l a e m m a n a z a z ? w h e n c e i s th is sh i p
'

a a n a m a k ay a i n t ? w h a t i s th e n a m e o f th i s tree
'

p
58 . c o n ve rs a ti o n th e i n t err o g a ti o n i s usu a l l y ex p re s sed b y
In ,

th e to n e o f voic e a n d th e freque n t u se o f th e s u f x k a /z sh ould

,
-

b e a voi d ed .

59 . Th e w ord yes y a i s ve ry seld o m used i n M a l a y i n re , ,

l t o a n i n te rro g a t i o n A re p ly i n th e a f r m a tive m a y b e ex
p y .

pressed i n sever a l d i ffere n t wa ys I f th e q uesti o n c o n t a i n s a n .

a uxi l i a r y ver b th e re peti ti o n o f th e a ux i l i a ry expr esses t h e a f rm

,

a t i ve a s
, ,

k apa / s n a a /z s a mpa i k a /z f? h a s th e sh i p a r ri ved

-

s a a a /z ,

es
y .

60 . S i m i l a r ly th e ver b or s o m e e m ph a t i c w ord i n th e q uesti o n

m ay b e re pe a ted a s , ,

ma n k j a a n - k a /z wi l l i t ra i n
Iz aja n , t a a a .
y si r e s, .

m e m a n a I? i s th e l a dy at home ?

aaa es
, y .

bs a r a /a a P e n /1a
-
k a /z P z ta 1s S u m a tr a a big i sl a n d
bs a r t a a n y e s , , .

61 Th e a f r m a ti ve
. is o fte n exp res s ed s i m p l y by th e p ro n o u n
o f th e rs t perso n a s , ,
22 P RACT ICAL M ALAY G RA M M AR .

a ngk a a o ra ng Mlay a -
ka k a re y o u a M a l ay ?

s a ky a , y e s .

Th i s use o f th e p e rso n a l p ro n o u n i s a lso ver y co m m o n i n

r ep l y i n g to a c o m m a n d a nd i s equi v a l e n t i n th a t c a se to ba lk or
,

ka z k la k ver y w e ll a s

-
, ,

a ngg z l t a k a ng ba t n , g o and cal l b r ic k l ay er

' '

p e rg z p a .

s a ky a , v er y wel l .

For n e ga ti ve an swers se e p a r a g r a ph s 66 to 69 .

P e c u li a r use o f s o m e v e rb s i n th i s L e s s on .

6 2 ( a ) Th e ve r b s t a /z a a n d k a a l m ust n o t b e
. co n fou n d ed .

Ta k a s i g n i es m e n t a l k n owl ed g e , i n fo r m a t i o n ,
K n a l i s to b e a c qu a i n ted w i th , to k n ow b y si g h t .

5
( ) I n M a l a y th er e a re t h re e w or d s fo r co m e ( ) Ma ri
1 .

i s p rope rl y o n l y a n i n terj ecti o n a l a d ve r b m e a n i n g h i th e r , ,

co m e h i th er b ut i n P e n a n g i t i s used a s a ver b I t i s
, .

pe rh a p s d er i ved fro m la w, run ( ) S m co e o l

'

m

2 a
p a z i s n y .

( 3) D

i n th e se n se o f a rr i ve m b u sed tr s

a ta n
g a
y e t o .a n

l a te
c o m e i n e ver y c a se ex ce p t i n th e i m per a ti ve m o od

, ,

wh e n m a rl sh oul d b e u sed .

VO CAB U LARY .

N o un s . A D J E C T I VE S .

bz n z , w i fe

ba s ok rotte n

. .
,

bo la , b a l l . Mlay a M a l a ) ,
.

od o o f ce ta k o t a fr a id

g a a a ng, g w n ,
.
,
.

k a m o n vi l l a g e

li
.

V ERB S
k a pa l, s i p
'

o s , o f c e .
a a ta n
g c o m e ,
.

l i sl d k n a l k n o w b e a cqu a i n te d
p
.

a a a ,
a n .
, ,

P a la n P e rck a , S u m a tr a .
m a i n p l ay
, .

m a n a z b a th e

'

s a zs , sy ce .
,
.

s ay n r ve g et a b l es .
p re k s a i n q u i r,
e ex a m i ne , .
,

t a k n k n o w ( as a fa c t )
t a k a ng ba t a b r i c k l a y e r
.
,
.
,
t a ro /z p u t pl a ce
t a k a ng c/z a k o r b a r b er , .
.
,
,

t a k a ng ro ll b a k er , .

a bz p o t a to

.
,

EX ERCI SE X I .

1
D oes th a t l i ttl e b o y k n o w h o w to p l a y b a l l Y e s h e d oes ,
.

2
C a n y o u c o m e to m y o ffi ce th e d a y a fte r L t o m or ro w ? Yes -
.

3
Wh a t s h i p i ll a rr i ve h e r e to m or ro w m or n i n g ? 6
D o yo u kno w -

m y y ou n g e r b roth er s w i fe ? Y es D id th e sy ce p ut th e ol d

.
6
 P RAC T I CAL MALAY GRA M MA R . 23

6 7
bask e t th ere Y e s h e d i d I s th e b a k er h ere
?
,
Yes Ca n .
? .

6
o u g e t pot a toes a n d oth er ve g et a b l es i n th i s vi l l a g e ? Y e s D o
y 2
.

A re you a fr a i d Y I am
2
y o u l ive o n th is h i l l Y es es sir.
, ,
.

6
Wh i c h i s th e m a n w h o wa s b a th i n g j ust n o w ? D i d y o u c a l l a
ba br er ? Ye s I d i d ,
.

L ES S O N XII .

N e g a t i v e A u xi li a ri e s , an d t h e g e n e ra l us e o f N e g a ti v e s .

63 . Th e n e ga ti ves in M a l ay a re
'

tza a k a nd ba k a n , n o , n o t, a n d bla m ,


no t ye t .

Ta , i s m erel y a n a b b re vi a t io n o f tz a a k , a n d i s used i n
'

such

co m m o n exp r essi o n s a s , ta bo lek , ta a a pa t, ta ba z k ,


ta

g a na etc
,
.

Th e n eg a ti ve a uxi l i a r i es a re tz a a a is do
'

64 .
, ,
no t, a nd
j an
g a n,

n o t n o t to l est
, , .

Tz a a a w h i ch i s i tsel f a co n tr a c ti o n o f
'

tz a a k is fur th er

'
, aaa,

c o n tr a c ted i n c o n vers a ti o n to t a a a
.

65 E u rope a n s , b ei n g a ccu sto m ed to o n ly o n e fo rm o f n e g a

.

t ive , ex pe r i e n ce so m e d i fc u l t y i n d i sti ng u i sh i n g b etwee n t h e

ve n e ga ti ves m e n t i o n e d a b ove a n d g r a m m a r i a n s h a ve seld o m ,

i f ever m a d e a n y c a re fu l d isti n c ti o n b et w ee n th e m M a l ay s .

th e m sel ves , eve n i n co m posi ti o n , a re n o t a b sol utel y c o n si ste n t

i n th e use o f th e n e g a ti ves , b ut th e fol lo w i n g r u l es w i l l b e fou n d
to b e g e n er a l l y a p p l ic a b l e .

66 . In
r e pl y i n g to a quest i o n co n t a i n i n g a ver b th e d i rec t ,

n e g a t i ve i s expressed b y tz a a k Whe n th er e i s a n a uxi l i a ry v er b

'

.

i n th e questi o n i t i s usu a l l y r e pe a ted i n th e a n swer a n d th e

, ,

n e g a tive t z a a k i s th e n co n tr a c ted to t a


as , ,

bolek k a k -
an
g k aa

na ta ng ? can y o u co m e ?

t a bo le/z , no , I ca n no t .

67 S i m i l a r l y a l a r g e n u m b e r o f ver b s m a y b e r epe a ted i n

.

co m b i n a ti o n w i th th e a b b revi a t ed n e g a ti ve ta i n ord er to expr ess

a re ply i n th e n e a tive , a m o n st w h ich m a b m e tio ed th e

g g y e n n

fo llo w i n g z a a a , s a k a , ja a z , n a mpa k , a a ta ng , ta k a , k n a l, m a s ok ,
'
'

s a mp a z , ta k a n , t rz m a , la k a , c/z a m a r,
' '

p ja m p a ,
k n a ,
a

n
g a r,
e t c ;

E x a m p l es :
ta a n

aaa ? is th e m a ste r h er e ?
tza a k m



ar or t aaa

,
no .
24 P RAC T ICA L MA LAY G RA M M AR .

ta a n s n k a all ? d o y o u w i sh to b uy it ?

ta s a ka o r ta m a a , n o .

68 . h o ul d h o w eve r b e re m a r k ed th a t M a l a y s g e n e r a ll y
It s , , ,

a vo i d
g i vi n g a d i rec t n e g a t i ve b y u si n g suc h ex pressi o n s a s H a m , , ,

n o t ye t ; m a n a bo le/t h o w i s i t possi b l e c er t a i n l y n o t ; k a w ng
, ,

p re k s a I h a ve n,
o t i n qu i red ; bln m ta /z a I d o n o t k n o w y e t , .

69 I n th e n e g a ti ve ba k a n th er e i s i m pl i ed th e c op ul a
.

to
be . B a k a n i s th e re fo re t h e d i rec t n e g a ti ve i n re ply to a ny

q uesti o n i n w h ic h t h e C o p ul a i s i m pl i ed i n th e M a l a y , a s ,
man

th i s th e
'

o ra n
g z a z a za is
ba k a n , i t i s n o t .

t a a n o m ng [ ngg ms a re
y o u an E n g l i sh m a n
ba k a n , I a m n o t .

S i m i l a r ly lmk a a or ba k a n ny a i s used i n n e g a ti ve d e c la r
7
-
0 .

a ti ve se n te n c es a nd ba k a n k a /z i n n e g a tive i n te rro g a ti ve s e n
,
-

t e n c e s w h e re th e c opu l a i s i m p l i ed a s
, , ,

b
a k a a g
k a h e i s n o t o f m y n a t 10 n a li ty
'

-
ta a n s a , .

ba k a n k a /t t amp a ng k a a a z n z ? i s n o t th i s h orse l a m e

7 1 suc h
. se n te n c es a s d esc ri b ed i n 7 0
In i f th e ver b i s ex ,

p ressed th e n e g a ti ve a uxi l i a ry ti a n a i s a l m o st i n v a r i a b l y used

,
'
,

th ou g h occ a si o na lly th e s i m p l e n e g a ti ve t z a a k t a k es i t s p l a c e


.

I n co n vers a ti o n t ra d a i s a b b revi a ted to t a a a

.

tza d p erso n c a m e

a a ta n
a o ra n
g g , no .

t la a a k a /z co i a ng k a a

g
-
y o u no t m n g
? aa

ta n ? a re

Tz a a a m a y i tsel f b e th e ver b i f i t ex p resses p rese n c e or exi ste n ce a s

'

, , ,

t z a n a k a /t k n a a a i s la t ? i s th e re n o h o rse h e re
'

-

B la m i s m u c h m ore freq ue n tly used th a n th e E n g l i sh

7 2 .

e q ui va l e n t n o t ye t
For i n st a n c e i n re pl y to suc h q uesti o n s
.
,

as ,

i s th e w a ter b o i l i n g i s th e fr u i t r i p e th e M a l a y w o u ld,

,

i n v a ri a b l y s a y Ma m w h ere i n E n g l i sh w e sh oul d o fte n s a y ,

si m p ly n o
I t m a y i n fa c t b e t a k e n a s a r u le th a t bla m
.

m ust b e used w h er e th er e i s a p ro b a b i l i t y or a n i n te n ti o n o n ,

th e p a r t o f t h e s pe a k e r t h a t th e st a te m e n t w h ic h n o w re q u i res ,

a n e g a t i ve W ll eve n tu a l l y requ i re a n a f r m a ti ve
l E x am pl es : .

I a m n o t r e a d y s a /zy a bla m s a z a
'

, .

h e i s u n m a r ri ed a z a bla zn k a k w ln


, .

73 . I n i m per a tive se n te n ces th e ,

n e g a ti ve is a l w a y s exp ressed
by ja ng a n , as,

s la t la g t , d o c o m e h ere mo re
'

j an
g an aa ta ng no t a ny .
 P RAC T ICA L MA LAY G RA MMA R . 2 5

E ve n a n i n d i rec t o r i m p l i ed c o m m a n d re q u i res ja ng a n as a

n e g a ti ve fo r i n s t a n c e
, ,

/1 a la ja ng a a n a lk tel l h i m n o t to g o up

saw , .

ba lk k z ta p e rg l a ta a ja ng a n s hal l we

go o r no t

In d ep e n d e n t cl a u s es i n w h ich a pu r pose i s exp ressed th a t ,

i s t o s a y a fter such c o nju n cti o n s a s i n ord e r th a t so th a t ,

l e s t th e n e g a t i ve m ust b e expressed by ja ng a n a s
,

, ,

k a k i ny a k o to r
sp ay a -
j g
an an .

s o th a t h i s feet sh o uld n o t g e t d i r ty .

VO C A B U LA RY
ba t m ed ic i n e
o , .

pa ga n fe n ce .

lz o bz , w a sh er m a n

a .

100 130 43 pl a n t t ree ,

.

z ka n, s h .

z tek , d uc k

. VE R BS .

bay a r p a y ,
.

k ay a k te a r ,
.

7n a k a n , e a L

m i a n za d r i n k , .

s e w n , l et fo r h i re .

EXE RC IS E XI I .

1
D i d th e w a sh er m a n te a r th i s sh i r t N o s i r i t w a s tor n ,
2 6
b e fore H a ve y o u p a i d h i m N o
. Does th a t m a n k n o w h o w .

to se w ? N o h e d o es n o t A re y o u g oi n g to e a t ? O h no
'

.
,
.

6
Do y o u w a n t to b uy a n y th i n g ? N o
6
Do y o u k n o w t h e n a m e o f .

2
th i s pl a n t N o I d o n t
? D o you w a n t to sel l th i s c a t ? C er t a i n l y

, .

6 6
no t . I s th i s y ou r d o g N o H e sh u t th e g a te o f th e fe n ce s o
.

1
th a t th e peopl e sh o ul d n o t co m e i n A re th e re n o s h i n t h e
6
.

16
p o nd ? I t n o t th i s y o ur fa n ? 1
H a ve you e a te n or n o t ? Is 2

y ou r h ouse l et N o Tel l th e co o
. k n o t to b uy a d uc k to d a y
-
.

LE S S O N XI I I .

Th e v e rb s

Su dah
and

H a bi s .

74 .Th e use o f s a a a /z a s a n a uxi l i a r y ver b h a s a l r ea d y b ee n

expl a i n ed i n p a r a g r a ph s 4 5 4 6 a n d 4 8 a n d i ts us e i n exp ressi n g

, , ,

p a st i n t e rv a ls o f ti m e i n p a r a g r a ph 4 1 A s a ver b proper i ts .
,

m e a n i n g i n t h e i m per a tive i s

nish th a t i s e n ou g h
,

.

75 S a d
. a /z m a
y a ls o b e used i n th e i n d ic a ti ve m o o d i n t h e
26 P RACT I CAL MALAY GRA M MAR .

of

se n se n i sh ed ,

d one ,
c o m pl eted ,
as

bln m s a a a k n o t y e t n ish ed

.
,

k a mp z r s a a a /z , n e a rl y n i sh ed


.

B ut th e i d e a o f n i sh i n g i s m or e o fte n ex pr essed by th e

,

ver b lz a bzs , so m e ti m es w i th th e a d d i ti o n o f s a a a k a s a n a uxi l i a r y

'

a s,

sa a ak k a bz s m a k a n , m has

th e e tl e n i sh ed e a ti n g

ta a n g n a n .

Ha m s h as o fte n m erel y th e forc e o f an a

'

7 6 . d ver b ,
i n w h i ch

c a se i t m e a n s utt e rlv

e n ti rel y , a s
,

k a kz s bz na s a , th e y wer e a ll c o m p l e tel y d estro y ed

'

s m o a - ny a .

k a bz s s a a a k m a k a n , qu i te n i sh ed e a ti n g


.

Th e ver b
k na .

77 Th. e ver b k n a w h ic h wh e n i t st a n d s b,y i tsel f si g n i es

h i t th e m a r k i s o fte n used a s a k i n d o f a uxi l i a r y wi th oth e r
,

ver b s a n d e ve n w i th n ou n s a n d oth er p a r ts o f speec h ; i t th e n

,

i ves k i d f p ssi ve se n s e a n d i s used i n m uch th e s a m e wa

g a n o a

y ,

a s th e ver b i n E n l i sh a s

g e t g ,

k na la k a , to g e t w ou n d ed .

k n a k a k a m , to g e t p u n ish ed .

k n a t zp a , to g e t d ece i ved
'

k n a rag t , to i n cur l oss

'

Th e v e rb b ri .

7 8 Th e ver b bri to g i ve i s used a s a k i n d o f a uxi l i a r y wi th

.
, ,

i n tr a n si ti ve ver b s i n ord er to g i ve a tr a n s i t ive m e a n i n g a n d

, ,

so m eti m es w i th o t h er p a r ts o f sp eech i n th e s a m e w a y t h a t th e ,

m ak e

w ord s i ve d l e t a re used i n E n g l ish a s
g a n , , , ,

brt ta /z a , m a k e k n o w n , i n for m
'

ta / m, k n o w ; .

i n a m b or ro w ; brz p z n a m l e n d
'

p j , j , .

k a rm a t, h o n ou r ; brt k a rm a t g i v e h o n o u r , h o n o u r
'

, .

m a k a n , e a t ; brt m a k a n feed , .

z ag a t r e m e m b er ; 5m z ag a t m a k e o n e r e m e m b er ,
, ,
re m i n d .

a w a b, a n s w er ; km a w a b m a k e a n s w er
j j , .

m a s ok , e n te r ; km m a s ok , l e t o n e i n .

79 col.loqu i In
a l M a l a y th e ver b k a s ek I s m uc h u sed a m o n
g ,

th e C h i n ese a n d E urope a n s I n th e m a n n er e x pl a i n ed a b ove i n

th e c a se o f km Th i s sh oul d b e a vo id ed by th ose w h o d esi re to
.

a cqu i re a cor rec t us e o f th e l a n u a e

g g .
28 P RACT ICAL M A LAY G RAM MA R .

A l so i n m a ny c a ses by red u p l ic a ti o n o f th e a djecti ve ,

as,

b s a r bs a r, g re a t k i n g s
j y
ra a a ng s
.

o ra ng m a d a m a a a , y o u n g peopl e
'
-
.

Th ese m e th od s o f fo r m i n g th e p l u r a l a re g e n er a l l y c o n n e d to
a n i m a te o bjects .

8 2 . I II w ri ti n g th e pl u r a l i s very c o m m,
o n ly expressed b y t h e

es pec i a l l y sg a la a s

us e o f so m e w ord m e a n i n g a ll

, , ,

a ng a n sg a la a n a k ay a w i th h i s ch i ld re n
-
.
,

k a m z s m an ta /z a w e k n o w

.
,

C o m pou n d w ord s c a n n ot b e r ed u pl i c a t ed a n d th ere fore th i s ,

use o f sg a la e tc a n d red u pl i c a ti o n o f th e a djec ti ve a re th e o n l y

,
.
, ,

w a y s o f ex pr essi n g th e pl ur a l .

ta k a ng k ay a z ta s m oa C/z ln a
'

-
ny a o ra ng ,

th ose c a r pe n ter s a re C h i na m e n .

N u m e ra l ( lo -e f c i e n t s or C la s s i e rs .

83 .
Th e M a l a y i d i o m r eq ui res th a t w h e n t h e n u m b er o f a n y
o bjec ts a re m e n t i o n ed t h er e sh a l l b e u sed i n a d d i ti o n to th e ,

n u m er a l c er t a i n w ord s w h ic h g r a m m a r i a n s h a ve d esi g n a t e d
,

c l a ssi ers d i ffe re n t w or d s b e i n g used a ccord i n g t o th e c l a ss o f

,

o bjects re fer red t o Th us a s w e i n E n g l ish use th e ph r a se h e a d

.
,

o f c a ttl e s o i n M a l a y e k o r ( t a i l ) i s u sed fo r a ll a n i m a ls a s
, , , ,

si x h e a d o f c a ttl e l/n ba a n a l/z ek o r ,

.

8 4 The fol lo w i n g a re th e C l a ss i ers w h i c h a re m o st c o m m o n

.

ly used
0ra ng ( pe rso n ) i s used w i th a ll b e i n g s su per i o r to a n i m a l s i n
,

th e sc a le o f c re a t 10 n .

E k o r ( t a i l ) w i th a n i m a ls
,
.

B a a /t ( fru i t ) w i th l a r g e o bjec ts s uc h a s cou n t ri es h ouses sh i p

, , , ,
s
,

a nd bo oks .

H la z la t w i th th i n or a t o bjec ts a s c loth e s p a pe r h a i r e tc
'

.
, , , , , ,

i seed ) i th s m l l o b jects i c l ud ed i th e l st m e ti o n ed
s ( w ,
a n o t n n a n

cl a ss .

K pi ng ( p i ece ) po t o ng ( c u t ) o f o bjects w h i ch h a v e b ee n m a d e or
, ,

c ut i n b loc k s or p i ec es a s m et a ls p l a n k s sl ic es o f b re a d etc , , , ,
.

B a ta ng ( ste m ) w i th p ol es posts rod s a n d oth e r lo ng o bjec ts

, , , ,
.

P a rk a k ( sh o o t o f pl a n ts ) w i th l e tters a n d re a r m s ,
- .

L a p i s ( fol d ) i n s t a ti n g th e n u m b er o f fold s or th ic k n esses o f th e

,

sa m e t h i n g or si m i l a r th i n g s ,
.

P z n ta ( d o or ) w i th h ouse s b u i l t i n ro yvs
'

, .
 P RACT ICAL M ALAY G RA M MAR .

Ta ngg a ( l a d d er ) w i th n a ti ve ho use s , .

E lla /t w i th s w ord s a n d k n i ves

, .

85 . Th e cl a ssi er m us t a l wa y s b e i m m ed i a tely p reced ed b y

t h e n u m er a l ; t h e n u m er a l a n d c l a s si e r to ge th er m ay th e n b e
c o n sid e red a s o ne ter m w h ic h usu a l l y fol lo w s th e n ou n b ut m ay , ,

p reced e i t espec i a l l y i f th e re i s n o p a r tic u l a r e m ph a si s o n th e

,

numbe r as , ,

s ek o r lm bn a b ul loc k

, .

lm ba s ek o r o n e b ul loc k

.
,

P e c u li a r use o f s om e v e rb s i n th i s L es son .

86 ( )
. S ever a a l M a l a y ver b s a re used a s th e equ i v a le n ts o f th e
E ng l ish w ord b oi l e g rka s w h e n i t i s d es i red to e m p h a si z e ,

. .
,

th e m eth od o f coo k i ng ; m a s a k coo k i s freq ue n tl y used w h e n , ,

n o p a rti cul a r e m ph a si s i s t o b e exp ressed a s m a ra k tla r b oi l a n , ,

le/z m e a n s to b o i l i n th e se n se o f e b ul l i tio n to b u b b l e
'

e gg ; m n a zr .
,

1
( )
2 M i n ta i s to a s k i n th e se n se,
o f requ est .

Ta ny a i s to a s k i n th e se n se o f ,
i n q u i re .

( c) S z mpa n a n d ta ro/z are to k ee p i n store t o p u t by

'

, .

P li /z a ra i s to k eep s a fe to t a k e c a re o f , .

Ta ro /z a ls o m e a n s t o p ut to pl a ce ba bo/z , .

( a

) B oth g o s o k a n d s a p a m a y b e used to tr a n sl a te th e E n l ish
g
w o rd w i pe b ut th e y m ust b e c a re ful l y d isti n g uish ed

, G os o k .

m ust b e u sed w h er e r u b b i n g i s i m p l i ed a s i n w i p i n g pl a tes

;
.

s a n i s si m p l to s w ee p o r b r ush ei th e r w i th a b roo m or a c l o th
p y .

V O CAB U LA RY
N o un s o k ru b w i p e
g s o
.

, , .

ba bt p i g
'

, k a ra m fou n d er
.
, .

ba ta ng ste m st a l k , m a s a k co o k , .
, .

lajz seed
' ' '

, m z n ta a s k r eq uest
.
, , .

bz la /z ( C l a ss i e r )

, b u b b l e b oi l , .

eko r t a i l k z use w e a r
'

, p a . a , , .

ala l la z ( c l a ssi e r )
'

, ,li /
p z a ra k eep t a k e c a re , ,

kp z ng p i ece
'

, rba s bo i l .
,
.

lap ls fo ld , s a pa s w ee p b r ush
.
, , .

m a ta m a ta pol ice m a n -
s i mpa n k ee p p u t b
y
.
, , , .

pi ni ng pl a te s a uce r , ta ng k a p c a t ch , .
, .

pra /z a vess el b o a t ta ny a a s k i n qu ir e

, , .
, , .

p a t /w k you n g shoot , t a r o /z put pu t by .

,
, .

P a la a P z n a n g P e n a n g

A DJ E C T I VE S , .

a ng a
g l a d d er ,
.

m a a a y o u ng

, .

VE R B S s a la a ll
g

.
,

ba lm/z p ut pl a ce , , .
30 P RAC T ICA L M ALAY GRAM MAR .

EX E RCI SE X I V .

1
Tel l h i m to w i p e th e c u p s a n d s a ucers M a ny s m a l l vessel s .
2

6
fou n d er ed A s k t h ose b o y s to c o m e h er e
. Th a t m a n h a s .
6

6
b ou g h t a g re a t m a n y l a r g e h ouses Th ose pol i ce m e n c a m e h er e .

fro m P e n a n g 6
H o w m a n y p i g s d o y o u k eep
.
? 7
Te l l th e coo k to
6 6
b oi l t w o e gg s G o a n d b uy two o r th re e p l a n k s
. H ow m a n y .

16
h ouses h a ve y o u b ou g h t i n th a t stree t ? H o w m a n y co a ts d o y o u
k ee p i n th a t b o x ? 11
Th a t m a n wa s w e a r i n g t w o co a ts w h e n
1
h e wa s c a u g h t b y th e pol ic e m a n A s k th e b a k e r to b r i n g ve .
2

l o a ves o f b re a d to m or row m or n i ng -
.

L ES S O N XV .

G e n de r .

8 7 G e n d er i s ex pr essed i n M a l a y b y p l a c i n g th e w ord s [a k i
.

la k z , m a n , a n d p re mp a a n , w o m a n , a fte r th e n ou n , i n th e c a se o f
'

r a tio n a l b e i n g s , a n d s i m i l a rl y th e w or d s ja n ta n , m a l e a n d btz n a ,

fe m a l e , i n th e c a se o f a n i m a l s 7 a n ta n i s , h o w eve r , c o m m o n l y
.

u sed i n s p e a k i n g o f m a l e C h i ld r e n , a n d eve n so m eti m es o f gro wn

u p p e rso n s .

88 . A fe w w o rd s o f S a n scr i t or i g i n h a ve re t a i n ed th e ter m i n a
ti o n s w h ic h b elo n g to th a t l a n g u a g e , a s , p a lm pr i n c e p a lrl , , ,

p r i n c ess ; etc .

C o m p a ri s o n of A dje c t i v e s .

8 9 Th e . co m p a r a ti ve o f su per i or i t y i s exp ressed by th e use o f

[be/z , m or e , p l a ce d b e fore th e a djec ti ve a n d th e p re posi ti o n d eri ,

th a n fol l o w i n g i t T h u s

'
p a aa o r a en , ,
.
,

lbek bs a r k erba n d eri p a d a lm ba , -

b u ffa loes a re l a r g er th a n oxe n .

lag/z t z ngg i d eri p a a n bap a ny a

' '

ta a n z la -
.

th a t e tl e m n i s t a l ler th a n h i s fa th e r
g n a .

L ag t I s fr eque n tl y u sed i n p l a ce o f lkek , or i n a d d i ti o n to

i f th e C o nju n c tio n a e ri p a a a or d em i s n o t
'

it ,

-
ex pr essed a s , ,

a ng k a t
'

a t lbek
' '

lag z t z ngg z or k i t h igh e r

' '

lz ng g z
an
g .

Th e co mp a r a t ive o f i n fer i or i t y i s exp ressed b y th e use

90 .

o f th e a d ver b
'

k n m n l ess ; a erl p a a a or a em b ei ng used i t

-
,

n ec ess a ry a s i n th e c o m p a r a ti ve o f s u per i or i t y
,
.

o m ng zm J eri pa llet y a ng la i n ,
' ' '

k a ra ng pa n a n t
-

th i s man is no t s o C l eve r as th e oth ers .

 P RACT ICA L M ALAY GRA M MAR .
3 I

I t sh ou l d b e n oticed h o w ever th a t i f th e C o nju n c ti o n d eri

.
, ,

a a a or d a d i s n o t u sed k a ra ng usu a l l y h a s th e forc e o f a d i re c t

p ,
'

b

n e a ti ve as k a ra ng b a lk n o t g ood ; k a ra ng aaz u n w ise ;
g , , , ,

k a ra ng laja m b l u n t ( l i t : n o t sh a r p ) etc , , .

9 1 Th e c.o m p a r a ti ve o f equ a l i ty i s ex pressed b y m e ans o f

th e word s a m a l i k e s a m e Sp ertz or a ng a n a re so m eti m es used

'

.
, ,

i n co nj u n ct i o n w i th s a m a a s , ,
'

as big as h e

s a m a bra r a ng a n a z a ,
.

'

a s ta l l as y o u
'

s a ma lz n sp e rt z ln a n
gg z ,
.

9 2 Wh e n th e s u perl a tive i m p l ies a r el a t io n t o so m e oth er o bjec t

.
,

i t i s m ost co m m o n l y ex pressed b y th e a d d i ti o n o f th e a dver b

s k a lz ver y to th e a dject ive y a ng b e i n g p l a ced b e for e th e a dj
'

, ,
ec ,

t i ve a n d t a k i n g t h e p l a ce o f th e E n g l i sh w ord th e a s i n th e
,

c a se o f th e or d i n a l n u m b ers Th us .
,

z n la k ck z n ck z n b k l
' ' '

i
'

-
y g s a r s a z ,
an

th i s i s th e l a r g est r i n g .

93 . A n oth er co m m o n wa y of for m i n g
th e r el a ti ve su perl a t i ve
is by p l a c i ng y a ng te rlbek b e for e th e a djec ti ve a s , ,

la k y a ng le rlbe/z k a a l,
'

za -
o ra ng

th e s tro n g es t m a n h e is .

O th er m eth o d s o f for m i n g th e su perl a ti ve w h ich a re used ,

ch i ey i n w r i tte n co m posi ti o n n eed n o t b y m e n ti o n ed h ere ,

.

94 Wh e re
. n o r el a ti o n to a n oth er o bjec t i s i m p l i ed th e su p er ,

l a t i ve i s for m ed b y th e use o f o n e or eve n tw o o f th e fol l o w i n g , ,

i n te n si ves te rla ln lerla mp a a te rlbek s k a lz a ma t

'

sa n a l
, g , , , , ,

ba ny a k Th ese sh ou l d b e p l a c ed b e fore th e a djec t i ve excep t

.
,

s k a /i w h ic h a l w a s fol lo w s i t
y .

95 Wh e n t wo co m p a r a t i ves a re c o n tr a sted th e M a l a y s use th e

.
,

w ord m a k z n ( so m e ti m es m z ng k z n ) to for m e a c h co m p a r a ti ve ; th us
' '

m a k t a la m a m a k z n f a k a l th e l o n g er ( i t co n ti n ues) th e w orse
'

( i t g ets) o r i t g e ts w orse a n d w orse

, , .

NOU NS pa lm, p r i n cess .

w h eel

ba d z w i sd o m
'

ro a a . ,
.
,

ck a ba i ch i l i s k o la k
.
sch ool , .
,

r i ng .

A DJ EC T I V E S .

sc i ssors
'

a n tz n
g g , .

b fe m l e

k a n a k k a n a k b a by- lz n a a ,
.

, .

k e rba n b u ffa l o ,
b a r o k rotte n w
.
or n ou t , ,
.

k a la s n e ( o f o n g th i n
h
i
In s )
,

p a tra p r i n c e .
t g .

,
32 PR AC T ICA L M ALAY G RA MMAR .

A DJ EC W ES m un , d i l i g e n t , i n d ustr i o us
'
l
.

t ba l, th ic k
ja n la n
L m a le
.

la k z - la k l , D VE R B S
.

A .

la z a , oth er ,d i ffere n t .

t o ngg a r l oose .
m o re .

m a s exte n si ve wi d e
, ,
.

pa a s h ot ( o f sp i c es )

.

m fe m
,

al e
lm z ru n
p p
,
,
r e a a n ,
.

EXE RC IS E X V .

2
I s th i s b a by a b o y or a g i r l ?
1
O n e m a re h a s run a wa y a n d is
6 6
no t y e t c a ugh t

Th ese sci s so rs a re sh a r pe r
. Th i s n eed le i s
ne r Th e cl oth w h i c h I b ou g h t b e fore w a s th ic k e r th a n th i s
.
6
.

6
Th i s w h eel g ets looser a n d l ooser Th i s m e a t i s no t ve r y h ot . .

6
C h i l l i i s h ot t er th a n b l a c k pe p per
6
Wh ic h m e a t i s th e m ost .

16 11
te n d e r H e i s th e m ost i n d ustr io us b o y i n th e sc hool Th a t .

12
co a t i s a s m uc h w or n ou t a s th e oth er H i s h ou se w a s i n a .

ve r y ex t e n si ve eld .

L ES S O N XV I .

D e ri v a t i v e Ve rb s

9 6 . As s t a ted i n secti o n 4 2 d er i va ti ve ver b s m a y b e for m ed

,

fr o m a ny p a r t o f p eech Th e y m a y b e ei th e r tr a n si ti ve or i n
s .

tr a n si ti ve .

I n t ra n s i t i v e V e r bs .

th e u ses
O ne o f th e pre x bar i s t o
of fo r m i n t r a n si ti ve
97 .

ve r b s Th u s th e i n tr a n si ti ve ver b be rlz a ny z to s o u n d i s for m ed

'

.
, ,

fro m th e n ou n ba ny z a n oi se ; a n d be ra ng k a t to st a r t o n a

, ,

jou r n e y fro m th e tr a n si t i ve ve r b a ng k a l t o l i ft
, ,
.

O th e r u se s o f th e p re x be r w i l l b e d ea l t w i th su b seq ue n tl y .

S ee S ec ti o n 1 1 3 .

9I n th e w ord s blay e r, a n d bla bo /z th e

8 . r i s el i d ed b e for e ,

l ; a n d i n klaja r, w h ic h i s d er i ved fr o m a fa r, th e r h a s b e

c o m e a n I ; th e r i s a l so so m eti m es d rop ped wh e n th e

n ext s y l l a b le i s a c l ose d s y l l a b l e e n d i n g w i th r a s bk w a
'

y
fro m k e fy a , bs e rta fro m s erta , etc
'

T ra n s i t i v e V e rb s .

99 Tr a n si ti
. ve ver b s a re fo r m ed fr o m a ll oth er p a r ts of s peec h
b y th e a d d i ti o n o f o n e o f th e t w o su f xes -k a n a nd S ome

-z .
 PRAC T ICAL MALAY G RA M MAR .
33

roots wi l l o n l y t a k e t h e s u i x k a n a n d oth er s w i l l o n l y t a k e 2,
,

b ut i n m a n y c a ses e i th e r for m m a y b e u s ed i n w h i ch c a se ,

th er e i s o fte n a sl i g h t d i ffere n c e i n t h e m e a n i n g th e su f x k a n ,

expressi n g th e stro n g er c a us a ti o n Th us bk a mn re n e w i s

.
, , ,

for m ed fro m th e a djec t i ve Ma ra n e w b ut th e for m bk a rn k a n , ,

d oes n o t exi st ; a n d o n the oth er h a n d la rz k a n i s form e d fr o m

'

th e i n tr a n si ti ve ver b la rz run b ut th e su fx i c a n n ot b e used

'

, ,

wi th th i s root .

Th e fol lo w i n g a re ex a m p les of th e d i ffere n c e of m e a n i ng

w h er e b oth for m s occ u r :

i a la n ka n , c a use to w a l k , fa la n z , tr a vers e fr o m ja la n , wa l k
'

,
ro a d , .

s e rt a k a n , u n i te se rta z , a cco m p a n y , fro m s erta , w i th
'

.
,

la la k a n , re m ove , la la z p a ss ( tr a n s ), fro m la /a p a s s
'

.
, ,

I n m os t c a ses , h o w ever , th e d i ffer e n c e o f m e a n i n g i s i m p er

c e p t i b le, a n d th e t w o for m s a re u sed i n te rc h a n g e a b l y .

1 00 .I t sh oul d b e n oted h o w eve r th a t a fe w ver b s for m ed , ,

w i th ber a pp e a r to h a ve a tr a n s i ti ve m e a n i n g ; a s be tja a l z k a n
'

/
, ,

sel l i n g sh ; berba a l s a la /z d oi ng w ro n g e tc , ,
.

Th ese m ust b e co n sid ered a s excep t io n s .

VO CAB U LARY .

T R A N S I T I VE VE R B S .

brz k a n g ive ; fro m km g i ve

, , .

ba a ng k a n th r o w a w a y ; fro m bn a ng t h row a w a y
, ,
.

an t n k a n h a n g ; fro m a n to n h ( i n t r a n s)
g o g g g , an
g ,
.

k o rm a lk a n h o n our ; fr o m k o rm a t h o n ou r ( n ou n )
, ,
.

z s z k a n l l ; fro m z s z C o n te n ts
' ' ' '

, , .

n a lk a n be r zz a l se l l ; fro m n a l sel l
'

j y , j , ,
.

k n ne /z z k a n l oc k ; fro m k a n ck z loc k ( n ou n )
'

, ,

s a z a k n n m a k e r e a d y ; fr o m s a z a
'

re a d y
'

, , .

I NTRA N S I T I V E V E R B S .

berkn ny z sou n d ; fro m bn ny z sou n d ( n ou n )

' '

, , .

st a n d ; fro m sel f .

be rg a n la ng h a n g ; fr o m g a n lo ng h a n g , , .

berk e n lz s t op ; fro m k e n t z st o p
' '

, , .

bke fy a w or k ; fro m k ety a w or k ( n ou n )

'

, , .

alay er s a i l ; fro m lay e r s a i l ( n ou n )

, , .

No u n s .
s la a r tr o w ser s ,
.

t mp a l bed .

k a pa l a Pz ste a m er
'

lo ck eng , b el l .
A DJ E C T I V E .

o ra ng ta n , p a re n ts . [m a /z , wea k .
 PR A CT ICAL MALAY GRA M M AR .

E XE R C IS E X V I .

1 2
Th a t c o w i s ver y w e a k sh e i s u n a b l e to st a n d Th e ste a m e r
, .

w i l l s a i l th e d a y a fte r to m or ro w 3
Th e C h i l d re n a ll g o I n t o -
.

sch ool wh e n th e b el l r i ng s 4
I f th e m e n a re sti l l w o r k i ng tel l .
,

th e m to stop W h y h a ve y o u n o t g o t th e b e d re a d y y e t ?
.
6

6
H a n g u p m y co a t a n d tro w sers 7
Th e y a re h a n g i n g th ere Do . .
6

n o t th row t h ose sh oes a w a b etter ive th e m to th t poor m

y g a a n , .

6
C h i l d re n ou g h t to h o n our th ei r p a re n ts 1
Tel l h i m to l oc k th e .
6

g a te o f th e fe n c e C a l l th a t m a n w h o i s s el l i n g fru i t a nd tel l
.

h i m to l l th is ba s k e t .

L E SON S XV I I
m T h e P re x
.

10 1 I n w r i ti n g or s pe a k i n g corr ec tl y M a l a y s us e th e p re x
.
,

m w i th a ll tr a n s i tive ver b s i n th e a c ti ve voic e exc ep t a s foll o w s : ,

(a ) Wh e n th e ve r b i s i n th e i m p er a tive m ood a s , ,

l i n c a l l th a t m a n
'

p gg
a n z o ra n
g t , .

6
( ) I f th e ve r b expr essi n g a co m m a n d i s wi th ou t th e pr e x m .
,

th a t p re x i s usu a l l y o m i t ted i n th e ver b ex press i n g t h e a cti o n

ord e red a s , ,

a z -s n rok -ny a pa ngg i l h e o rd e red th a t m a n to be

' '

o ra n z la
g ,

c a l l ed .

() 5Th e p r ex m is o m i tted w h e n th e o bjec t prece d e s th e

ver b a s , ,

ll k t la ba a t, w e
'

d o th t
'

s m a n -ny a p z ta a a a al a can .

10 2 For th e s a k e o f eu ph o n y t h e pr ex m a ssu m es v a r i ou s
.
,

for m s a ccord i n g to th e i n i t i a l l etter o f th e r oot to w h i ch i t i s

p rexed Th e C h a n g e s a re g over n ed b y th e fol lo w i n g ru l es
.

( )
a M ret a i n s i t s s i m p l e for m w h e n p r exed to wor d s c o m

m e nc i ng wi t h t h e l et t e rs 1 m n r ; a s , , , ,

lz lz a t, m li k a t, k k
'

se e ; m a a n ,
m m a a n ,
e at .

( 5) M b eco m es m a w h e n pre xed to w o r d s c o m m e n c m g w i th

th e l ette rs ,
t a , j 5 11 ; b ut i n word s co m m e n c i n g wi th t, th e
,

,

i n i ti a l l etter d ro ps o f f Th u s .

ta ro /z m n a ro/z , p l a c e

d a pa l, m n a ap a t, g e t c/z a m m n c/z a rz , ste a l
' '

.
, ,

()
6 M b e c o n e s m m b e fo re
p a n d
. b b u t th e p d r o ps o ff i n t h e ,

s a m e w a y a s t h e t m e n ti o n ed a b o ve Th us .

ba n e /z , m m ba n o /z k i l l pa n a m m ma a a m , exti h

, ,
ng ui s
.
36 P RA CT ICAL M ALAY G RA M MAR .

E X E RCI S E X V I I .

1
Ta k e c a re n o t to p u t ou t th a t l a m p Wh e n y our b roth er .
2

co m es a s k h i m to op e n th i s b o x
,
Wh e n h e h e a rd th e n e w s h e .
3

1
w a s ver y sa d Th a t g e n tl e m a n i s c lever a t w r i ti ng (c o m

p osi ng l etters ) I h a ve co m e h e re to s e e th e to w n
6
.
6
C h i l d re n .

ou g h t to o b e y th e co m m a n d s o f th ei r p a r e n ts 7
I t i s stu pi d to .

g i ve a n a n s w er i f o n e h a s n o t u n d erstood th e questi o n
8
Wh e n h e ,

we n t to K l a n g h e s a w a r a i l wa y fo r th e rs t ti m e
,
9
H e w i sh ed .

1
to rejoic e th e k i ng s h e a r t All th e a n i m a l s c a m e h er e i n
6
.

se a rc h o f t h e g ood g r a ss .

L ES S O N XV I I I .

Th e P a s s i ve Vo i ce .

10 5 . Th e p a s i ve i s for m ed
s th e pre x all ; a s
by ,

i ma k a n o le /z k ri m a a e a te n b y a ti g er

a -
,
.

Th e us e o f t h e p a ssi ve i s fa r m r e c o m m o n i n M a l ay th a n i n o

Wes t e r n l a n g u a g es ; i n fa c t i t i s th e m ost co m m o n for m i n n a r r a

ti on f o r i n st a n ce i n ste a d o f s a y i n g h e too k i t to h i s h ouse
.
, , ,

th e m or e u su a l M a l a y co n str ucti o n w ould b e i t w as t a k e n b y h i m

to h i s h ouse d l ba w a ny a k mt m a k
,

-
.

106 .Th e us e o f th e p r ep os i ti o n olek w i th th e p a ssi ve co n str u e

t i o n i s o pt io n a l Wh e n o le/z i s used i t i s freq ue n t l y pl a ced
.
,

( wi th th e a
g e nt
) b e for e th e ver b ; a s ,

o le/z m a /z a raja a i s a rok ny a ba n ok o ra ng z t a

'

- -
,

th e k i n g ord e red th a t th e m a n sh ould b e k i l led .

B ut th e m or e usu a l or d er o f th e se n te n ce i s fo r th e a g e n t to
fol low th e ver b w h e n i n th e p a ssi ve
, a n d w h e n th e a g e n t i s a

p r o n o u n i t i n v a r i a b l y fol lows th e ver b ; a s

, ,
7

a bz la a i lzk a t la k s a m a n a , la la d z a m bz l ny a ,
' '

p
- -
a

wh en th e la k sa m a n a sa w i t , h e to o k i t .

10 7 Th e su bjec t
. of th e se n te n ce usu a l l y preced es th e ver b
in th e p a ssi ve voic e a s,
'

di sa n z bo t o le/z m n lm ,

s a ra l z la

l ette r w a s rt
the c e i ve d b y th e m i n i ster .

108 Ver y freque n tl y h o w ever i n M a l a y th e su bjec t i s n o t

.
, , ,

e x p re sse d i n t h e p a ssi ve voi ce th e ver b b ei n g used i n a k i n d o f ,

i m p er so n a l for m a s ,

z /m k o ng ,

az p an
gg y a ,
a z 5 217 ny a aa

th e y c a ll ed ( th e m ) a n d t old ( t h e m ) to c a rr y th e m
 P RAC T ICA L M ALAY GRAM MAR .
37

th i s se n te n c e t h e p r o n ou n s ny a re fer t o th e a g e n ts l i ter a l l y
In
i t w a s c a l l ed by th e m i t wa s ord ered b y th e m to c a r r y , .

1 09 . Wh e n th e su bjec t is a C l a use , th a t c l a us e m ust b e pl a c ed

l a st a s,

bg z n a a Ma k a raja Tn aa n sa a a k
'

i a ll ma ll

p
-
a aa .

it wa s d i s cove red by th e k i ng th a t M T ; . wa s d ea d .

Th e P re x Te r .

1 10 S o m e g r a m m a r i a n s co n sid er th a t th e p rex ler a l so for m s

.

th e P a ssi ve b ut i t i s p ro b a b l y b etter to co n si d er th i s pr ex a s
,

for m i n g a p a st p a r t i c i pl e or so m e t i m es a p rese n t p a r ti c i pl e si n c e , ,

th i s d er i va ti ve d o es n o t a d m i t o f such co n s tr uc ti o n s a s h a ve b e e n
ex pl a i n ed a b o ve i n th e c a se o f th e p re x all b ut s i m pl y ex p resse s ,

a st a te or co n d i t i o n a s , ,

lerk a n ck z ,

terka k a , O pe n ed . l oc k ed .

Th e d i ffere n c e i n t h e use o f th ese prexes m ay w e l l b e see n i n

th e fol l o w i n g se n t e n ce f r o m S ja ra h Mla y u :

a i t z k a m o le/z

H a ng K a s la rz te rt z k a m pa a n p ap a n d i a lli ng z s ta n a z la lk a t


' '

, ,

k rz s ny a l i t er a l ly i t wa s s t a bb ed ( i m pe rso na l )b y H K st a b b ed
'

-
.
, .
,

a t th e p l a n k s o f th e i n n er wa l l o f th e p a l a c e a n d h i s d a e r stuc k
gg ,

( th ere ) .

Th e fol lo w i ng m ay a lso be take n as ex a m pl es of th e us e o f t h e

pr ex ler :
s a a a /z te rk a p a s , r i ce wh i ch h a d b ee n p eel ed

bra s y a ng .

lers a n a a r p a a a

po/z o n ,
l e a n t a ga i n st a tree .

p re n t a k y an
g te rs ko l d k n ln t h e c o m m a n d m e n ti o n ed
,

b e for e .

111 Th is p a rti ci pl e i s so m e ti m es used

. w h ere i n E ng l i sh th e
ver b w oul d b e i n th e i n d ic a ti ve m ood a s

k a k z ny a ters a ng k o l p a a a ba t n


-
,

h i s foot c a u g h t a g a i n st a s to n e .

1 12 Th e pre x ler so m e t i m es g i ves to th e ve rb t h e

. m e a n i ng
o f succeed i n g i n d oi n th i or h vi cc m pl i sh ed
g a n g a n g a o , ,
as

'

th ou g h th ere w er e


s rz ba
-
j o ra n
g ,
tz a a a ag a le rs o ro ng ,
m e n th e y d id n o t suc ceed
, in m ovi n g i t for wa r d . L i te r a l l y :

i t wa s n o t m oved for wa rd .
 PR ACT ICA L M ALAY GRA M MAR .

VO CAB U LARY .

a as . NOU NS

ba k a r b ur n .
ba n fa ra h er al d ,
.

,
bg z n a a k i n g ( p ro n 3rd
'

ba ron, w a sh
.
,

d i n a z ng p a r ti ti o n , wa l l


.

ba bai l,
,
p l a c e p ut ,

lz rz zn a a ti g er
'

, .

d uk o ng c a r r y ( On th e h i p ) , .
'

z s ta n a p a l a ce .
,

ni mng cou n t

a rz n g er
,
.

j ,
.

Hz a t z b p re a ch e r

k ap a s pee l , .
, .

k rz s d a g g e r
'

lk a l st i c k a d h ere
, , . , .

s a m bo t r ece i ve .
la k s a m a n a a d m ir a l ,
.

,
m a na mja k i n g g r e a t r a j a
lmn a a r l e a n
.
, ,
.

w a trz m i n i ste r ( o f s t a te )
'
,

c a tc h a g a i nst s tic k
.
,
s a n gk o t , , .

po/z o n tr e e , .

s bo t m e n ti o n c a l l s a o
sa a
g g
.
, , .
,

m ove for w a rd p ush ta k d z r w i l l ( o f G od )

'

s a ro ng , , , ,
.

E XE RC I SE X V I I I .

T h s si v e o r th e a rt i c i l sh o u ld b e us e d in )
( e
p a p p e e ve ry s e n t e n c e .

Th e ma h a r a j a st a b b ed hi m W i th

H e c a r r i e d t h e k i n g s ch i ld .
2

a kr i s
3
Th e k i n g o rd ered th e m to l l i t w i th s a g o
. Th e h er a ld . .

rec ei ve d i t a n d g a ve i t to th e pre a ch er a n d th e pr e a c h er r e a d i t
, ,
.

O n h i s t e n ng ers h e pl a ce d t e n ri n g s
6
Wh e n t h e C h i n ese s a w .

i t th e y fol lo w ed ( th e i r ex a m p le )
,
7
H e told h i m to pe el th ose p ot a .

toes .
8
P e op l e c a l l th a t h i l l B u k i t C h i n a 9
S ul t a n M a nsu r ; S h a h .

ve t h e k i n g wa te r h e h a d w a sh ed h i s feet i n ( ay e r ba s p /z k a ki )
g a .

a n d th e k i n g o f C h i n a d r a n k a n d b a th ed i n th e w a ter th e k i n g

h a d w a s h ed h i s fe e t i n
1
Th e n u m b e r o f th e m coul d n o t b e .

cou n ted B y t h e w i l l o f G od th e p a l a ce wa s b ur n t
. .

L ESS O N XIX .

x B e r Th e P re
.

1 1 3 Th e P rese n t Pa rti c i pl e
. th o ug h i t i s occ a sio na l l y for m ed ,

b y t h e p re x fer or b y t h e ve r b a a a a s d escr i b ed i n sec t i o n s

-

, ,

1 10 a n d 53 i s m ost u su a l ly ex pr essed b y m e a n s o f th e pr e x be r
, ,

a s la rz run bar/a n , ru n n i n g ; ga n t0ng h a n g be rg a n to ng h a n g i n g

'

.
, , , , ,

I n m a n y c a ses h o w
'

1 14 . eve r th e p rex be r exp resses n o t ,

'
,
A

m erel y a st a te or c o n d i t i o n a s e x p la i n e d i n th e a b ove p a r a g r a ph ,
,

b h e ve possess ive f orc e b h i l i fe l i v i g

t n ;
u a s n a ; a s e rny a z va a v n g , , ,

be rbz n z h a vi n g a w i fe m a rr i ed ; be rbn ng a h a vi n g o w e rs o we r

, , , ,

i n g ; berm /a h a vi n g a k i n g n o t b e i ng a k i ng

, ,
.

H e n c e m a ny d er i va ti ves o f bar b eco m e t r ue a djec ti ves Th us .

,
 P RACT ICA L MALAY G RAM MAR

.
39

berbud z , h a vi ng wisd o m i s a l m ost i n v a r i a b l y used si m pl y a s a n

'

a djecti ve m e a n i ng wi se ; a n d si m i l a r l y ber a k a l i n tel l i g e n t ; 6m

, ,

use ful b rel ted

g n n a , ; e r s a a a a ra a ; e tc ,
.

1 15 Th e p rex ber i s ver y freque n t l y used wi th r ed upl ic a ti o n

.

o f th e root e i th er to ex press a co n ti n u a n ce o f a cti o n or d i versi t y

, , ,

or m ul ti p l ic i ty Th u s : .

be rta m ba n ta m ba /z , c o n ti n u a l l y i n cre a si n g
-
.

o f v a r i ou s k i n d s .

be rrz bn - rz bn th ous a n d s a n d thous a n d s

'

.
,

be rg i lz r
'

by tur n s , i n success i o n .

be b g i bag a z , o f v a r i ous k i n d s

-
r a a .

be rs a m a s a ma , to g eth e r w i th
-
.

Th e p re x
p er .

1 16 I n th e c a se o f so m e ver b s h a vi ng th e
. prex bar th i s , p re

x b eco m es ch a n g ed to p e r, es pec i a l l y i n th e p a ssi ve a s , ,

d i -p e rba a l m/ a z s ta n a , h e b u i l t th e p a l a c e

-
.

d i -perz s t ri o le/z S ulta n a a n a z a , th e S u lt a n m a r r i ed

'

h er
'

.

p r a /z n -n a
y d zl
p e rba i /i n
y a , h e re p a i red h i s b o a t -
.

1 17 Th e ch a ng e fro m bar to per i s p er h a ps m ost co m m o n i n

.

tr a n si tive ver b s for m ed by m e a n s o f th e su fxes k a n or i fro m

a djec ti ves or ve r b s w h ic h h a ve th e pre x ber Th us fro m ber .
~

a n a n d fro m be ra n a p era n a k a n

z s t rz w e h a ve pe ri s lrz , ,
.

Th e c h a n g e occurs m ore p a rt i cul a r l y wh e n th e prex m i s used ,

a s c a n b e see n i n t h e foll o w i n
g w ord s w h i ch a re i n co m m o n ,

erg a n a k a n , nz zn
n k e ra na k
'

us e z p f n nz
p a n ,
m mp er z mp o n a n .

1 18 Th e pre x ter m a y b e used i n so m e c a ses wi th th ese

.

d er i v a t i ves for m ed w i th p er, to for m th e p a st p a r tic i pl e ; i n

w h i ch c a se th e r o f t h e ter i s el id ed , a s expl a i n ed i n sec tio n 9 8 .

The o n l y d eri v a ti ve of th is
k i n d w h i ch i s i n co m m o n use , a n d

tpe rm n a z , i n th e p h r a se tz a a a tpe rm n a z ,
'

th a t o n l y i n l i ter a tur e
' '

,
is
i n c a l c ul a b le .

V O CA B U LARY .

VE R B S .
5 7 71, cal l ,
c ryout .

bernz mp o n a sse m b le , .

ta m ba /z , i n c re a se .

nz mp an col lec t h e a p u p
'

, , .

h old N o r ms
pg gan
.

.
,

p e ra n a k k a n b e a r or b e et
g ,

a i n tel lect
/a l, .

ch il d re n . a la s fou n d a ti o n ,
.

bag a t s o r t k i n d
'

p e rs m ba /z k a n p rese n t to a , , , .

z lz r tur n
' '

su per i or o ffe r ,
.
g ,
.

s m ba n w orsh i p z s t rz w i fe ( pol i te for m )

.
, .
,
40 P RAC T ICAL M A LAY G RA M MAR .

V O CAB U LARY .

m z s a z , m ou st a ch e
' '

NOU NS o
.

sor t k i nd ny a w a , l i fe , sou l
j

nz s , ,
. .

o ta fo r t for t i ed to w n
, ,
. ta n za n ,
rd e n
g a .

m a st
'

nz a s a ti m e ,
. t z a ng , .

EXERCIS E X IX .

1
Th e p eopl e o f I n d r a p u r a a t t h a t ti m e h a d n o k i n g Th a t .
2

3
h ouse h a s a ro c k fou n d a ti o n A sh i p w i th th re e m a sts
. Fou .
r

5 6
l e g g ed a n i m a l s Th e c h i ld r e n w er e pl a y i n g i n th e g a r d e n
. Th e .

e tle a n w h o c a m e h a d n o m oust a c h e T h e ki n ad n o m a l e
7
g n m g h .

c h i ld .
8
H e s a w th e ch i l d r u n n i n g a b o ut i n fro n t o f th e k i n g .

9 1
Wh erever h e w e n t h e wa s w i th T un M a n d a A ll th e b i rd s .

i n th e g a rd e n w er e si n g i n g ( ba ng i ) wi t h v a r i ous sou n d s 11
Th e / .

1 2
w i n d wa s b l o w i n g very stro n g H ol d i n g o n w i th b oth h a n d s
. .

1 1
3
Th e m e n wer e c a ll i n g fr o m th e sh i p H e m a d e th e fe n c e .
4

rou n d th e p a l a c e i n to a for t .

L ES S O N XX .

D e ri v a t i v e No un s .

N ou n s m a y b e d e r i ved fro m ve r b s
1 19 . a nd oth e r p a rts o f
s p eech b y m e a n s o f p r e xes a n d a fxes .

( a) Th e P re x
p .

N ou n s for m ed w i th t h e p r e x p u su a l l y d e n ote th e a g e n t ;
1 20 .

m m a d r u n k a rd fro m m i n n nz to d r i n k
as
p, z n a .
, ,
.

1 2 1 Th i s pr ex i s m od i ed a ccord i n g t o th e i n i ti a l l etter o f
.

th e r o ot t o w h i ch i t i s a f xed i n p rec i sely t h e s a m e m a n n e r a s

d escr i b ed i n p a r a g r a p h 1 0 2 i n th e c a se o f th e pre x 77 2 Th us : .

n c/z a rz
fr
'

m c/z n rz
'

p o .

p i n ba n a n fr o m n n o /z .

ny a n fro m s a p a
p p .

E xc ep ti o n s to t h i s r ul e a re p ny n ron w h i c h m e a n s n o t th e ,

se n d er b u t th e p e rs o n s e n t a n d p ny a k z t w h i c h m e a n s i l l n ess

, , ,

d i se a se Th e r oot s um /z h a s a l so t h e i rre g ul a r for m pra m /z

.
,

w h i ch h a s th e s a m e m e a n i n g a s pny n ro lz .

b P re x
( ) d f
p a n s u x a n .

122 A b str a c t n o u n s ex pr ess i n g e i th e r a q u a l i ty or a n a c ti o n

.
, ,

a re for m e d b y p re x i n i i ts v r io us for m s ex l a i n e d i n th e
gp n a a s
p
 P RACT ICAL MALAY GRA M MAR .
41

l a s t p a r a g r a ph a n d a x i ng a n A s p m bn n o /za n m urd er ; p ng

.
, , ,

aja ra n te a ch i n d octri n e ; p ma n d a ng a n si g h t ; p zz c/z a m a n

, g , g e t , ,

ti n g a l i vi ng l i vel i hood ; e t c , .

( ) c P re x p er an d s uf x an .

12 3 . N ou n s for m ed w i th th e p rex p er a re usu a l l y o f th e na tu re

o f ver b a l n ou n s Th e d isti n c ti o n b e t w ee n t h e p re xes p e r a n d ;
.

see m s to b e th a t per i s used w i th r o o ts w h ic h t a k e th e pr ex be r

( th a t i s fo r th e m ost p a r t i n tr a n si ti ve ve r b s ) w h er e a s p i s used
, ,

w i th roots wh i ch t a k e th e p rex m ( th a t i s t r a n si ti ve ver b s ) , .

Th us w e h a ve
B e rt m a , m eet ; p ert zn a a n a m eeti n g , .

B erm a z n , pl ay p erm a z n a n , a g a me
'

B e rk a ta spe a k ; p erk a ta a n , a s a y i n g , w or d
, .

B erp ra ng , g h t ; pp ra ng a n , g h ti n g , b a ttl e .

B e r/f ry e r, s a i l p h y em n , vo y a g e .

For th e el is io n o f th e r i n ber a nd p er b e fore 1 or b e for e a n o t h e r ,

cl osed sy l l ab le e n d i n g i n r a n d fo r t h e c h a ng e fro m r to 1 b e for e ,

a vo w el see p a r a 9 8
,
. .

12 4 I n a fe w c a ses th e d er i v a ti ves ( b) a n d ( 5 ) m a y b oth b e

.

for m ed fr o m t h e s a m e root i n w h i c h c a se th ere i s a d i ffere n ce ,

i n th e m e a n i n g a s , ,

te a c h i n g d oc tr i n e ; p laja ra n l esso n
p g j n a a ra n , , , .

p m bn n o /z a n m urd er ; p e ra no na n p l a ce o f k i l l i n
, g , .

F ro m be rn a u l eep we h a ve p era a n a n sleep i n g pl a ce a n d fro m

,
s
, , ,

n z n a a n c o m pl a i n w e h a ve p ng a a n a n co m pl a i n t ; w h i ch i s

g , ,
i n ,

a ccord a n c e w i th t h e d isti n ct io n ex pl a i n ed i n p a r a r a ph 1 2 3
g .

V O CABU LA RY .

V E RB S . V E RB S .

a mp a c a rry o n th e h a n d s
, ,
ro mp a c o m m i t p i ra cy , .

u ph ol d sust a i n ,
. ta w a r r ed u ce a ssu ag e
, , ,

be ra a n sleep ( o f a raja ) ch e a p e n

. .
,

be rm ag a bn z a g a tr a d e

t fn a m eet e n cou n te r
'

. .
, , , ,

g a ll , d ig . t nja a i m ,
.

j a e
mn,n ter t a i n . Zn ngg a w a i t ,
.

na t a spe a k s a y
OU NS
.
,
B
,

k ay o p a d d le
'

/ , .

k n mp o l ga th er ,
. ln a a ,
h e a d u p per por ti o n , .

'

m ng a a n c o m pl a i n j j pr o m i se

,
. an z , .

o ba tk a n , c ure . m a la b e g i n n i n g
, .

pa n da ng loo k a t
'

,
. p ra ng wa r , .
4 2 P RACT I CAL MA LAY GRA M MAR .

A DJ E C T I V E S .

ADJ E C T W E S .

ta w a r, t a stel ess , fre s h 15 4 217

i n a c cor d a n c e
( no t a ng a n ,

s a l t) . w i th .

m npa m a l i k e ,
.

D E R I V E D N o r ms .
( P a ra . 120 (r

pera ng k a p t r a p , .
p j
ng a a r, t e a ch er .

p i r a te . n ay o /z
p g p a d d l e, .

m l i ar ng a lz s p a d e
'

p .
p g ,
.

m b n no /z m u rd erer / l h i f
p ,
.
p g
n z n a c e ,
f

a m d r u n k a rd

p m z n , .
p n a ng n w a rd er
g ,
.

p i nt/ k c ] h a m m e r , p y
n a k i t i l l n ess,
.

p n a o t c o w a rd , p ny ap n b roo m ,
.

a w a r a n ti d ote / m esse e r
p n , .
f y
n a ro z n,g .

/ f
'

p nc z a r z th i e ,
.
p ra m /z m esse
, n g e r .

sl ee p i n g p l a c e p ma z na n g a m e :

'

p era a a a n , er ,

o f a ra a
( j ) .

p e rbn a ta n , a c t , d eed .
p e rm n /a a n , b e g i nn i ng

m a n w om a n rn z a g a a n t r a d e

p e r e p a , .
p e , .

n i m a sse m b l n z ba na n o ffer i
p e r p o n a n
y , .
p e rr ng ,
.

p j
e r a /a n a n jou r ne
y ,
.
p e rn n zpa nz a a n p rover ,
.

i m n a a n fe a st n or k b u s i n ess

a
'

p y
e ,
.
p y e f an w , , .

a n z a n pro m i se l esso n
' '

p y j
e i , /
p ja a ra n , .

p e rk a ta a n w ord ,
.

p /ay era n ,vo y a g e .

m la n a sse m b l y b tl e h ti
p e r np o ,
.
pp ra ng a n a t g n g , ,
.

m a na a n a n s i h t c o m pl a i n t

p g g . .
p gn a a a a n, .

b rz a n , g i ft
'

p nz .
p gj
n a a ra n , te a c h i ng .

n z ba n ona n , m u rd e r / k n owled g e
p .
p g
n t a z u a n , .

/ h
'

p n c z a rz a n ,
l i vel i ood .

XERCI S E XX E
1
B ec a use h e h a d n o e m pl oy m e n t h e b ec a m e a th i e f a n d a
m ur d ere r .
2
Th a t w o m a n i s th e c h i e f s w i fe 3
Th a t d i se a se coul d
.

n o t b e cu red I t w a s a m e eti n g pl a c e fo r p i r a tes th i eves a n d

.
4
,

m u rd erers Th ose w h o w i l l n o t r ece i ve i n s tr ucti o n c a n n ot g a i n

.
5

6
k n o w l ed g e S o ft w ord s a re a n a n tid ote to a n g er
.
7
I f y o u h a ve .

a n y requests or co m p l a i n ts th ey sh o u ld b e m a d e k n o w n n o w , .

8
I n b a t t le i t i s ev id e n t w h o a re th e c o w a rd s 9
H i s a cts w er e n o t .

i n a ccord wi t h h i s p ro m i se s
1 0
A l i a r or a d r u n k a r d w i l l n o t b e .

tru sted .
 44 P RAC T ICAL M ALAY G RA M MA R .

flue n c e th e l a n g u a g e Th u s ape renay a a n m e a n s tr uste d

on .
,

tr usty trus t w or thy k a nz la ng a n i s n o t

'

10 5 5 b ut

, l ost or
,

s u ffe red l oss a s ,

o ra ng f f a k a / ala ng a n p z s a a ny a th a t m a n h a s l ost h i s k n i fe
' '

-
, .

an ( g) Th e p re x her an d s uf x .

1 2 9 T he p re x ae r a n d su f x a n u s u a l l y w i t h r e d u p l i c a ti o n
.
,

o f th e r oot for m a k i n d o f ve r ba l n ou n A s e rs a a s a a a n

-
, f
,

rejoic i n g ber a ra n g a ra ng a n g r a d u a ll y d i m i n i sh i n g ; be rra m a i -

,

ra 7n a z a n i n c ro w d s ; be rla rzl la rz a n r u n n i n
' '

, g , .

( )
l T h e s u fx a n w i t h re d u p li c a t i o n z .

1 30 I n n ou n s t h e r ed u pl ic a tio n o f th e r oot w i th th e a d d i
.
, ,

t i o n o f th e su f x a n ex presses d i versi t y o r m ul ti pl i ci ty i n a m a n , ,

n e r so m e w h a t si m i l a r to th a t expl a i n ed i n p a ra g a p h 1 1 5 i n th e
c a se o f ve r b s ; t h u s :
ba a n ba a na n v a r i ous fr ui ts

m a n z r m a n z ra n s w eets

- .
-
, , .

i ord s o f p r a i se ve et b le s
'

n w s ay a r s ay a ra n
g a .
-
, .

, ay a k ay a n a v a r i ou s t re es
-
ba a ba n a n sce n ts i n c e n se ,
.
-
, , .

131 B er i s so m eti m e s p re xed to d er i ved n ou n s a s

.
, ,

b / m e n wh o a re n o t e m pl o ed

p j

o ra n
g y a n
g f z a a a e e r a an
y , .

bgz n a a be r/eraja a n a z s z f a t h e k i n g r e i g n ed th ere

' '

.
,

VO CAB U LARY .

V E RB S NOU NS . .

a fa r a r r a ng e ,
s a ra f k z rz m a n l ette r .
, .

lnla ng cou n t rec k o n , ADV ER BS ,

.

an a rk a n j ust i fy prove tr ue , ,
.

a a fa n k a n c a use i n d uce e /z a w a o nl

g ,y , .
,
.

K ara ? k a lf f

d i a m b e qui e t d w el l , ] o te n ,
.
,
.

z ag z a d es i r e l o n g fo r a i v i n usel ess
' '

, p e r e ne a n a ,
.
,
.

or d r i n th e s u n
j nz y ,
.

paf f p r a i se
'

.
,

m a s z ng rn a s z ng e a ch
'

ra s a feel t a s te ex per i e n c e
, , ,
.
-
,
.

f a a o ng c over

.
,

a f a r se n d a n e n voy ,
.

D E R I VE D N O U N S (P . a ra .

k z rz nz a n th i ng se n t

a f a ra n a rr a n g e m e n t ,
.
,
.

bz la ng a n n u m b er la a f a n oc e a n
'

. .
, ,

ba rz fa n ster n ( o f a sh i p ) m a k a n a n food
'

.
, .
,

d r i nk
'

z ra n th ou g h t

,
nz z n a n z a n .
,
.

c loth es
'

lea a ap a n fro n t

p a
,
a za n .
,
.

k a la a n b o w ( o f a sh i p ) / w a te r c our se
, p a n e z a ra n .
, ,

k a ra ng a n co m p osi ti o n g utter , . .

lea s ena n love p i ty a n e/f a wn fou n t a i n s pr i ng

,p , .
, ,
.
 PR AC T ICAL MALAY GRA MM AR .
45

occ up a ti o n s a rona n , m esse n ger

pg g an a n, . .

a z a n w ord s o f pr a i se

l id coveri n g
'

p j ,
. f a a o ng a n , ,
.

ra mp /m a n b o o ty ,
. a k a ra n , m e a s ure .

s a m z fa n b l o w p i p e e n v o y a m b a ss a d or

p ,
-
. a f a ra n , , .

AN D V E RB S ( P D E R I VE D N o un s . ara .

k a na n a a /e w ish w i l l d esi r

/a a r g o out
, , ,
,
,
.

k na s en b el oved ,
m a n e/f a su m m i t
.
,
.

fa na z k n o w
'

k m a a z h el m


, .
,
.
,

D E R I V E D N o u n s A N D P ART I C I P L E S ( P 7 of 1 2 8 ) a ra . 12

exi s t e n ce k rn a s a n g ol d e n .
,
.

nz a f z a n d e a th
'

k a / nla n ga n l ost
'

. .
, ,

k bajz k a n a d v a n t a g e g ood m n a ng a n vic tor y

'

, , ,
.

la n a i z a a n g lor y


d eed s .
,
.

kba ny a k a n m ajor i t y i nn a ra na n m erc y

,
.
,
.

n a z lea n m ou n t h o rse sh i p
'

abi n a s a a n d estr uct i o n

. , .
, , , ,

ny a fa a n evi d e n ce

abo d e /f a n st u p i d i t y ,
. ,
,
.

k bra ra n g r a n d eu r ,
s k i l l cl ever n ess
.
,
.

p e re nay a a n tr ust y fa i t h

k elz a rz a n stol e n
'

,
.
, ,

f a a f a ng a n a rr i va l c o m i n g ful

.
.
, ,

raja a n k i n g d o m

k cfe ng a ra n h e a rd ,
.
,
.

a z a nz a n d w el l i n g p l a ce ny a /a na n er r or w ro n g d o


.
, , ,

es o lea n to m or r o w i ng

-
, . .
,

d esi r e l u t s n a ng a n e a se ,
s
.
,
.

ja /f a fa n w ic k ed n e s s s a a a na n e n d

, . , .
, ,

lefeay a a n w e a l th r i ch es K es a a a n pl e a su re

.
, , .
,

k a a fa n stre n g t h ,
k s a na ra n d i f cul ty .
,
.

k k a ra ng a n w a n t era s a na n t rou b le
,
.
,
.

k la k a a n c o n d uc t ,
k fa o fa n fe a r .
,
.

,/a ng k a pa n equ i p m e n t afra ng a n ev id e n ce

, , , .

eet . fa ra n a n d esce n t g e n e .
,

k lap a ra n h u n g er fa m i n e a l ogy
'

.
, , .

/zna fa n see n a p pe a red

'

, , .

l E XE R C I S E XXI .

2
F ol l y o fte n c a uses a m a n s d estr uc t io n D o n o t l o n g fo r th e '
.

3
l or d r a n d eur o f th e w orl d I t i s th rou h ou r w fa ul t
g y a n g g y o n .

t h a t y o u a re s u ffer i n g w a n t E a c h o n e sh oul d see k th e g o o d o f 4

.

5 6
o t h er s . Th a t le tter w a s n o t h i s o w n co m posi t io n I t i s usel ess .

t o m a k e c o m p l a i n ts i f o n e h a s n o evi d e n ce to justi fy the m Th a t

7
.

w or k ou g h t n o t to b e g i ve n to a n u n tru st w o rth y per so n I t wa s

8
.

h e a rd th a t th e a m b a ss a d or fro m th e k i n g d o m o f S i a m wa s co m e .

9
A s k h i m fo r w h a t pu r pose h e h a s c o m e h er e Wh i ch clothes .

d id y o tel l
u m e to d ry i n th e s un s i r ?
,
46 PR ACT I C AL MA LAY G R A M MA R .

L ESSO N XX I I .

I n t e rje e t i o n s .

1 32 .Th e fol l o w i n g a re th e i n terjec ti o n s w h ic h a re m os t c o m

m o n ly used :
lzez O

a a onz a l a s
'

.
,

a m bo z a n exp ressi o n o f a sto n i sh m e n t

'

.
,

e k e/z psh a w a n ex pressi o n o f d i s g u st or scor n

, , .

w a n t ush a n expr essi o n o f a sto n i sh m e n t d is pl e a sur e d i s

, , , ,

b el i e f o r d i s g ust .

y a O ,! ( A r a b ic ) i n a d d ressi n g t h e D ei t y or h ol y perso n s .

na n th er e t a k e i t
, , .

ny a /z a wa y b e o e
g o , g n , .

s ay a n
g b a s e/fa n w h a t a p i t
, y , .

P un ct u a ti on W 0 rd s .

1 33 . M a l a y w h e n w r i tte n i n th e A r a b i c C h a r a cte r h a s n o
, ,

pu n c tu a ti o n m a r k s b ut se ve r a l d i ffe re n t w or d s a re u sed to i n tro

,

d uc e n e w se n te n ces a n d th us ser ve th e s a m e p u r p o se a n d a re , ,

k n o w n a s pu n c tu a ti o n w ord s S o m e o f th ese a re n o t n ecess a ry .

to th e se n se a n d d o n o t a l wa y s requ i re to b e tr a n sl a t ed Th e
, .

fol l owi n g a re t h ose m ost freq ue n tl y used

Ma k a i s th e m ost c o m m o n o f a ll A s a r ul e i t h a s n o equ i .

v a l e n t i n E n g l ish b ut occ a s i o n a l l y i t m a y b e t r a n sl a ted by th e

,

E n g l i sh w or d a n d I t i s o fte n used to i n trod uc e th e p r i n c i p a l

.

se n t e n c e w h e n pr eced ed b y a n a d ver b i a l c l a use ( s ee L es s o n

B /f a w a i s used to i n trod uce d i rec t or i n d i re ct na r r a ti o n .

A d a p a n so m e ti m es i n trod uces a p a re n th et i c a l cl a use a t oth e r

-
,

ti m es a s t a t e m e n t o f fa c t or a re c o rn i ri e ri c e rn e n t o f na rr a t i ve a ft e r
a d i g r essi o n or a n y i n terru p ti o n o f th e stor y .

A l k es a le i s use d w h ere a n e w c h a p ter or d i vi si o n o f th e

-

n a r r a ti ve co m m e n c es usu a l l y a fte r a d i g ress io n Wh ere a w or k , .

co n sists o f a se r i es o f d i ffere n t stor i es th i s wo r d i s so m e ti m es -

,

p l a ced a t th e b e g i n n i n g o f a n e w stor y .

S na na a a n i n trod uc es a n e w a s pec t or d i vi si o n o f a su bj ec t

.

S ka /z a a a n lag z or s ba g a l lag i m a y i n trod uc e y e t a n oth e r d i vi

' '

-

si o n o f a su bjec t .

B erm a la o r s errn a la m a y b e u sed a t th e co mm e n c e m e n t o f

-

a n e n t i rel y n e w su bjec t a s a t t h e b e i n n i n s o f C h ap ters t

g g e c , , .

D a n lagt m e a ns fur th er m or e
'

a n d c o n t i n ue s th e s a m e or a ,

s i m i l a r su b jec t .
 .

P RACT ICAL MALAY G R A MMA R . .

47

Ta m ba z a n p a la
/ -
op e n s u p a fu r th er re a so n o r a r g u m e n t or i n ,

t ro d uC e s a d d i t i o n a l m a t te r o f a n y k i n d .

a n d a la z a n i n trod uce n e w su bjec ts a n d a re

'

l ,

o ft e n fol lo w ed b y nz a a .

Th e a b ov e m e n tio n ed w ord s a re sel d o m i f ever used i n c o n

-
, ,

vers a ti o n w i th th e exc ep tio n o f a a n lag t

'

.
,

C o m p o u n d S e n t e n ce s .

A D J E C T I V A L C L AU S E S .

1 34 .Wh e n A djec tiv a l c l a uses a re i n trod uced i n E ng l i s h by

th e rel a tives w h o w h i ch

wh a t that
,

th e c or res

,

,

,

po n d i ng M a l a y rel a t i ves a re used a s , ,

t z a n a d i ala /z a i n b l
'

m
'

y a o r-
a n
g a n a y a n
g m m a -
n o z a z a ,

th e y d i d n o t k no w w h ich wa s th e m a n w h o h a d k i l led h i m .

1 3 5 Wh e n c l a uses a re i ntrod uced i n E ng l ish b y t h e rel a ti ve

at

w h er e th e word f znp a f m us t b e
,

used i n M a l a y a s , ,

ta l
'

k a z a m a n -ny a ,


n egrz y a t
th e t o w n w h er e h e l i ves .

1 36 . Wh e n i n E n g l i sh th e rel a t i ve i s i n th e possessi ve th e ,

M a l ay co n struc ti o n i s a s sh o w n i n th e fol lo w i ng ex a m ples

Tana n y a ng ny a w a a a a la /n fa ng a n a a ra f ny a

- -
,
,

G od i n w h o s e m i g h t y h a n d ( fi t i n th e h a n d o f wh ose power ) .

m y b re a th i s .

ba ny a k raj a raja y a ng bra r bra r ( ff bi n a s a a n A lla /z k ra

j
- - -
a a n ny a
t h e re a re m a n y g re a t k i n g s w h ose k i n g d o m
,

s G o d h a s d estro y ed .

1 37 A si m i l a r M a l a y co n str uc ti o n i s used wh e n th e E n l i sh
. .

g
r el a ti ve i s g ove r n ed by a p r e posi ti o n a s , ,

b /f la np O/ wn my y a ng a z ba m a /e ny a
'
'

-
r a -
za

th e tree fel l u n d e r wh i c h h e w a s t a k i n g sh el t er .

V O CA B U LARY
N OU NS . V ERBS
A lla /z G od , .
berg a ra a jo k e ,
.

k a a ra f , d i vi n e power

lz n a o ng sh e l ter


.
.
,

n a bz , pro ph e t

.
rba /z fa l l , .

la t e/ a n a d ve rs a r y
, .
s a ng fea su p pose th i n k , , .

fa a n -
k a , m y l ord .
A DJ E C T I V R .

Ya lz a n , L o rd .

sa ba r, pa ti e n t .
48 PRA C TI CAL M ALA Y GR AM MA R .

X E R C I S E XX I I E .

1
Tu sh th i s m a n i s exceed i ng l y stu p i d
, O h ! m y ch i ld y o u .
2
,

m u st b e ver y p a ti e n t B e i t k n o w n u n to m y lord O p rop h et.

3
,

o f G od Wh e n h e w a s jo k i n g w i th oth er y ou n g m e n h e s a i d
.
4
,

P sh a w ! I m ust h a ve a n a d m i r a l a s a n a d ver s a r y P sh a w ! I
.

th o ug h t th i s S r i B i ja D i raja w a s b r a ve 9
H a H a l oo k a t th a t .

7
ou n g ti g er ! H e ord ered th e m to c a l l th e t w o m e n w h o w ere
y
9
st a n d i n g ou tsi d e Th e h ouse i n w h i c h y o u l i ve
.
9
Th i s i s th e .

m a n wh ose h a n d i s wou n d ed
1
Th e ele ph a n t o n wh ic h h e wa s .

si tti n g fe ll d ow n .

L ES S O N XX I I I .

C o m p o u n d S e n t e n ce s ( co n ti n ued ) .

A D V E R B I A L C L AU SE s .

1 38 A d ver b i a l C l a use s a re i n trod uced b y co nj u n c ti o n s a n d

.

c o nju n ct i ve a d ver b s exp ressi n g Ti m e C a use O bjec t or P ur pose , , ,

C o n d i t io n M a n n e r a n d C o n c e s s i o n Th e A d ver b i a l C l a use i s
'

.
, ,

usu a l l y p l a c ed rs t fol lo w ed b y th e p r i n c i p a l C l a use w h ic h i s

, ,

e er a l l y i n trod u ced b th e co ju n c ti o m e or ba nw a or
g n y n n a a ,

so m eti m es b y n s rlzay a o r f n f a m e a n i n g c er t a i n l y or la Za ,

, ,

th e n e tc T h e p ecu l i a r i ti es o f th e M a l a y co n str ucti o n wi th

,

.

th e d i ffer e n t cl a sses o f co nj u n ct i o n s c a n b est b e l e a r n t fro m th e

ex a m pl es g i ve n b el ow a ll o f w h i ch a re t a k e n fr o m th e ,
S ja ra h
Mlay u .

1 39 : C o nju n c t io n s d e n oti ng Ti m e :
s f/a n or f la n , wh e n, as s -bla m , b e fore er e .

soo n a s af te r th a t

,
. sa mp a z ,
s lz z ng a ,
'

-
g
ma i n/a b, si n ce .

wh i s la m a ,

l
e, w h i l st , -

as lo n g as .

s e rfa , a s soo n as .

bra pa k a lz , o fte n
'

s- as as .

m ngg ra


s - fla n a fa r m lz na f
'

m a ka
' '

z fa a a fa n
nz a n a s z a
g , za p an

z ri ny a
'

-
a ,

w h e n t h e ser p e n t s a w a m a n co m i n g h e b esti rr ed h i m sel f ,

.

i b a P a f i /z A d a m
'

s e rfa m a t z s o ra n ri o ra ng fa /z a

p

g a a a ,
f
,

a s e a c h m a n w a s k i l l ed th e y tol d Fa ti h A d a m ,
.

140 . C o nju n c ti o n s exp ressi n g C a use

sba a b ec a use ,
. s a a ng

,
a s, i n a s m uch as .

Kern a fo r ae i o w i n g to

f
-
r aaa
'

.
,
.
,
 P RACT I CAL MALAY GRAM MAR .
49

i -ra fap z ma ka i -la ra ng ny a

'

ra a a /z a
'
'
k ern a bg z n a a . o ra ng , a o ra ng
' '

m na ng z s z f a ,
h e for b a d e th e peopl e to wee p ,
b ec a use th e k i ng h a d a l re ad y
b ee n m ou r n ed fo r .

a n fe ra ng ra m ma t
'

i -y a a a
'

z fa p erfz a -
ny a , af a
o ra ng s a er J an
g
k m : a ng z n berfz oj),
' '

th e y fel t as i f th e y w er e g oi n g to fly , owi n g to th e wi n d b l owi ng

s o exceed i n g l y stro n g .

14 1 . C o nju n c ti o n s e x p res s i ng an O bjec t or P ur pose :

s
p ay a j a ng a n ,

f a
g a , s p ay a , s a pay a i n ord e r th a t , ,

so th a t t h a t ,
.

b a la a ,

la n n a m z s bo fk a n s m oa n a , a /a a

fza a k
' '

-
y jm a o ra ng m n e n
g a r d z a ,
-

we d o n o t m e n ti o n th e m a ll, les t peop le shou ld b e su r fei ted b y

l i ste n i ng to th e m .

P fi /z A d a m a z ba n on, fa o f a n a l: s a n
'

6 i
'

j a ng a n a
y a a z -
a n o z - ny a ,

le t P A b e k i l led , fo r fe a r h e s h ould k i l l m y ch i ld

d on t . . .

14 2 . C o nju n c ti o n s exp r essi ng C o n d i tio n :

k a la a ,
k
'

j ji k l z d u n less
'

z a, a a a t a a ,
.

l
'

jz a a a ,

z a a a na m ba a a n fa a n p a d a na m ba , jzk a t z a d a lnz bi ng

j /

' '

fa a n -
,

i n f, ea fo m ba a n a i a a n a ba k a n -ny a na m ba a n a l? Zu ni -la b ,

were y o u n o t m y m a ste r I sh oul d , n ot b e a man if I did no t c as t

th i s j a vel i n a t y ou r b re a st .

z a k ud ra t A fla n m lz n fa ng , k a la ngg a r k o fa Ma
'

fz a a a -
a ng a n

[a k a
' '

z nz .

u n l ess th e power of G od b e i st me, I wi l l tt a c k th i s for t of

a
g a n a

M a l a cc a .

14 3 . C o nj u n c t i o n s e x p ressi n g M a n n e r :
a ma a n f nngg a , so th a t
'

z . . s
- . .

m i z a n ,
'
m a ni a m a k z n , th e th e
'

s p e rfz . . a as . . so , . . . .

bg z m a n a
'

. such .

,
'

m a na l a se/z fa a n fa a n s m oa a k a n k d k n

l n P
'

p erfz -
z fa

s e -
z a n a a re

ma
as t h e l ov e o f a ll o f y o u h as b ee n to w a rd s u s , so le t y ou r l ove be
t o hi m .
50 P RA CT I CA L MALAY GRA M MAR .

1 44 .
,
C o njunc t i o ri s ex pr e ssi n g C o n cessi o n

j a fa a s fi p a n , bg z m a n a p a n h o w eve r , w h a tever

if
'

z a -
eve n .
-
, .

san
gg o n p

a n, bbra pa , h o w eve r m uch o r m a ny
th ou g h .

mai n
.

p ,
-
a n

wi th th e cor r el a ti ves :
'

f fa p z ,
m fa i n k a n , e
y ,t s ti l l ,
n e ver th el ess .

bg z zn a n a -p a n bs a r k a m a ba ne /z ,
'

a os a -ny a , j a ng a n

h o w ever g re a t the i r si n m ay h e , do no t k i l l th e m .

f fa a a Ta n B fajz a
'
j
'

o /z

p a a a f a ng
-
sa n
gg n a
g a 7n a a ,

thou g h it wa s so , y e t Tu n B i aj i d would n o t c o m e .

pa a i fa /z a n i o fen Ta n A ba a f
f i a a a jag a ferfa /z a n

ba

-
ra ,

h o w eve r m uch T un A r estr a i n ed ( th e e l eph a n t) h e cou ld n o t .

,

b e h el d .

k ern a fz a m ba jz fea fa a s la m /z ta n a ff y a w a f f a s a fz -p a n ,
pa d a

z k a a n a s a fzy a m a f z f z a a a s a m a p a a a ra /zy a

'

j . .

fo r th ou g h I h a d t h e w h ol e o f J a v a i t w ou ld n o t b e th e s a m e to ,

m e i f m y ch i l d w e re d e a d .

V O CA B U LA R Y
No un s . VE R B S .

c u sto m h a b i t
a a a f,

, .
f / k a , r e b el
( e r la .

a fz a fa a n p re fe r , p u t rst

a ni ra f th e h ere a ft er ,
.
, .

a ng i n w i n d r a f m ove
,
.
g , .

bn a a /z a ra tre a sur e r

, .
fz z s a bna n , cou n t , a ccou n t .

'
a aa a b re a st

,
. fa n gg a r, a tt a c k .

d os a , si n .
fa ra ng , for b id , w a r n .

fz n fa ng , c ross h i n d e r
'

w or ld


a a n za ,
.
, .

Iz a m ba , sl a ve . pa s a ng l i g h t ( a re ) d i s
, ,

la k a , a c t , d eed , a c ti o n . c h a r g e ( re a r m s ) .

f7n f nng j a vel i n .

ra fa
p w a i l m ou
,
r n , .

,
m a n a s i a , m a nk i n d , m a n .
f a /z a n h o ld re s t ra i n e n d ur e
, , , .

rz o k , p o t te rba n g y
p .
, .

rz o k a p i , b o m b fg a r re b u k e
p
.
.
,

f z ngg a fna n l e a ve n e g l ec t
'

f a ra ba le, sp e a r .

'
, , .

a fa r, ser p e n t , s n a k e .
f z op b l o w
,
.

fo rn a a n spe a r , .

A DJ E C T I V E S .
t a a ng p ou r .

Su r fe i ted w e a r i ed f a a ng z f i n f a n c a st w i th t i n
'

/
nz a
j , , .
,

s fa rofz w h ol e a ll , ,
.
( h e n ce sold er ) , .
52 P RACT ICA L MALAY GRA M MAR .

Wh e n i n E ng l i sh a ver b i s d e p e n d e n t o n a n a dj ec ti ve w i th or ,

w i th ou t a p re posi ti o n n o pre posi ti o n i s requ i red i n M a l a y , ,

a s,

a a fz s , c leve r a t w r i ti n g

p a nda z
m .

b a fa n , t i red o f wa l k i n g
p n a f e
f
r .

s n a ng m a s o n, e a s y to g e t i n .

Th er e i s n o e qu i v a le n t i n M a l ay fo r th e p re posi t i o n
to ,
used a s t h e si g n o f th e i n n i ti ve i n E n g l is h E x a m p l es .

h e c a m e to a s k fo r m o n e y di a
'

, a a fa ng m m z n fa w a ng , ,

w a i t fo r th a t m a n to co m e n a n f z a n o ra n
' '

z la fa ng
, g aa .

Wh e n a ver b g over n s t w o o b jects s uch a s th ose w h i c h

7
14 .
,

exp r ess g i vi ng a s k i n g e tc th e i n d i rec t o bjec t t a k es th e pr e

, ,
.
,

pos i ti o n a s , ,

fa m m brz fz o rm a f a ka n bn a a na ra ,

h e res pec ted th e b n d a h a ra .

m a s z f a pa a a ( m a n ny a ,
bfz a g
' ' '

- - -
az z ny a ,
-

be d i vi d ed
o u t th e g ol d to h i s c h i ld r e n .

I n so m e c a ses th e pr e posi ti o n b e fore th e i n d ir ect o bjec t i s

o m i tted , i n th e s a m e way a s i n E ng l i sh ; th us ,
t me so m e r ic e cfz a ri a n a ka na si
g e , .

14 8 Th e pre posi ti o n a a n i s used w i th a n u m b er o f ve r b s

. a nd

a d jec ti ves ex pressi n g th e feel i n g s a n d a c ti o n s o f th e m i n d a nd

h e a r t e tc a s
,
.
, ,

er na n a k a n s a ti s ed wi th ,
. m a ra ff a a n , a n g r y w i th .

fz a z ra n a k a n , wo n d er a t / ay a a fea n , b el i eve i n

p e r e z .

fz a rap a a n tr ust i n ,
.
p a] ? a k a n ,
p r a i se ;

z ag z a a ka n , lo n g fo r f a o f a k a n , a fr a id o f
' '

. .

Ka i/s en a k a n , l ove f nz a a ea n , cove t

. .

fap a a k a n , for g e t .

1 49Th e fol l owi n g b r i e f l i st o f ve r b s

. w i th th e p re p o i t io n s s

wh i ch t h e y t a k e m ay b e fou n d u s e fu l
be rf m a d ag a n , m e t wi th k a fa y a a a or p a a a s pe a k t o

-
.
, .

s ra /z k y a a a , d el i ver up to berfnz n fa /z a ag a n a r g u e w i t h

-
.
,
.

pa n d a ng a ff a n , g a z e a t . c/z a mp a r a n a n m i x i t i t h
g

, .

fz fz a f a k a n l oo k a t
'

, . f aja b , a i m a t .

[ba t k p a a a stic k to be refz ra z a ng a n se p a r a te fro m

'

-
,
.
, .

A ll v er b s ex p ressi n g g i vi n g , such a s bri , ea s e/1 fz fz ag z p z nja m

' '

, , ,

a n a ra fz fa n A a rn fa k a n , e tc , c a n t a k e e i th er a k a /z or f
p
e
-
g , z a aa .
.
 P RAC T ICAL M A LAY G RA M MAR .
53

Ve r b s ex pressi ng m otio n t a k e a erz fro m a n d b to w h e n i t i s

'

, , , ,

m otio n fro m or to a pl a c e a n d d eri pa a n or k pa d a fro m or t o

'
-
, , .

pe rso n s I n m a ny c a ses th e p reposi tio n o n l y i s used whe re

. ,

w e sh ould expect a a la m or y a a a a s

- -
. ,
, ,

e ff -
ba za a ny a -
m a s ok -ra ma n-ny a ,
,

h e too k him i n to his h ouse .

m a fa f ba d a f z t a
'

d i fffek k a n
- -
ny a ay er ,
-
,

h e d rop ped w a ter i n to th e b o y s m outh .

na zk k -pra na
'

i
d ba w a
- -
ny a z fa ,

h e too k h er on b o a rd th e sh i p .

s a /zy a ra a a fz s z ngg

a /z / n e n ek k a
'

,
-
r zn
a a f -
,

I c a l led in at m y g r a n d fa th er s h ouse .

1 50 . Wi th so m e ver b s th e pre posi ti o n a ka n m ay b e us e d wi th

th e d i r ec t o bjec t a s , ,

fa p a n fa /z a a k a n a rtf ny a -
,

h e a lso k n ew th e m e a n i n g of it .

ma k a p e rn z a z sa rz p a n m neni ka n m
' '

a in a na n f a n
-
ya ,
th e quee n k issed h e r d a u g h ter i n la w
- -
.

z ea fa a f a n o /z f z a cfa k z fa !ba n e /z a a n d i d ,
'

d i b
' '

am -ny a d
j p a a f -
,

a l th ou g h h i s o ffe n ce wer e w orth y o f d e a th w e woul d n o t

ki l l hi m .

In th e co m m o n c ol loqu i a l l a ng u ag e o f t h e S e ttl e m e n ts th e ,

pre posi ti o n s a m a i s used i n t h i s wa y w i th a ll sorts o f ver b s es p e ,

c i a ll
y w h e n th e o b ject i s a pro n ou n a s i n th e foll o w i n
g ph r a se s: ,

C a l l h i m p a ngg z f s a m a a z a ; fol low m e {b u t s a ma s a ny a ;

'

, ,

o pe n i t ba k a s a n z a a z a Th i s m ust b e r e g a rd ed a s a vu l ga r i s m


, .
,

a n d sh oul d b e a voi d ed A d esi re to m a k e a co m pl ete se n te n c e

.

w i t h a n o bjec t a s i n E ng l i sh i s n o d ou b t a t th e roo t o f th i s
, ,

m i s t a k e th e s au n a b e i n g a d d ed to m a k e a ph r a se wh ic h i s n o t i n
,

t h e M a l a y i d io m sou n d a l i t t l e b ette r I t sh ould b e r e m e m b e red .

th a t pro n ou n s a s a r ul e d o n o t requi r e to b e ex pressed i n M a l ay

, ,

( see p a r a g r a p h 49 th e ver b b y i t sel f or w i t h th e a d d i t io n o f ,

[a n b ei n g q ui te su fc i e n t i n th e ph r a ses g i ve n a b ove w h ic h ,

should b e : P a ngg z f or p a ngg z f a z a ; fea t fa n; ba k a

' ' '

-
.
,

VO CAB U LA RY .

VE RBS . V II R B S .

a mp a ay a p ossess o w n
, ,
. ba n ter/z a r g ue , q u a rr el ,
.

a n a ra /z k a n
g g i ve ( to i n fe, berf /n a , m eet .

r iors) bnag z , d i vid e u p

'

ba le/e tur n re tur n

, ,
. ena bo f,
p ul l o ut .
 54 P RACT ICA L M ALAY G R A M MAR .

VER BS . No un s .

e/z a nz p r
a , m ix . ba w z , e a r th g r ou n d ,
.

efz ai m , s m el l , k i ss a a ra /z blood

. .
,

fla i ra n , w o n d er .
g gz i , tooth .

o a o ng cu t o ff, m uti l a te fz e rfa , g ood s , p ossessi o n s

.
, .

k a rma/Pa n , g i ve ( to i n fe ri ors ) .

z
n a s, g old
/ b el i eve tr ust ( o r d u g h te r)

p e r c z ay a , , . a z n a n fa , s o n a

p i n/a m le n d , b orro w , . i h la w-
.

p a fa n
g k a n re stor e , g i ve b a c k, .
i n n fa a fa t h er ( or m oth e r ),

s i ngg a /z , c a l l i n ( a t a pl a c e
) .
i n -la w .

s ra n,
y i el d ,
d el i ve r . m a fa f , m ou th .

f erf a w a , l a ugh . n e n ek g r an d fa th er ( or g r a n d
,

f i fe/k a n d ro p ( by d rops ) , . m oth er ) .

f n z a m ee t
,
. o ra ng oa ny a k co m m o n pe opl e , ,

f a mp a /z sp i l l sh ed ( o f l i qu id s )
,
cr o wd
, . .

f a njo fe p oi n t a t poi n t ou t a a na i l
'

, p , , , .

a n ok
j sh o w, p e rm a zs a rz pr i n cess
. q uee n , ,
.

f bi ng sh or e
A DJ E C T I V E S ,
.

f i fe d ro p
.

i .
,

ber n a n s a ti sed pl e a sed , f n z a a v a r i ce covetous n ess ,

.

, , .

m a boa i n toxic a ted , s a mpa n b o a t .

,
.

P R E P O S I TI O N S .

D en ot i ng P la ce .

Mi li ng rou n d ,
a . d z na a ap a n , b e fore
'

.

b et w ee n a m o n g a i bfa k a n , b eh i n d

a n t a ra , ,
.
g .

ra m/oa t, u n t i l a i fa a r, o u t s i d e o f

. .
,

a fra t e ar a i ba a / a n, u n d er

p
-
aaa , n ,
. .

a ra ff ara /z b to w a rd s
, , . a i a fa r, o n u p o n , ove r

, .

s bra ng o pp o s i t e a c ro ss b e y o n d oerf n fa ng a n a ng a n , op posi te

, , , .

D e n ot i ng Order

a li a fa a e ri


-
pa a n nz a i a n
.

a eri

-
p aaa,

La fter
,
b e fore . .

D e n of i ng U n i on .

d ur i fa i n i y a a a , b esid es

n a fa m,
-
ng . a er .

na n/ ra t a cc ord i n g to ,
.

D en ot i n g S ep a ra t i o n or P ri v a t i o n .

f i a a a , w i t h out I n z fa i nka n exc ep t

a ng a n .
, .

D e n ot i n g Opp os i t i on .

mfa w a n , a
g a n i st . a la s , a
g a n i st ve rsu s , .
 P RAC T I CAL MALAY GRAM MAR .
55

D en ot i ng t he E n a

.

a ka n i n ord er to fo r
co n cer n i ug ab out
, , .

sp a y/ a , so a s to .
7
0 57 5 77 77 ! ,

D en oti ng Ca use a nd Mea n s

b y , b y m e a ns of
ccou n t of
.

on a
a er i rba b
.

EXERCISE XX I V .

Th ere w ere so m e peop l e st a n d i n g o n the sh ore wa i ti ng fo r

1

th e b o a t to c o m e 2
All th e co m m o n peopl e wa i ted f o r th e b n d a
.

9
ha ra to e at H e a s k s fo r th e n a i l s w h ic h were l e ft h er e y ester
.

d ay . H e l e n t th e h orse to h i s s o n
4
M uc h b l ood w a s sp i l t o n .
5

th e g rou n d Wh oever m e t h i m w a s ord ered by h i m to tur n

. ,

7
back D o n o t b e covetou s o f ( oth er ) p eopl e s possessi o n s
.
9
If .

a m a n fou n d a n yo n e s b elo ng i n g s a n d d id no t r etur n th e m to

th e o w n er ( ya ng a mp a ny a ) th e k i n g ord e red h i s h a n d to b e c ut,

o ff N o o n e tr usts a m a n wh o d ri n k s to excess
9 9
.
1
S h e qu a r rel ! .

11
ed w i th h er m oth er i n Ia w D o n o t tr ust a n ol d w o m a n to
- -
.

co m e i n to y o ur h ouse 17
D o y o u ( f a a n fza m ba ) l ove m e
.
-

L ES S O N XX V .

E le m e n t a ry Ma la y I di o m s .

1 51 M a l a y s spe a k m uch m ore tersel y th a n E u rope a n s b ut

.
,

th ei r a b ru p t se n te n ces w h i ch see m r ud e to wester n e a rs co n vey

, ,

n o i d e a o f i m pol i te n ess to th e na tive m i n d For i n s t a n ce w h er e .

,

w e sh oul d sa y Woul d y o u l i k e to t a k e so m eth i n g to e a t

,
th e
M a l a y would no t b e w a n ti n g i n pol ite n ess i f h e s a i d Ma n na n ,
-

m a ka n na s i

S uch t erse p h r a ses as th e fol l o w i ng a re fou n d i n C l a ssic a l

M a l ay
ba na n ba ngs a -eu, h e i s n o t o f m y n a tio na l i t y .

f ng a n a i f ri m a , i f n o t d o n o t recei ve
it

ji za fa a f i a a a ,
j

-
a , .

1 52 O n e o f th e m ost i m por t a n t d i ffere n ces o f id i o m b et w ee n

.

Ma l ay a n d th e E urope a n l a n g u a g es i s i n t h e us e o f pr o nou n s
Th i s h as a l re a d y b ee n re fer re d to i n p a r a g r a ph 14 3 .

I n l i ter a ture th e pro n ou n s a re usu a l l y expressed b ut i n c o n ,

vers a ti o n th e y a re m ore o fte n u n d erstood th e se n te n ce b e i ng ,

o ft e n p u t i n a n i m perso n a l for m .

For i n st a n c e th e E n g l i s h se n te n ce
,
I s e e n o d i ffere n ce b e ,

twee n th e m wh e n p u t i n to M a l ay i d i o m woul d b e s a ma raj a

,

,
.
r
J
6 P RAC T ICAL M ALAY G RA M M AR .

ny a , th e ir ap pe a r a n ce i s th e s a m e ; I l i k e th i s
b es t w o uld be,

ba i k i n i ;

I h a ve n o m or e t a a a fag i ,

.

1 53 .Th e pr o n ou n o f t h e rst p erso n m a y b e o m i tted a l to

eth er w h e n i t i s evid e n t to t h e perso n a d d ress ed th a t o n e i s
g
re fe rr i ng to o n esel f a n d wh e n n o e m ph a si s i s to b e l a id u p o n th e
,

p ro n o u n s .

N ote th e a b se n c e o f th e p ro n ou n i n th e fol lowi n g r e pl i e s to

d i r ec t i n terro ga t i o n s :
S a d a /z p a k of brapa ? B la ni ta ff a , f n a n

.

Wh a t t i m e i s i t ? I d o n t k n o w, s i r
.

Ap a na ma o ra ng i tn ? K a ra ng p ro/bra .

man

Wh a t i s th a t s na m e ? I h a ve n o t i n qu i red .

S a da

fa fi

7
/1 po to ng -
ny a ? Ta bo fefz , p i s a a t aaa .

k n i fe

H a ve y o u c ut th e r op e ? I c a n t I h a ve ,
no .

B ut s e e p a r a g r a p h 6 1 o n th e us e o f . ra /zy a wh e n r e pl y i n g i n the
a f r m a ti ve or r ece i vi n g a co m m a n d .

1 54 . S i m i l a r ly i n
d i rec t n a r r a ti o n t h e pr o n ou n o f th e I st perso n
i s o m i tted wh er ever p ossi b l e or used i n th e possess i ve c a se or th e
, ,

i m p erso n a l o ra ng i s m a d e th e su bjec t o f th e se n te n c e a s i n t h e ,

fol lowi ng ex a m p l es .

I h a ve b ee n a s k ed to s el l m y h ouse o ra ng m a n bfi ra m a /f Ta ny a
(
, .

I th i n k I h a d b ette r n o t sel l i t pa d a bi ena ra Ta ny a jang a n d i

, ,

j a a f .

I h e a rd th a t h e wa s d e a d o ra ng a fa a i a s a a a /z ma fi
, .

.

. m a a a n
I 55 Th e i pe rso n l p h r ses : g a ny a , a t a g uess , ra pa ny a
- -
,

ra m - n a , i t see m s , k fz a ba r- n a , i t i s s a i d , a re o fte n used i n M a l a

y y y
w h er e t h e p ro n ou n o f th e rst perso n w ou ld b e used i n E ng l i sh , a s ,

I d o n t th i n k th i s fru i t i s g ood ,
ba a /t i n i ta oa i k

ra m -
ny a .

I th i n k i t i s g oi n g to r a i n , m a n naja n rap a -
ny a .

1 56 Th e p ro n ou n o f th e seco n d p erso n i s si m i l a rly o m i tted i n

.

co n ver s a ti o n b etwee n M a l ay s o f eq u a l r a n k th ou g h i n a d d ressi ng ,

a su per i or th e word s f a a n a n d t a a n fea used a s p ro n ou n s a re o fte n

r ep e a ted fr e que n tl y Th e fol lo w i ng a re C h a r a c ter i sti c M a l a y

.

ph r a ses :
f md a k fi m a n a ? w h er e a re y o u g o i n g ?
-

m a na J a na w h i ch ever y o u l i k e
, .

a a bfz a ba r? h ow d o y o u d o ?
p
 P RAC T ICA L MALAY G RAM MAR .
57

P OL I
I E

PH RA S E S .

1 57 . .
Th e fol lowi ng r e ma r k s on p ol ite ph r a ses wi l l b e fou n d
use fu l .

Wh e n m a k i ng a request th e word s m i n fa a s k cfz o ba try a nd , , , , ,

fo fo ng h el p a re freque n tl y a d d ed fo r pol i te n ess s a k e a s w e us e

, , ,

th e w ord ple a se th us , ,

f a a n fofo ng ra n eno ng a n k a fa rn s a /zy a i n i pl e a se c u t m y p e n s i r , , .

e /z o oa i a fk a n bun k a s
g i n i p le a se ti e u p th is p a rc el , .

m i n fa a a w a f so m e i n k ple a se
'

, , .

S i fa , th e rst m e a n i ng o f w h i c h i s to s i t cross - le gg ed ,
1 58 .

h a s co m e to m e a n to i n vi te to s i t d o w n , a n d h e n ce to i n vi te
g e n er a l l y I t i s a l so used very m uc h i n th e s a m e wa y a s th e
.

E n g l i sh w or d p le a se , so m eti m es i n th e for m s i fa ia n a s w el l

Th e fol lowi n g ex a m pl es expl a i n th e use o f th ese word s

wil l .

s i fa f a a n m a s o n pl e a se co m e i n s i r , , .

s i fa a a fa ng k ra n z a /z s a /zy a pl e a se co m e to m y h ouse

-
, .

1 59 Th e ord i na r y s a l ut a ti o n b et wee n E u rope a n s a n d n a ti ves

.

w h e n m eeti ng or wh e n t a k i ng l e a ve o f e a c h oth er i s th e w or d
fa oek , w h ic h h a s p ro b a b l y co m e i n to th e M a l a y l a n g u ag e
th rou g h th e J a v a n ese A m o n g s t M a l a y s a m ore co m m o n g reet
.

i ng wh e n th e y m ee t i s A pa k an oa r th e rep l y to w h i ch i s

, ,

K na ba r ba i

Wh e n t a k i n g l e a ve th e y exch a ng e th e s a l u
.

ta t i o ns S fa m a f y a fa n pe c e d s la m a t t i n

l

i

a a n
g o n , g g a ,

re m a i n i n p e a c e M a l a y s w h o d esi r e to a ffec t th e rel i g i ous s t y l e

.

o f a dd ress m a k e u se o f th e A r a b i c a s s a fa r a fa i ( si n o r

g)
-
n

a fa i na m p e a ce b e w i th y o u th e r ep l y to wh ic h m ay

be Wa a fa i f: ( or a fa i ff a m ) s a fa nz a n d to y o u b e p e a ce

, ,
.

1 60 Th a n k s a re ex pressed b y th e w ord s f ri m a ea s e/z

. or ,

ba ny a k t ri m a ea s e/z a n a b b revi a ti o n fo r s a ny a s a a a /z ba ny a k

,

f ri nz a k a s en I h a ve recei ved a g re a t fa vou r

, .

T H E U SE o r B H ARU .

16 1 Th e M a l a y w ord Ma ra w h e n used a s a n a d ver b so m e

.
, ,

t i m es h a s th e m e a n i ng th e n a n d n o t ti l l th e n Th i s i d io m
, .

a ti c use o f th e w ord c a n b e u n d ers tood fro m th e fol l o w i n g

ex a m p l es
a i ba ng a tk a n p n fa o le/z na m oa raja i t a


Ma ra fa n i a be ren i a , ,

-

l i t : h e w a s h a ste n ed a ga i n b y th e k i ng s reta i n ers t h e n a n d n o t ,

t i l l th e n h e d ressed i e h e d i d n o t d re ss u n t i l h e wa s . .
,

h a ste n ed aga i n b y th e k i n g s ret a i n ers .
58 P RACT I C AL M ALAY GRA MMAR .

i buny i a n y a ng f i a a a oe rba ny i i fn p a n b/z a ra -fa /z be rba ny i

ba ny -
,

th e i nstr u m e n ts w h i c h h a d b ee n si l e n t th e n a t le n g th soun d e d
T h er e i s n oth i n g i d io m a ti c i n t h e c o m m o n ad ver b i a l us e o f
bfz a rn i n suc h p h r a ses a s : afi a ra m a ti j u st d e a d , afi a ra fi n ai s j ust ,

n i sh ed etc , .

T H E U SE O F J UG A .

1 62 Th e w o rd jng a i s u sed ver y i d i o m a tic a l l y i n se ve r a l d i ffer

.

T h e E n g l ish equ i v a l e n t

e nt way s a lso w h i c h i s g i ve n i n

.
,

m os t voc a b u l a r i es d oes n o t r ep rese n t i ts m os t co m m o n u se ;

,

o n th e c o n tr a ry th e E n g l i sh wor d a ls o i s m ore o fte n equ i
,

v a l e n t to th e M a l a y p un
.

( ) a y a g a e m ph a si ses a co m p a r i so n of eq u a l i t y
th e , as in
ph r a ses s a ma jag a j ust the s a m e
.
,
a m k i a n j ag a j ust
'
,

l i k e th a t sport i a na fa y ag a j ust b e fo r e ; a l so i n t h e i d i o m a tic

, ,
as

e x p ressi o n i n i j ag a j us t n o w ,
.

a
( ) Th e w ord jg
n a m a y i tsel f ex p ress su c
h a co m p a ri so n in th e
s a m e wa y a s th e E n g l ish w ord l i k e w i se

.

R m p n a a fz m a fi ; a n f

m a a S ri a a a s a a f
e -
ny a
p n fa be r
g a r S ri

R a m a jag a
n o w S r i R a m a a l so d i ed , a n d h i s s o n i n h i s tu r n h a d th e ti tl e S r i

R a m a l i k e w i se .

( )c th
On e oth e r h a nd
jga a i s frequ e n tl y u sed to q u a l i fy a n

e p i t h et or a st a te m e n t o f fa ct i n th e s a m e wa y th a t w e u se th e ,

t h us oa i k jag a m e a n s pre tty g o d pa n a n i

word p re t t y o

fa i rl y C l ever S o i n th e fo l l o w i n g s e n te n ces fr o m th e
f

ag a ,
.

Sja ra h M a l a y u :
k a n a ng an a n a i fz en n a

fa an -
, can y ou ride
jf a na g
a a s a /zy a f a a n -
kn, p rett y w el l S i r , .

ba i /e ja ga Pi ta beroa fe w e s hou l d r e tu r n ,
i t i s j ust a s wel l th a t .

( )S g
a
f
a a i s so m eti m es eq ui v a l e n t to th e E n g l i sh word s b u t , ,

th ou g h h o w ever n ever t h e l ess a s i n th e fol lo w i ng se n te n c es

, , ,

an a li efi a ri bfn m fag a n ap a f

s , ,

I h a ve l oo k ed fo r i t b ut h a ve ,
no t fo u n d it .

mki a n , f i a a a jag a i a m a a

s a ngg o ff p an a aa ta ng ,
al th ou g h th a t w a s s o n ever th el ess h e d i d n o t w a n t to c o m e
,
.

m fa i n
'
k a n Ta n [ s ap jag a y a ng a a p a f m m i nja nz a i a

,

b ut Tun I s a p h o w ever succeed ed i n b or r o w i n g i t

, ,
.

a l so o n th is use o fjag a
,
p a r ag r a p h 1 4 4 ,
.
60 P RACT ICAL M ALAY GRA M MAR .

L ESSO N XX V I I .

W or s d of S i m i la r Me a n i n g .

1 63 . In so m e c l a sses o f wor d s espec i a l l y i n th e c a se o f ver b s ,

exp ressi n g m a ny o f th e co m m o n es t a c ti o n s th e M a l ay l a n g u a g e ,

i s m uch r i ch er th a n E u ro p e a n l a ng u a g es F or i n st a n ce th e .

M a l a y s us e h a l f a d o z e n d i ffe re n t word s to ex pr ess th e i d e a s

ca r ry ,
str i k e e tc H e n c e i t i s n ecess a ry to l e a r n

,
.

t h e p rec ise sh a d e o f m e a n i ng c o n ve y ed b y e a c h o f a se ri es o f
word s w h ic h w ou l d a ll h a ve th e s a m e equ i v a l e n t i n E n g l i sh .

T h ese l i sts o f w ord s w i l l b e t a k e n i n th e a l p h a b etic a l ord e r o f

.

th e i r E n g l i sh equ iv a le n ts .

B a d ( o f se n t i e n t b e i n g s ) ja na f C a rr y ( i n th e n g ers )
, .

i a n i m a te o bjec ts ) na n t h e b oso m ) a n a o n

( o f n ( i , g , .

ra ng ba i th e h i ps ) n

i .
( o n a n o n g , .

( r otte n a n d fo etid ) b a s o/e ( o n th e p a l m s o f th e h a n d s )

,
.
,

rot e b no t o f ani mal

( t n
,
u t
m a tter ) ba ro n , ( b e.a r su p por t ) f a n
gg g o n , ,
-
.

B el i eve ( th i n k fa n c y ) ji ,
C h a ng e (a l ter ) o ba n
,
,
,
.

( t r ust )p ,
e r e/ z ay a
( C h .a n g e p osi ti o n ) p i n ,

B r e a k ( b y p u l l i n g ) p a fa s a a n a left

. .
, ,

( tr a n sve rsel y ) pa ta /z , ( su b sti tu .te )g a n t i , .

( i n p i eces )p e / z a
, /z ( exch
. a n g e b a r te r ) f a k a r , , .

C a l l ( c a l l fo r c a l l b y n a m e ) C ry ( wee p ) ta ng i s
, , ,
.

( w a i l ) r a t a p ,
.

c a l l o n v i si t ) m la w a t ( sh ou t ) i k
( , ,
s r a f r a
.
, , .

( c a l l i n a t a p l a c e i n p a ss ( w a r c r y a cc l a m a ti o n ) s o r a k , ,
.

i n g ) s i ngg a ff
,
C u t ( g e n er a l l y ) po to ng
.
, .

( c a l l ou t sh ou
,
t ) f r i ez e (
,
ch op sl i ce ) a

ff i
. n e /r a n
g , ,
.

C a re ( t a k e c a r e b e wa r e ) jag a a s w i th a s w ord ) f f a k
, ( h e w , , , ,
.

( cu t o f f s ever ) k ra t , , .

( t a k e c a re o f) p fi /z a ra , ( c u t d ow n trees .
) f o a n
g ,
.

b a n xi o us ) /z a a f i r ( c u t d o b ush es ) b
( e ,
, w n . t as ,
.

h ve r e rd f o r) p a a fi f

( a g a ( w , i th a k n i e ed g e
. tow a rd s ,

C a r r y ( c a r r y i n g e n er a l r a th er ,
t h e b od y ) ra e/z , , .

l i ft ) a ng k a t
,
.
( w i th a k n i fe ed g e a w a y ,

( c a r r y i n g e n er a l r a th er , fro m th e b od y) ,
r a nt , .

c o n ve y ) oa w a , ( c u t . cor n ) f a az ,
.

( o n th e h e a d )j j g a n on ,
l
( g e n th w i se ) n a
. e ,
.

( o n th e b a c k or sh ould ers D iv id e ( s pl i t ) b f a n , , .

p i k a f .
( d i str i b ute ) a n a g z ,
.

rm ) i fek
( u n d er th e a Dr a w , ( p . ull ) f a r e .
,
i .
 P RAC T I C AL MA LAY GRAM MA R .

Dr a w ( d r a g w i th force) nefa , . H i t ( h i t a m a r k ) fz n a ,
.

( a p i c t u re ) f a fi s , . H old ( w i th th e h a n d s ) pg a ng , .

( d r a w ou t a s a tooth cna oo t
, ) .
( m or e stro n g l y th a n a b ove ) ,

P l a ce ( pu t ) ba oo/z
, . pa n t .

( d i tto o f
,
l a r g er o b jects , ( co n t a i n ) m na f i s i , , .

ba n ta n . H ot ( o f r e ) pa n a s , .

Dry ( ver b tr a n s ), k ri n ga n f pi ces p

.
( o S ) a a s , .

( i n th e a i r ) g
,
a n i n k a n . Kn o w s e e p a r a 6 2 a
, . .

( i n th e s u n )j, m o r . L oo k fa mpa .

E a r t h ( g rou n d , w orld ), oa r/i i .

( loo k a t ) f en,g a k so m eti m es ,

i( n h a b i ted w orld ), a a n i a fi /za f

. .

( soi l ) , f a n a n . L i li a t i s m o re us ua lly to see

ry l a n d ), n a ra t

( d d i tto b m ore i te tl
.

( ,
u t n n y ) ,
Fa l l ( i n pa n d a ng .

( o f s m a l l ,
l i g h t th i n s
g ), ( lo o k a t ve r y na r ro w l y ) i n fa i ,

g g ar
( sti l l m ore c l osely ) s fi a e
a .

l .
,

( o f m e n ,
trees , rba fz .
( loo k fo r) e fza ri , .

( o f h ouses a n d l a rge ob ( loo k up ) f ng a tfa /i , .

j )
e c ts ,
ro be /f .

( loo k b a c k ) m no fe /z , .

( o f roc k s a n d si m i l a r m a ss L o ng ( o f m e a su re m e n t ) p a n ,
es ) ra n ton;
,
f ga n .

( o f l i qu id s ) fa mp a /z , .

( o f ti m e l
) a ma , .

( f l i q u id s i n d rops ) f i tek
o ,
.
L ose ni fa ng .

( to f l l o n ) ti mpa ( tr a n s ) su ff er l oss ) rag z

a , .

(
Ma n ( i n d i vi d u a l ) o ra ng
, .

F i l l ( m a k e a b sol utely ful l ) ,

, .

p n o / a n m k i d
i .

( a n n ) m a n a s i a , .

( p u t th i ng s i n to) i s i ka n , ,
( m a le ) fa
, ki fa z .

ma a f .
M e a sure ( o f d i m e n si o n s ) a feo r .
,

F i rst ( previ ousl y ) a na fa ,

.

( o f c a p a c i t y ) s a n a f ,
.

( rs t o f sever a l t h i n g s rs t , M eet ( i n g e n er a l ) oerf m n ber , ,

ly )y a ng perta m a p er
, ,

fa m a - fa m a sse m b l e oer/z i mp o n oe r
.

(a ) , ,

rst o f a ll rst a b sol utel y )

, ,

M i n d see C a re
, .

G e t, see p a r a 55 c . .
M ove ( to a n o th er pl a ce ) pi n a a /f
, .

H i t ( g e n e r a l l y ) p a fe of ,
( sl i g h tly ) g ra n , .

( w i th th e s t) t a m boft , .
O pe n ( i n g e n er a l ) ma m , .

( h th e ope n h a n d )
w i t , ( a s a o w er ) em ba ng ,
, .

( th e m outh ) ng a ng a , .

( m ore g e n tly th a n th e ( th e ey es ) eff /eff , .

ab
ove ) tp ok , .
Ord er ( a rr a n g e m e n t ) a fa r , .

( k n oc k as w i th
, a ham ( a co m m a n d ) nn a m f
, .

m e r), to e , .
( to co m m a n d ) s a ro/z pra n .
, ,

( b e t w i th sti c k ) pa fa
a a ,
.

( u th or i ty ) pre n f a /z
a , .

g a s a ( se d f th i s )
. n o r n
g p s a n ,
.
62 P RACT I CAL M A LAY GRA M MA R .

Pl a c e ( esp ec i a l l y to p u t a wa y ) S tre tc h .

( y
b p ul l i n )
g , g g an
r a n lz .

( to le n g t h e n), p a nja ng k a n .

( pu t d o w n) lfa a ,
. S p re a d m ba ng .

( p u t i n ) m a ,
ra a n .
( tr a n s. a s a m a t , on ta n ,
) g
( pu t o n ) p a n a,
i . fz a mpa r .

R ol l ( a s a w h eel ) gefe ,
.
( sc a tter ), fz a nz oa r, f a oa r .

( over a n d over ) g a li ng , .
( d isp erse ) ,
oli ra i -
or a i .

( to a n d f r o ) g o f e . T a k e , s e e p a r a 55 a . .

R o llu p ( a s a ro llo f p a p e r ) g a fo ng , Tel l , see S a y .

S a l t ( n ou n ) g a ra m,
. Th r o w (g e n e r a l l y ), le mpa r .

djec ti ve a si n m a si n y
( a ) , , .
( a w a ), ba a ng .

S ay ( s pe a k) Pa ra ,
. d o
( w n ), e/z a mpa le .

a fo r e/z a a
( co n v e rse ) f , p , .
( vi ole n tl y ), fo n fa r, lo ta r .

( tel l ,
n a r r a te ) bi la n
g , . Tur n ( b eco m e ), m nja a i '
.

( tel l ,
i n for m ) b r i ta /i a k n, a , ( r i g h t rou n d ), oa fele i n t ra n . .

ba r/ba n . ba lenk a n , tr a n s .

( m e n ti o n ) s oo t , .
( revolve ) p ri ng
, a .

( u tte r ,
ex pr ess th a n k s o r ( t h e h e a d or b od y ),
p a li ng .

p r a i se ) a e/zap , .
( a s m a c h i n e ry ), p a fa r
( o f G od ) rm a
,
n . W a k e ( to b e a wa k e ), jag a .

o f k i n g s ) f i ta /z to b eco m e co n sc ious ),
( , .
(
f p ro ph e ts a nd k i ng s)

( o . ra a r .

s a ba a
'
.
( to rous e o n e s sel f fro m
a

( of
i n f er i or s ) s m oa /z ,
. sl ee p ) ba ng a n , .

S e n d ( th i n g s ) i ri m ,
.
( m ore vi ol e n t l y ) ba n k i t
g , .

W a sh ( fa c e a n d h a n d s or
fo r th i n g s ) pra n c loth es ) ba s o /z
( , .
, .

perso s ) th e a na i

fo r ( n p a n
gg i l , .
( b a ) m , .

S h a k e , g oy a ng cl e a n g e n er a ll ) o/z a e/z i
.
( y , .

( m ore V i ole n tly ) o ne/ra n

g g , . be rm/f aa n .

( s h a k e h a n d s ,
) j a ba f Wi d e ( o f b re a d th ), leba r .

( o f s p a c e ),
la a s ,
la p a n
g .

S ti c k (ad h er e ) l k a t ,
.
( o f i n ter v a l s ), j a ra n
g .

(g e t c a u g h t o r e n t a n g led ) ,
Wi n d ( i n a c oi l ), leng k a r .

. ra ( o n a cor e )g a l o n g , .

on ( asp a tc h ) ta mpa l
a ,
.
( a c loc k ), b a ne/ n a n .

i n ( a s a p ol e ) Cli n e/f a n ,
. Wr i te , f a li s .

i n ( st a b ) f i k a m ,
.
( co m pose ) a ra ng ,
, .

S tretch ( tr a n s ) bs a rna n ,
.

N o exerc i ses h a ve b ee n pr ep a red fo r th i s a n d th e fol l o w i ng

l esso n s th e n u m b er o f w ord s i n e a ch l esso n b e i ng s o g r e a t t h a t
,

th e y cou ld no t b e d e a l t w i th a d equ a tel y i n t h e s p a c e a v a i l a b l e .

M oreover th e prop e r us e o f t h e s e word s h a rd l y re q u i r es fu rth er

el uc id a ti o n .
 P RACT ICAL MALAY G RAM MAR . 63

L ES S O N XX V I I .

C o m p o un d W o rd s .

1 64 .Th e M a l a ys use a l a r g e n u m b er o f co m pou n d w ord s .

S o m e o f these h a ve a l re a d y b ee n g ive n i n p revi ous less o n s b ut ,

a m ore c o m plete l i s t w i l l p r o b a b ly b e fo u n d use ful especi a l l y a s ,

so m e a re ver y id i o m a tic Th e re fe re n ces to S h e lla b e a r s Voc a b .

u l a r y w i l l g ive th e s t ud e n t a l a r g e r n u m b er o f w ord s th a n coul d

possi b l y b e pr i n ted h ere .

a a f oa a i i n tel l i g e n ce
'
,
oa a /z p i ngg a n g k i d n e v s .
, .

a la m m a a f a la m oa rz a k /z ba a f oa a f p r ete n d


, , , .

Ii a d e s on a f re ng a n fr i volous .
,
.

a fa r ra nz a lf fou n d a ti o n s , oa fa f bn fa f e n ti rely .
-
,
.

a mp a t
p e rr i
g squ a re o a f
,a n i n
g eye b ro w s .
, .

a na k ,
e e Voc a b ul a r y
s
oa la m a fa e y el a sh es .
,
.

a n k a t a n a k a d op t b i sp r k s re w or k s
g ,
a n
g a a
p a .
, , .

a ra ng ba f a c oal , ba ng a fea ra ng S po n g e
.
, .

a fa r a ng i n w i n d wa rd w es te r n
, e /z a p oa f a l i th o g r a ph y , , .

E u rope a n e na ra Cl an a
'

. i n C h i n ese st y l e ,
.

ay a m i fola poul try ona ri a a l d evi se m e a n s

, . f .
,

ay e r s e e Voc a b ul a r f m i n m a f a spect a c les

, y o z e r .
,
.

ba i pa ra r h a n d so m e e lz e rm i n m a f a l oo k i n g g l a ss -
"

.
,
.
,

ba lel: ra k i f rel a pse , eni ri f bi n ta ng m eteo r

. ,
.

ba pa ra a a a ra u n cl e
e no mp a n
, g ona mp i ng . r a gg ed -
, .

ba pa f i ri ste p fa th er
, e/z ne/z o k ra ngg a f h a i r p i n .
,
.

ba ra a p i e m b ers
,
ena lfa i p a la . pol l ta x ,
, .

ba fo fe k ri ng co n su m pti o n , cna a i p i n f n h ouse a ssess m e n t . i

,
.

ba fa s e e Voc a b ul a r y
,
e /z a ri ona ri sec retl y .
-
,
.

ba w a fa ri ru n a w a y w i th i ng i n g n a ra li b l oo d rel a ti o n
'

,
r .
,

ba w a m a la f sc a n d a l g ossi p ,
sh i p ,
. .

oa w a pergi t a k e a wa y ,
d a y a a pa y a resources .
,
.

biji m a f a e y e b a l l s a lz a fa k a la i n ol d e n t i m es

.
,
.
,

bi n f a ng bereno r co m et a i n i /z a ri ,
t w i l i gh t .

, .

bfea r fa ng a n si g na tur e ,
d a a la pi r d ou b l e t w o l a y ers .
, ,
.

on a ng a ra ng C h a l k l i n e a a k a efz i fa sor ro w
-
. .
, ,

a nni a a l e/t i ra f fo r a ll ti m e

bo ng ea r ra n /z w ei g h a n ch or
/
,
.
,
.

orap a p a lo li h o w m a n y te n s ? , g i l a ba oi e pi l eps y ,
.

bri s e e Voc a b ul a r y
, g i l a n
gg m i f a n
g g . l i tter i n g
-
,
.

bri bra n i m a g n et
, g l a n
g k a k i a. n k let ,
.

bri fz a a a h orseshoe

. g l a n
g f a n g a n b r.a celet ,
.
64 P RA CT I C AL M ALAY GRA MMAR .

m
g p a ba m i ,
e a r th qu e ak . Pi r Pi ra
a -
ccou n ts
,
a .

g a n o ng be rap i volc ano ,

. Pla m Pa Po f p i tch d a r k
, .

Pa l i /i w a f c i r cu m st a n ces
-
,
. Pfop a P m a fa e y el i d , .

Pa ri ba fa n d a te d a y o f th e m o n th
, ,
Pna see Voc a b ul a r y
, .

Pa ri ray a h ol i d ay festi v a l
, , . Pp a fa ra ra c re a m ,
,

Pa ra bi ra co n fusio n d isord er
, ,
Pra s Pa fi h a rd h e a r te d
, .

Pa fi Pra r proud , . Pra s Ppa la o b sti n a te

, .

Pa f f pa n a r h ot te m pered ,
. Pre ta fe re ng b i c y c le , .

Pa w a n af ra c a r n a l d es i res , . Pre ta H o ng Po ng r i k ish a ,

.

Pe rg a m a fi xed pr i ce ,
. Pre ta re w a g h a rr y
, .

Pe rt a Pna a g ood s a n d ch a ttel s Pa a a -Pa a a , t re ss le s

. .
,

Pi n a a i n a co m m o n peop l e Pa fi f Pay a , b a r k

-
.
, .

li njo ng fa n a lf c a p e ,
. Pa li t f lo r, e g g sh el l .

Pa ra Pa ra r i ot
-
,
. Pa n e/i i m a ngg a , p a d loc k .

i ba ay a m , h e n . Pa a Pa ra Pa Pi i n ste p
r -
, .

i ba Pa pa , p a r e n ts . Pa ra ng , s e e Voc a b ul a r y .

i ba ja ri th u m b
,
. la m a -la m a , a fter so m e t i m e .

i ba Pa Pi , g re a t toe . fa ng i f-la ng i f, c e i l i ng , roo f o f i h

i Pa f p i n gg a ng w a i st b e l t ,
. m ou th .

i n i jag a , j ust n o w .

i n i Pa nw i n d o w r y ,
. fbe/f ka ra ng , m or e o r l ess .

i ri n eg ri , i n h a b i t a n ts . fm a /f fm bo f , m e e k .

fo ba ng Pi n o ng , n ostr i l s

i ri pro f, e n tr a i l s . .

i ri ra m a fz , h ouseh ol d . m a boP fa a f, se a si c k .

a ba f fa ng a n sh a k e h a n d s m a P ba pa , p a re n ts
j
-
, . .

a fa n PPa ra , i d i o m m a Pa n , s e e Voc a b u l ar y
j . .

m m a r a ra i , g ol d d ust

a la n ray a a i n r oad
j , . .

a ri , s e e Voc a b ul a r y m a ra m m a Pa , sco w l i n g , sul ky

j . .

a ro m ePa c/z o P b od k i n m a ro P m a fa f, i n ter ru pt

j , . .

a a P m a la m , l a te a t n i g h t m a ro P fa nga n i n ter fere

j .
, .

j a ra , s e e Voc a b ul a r y . m a fa s e e Voc a b u l a r y ;
,

Pa i n , s e e Voc a b u l a r y . m era /z flo r, yol k o f a n e gg .

Pa Pi la ng i t h or i z o n , . m i n fa , see V o c a b ul a r y .

Pa Pi fem bo P fou n d a tio n s , . m i ny a P f a n a P, m i n e r a l oi l .

Pa fa jng Pi ng , sc or p i o n . m i ny a P fa r, t a r .

Pa pa l a p i s t e a m sh i p
,
. m a Pa , s e e Voc a b u l a ry .

Pa p a l p ra ng , w a rsh i p . m a fa m a fa , a t rs t
-
.

Pa ra ng a n ba ng a , n ose g a y n a i P see Voc a b u l a r

.
, y .

Pa a m Pla rg a , fa m i l y . n a m a ba ro P, a b a d re p ut a ti o n .

n a n f i a Pa la , w a i t a b i t

Pay a ap i , re w ood . .

Pay a a ra n g e b o n y ,
. ne n eP m oy a ng , a n cestors .

Pay a m a n i r, c i n n a m o n . ny a f a ny a fa , op e n l , p u b l ic l
-
y y .

Polz i l Pa f i s pi te ful o Pa t Pa i l, u po d e r

,
.
g n w .

Pe rta r Pm ba ng b l otti n g p a per , . o ba f

g a na , m a i c
g .

Pna ba r a ng i n , fa l se ru m ou r s . o ra n , se e Voc a b ul a ry
g .
 P RAC T ICAL MALAY G RAM MAR . 65

o ta P fa la ng , m a r ro w ra Pa - e/z i l d ess
fa , joy
.
g a n , .

pag a r Pa la n h a lo ,
.
ra ra f P/z a ba r n e w sp a pe r , .

pa nja ng fi ffa /f t a l k a ti ve , . rn ra f Pn a ra po w er o f a ttor n e y ,

.

pa pa n fo/f sl a te ,
. ra ra t w a ri a f w i l l ,
.

r i ba leP th e re a n d b a c k f a /z i bri r ust

p g
e ,
.
, .

perPa Pa r ra m a n fur n i t ure , . fa /z i fa fa t m oles frec k l e s , , .

f a /f n a a a f po li te

pg ga n P m a a i stee r
,
.

, .

pg ng ra r d r ive fa li see Voc a b ul a r y

a , .
, .

pi ra n ePa Po r r a z or , . f a n a fz li a f C l a y ,
.

i
p a a lip a f pe n k n i fe

r ,
. f a na a fa n ga n si g na tu r e , .

i
p ta /z fi a a /z eloque n t fa p a P Pa Pi sole o f th e foot
'

, .
, .

p n o n rr a P b ri m ful l ,
-
. fap a P fa ng a n p a l m o f th e h a n d , .

p r i o P a
p i b o m b sh el
,
l . fa w a r Pa f i d i scour a g ed , .

pro f Poro ng fa m ish ed , . t i Pa r ba n f a l b edd i n g ( o f a n a ,

p a ri ng Ppa la g i d d y co n fused , ,
. t i ve ) .

a fa r ba leP c k l e v a c i ll a ti n t i m a le l nf a m le a d
'

p g , , .
,
.

pa ti ng bli o n g w a ters pout f i nz a lz p a teli t i n

'

.
, ,
.

p a f a r P a r a p i n d esp a i r , . f i m a /z ra ri z i n c ,
.

ri n a a a n a a m a n xious l o n i n s f i pa a ay a d ecei t

-
g g , .
, .

ra m a n see Voc a b ul a r
, y . t Pa fPi r id d l e
-
,
.

ra Pi t, V o c a b ula ry ,
see f mpa f s e e Voc a b ul a r y
,
.

ra fa lt fa li a m , m i su n d ers t a n d . f ng a P see Voc a b ul a r y

, .

ra fa P a ra f , s pr a i n . fo la P Ma ra b a l l a st , .

ra m a f ng a /z , ex a ct c e n tre . f ri ma Pa re/i th a n k you ,

.

ra mpa i a m o r, ful l a e f a a n ra m a /z l a n d l ord

g .
, .

ra n a ri n i h ere a n d t h er e t a n o ng m a Pa vei l

.
, .
,

ra p a ena f , to p a i n t . t a Pa ng see Voc a b ul a r y ,

.

ra p a Pa p a r, w h i te w a sh . f a la ng see Voc a b ul a ry
,
.

ra p a f a ng a n h a n d k erch i e f , . f a ngg a ng fa ngga ng h e a d lo n g ,

.

ra ro ng , see Voc a b ul a r y . f a ra f p re n fa fz o b ey ,
.

rep a P rag a , M a l a y foot ba l l . a bi Pay a t a pi oc a ,

.

ri a ng -ri a ng , ve ry e a rl i , ya m

y . u bi aa .

ri Pa f ra m bo f , co m b . a fa r n ag a , d r a g o n .

ri lap m a fa , sl ei h t o f h a n d a ra f a a ra lz , ve i n
g .
.

rPa ra ng z n z j us t n o w , . a ra f p a teli n e rve ,

.

ra a f a w a b, c a tech i s m
j . w a ng Pe rta r, b a n k n otes .

L E SS O N XX V I I I .

R e li gi ous Te rm s .

16 5 The fol l o w i n g l i st o f rel i g i ous ter m s i s i n te n d e d spec i all y

.

fo r the u se o f m i ssi o n a r i es b ut w i l l n o d ou b t a l so b e o f serv i ce ,

 66 P RA CT I CAL M ALAY G RA M MAR .

to l a wy er s g over n m e n t o fc i a ls a n d oth ers wh o d esi re to m a k e

,

th e m se lves a cq ua i n ted wi th th e r el i g i ous i d e a s o f th e p eo pl e .

S o m e o f t h e ter m s h e re g i ve n a re n o t used a t a ll b y M oh a m
m e d a n s h a vi n g b ee n c h ose n b y m i ssi o n a r i es p a st a n d pr ese n t t o
,

ex pr ess d i sti n c t ively C h r isti a n i d e a s or to tr a n sl a te w ord s fou n d ,

i n th e B i b le w h ic h a re pec ul i a r to C h r isti a n i ty w i th o n e or t w o
exce p ti o n s h o w eve r t h ese w ord s a re th orou g h l y u n d ers t ood
, ,

b y a ll M a l a y s th ou g h o f c ou rse m a n y o f th e m c o n vey to th e
,

n a ti ve C hr i sti a n s a tec h n ic a l m e a n i n g w h i ch m ust n ecess a r i ly b e

u n k n o w n to th e g re a t m ajor i t y o f M oh a m m ed a n s For i n s t a n ce .

th e d i v i si o n o f th e B i b l e i n to th e O ld a n d N e w Test a m en ts i s
n o t k n o w n to t h e M osl e m s w h o o n ly rec o g n i se a h e P e n t a te uch
, ,

P s a l m s G os pe ls a n d K o ra a n ( Ta a ri f Z a ba r I nji I K o r a n ) a s

, . , , ,

th e four r evel a t io n s o f G od .

For co n ve n i e n c e t h e w ord s w h i c h a re used exc l usivel y b y

C h r i sti a n s or i n th e C h ri s t i a n se n se a re g i ve n i n a se p a r a t e l ist ,

a n d a n oth e r l i st i s g i ve n o f w or d s exc l usi vely M o h a m m ed a n In .

th e g e n er a l l ist w h ere t h er e i s a d i ffere n ce b et w ee n th e C h r i s ti a n

,

a n d M oh a m m ed a n use o f a w ord th i s i s i n d i c a ted b m e a n s o f th e

y ,

a b b revi a ti o n s C a n d M .

CPri rfi a n Te rm s .

a Pa n i m, p e rso n s ( o f th e Tr i n p e rfz i
m p o n a n , loc a l C h u rc h , c o n

i ty ) . r
g ge a t i o n .

a ng a n -a ng a n Pa fi , co n sci e n ce . er a m a a n
p j T a /z a n ,
th e L ord s
bap ti s , b a pt i s m . S u ppe n
Pn a rPa n j usti fy ,
. P n Pa s R ed ee m er, .

e Pfi s i a , th e C h urc h u n i v e r s a l .
p j j
e r a n z a n la m a O l d Tes t a ,

g j
re a ,
c h u rch b u i l d i ng . m ent .

g a r a ,
ord a i n ed m i n i ster .
p j j
e r a n z a n PPa ra N e w Te st a ,

i m a m Pra r, h i g h pr i est . m ent .

NN

s la m a t , S a vi ou r ra mp a m a a n p a r a b l e

y a r n -
p e ,
.

PPa ng Pi fa n , resur rec t i o n .

p g j
n a a r p re a ch er ,
.

Ppa la Pp a la
p r i es t s . n a a ra n d oc tr i n e
p g j ,
.

m i n fa a o a , p r a y ed i a tor

.
p gn a n fa ra m ,
.

m ng aja r, p re a c h . P n o lo ng S a vi ou r,
.

m nje fm a to b ec o m e i n c a r n a te
, . P ng /z i ba r th e C o m for ter,
.

m ri Pi , C h r i sti a n R on A fPa a a r H o ly G h os t
'
.
.
,

m a ri a , d i sc i pl e

. ra fi b c r o ss
,
.

a a ri , R C pr i est ( o fte n a p p l i ed rPo fa /z ag a m a S u n d a y sch ool

p . .
,
.

a l so to P ro t e s t a d t m i n i ste rs ) . s la m a t s a l va t i o n
,
.

i a , ord a i n ed m i n i s t e r f ba r r ed ee m

p a n a f ,
.

( D utch I n d i es ) . f ba ra n red e m pti o n,

.

erefa ma i a n a to n e m e n t Eva /i i w a Py a r evel a ti o n

p ,
.
, ,
68 P RACT ICAL M AL AY GRA M MAR .

rPa Po r, th a n k s g i vi n g f mp a f l t r
e rrm ba na n , a
.
p a .

r zn ba /zy a n w orsh i p a e /z a P P i ve th k s
g ,
.
p r a o r g a n , .

fa a ba f r e pe n t a n ce
, . Z a ba r th e b oo k o f P s a l m s
, .

f a a ri f
, P e n t a teuch la w , o f
M oses .

L ESSON . XX I X .

Th e Mo h a m m e d a n C a le n d a r .

Th e M oh a m m ed a n e ra ( ta ri P/f ) d a tes fro m th e m i g r a ti o n

or d e p a r t ur e o f M oh a m m ed fro m Mecc a t o M ed i n a ,

w h i ch t oo k p l a ce i n th e y e a r 6 2 2 o f th e C h r is t i a n e ra Th e .

M o h a m m ed a n y e a r i s l u n a r a n d a m ou n ts to n e a rly 3 54 d a y s a n d ,

9 h ou rs or a b
,
ou t 1 1 d a s l ess t h a n t h e sol a r y e a r
y .

Th e t w el ve l u n a r m o n th s a re k no w n am o ng th e M a l ay s by
th ei r A r a b ic n a m es :
Ma fz a rra m ,
R aja b,
s a ba n ,

R a m a a fa n ,

R a bi n f-a w w a l,

R a bi a f a P/z i r S /z a w w a f,

-
,

7 n m a a i f a w w a l, D nn l

-

D /z a l

7 a ma a i f a PPi r,

-

Th e d a y s o f th e w e e k ( ja m a t ) a re a lso k n o w n a m o ng M a l a y s

b y t h ei r A r a b i c n a m es or c o rri i p t i o n s o f th e m ,

A ff a a m e a n i n g

,
rs t c orresp o n d s t o S un d a v
, .

l f/z n a i n or [ ra i n or S n i n s ec o n d Mo n d a v ,

,

.

Tlf a fa f/i a or S a la s a

th i r d T uesd a y ,

,
.

A rb a or R a ba

four th Wed n esd a y
.
, ,

K fz a m i r fth Th u rsd a y , , .

f7 n m a fz or
Y a m a t a sse m b l y F ri d a
y

,

,
r

S a bt a s a b b a th d a y S a turd a y
, , .

I n t h e c ol l oqu i a l l a n g u a g e o f t h e S e t tl e m e n ts t h e ,
d ay s o f th e
w ee k ( m i ng g o ) a re k n o w n a s

H a ri m i ngg o ( P or t u g u ese d o mi ng o L or d ), S u n d a y ,
.

H a ri s a fa ,
M o n d ay . H a ri a mp a t Th u r sd a y , .

H a ri a a a

,
Tuesd a y . H a ri fi m a , F r i d a y .

H a ri f i ga ,
Wed n esd a y . H a ri a n a m S a tu rd a y ,
.

Th e n a t i ves i n th e S ettle m e n ts w h o co m e ,
in co n t a c t wi th
E ur o pe a n s g e n e r a l l y us e th e C hr i st i a n C a l e n d a r
,
.
 P RACT ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .

C n rre n c y .

S i ng ap ore Ma la cca , a na
7
S ela ng or

4 d ui t ce n t ) 1 se n (c e n t ) .

25 en s 1 w a ng .

10 wa n g 1 su k u .

4 su k u 1 r i ngg i t ( d oll a r ) .

P e n a n g , Provi n ce W ellesley , a na

P era P .

10 d ui t ( ce n t )
12 } d u i t
1

2 ta l i

4 su k u

W ei gh ts and Me a s ure s .

I k a ti
1 pi k ul ( 1 33 1 .r

1 b a h a r a ( 4 00
1 k o y a n ( 533 3 1 lb ) .r .

Cap a ci ty

4 p a u 1 ch u p a k .

4 c h u pak 1 g a n t a n L
g ( 4 g
1 1 a l l o n s ) .

10 g a n t a n g 1 p a ra h .

2 para h 1 p i k ul .

40 p i ku l 1 k o ya n .

L e ng t/I

2 jg
n k a l ( sp a n ) 1 h a st a ( c u b i t ) .

h a st a e la ( a rd
2 1 y ) .

4 h a st a 1 d p a ( fa th o m ) .

2 d pa 1 ju m b a .

d pa 1 rlo n
40 g .

Are a .

400 ju m b a 1 rlo n
g ( 1 5 a cr e,
n e ar l y .
70 PR ACTI C A L M ALAY G R A M MA R .

R EA D I N G EXE R C I S E S .

Th e fol lo w i n g exerc i ses a re i n te n d ed to g i ve th e s t ud e n t a n

i d e a o f M a l a y l i ter a r y st y l e An i n ter l i n e a r w ord fo r w ord .
,

tr a n sl a ti o n i s g i ve n i n or d er th a t th e d i ffer e n ce i n i d i o m a n d
,

i n th e c o n s t r u c ti o n o f se n te n ce s m a y b e m o re re a d i ly see n ;
a n d a fre e tr a n sl a ti o n o f e a c h p a ss a g e i s a p p e n d ed Th e n u m er .

a ls i n p a r e n th eses re fer to th e p a r a g r a ph s i n t h e G r a m m a r
w h er e a n expl a n a t i o n w i l l b e fo u n d o f so m e pecul i a r ity i n th e
p r ec ed i n g w ord T h e stud e n t i s reco m m e n d e d to m a k e a
.

ve r y c a re fu l s t ud y o f th ese exerc i ses Th e En g l i sh tr a n sl a ti o n s .

sh ould a fter w a rd s b e p u t i n to M a l a y b y th e stud e n t a s a n e x e r

c is e i n c o m posi ti o n w i th ou t re fe re n c e to th e or i g i n a l w i t h
, ,

wh ic h th e stud e n t s c o m p osi ti o n sh ould th e n b e co m p a red .

R ea di n g E x e rc i s e I .

J i k a lau ki r a-n
y a an
g k au hi na , m i n t a la h -
p ad a y a ng
f p e rc/z a n ce y o n lo w ly , a sP of More mfi o
mulia ; dan ji k a la u a ng k a u m is k i n , p i n t a la h
-
p ad a
n o ble a nd if y on p oo r ,
a sP of

y g
a n k ay a ; dan j i k a la u k u ra ng pah a m m u-
,

f/f os e w no ri eff a nd
if les s Pn o w lea g e y o a r,

p o h o nkan la h
- k -
p ad a Tuh a n , 5 g m
a b e r atl a h
j n ji b a ra n g si a p a -

Go a , rono lf a r f

a sP ro m i rea
o
f p w z o roe v e r

y a n g m m i n ta , i a a kanm nd a pat .

f /z a f a s Pr lz e
,
s /ca ff rece i ve .

p erc h a n c e y o u a re l o w l y a s k o f th ose w h o a re n o b l e ; a n d
If ,

i f y o u a re poor a s k o f th ose w h o a re r ic h
,
a n d i f y ou r know
le d g e i s i n s uf c i e n t a s k o f G o d w h o h a s p ro m i sed th a t w h oeve r
, ,

a s k s sh a l l rece i ve H i Pay a f A ba a ffa b

.


.

R e adi n g E x e rc i s e II .

J ud i i tu s -m a a -m a a t t m rn b i na s a k a n o ra ng d a n ,
m ni pu
Ga m bli n g lfog e fPe r p a ece i a er

a n es t roy s
p eo le a na ,

da n m n d a ta n gk a n a ka l j a h a t k p ad a r a ng

-
an
o ra n g , y g o .

peop le a nd bri ng s t ri oPs zo / ncfi ba a people

'

,
to ,
 PRAC TICA L M ALAY G RA MMA R .
7 1

A d a p un jud i i tu -
la b ibu kja h a ta n , m aka

i a i tu
N ow gam bli n
g m o fPe r f
o w i cPed n ers , a n d rPe

b e ra n a k ( 1 1 4 ) ti g a or a ng : y a n g t ua b e rn a m a I nc h e

Pa r cPi ld re n f /cree pers o n s f/z e o ld erf n a m ed Mr .

P m b un o h

B oh o n g ; k d ua I n ch e C h ur i ; k t i g a I nc h e .

Lia r ; s eco n d Mr . Tlz i ef f ni rd Mr . Mn rd erer .

M a ka ti ga or a n g i n i la h
-
y a ng rn m b i n a sa k a n d u nia
A nd f/z ree pers o n s fli es e w Pi cP d es t roy w o rld

i ni .

fni s .

l o g e t h er r u i n s p eopl e a n d d ecei ves th e m a n d

G a m b l i ng a t , ,

l e a d s pe o p le to b a d p r a c t i ces G a m b l i n g i s th e m oth e r o f .

w ic k ed n ess a n d h a s t h ree C h i ld re n th e e ld est i s c a l led M r L i a r

, .
,

th e sec o n d M r Th i e f th e th i rd M r M u rde re r
.
,
I t i s th ese th r ee . .

w h ich d estro y th e w or l d H i Pay a f A bd n fla n

.

R e a di n g E x e rci s e I I I .

9
Ad a b ra p a l a ma t r
a n a a ny a -
, m ak a d a t a ng la h
-

Wa s s o m e w Pa f lo n g i n ferna l of i f , tPe re ca m e

tod a k S i n g a pu r a
m n y e ra n g b e rlo n i p a t a n ( 1 2 9 ) l a l u ,

s w o rd s P
-
to a f f a cP
S i ng a po re by jn mps a n d f/z e n
,

k d ara t ;
-
d a n s g a la or a n g di p a nta i it u ba ny a k
f o tne la n d ; a n d a ll pers o n s on fff e s no re fPos e m a ny
m a ti d i lo m p a t i ol eh tod a k
,
-
i tu J i k a k na d a d a .
,

d i ed j n mp ed o n
,
by s w o rd s /z f li e
f s f rn cP -
b rea s t .
,

tr us k b l a k a n g ; -
ji k a k n a l e b i r d a n p i ngg a n g tr us ,

tnroag n to ba cP i f s t rn cP n ec P a nd wa ist f lcroag lc ,

k s b la h
-
M a k a t i d a k d a p a t or a n g b erd i r i d i
. p a n ta i
to o f/z er s i d e A nd no f a ble p eop le to rfa n a o n s no re

i tu ,
l ag i b a n y a k m a ti ; m a k a g pm a r l a h or a ng -

f ff e ,
m o reo ve r m a ny d i ed ; so w e re i n a f n m n ff p eop le

b e rla ri a n ( 1 2 9 ) k s a n a s i n i sm o a n a
-
y m-
n g a t a k a n
,
Tod a k -
,

rn n n i ng Pe re a n d fli e re a ll of f/z e m s ay i n
g , S w o rd s n ,
-

m n y e ra n g k i t a ! B a n y a k la h sud a h m a ti or a n g
-
k i ta
a re a f fa cPi ng n s - Ma n a d ea d peop le
y r e oa r

d i b uno h n y a
-
.

Pi llen by f Pem

.

Se e N o te on
p a ge 15 .
7 2 P RA CT I C A L M ALAY GRA M MAR .

A fterc o nsid er a b l e i n ter v a l sword sh c a m e a n d a tt a c k ed

a ,

S i ng a por e j u m p i n g a n d c o m i ng u p o n th e d ry l a n d ; a n d m a n y
,

o f th e peo p le o n th e sh ore d i ed b e i n j u m ed b th e s w ord

g p o n y ,

sh I f th e y struc k th e b re a st t h ey p i e rc ed t h rou g h to th e
.
,

b a c k ; i f th ey st ruc k th e n ec k a n d w a i s t th e y p ierced th rou g h to ,

th e oth er si d e P eo p l e coul d n o t st a n d o n th e s h ore a n d m a n y

.
,

d i ed S o th e peopl e were i n a t u m ul t r u n n i ng h er e a n d th e re
.
, ,

a nd a ll o f th e m s a y i ng T h e s w ord s h a re a tt a c k i n g us !
-
,

M a ny o f our p eop l e a re d e a d h a vi n g b ee n k i l led b y t h e m , .

Sja ra lt Mlay a .

R ea di n g E x e rci s e I V .

D a ri p a d a s u a tu h a r i Rad i n di Kl ang b e rm a i n
A nd d ay R adi n di K la ng a zn ns ea Pi m s ef

on o ne f
k -
( 1 49 ) K a m po n g K l i ng . M a k a or a n g p u n m ng a m o k

to K a mpo ng K li ng . A nd a ma n a lso ra n

a moP

m a ka s kli a n o ra ng p c h ah h a b i s ( 7 6) l a r i . M aka Rad i n

a nd a ll people s ca t te red co mple te l y ra n . Bat R a di n
'

di K l a ng p u n b e rd i r i m ng u n us kr i s,
di K la ng s to o d d re w d a g ge r,

or a n g m ng a m o k i tu ; m aka o ra ng m n ga m o k i tu p u n

a maP rn n n e r -
t /z e ; a nd a m a P- ra n n er f/ce

d a t a ng ,
lal u b er ti k a m d nga n Ra d i n di K l a ng ; m aka
ca me, a nd s ta bbed w i t/z R a di n di K la ng ; a nd

sa m a m n i ka m sa m a k na k p a d a d ad a ,
- kd ua -n y a
tog e tner s ta bbe d tog e tlz er rt ra cP i n tlz e brea s t , bo t/t of d am

m a ti , s or a n g r ba h k ki r i , s or a ng r b a h k k a na n

- -
.

d i ed , o ne f e ll t o tPe lef t, o ne f e ll to tPe rig nt .

A nd d a y R a d i n d i K l a n g w e n t to K a m po n g K l i ng to
o ne

a m use h i m se l f A n d a m a n ra n a m o k , a n d a ll th e peo pl e

.

sc a tter ed a n d ra n a wa y eve r y o n e o f th e m B ut R a d i n d i K l a n g .

stood s ti l l a n d d r e w h i s d a g g er , w a i ti n g fo r th e a m o k r u n n er ;
-

a n d th e a m o k ru n n er
-
c a m e a n d h a d a s ta b b i n g e n cou n te r w i th
R a d i n d i K l a n g ; a n d th ey st a b b ed a t t h e s a m e ti m e a n d e a c h
str u c k th e ot h er s b re a st , a n d b o th d i ed , o n e fa l l i n g to th e l e ft

a n d th e oth er to th e r i g h t Sja ra P Mlay a .

.
 P RACT ICAL MALAY GRAM MAR .
73
R e a di n g E x e rc i s e V .

Ad a su a tu h u t d i d a l a m ny a b a ny a k k ra d ud o k d i a t a s
a n, -

Wa r a jn n gfe in it m a ny m o n Pey s li ved a po n

,

C h a wa ng k a yu M a k a d a t a n g s or a ng u t a s
. h ndak
bra n c/z es of t rees N ow ca m e
. a wo e na i n o rd e r to

m n g a m b i l k a yu h nd ak d i p e rb ua t ( 1 1 6) p e rk a ka s r u m a h -
.

g e t w oo d i n o rd e r to m a Pe m a te ri a ls o
f P o ns e .

Tl a h b ra p a b a n y a k d i a m b i l n y a t i ng ga l s b a t a n g ( 8 4 ) k a y u
- -
,
-

H a d bee n s o me
q a a n fi ty ta Pe n by ni m , re m a i n ed on e log

ama t b sa r , ti d a
a t e rb a wa ( 1 12 ) ol eh -
ny a ; m aka di
bl a h

ol eh
very big , n ot co n ld be ta Pe n by Pi m so w a s spli t by

u ta s ka yu i tu , di b u b oh - n y a
-
b aj i . M ak a h a r i
w oe log t/f a f , i b f i N ow

an w e re p a t n y c m w ed ges . a ay

p un s ud a h t ug a h h a r i ,
-
g
m a k a d i t i n g a lk a n - n y a k a y u i tu d uga n
a ls o w as m i d d ay ,-
a nd w a s lef t by Pi m log f/z a t w i t/z

b aj i y
-
n a, lalu ia p u l a ng m aka n k r u ma h -
ny a .

fz i s w edg es , a nd li e w e n t Po m e to ea t to bi s Pon re .

A p a b i la d i l i b a t ol eh
-
s e k or ( 8 4 ) k ra or a n g i tu p ul a ng ,

W/z en was s ee n by o ne m o n Pey m a n fPa f g o n e Po m e,

m a k a i a p un tu ru n d er i a t a s poh o n ka y u i tu l a l u n a i k k a t a s

li e ca m e d o w n
f r om f ree fP a f a nd
g o t up o n

k ay u y a n g d i b l a h or a n g i tu m a k a
-
d i g r a k g ra kk a m - -

f Pe log w /z i cn w a s spli t by flf e m a n a n d i t w a s m o ved a n d m o ve d

-
ny a ; m a k a b aj i i tu p un t e rb a n t un e ko r -
nya p u n

by ft i m a n d w edg es tfcos e ca me oa t , ta i l Pi s a ls o

t e rs p i t pad a b la h a n ka y u i tu ti a d a d a p a t d i -lp a s k a n - n y a
'

, ,

ni pped in sp li t of tPe fog , n ot a ble to be loo s ed by Pi m

m aka k ra itu p u n mati . M a k a or a n g y a n g m m bla h k ay u

a nd m o n Pey f/z e d i ed . N ow m a n w /z o sp li t - fog

i t u p un d a t a ng ,
d i l ibat
- -
n ya ,
s e k or k ra m a ti t e rs p i t ,
t Pe ca m e, was s ee n by Pi m a m o n Pey d ea d ni pped ,

lalu di -
amb il -
ny a , di -
b ua n g k a n -
ny a . I n i -la h
tfze n was ta Pe n by mm ,
w a s f/z ro w n a w ay by Pi m . TPi r

pri -
ny a or a n g y a n g p d uli a ka n
p k j
e r a an or a n g
fff e w ay o f f /z e m men w /z o ca re fo r w o rP o f o f lt er pe ople
74 PR ACTI C A L MA LA Y G R AM MA R .

b u ka n p k e r a a n j

d i r i n y a m a ka d i p e ro le h ( 1 1 6)
-
,
ny a -

no t w o rP of f Pe i r o w n i s g o t te n ,
by fPe m
k bi n a sa a n

t s
a a d i r i n y a ju g a d er i p a d a s b a h k u r a n g ( 90 )
-
,
-

d es t ructi o n apo n fPe ms elves y a s f f r o m b eca n re w i tP on f

,

b ud i b i ch a r a - n y a .

w i sdom con n rel of fPe m .

Th er e wa s a j u n g le w h e re m a n y m o n k e y s l i ved o n th e b r a n ch es
,

o f th e trees N o w th ere c a m e a w or k m a n to g e t w ood fo r b u i ld

.

i n g m a t er i a ls a n d w h e n h e h a d t a k e n a c o n si d er a b l e qu a n t i ty
, ,

th er e r e m a i n ed o n e ver y b i g lo g w h i c h h e c oul d n o t t ak e a w ay ,

so th e Wor k m a n s p l i t th e lo g p utti n g i n w ed g es N o w w h e n i t , .

w a s m i d d a y h e l e ft th e lo g w i th th e w ed g es a n d w e n t b a c k to
, ,

h i s h ouse to e a t A n d o n e m o n k e y w h e n h e s a w th e m a n g o h o m e
.
,

c a m e d o w n fro m th e tre e a n d g o t u p o n th e lo g w h i c h t h e m a n
,

w a s sp l i tti n g a n d k e p t sh a k i n g i t a n d th e w ed g es c a m e out a n d
, ,

i t s t a i l w a s p i n c h ed i n th e c r a c k o f t h e lo g a n d h e cou l d n o t g e t i t ,

fr ee so th e m o n k e y d i ed N o w th e m a n w h o wa s s pl i tti ng th e lo g
.

c a m e a n d s a w a m o n k ey d e a d th rou g h b e i ng n i p ped a n d h e too k ,

i t a n d th re w i t a w ay Th is i s th e w a y w i th p eo p l e w h o m i n d
.

o th er peopl e s b usi n ess a n d no t th ei r o w n th ey jus t b r i n g d es

t ruc t i o n u po n th e m sel ves o w i n g to th ei r l a c k o f w isd o m K a fi la n

d a n D a mi na n .

R e a d i n g E x e rc i s e V I .

la h

A l k es a b
-
( 13 5 ) ada -
s e k or ( 8 4 ) b u ro n g b a nga u
Tb e s to ry was a bi rd s to rP

b e rt lo r ( 1 4 4 ) di a a t s p oh o n kay u . M a ka s -
h a r i h a r i d i C h u ri
- -

la i d egg s a f ree A nd d a i ly was s to len

oleh ul a r a ka n ( 1 50 ) t lo r -
ny a i tu . M aka p a d a su a tu
by rn a Pe e
gg s i ts fnos e . N ow on one

har i d i l i ba t
-
n y a -la h aka n t lo r- n y a i tu ti a d a ,
m a ka
d ay was see n by i t as to i ts egg s tPos e w e re n o t, a nd

p e rg i -
la h b a n ga u i tu p d a a s a h ab a t n y a -
,
i a i tu s e k or ( 1 4 )
w en t s to rP flee to i ts f ri en d ,
f Pa f is a

k ta m , m a ka di c h e rt ra k a n
- n y a - la h aka n ( 1 59 )
cra b, a nd w a s to ld by i f as to

h a l i h ua l tlo r-n
y a i tu d i C h ur i
-
ol e h
ci rc ums ta n ces i ts eggs fPo re s to le n by
7 6 P RACT ICAL M ALAY GRAM M AR .

cu l t y i n k i l l i n g th e s n a k e G o a n d fetch a g re a t m a n y s h a n d ,

la y ou t th e sh fro m th e h ol e o f t h e m o n g oose to th e s n a k e s

h ol e a n d wh e n th e m o n g oose sees t h e s h h e w i l l ce r t a i n l y fo l
,

lo w th e m u p a n d w h e n th e m o n g oose g ets th er e h e w i l l cer t a i n

,

ly k i l l th e s n a k e Wh e n th e st o r k h a d h e a r d th e cr a b s i n s truc
.

ti o n s h e d i d so A n d th e m o n g oose c a m e o ut a n d fol lo w ed u p
,
.

th e s h a n d w h e n h e r e a ch ed th e h ol e o f th e s na k e h e m e t th e
, ,

s n a k e a n d k i l led i t K a li la b d a n D a m i na b
.

R e a di n g E x e rci s e V I I .

A l k es a b
-
( 1 35 ) ada -
la h s -
b uah ( 4)
8 n eg r i ,
m a ka na m a

Tb e s to ry was a co n n t ry , a nd fbe na m e

R a j a n y a S h ul j Ra a d t s o r a ng

-
a . M a ka a a n g la h

a fa R aja N ow
o
f i ts Pi n
g S b . ca me a

m n y e ra n g d ia ; k m d i a n p c h a h lah -
p r a ng -
n ya R aj a i tu ,
to a tta cP if af te rw a rd s bro Pe n a tbc ba ttle fb a f Pi ng ,
p f
o

m aka s ga la r a ya t
-
nya p u n ch ai b a
r -
r i -
la h . M aka b a ny a k
a nd a ll bi s s o ld i e rs a ls o s ca tte re d . A nd m a ny

la h r aya t

da n g a j a h k ud a nya mati ; m a ka t i n gg a l
s o ld i e rs a nd el
ep b a n tr b o rres
f
o b i m d i ed ; a nd re m a i n ed

p e rk a k a s-
n y a dan g n d ra n
g p r a ng -
ny a

b i s i mple m en ts a nd bi s w a r d ra m s-

di t ng a h p a d a n g i tu M a k a d a t a n g la h s ri g a la de ri .
-

tb c m i d d le a cPa ls
in of fb e
e ld A nd ca m e j f ro m .

d a l a m h u t a n i tu m m a k a n b a n g k a i b a ng k a i i t u Ma ka p a d a - .

in fb e cngb tb c ca rca s es A nd

to e a t a t .

k t i ka i tu tur u n la h a n g i n k r a s m ni o p -
dahan
ti m e fb a t ca me w i nd s t ro n
g a nd ble w tb c bra n cber
k a y u i tu s -
h i ngg a b e rp a lu p a l u a n la h ( 1 2 9 )
- -
sa ma s n d i ri n y a , -

of f b e f reer a nti l f b ey Pepf s tri Pi ng o n e a n o t b e r,

d an t e rp a lu -
la h ( 1 10 ) k -
pa d a g n d ra n g p r a n g i tu ,
dan
a nd fb ey w e re rt rn cP ap o n t bc w a r -
d ra m s , a nd

t e rk o t lah s g a la
g n d ra n g i tu p u n b e rb un y i la h o
. M a ka j -

t b c d ra ms a ls o ro u n d ed . A nd w e re s ta rtled a ll

a la ha bi s la h ( 7 6 ) b e rla ri a n d n g a n hai ran a ka n 14 8 )

s ri
g i tu -
(
tb e j a cPa ls co mple tel y ra n a w ay w i fb w o n d eri ng a t
 P RACT ICAL MALAY G RAM M AR .

77

d i ri m a si n g m a si n g -
S e t b e r k i r
r a s e k or

s ri l
A p a k ah
.

g a,
a
ea cb o fb e r A n d f bo a g b t a cPa l Wb a t
.
o ne
j
b u ny i i ni K e r na s or a ng ti a d a

g ra n
g an m a n us i a p un

p ry tb ee noi se fb i s F or on e ma n e ve n is n ot

d i si n i . La l u di h a m p i ri nya a ka n
g n d ra n g i tu ,

b ere . So w as a pp ro a cb ed by b i m to tb c d ra m s ,

m a ka

d i l ibat
-
ny a s or a n g p un t a i da . h a ny a la h
-

a nd was s ee n by b i m one ma n e ve n w a s n o t,

d ah a n k a yu ju ga ( 1 6 2 e ) m m a lu g n d ra n
g i tu
tbc bra n cb er o
f t b c f rees m e re ly w e re s t ri Pi ng tbc d ra m s

lal u di b la h k a n
-
n a
y g n d ra n g i t u d i l i b a t, n a
y
-

a nd fb e n w e re sp li t by b i m t b e d ra m s , a nd was s ee n by b i m
k oso ng, su u at ti a d a di d l m
a a n
y S tl a h i tu
a . m a ka -

e mp ty , on e fb i ng w a s not i ns i d e o f tb e m Af te r fb a t .

b e rb a le k lh
- a
s
g a la s ri
g a la i tu p ul a m m a ka n b a ngk a i -b a ng ka i
re t n rn ed a ll fb e ja cPa fs ag a in to ea t tb c ca rca s er .

i tu . D m k i a n -la h h i kay a t i t u ; m a ka ol e h s b a b
tbe s to ry f o r rea so n

d m kia n j a nga n -
la h s -
ka l i ka l i
-
tu a n -
ku p d uli k a n b u ny i
fb n s do n ot a t a ll y o n f ro n ble a bon f n o i s es

y a ng d m k i a n i tu .

w b i cb s n cb a s tb a f .

Th e re w a s a c ou n tr y th e k i ng o f w h i c h w a s na m ed S h ul a
,

R aj a . N o w th ere c a m e a k i n g to a t t a c k i t a n d a fte r w a rd s t h a t ,

k i n g w a s routed i n th e b a t t le a n d a ll h i s sold i e rs w e re sc a t t er e d
,

a nd m a ny o f h is sol d ie rs a n d ele ph a n ts a n d h orses w er e k i ll ed ,

a n d a ll h i s i m pl e m e n ts a n d h i s w a r d r u m s r e m a i n ed i n th e m id d l e -

o f th e pl a i n A n d j a c k a l s c a m e fro m th e j u n g l e a n d a t e th e
.

c a rc a ses Th e n a stro n g w i n d c a m e a n d b le w th e b r a n ch es o f
.

th e trees so th a t th e y k e p t stri k i n g a ga i n st e a ch oth er a n d th e y ,

str uc k a g a i n st t h e wa r d r u m s a n d th e d r u m s sou n d ed A n d a ll
-
, .

t h e j a c k a l s w er e st a rtled a n d every o n e o f t h e m ra n a w a y w o n d er ,

i n g a t e a ch o t h e r N o w o n e j a c k a l th ou g h t
. Wh a tever i s th i s ,

n oi se For th e re i s n o t a si n g l e m a n h er e S o h e a ppro a c h ed .

th e d r u m s a n d s a w th a t th ere w a s n o o n e b ut m e rely th e
, .
,

b r a n ch es o f th e trees were str i k i n g th e d r u m s s o th e n b e sp l i t

th e d r u m s a n d s a w th a t th e y w er e e m pt y t h ere wa s n oth i n g
, ,

i n si d e th e m Th e n a ll th e j a c ka l s c a m e b a c k a ga i n to e a t t h e
.

c a rc a ses S uc h i s th e st o r y so fo r th is r e a so n d o n o t trou b l e
.

y oursel f a t a ll a b out s uc h n oise s K a li la b d a n D a m i n a b

.
 78 P RA CT ICA L MALAY GRA M MA R .

K EY T O T H E EXE R C I S E S .

E XE RCIS E I .

R aj a b s a r
1
.
2
S u ra t p e n d e k i tu . P i n tu b s a r ,
6
o r, i l
p n t u b sa r .

B aj u b h a r u O ra n g ja h a t o r
.
6 6
J a l a n i t u l u r us
, , or a n g ja h a t i t u .

,
7
o r l ur us j a l a n i tu
,
Pa n a s la h h a r i i t u o r h a r i i t u p a n a s
.
K uat

, , .
9

A y er i tu sjuk o r sjuk a ye r i t u
9
la h k ud a 1
P a nj a n g b aju b h a r u 6
. , , .

11
i tu o r b aj u b h a r u i tu p a nj a n g
, ,
M a la s la h b ud a k k c h i l i t u o r .

, ,
9
b u d a k k c h i l i tu m a l a s J a l a n p a nj a n g i tu b a i k o r b a i k j a l a n
.
,

p a nj a n g i tu 1
K u a t la h k ud a b s a r i t u o r k ud a b s a r i t u k u a t
.
9
, , .

EX E RCI SE I I .

9
1
r aj a b s a r
Aku A n gk a u a n a k k c h i l . K ret a s a h y a b h a r u .
9
.

4
Tu a n p u n y a k ud a h i t a m i tu k u a t o r k u a t la h tu a n pu n y a k u d a , ,
-

h i ta m Tu a n k a y a k a m i m is k i n
6
A y er l a u t 7
T a n ga n a n a k i t u
,
.
6
.

A k u a n a k r a j a Ma la k a
. .

1
9
K ret a lni b u 9
. S a k i t k a k i b i na ta n g .

11
i tu o r k a k i b i n a t a n g i tu s a k i t
, ,
D i a la h tu a n s a h y a 1
Pa n d a i . .
9

19
o ra n g i t u P u teh b aj u n y a i t u
.
1
B ud a k n y a i t u t i n g g i - 1
Pti k o .
4 -
.
6

16
s o n g i tu a n g k a u p u n y a A yer p a n a s i tu d i a p u n y a .
B ud a k .

k c h i l i tu d i a p u n y a .

E XE RCI S E I I I .

9
I n i la h t u a n ( o r, a n g k a u) p u ny a k ursi
1
M a h a l m ej a i n i . .

4
3
M a n g k o k i n i k otor I a i n i ( o r i n i la h )k a i n b e rs e h
.
6
I n i -la h , .

6
I a i n i la h or a n g te m p a n g
7
k a y u m er a h i a i t u k r a s,
. A pa i t u -
.

9
I tu la h t lo r a y a m
-
9
S i a p a or a n g i n i .
1
I n i la h s a h y a pu n y a -

u
kuki bhar u Or a n g m a ri a te m p a n g
.
19
S i a p a p u n y a top i
i ni 19
B u a h m a ri a i t u ? 11
A p a m a c h a m i k a n i tu ? 16
S ia pa p u

1 7
n y a ka i n k oto r i n i ? 16
S i a p a tu k a n g i tu ? A p a b u a h i t u

EX E RCI SE I V .

B a r a n g y a n g a k u pu n y a i a i tu a n gk a u pu n y a
1 9
,
B a r a n g si a p a,
-

9
y a ng m a r a h i a i tu s a l a h
,
Tu
k a n g k b u n i tu v a n
g m a la
. s G a rf u .
4

6
I a i n i la h tu k a n g b s i y a n g p a n d a i

m a ri a y a n g b e n gk o k -
.

7
6
M a n a y a n g m a s a k i tu la h y a n g b a i k O r a n g m a ri a y a n g m a ti ?
,
- .

9
9
I n i la h k u eh y a n g m a n i s I tu la h b ud a k y a n g g ni o k 16
. A ku .

11 1
s ud i t i la h y a n g n i a ra h A n gk a u s n d i ri b r a n i T uk a n g k a y u
. .
2

3 1 1 4
i tu s n d i ri b od o h P is a u n y a s n d i ri i t u t a j
.

a m I n i la h t u a n
.
-

1
s n d i ri pu n y a s e n d o k G a rfu i n i t u a n s n d i ri p u n y a 6
'

.
.
 P RACT ICAL M ALAY GRAM MAR .
79

EXERCI SE V .

1
M a n a a n g k a u p u ny a b a p a ( o r b a p a m u) s k a r a n g Dh ulu i a ,
- 9

9
o k s k a r a n g k u rus Or a n g j a h a t l ka s m a r a h
4
g m ,
. T m p a t i n i .

6
b l u m b e rs e h N a si b l u m sd i a
. Or a n g m a n a y a n g h a m pi r .

9
m a ti 7
S i n i t m pa t y a n g k r i ng B e s o k h a r i y a ng s n a ng . .

EX E R C IS E V I .

1
D er i g k a u pu n y a k a w a n i n i
m a na an M a n a b a k ul y a ng d i
9

si n i t a d i ? 9
D i a ta s m ej a b u l a t d n ga n ro t i d a n d a g i n g i tu ?

4
K d a i b a p a s a h y a j a uh d e r i si n i 6
K a l a u k a s a r t n t u m ur a h . .

7
6
B ra p a h e rg a d a g i ng k a m b i n g i n i ? B ra p a k a m b i ng d a l a m
b a n g s a l i tu 9
K n a p a r oti i n i b g i t u k r a s 9
B ra p a a n g k a u pu n y a
16
b l a nja k lm a ri n B g i m a n a d a g i n g l m b u i n i b g i n i lm b o t

EXE R C IS E V I I .

1
H u t a n g s a hy a d ua p ul oh r i n g g i t B a tu p uteh d ua h i t a m
- .
9
,
9
K a su t ti g a p a s a n g
4
s bl as
-
. G a j i n y a a m p a t b l a s r i n gg i t s a tu
.
-

6 7
b ul a n B ra p a p a n j a n g n y a t a l i i n i
.
6
D ua d p a

K a yu k a i n .

9
i n i b ra p a e la ? G rej a i n i s r a tus a m p a t p ul oh l i m a k a k i t i ng g i
- - -

L a u t i n i s r i b u d ua r a tus d p a d a l a m ny a 16
ny a .
9 -
J a r a ng
-
,
-
.

or a n g b g i t u b r a t b a ra n g k a li d ua p i k u l b r a t n y a
, Ru mah -

a n g k a m p a t s bla h k a n a n i tu la h s a hy a pu n y a

y
1
T
, a n a h a nak-
.
9

m u i tu t i g a su k u b a tu j a u h n y a d er i l a ut -
.

EXE RCIS E V I I I .

1
P uk o lb ra p a s k a r a n g H a m p i r p uk o l s a tu
? 2
L a m a sud a h g l a 9
p :
.

4
B ra p a l a m a l a g i h uj a n b g i n i ? 6
B ra p a l a m a su d a h p a p a n i n i
b a sa h bgi ni
9
D ua ja m t i g a su k u 7
K u r a n g su k u p ul o l ti g a . .

9
9
Eg i n i l a m b a t o r a n g t n t u p n a t P u k o l d ua b l a s k u ra g d ua .
- '

16
pul oh l i m a m i n i t
-
T a d i p a g i p u k ol a m p a t s t n g a h
.
- 11
P u k ol .

17
t i g a p ta ng D er i t n g a h h a r i s a m p a i pu k ol a m p a t d ua puloh
.
-

m i ni t
'

EXE RC IS E 1x .

1
K a l a u j a l a n t e rla lu lk a s b a ra n g k a li a n g k a u j a toh , Pa ng .
9

g i l k u k i suroh d,
i a na i k
9
S uroh tu k a n.
g k a y u n a n ti s i n i
4
S a h .

a k i r d i a b l u m pul a n d er i p a sa r S a hy a m a u b a n g u n b e s o k
6
y g .

p a g i k u r a n g su k u pu k ol a n a m 6
Ti k us h o l e b m a s o k l o b a n g i tu
. .

K i r i m su r a t i n i k p a d a b a p a m u, d i a t n t u su k a t ri m a
- 9-
Sa h ya .

m a u p i n d a h d e ri n e g r i i n i 9
S a hy a sud a h ti n g g a l d i si n i t i g a -b l a s
.

10
ta h u n l a m a ny a P a t ut a n g k a u ch a r i p ri g i d i a t a s b u k i t i n i
-
. .

49
11
S ud a h s a h y a c h a r i tt a p i b l u m d a p a t ,
I n i la h or a n g y a n g .
-
.

m a so k tu a n p u n y a r u m a h k lm a ri n d h ulu S a h y a b lun i c h a r i . .
 O P RA CT I CAL MALAY GRA M MA R .

EX ERC I SE X .

1
A d a p li t a d a l a m b i le k m u A d a sd i k i t t p o ng d a l a m -ny a
-
.
7
.

9
K a l a u a d a p i s a n g d i p a s a r , su r oh k u k i b li 4
Tu k a n g ka su t a d a .

6
d ud o k d i l u a r . B ra p a or a n g a d a i n i h a r i ? 6
Tu a n p u ny a t u k a n g
7
j a h i t a d a s k a ra n g

.A d a or a ng C h i n a ( 1 a l a m d a pu r t a d i 9
A da .

ti g a m i n gg o l a m a n y a a b a n g s a h y a s a k i t
- 9
C h a n gk ol a d a s a m a .

tu k a ng kb un .
1
K a l a u a d a p a y o n g , p e rg i a m b i l B a wa b u nga .

19
i n i k p a d a kaka k m u
- -
A n g k a t ti k a r i tu b a w a k l u a r 19
P e rg i -
.

a m b i l k a su t s a h a A d a or a n b w
y .
g a a .

EX ERCI S E X I .

1
B u d a k k c h i l i t u t a h u m a i n b ol a k a h Ta h u L us a b o le h
-
.
9

d a t a n g k g ud a n g
-
B o le h 9
B e s o k p a g i k a p a l y a n g m a na s a m
.

ai A ngk a u k ] b i ni d e k s h y ? K l
4
p n a a a a u a S a i s sud a h t a roh .
6

6
ba k u l l a m a i tu d i s a na ? S ud a h Tu k a n g r oti a d a ? A d a . .

7
B o le h d a p a t u b i d a n l a i n s a y u r d a l a m k a m po n g i n i B o le h .

9
T u a n ti n gg a l d i a t a s b u k i t i n i k a h ? S a h y a 9
A n gk a u t a k ot
-
.

1 11
ka h T a k ot tu a n, Or a n g m a ria y a n g m a n d i t a d i
.

S ud a h
k a h a n g k a u p a ngg i l tu k a n g c h u k o r S ud a h .

EXE RCI S E X I I .

1
D h o b i su d a h k o y a k k m e ja i n i T i d a k tu a n sud a h k o y a k , ,
.

6
d h ulu . Tu a n sud a h b a y er
9
B lum O r a n g i tu t a h u j a h i t .

Ti d ak d i a

kah , ta ta h u A n gk a u m a u m a ka n
.
4
Blum .

6
Tu a n m a u b li a p a a p a ? -
Ta m a u 6
A n g k a u t a h u n a m a po k o k
.

i ni Ta ta h u

7
.
Ma u ju a l k uch i n g i n i M a n a h ol e b I ni t ua n .
9

9
p u n y a a nj i n g ? B ukan D i a t ut 0 p p i n t u p a g a r s p a y a j a n g a n
.

or a n g m a so k . Ti a d a k a h i ka n d i d a l a m k ol a m
- 11
B u ka n k a h -

7
a n kau p u n a k i a s i n i ? S ud h k u m k a k h b l u m ? -
g y p a a n g a a n a
19 4 4
Tu a n pu n y a r u m a h sud a h se w a k a h Bl um S uroh k u k i
-
.

j a ng a n b li i te k i n i h a r i .

EX E RCI S E X I I I
1
S m o a l i m a u m a n i s s ud a h h a b i s r os a k G a ra m d a n l a d a .
9

ham p i r h ab i s 3
M i n y a k t a n a h s ud a h h a b i s k a h b l u m
.
4
Tu a n -

su d a h h a b i s t ul i s u r a t i tu B ud a k y a n g n a k a l p a tu t k na p u k ol
6
s
.

9
D i a k na b a n y a k r u g i ol eh m a i n j ud i B u k a n n y a or a n g k a y a .
7 -

ng k na c h u r i D a k na d ud a s a tu r i n g g i t s b a b l a m b a t
9
sa h aj a
y a i .

9
d a ta ng . S a h y a sud a h b ri t a h u s p a y a j a n g a n i a k n a ti p u .

S uroh or a ng j a g a j a ng an b ri or a ng m a so k 11
S a h y a tn t u l u p a .

k a l a u tu a n ti a d a b ri i n g a t .

EX ERCI S E X I V .

1
S u roh d i a g o s o k m a n g k o k d a n p i r i n g B a n y a k p r a h u y a ng .
9

k c h i l k c h i l sud a h k a r a m
-
9
M i n t a b ud a k b ud a k i t u da t a n g k m a r i
.
-
.

4
O r a n g i tu sud a h b li t e rla lu b a n y a k r u m a h y a n g b s a r b s a r M a ta -
.
 P RACT ICAL MALAY GRA M MAR I

m a t a itu s m o a n y a d a t a n g si n i d er i P ul a u P i n a n g
-
B ra p a e k o r .

b a b i ln p li h a ra ? S uroh k u k i m a s a k t lo r d ua b i j i F er g i bli
7 9
.

9
p a p a n d ua ti ga k p i ng Tu a n sud a h b li r u m a h b ra p a p i n tu d i
.

1"
j a l a n i tu B ra p a h l a i b aj u tu a n t a roh d a l a m p t i i tu 11
Or ang .

i tu a d a p a ka i b aju d ua l a p i s b i l a i a k na ta ng ka p oleh m ata -m a ta .

19
M i n ta tu k a ng r oti b a wa l i ma b ij i b e so k p ag i .

E XE R C I SE XV

K a n a k -k a na k i n i j a n t a n -k a h a t a u p re m p uan
1
S e k or k ud a 4

9
b ti n a s ud a h l a r i b l u m ta ng k a p G u n ti n g i n i l a g i t aj a m .
4
J ar o m .

i n i l a g i h a l us 6
K a i n y a n g s a h y a sud a h b li d h ulu i t u lb e h t b a l
.

6
d er i p a d a i n i
-
R od a i n i m a k i n l a m a m ak i n lo ng g a r
.
7
D ag i n g .

9
i n i k ur a n g p a n a s C h a b a i lb e h p d a s d er i p a d a l a d a h i t a m
.
- 9
Da .

g gi n m a n a y a n g t e rlb e h lm b o t
1
I a -
la h b ud a k y g
a n t e rlb.e h raj i n
11
d a l a m s k ol a i n i B aj u i tu s a m a b u ro k s p e rt i y a ng l a i n
.
1
R um a h .

n y a d i d a l a m l a d a n g y a n g am a t l u a s .

E XE RC I S E X V I
L m b u b ti n a i t u b a ny a k lm a h ta b o le h i a b erd i r i

L us a ka p a l .
1

a p i tu m a u b la y e r
6
B ud a k b ud a k s m o a n y a m a s o k s k ol a a p a
- .
-

b i l a loc h e n g b e rb uny i J k bk j
4
i a la u or a n g gl a i. e r a ,
suroh d ia be r
6
h e n ti 6
.K n a p a a n g k a u b l u m s d i a ka n t m p a t t i d o r G a n to n gk an
7
b aj u d a n s lua r s a h y a A d a b e rg a n t o n g d i s i tu
.
9
J a nga n b u a ng .

9
k an k a su t i tu , lb e h b a i k b ri ka n k p a d a or a ng m i s k i n i tu
-
Pa tu t .

1
a na k -a n a k h o rm a t k a n or a ng t ua -n y a S ur oh d i a k unc h i k a n p i n tu .

p ag a r Pa ngg i l or a ng y a n g b e rjual b u a h i tu , s uroh d i a i s i ka n

.

b a k ul i n i .

E X E RCI S E XV I I .

1
b a i k b a i k j a nga n p a d a m p li ta i tu
J a ga -
A p ab i la s a ud a r a -m u .
9

d a ta ng m i n ta d i a b u ka p t i i n i
,
9
A p a b i la i a m ne nga r k h a b a r i tu ,
.

t e rla lu sus a h h a ti ny a
- -
4
Tu a n i tu p a n d a i m nga ra ng sur a t S a h y a
.
6
.

sud a h d a t a n g m li h a t n e g r i 6
Pa tu t a na k -a n a k m n urut p re n ta h
m m ri j ab ka l a u b l u m m u
7
m ak a p-
b a -
n y a B od oh -
l
.a h or a n g b a w g
er ti su a l ny
-
a
9
A p a b i la i a p g
. e r i k -
K l a ng , b h a r u i a m li h a t k ret a
api .
9
la h nd a k m i i y uk a k a n h a ti r j a a
1
B i t ng i tu s mo a ny a
na a -
.

d a t a n g k s a n a m nc h a ri ru m put y a ng b a i k i tu
-
.

E XE RCI SE X V I I I .

1
D i d uk o ri g y a a n a k r aj a i tu

-n O l eh m a h araj a d i t i ka m ny a .
9 -

a k a n d i a d n ga n k r is D i suroh b g i n d a i si d n ga n sa g u
.
9
Ma ka
- .
4

d i -s a
mb ot oleh h a n t a r a d i b ri ka n k pa d a k h a ti b, m a ka d i b a ch a
,
- - -
 82 P RA CT ICA L MALAY GRAM MAR .

ol eh k h a ti b K s pu l oh j a r i -n y a d i -b u b oh n y a s p uloh b n t o k
.
6 - - - -

C h i nc h i n 6
Tl a h d i l i b a t oleh C h i n a d i tur u t n y a
.
-
D i su roh n y a ,
- -
.
7
- -

k u p a s ub i i tu 6
B u k i t i t u d i s h ot o r a n g B u k i t C h i n a
.
9
O l eh S ul -
.

t a n M a n sur S h a h d i b ri b g i n d a a y er b a s o h k a k i m a k a O le h r aj a
-

C h i na ay e r ba s o h kak i i t u d i m i n u m d a n d i m a n d i ka n 1
Ti a d a - -
.

t e rh i t o n g b a n y a k n y a D n g a n ta k d i r A l l a h i st a na i tu p u n te r
11 - A
.

b a ka r .

E XERCI S E X IX .

1
Or a n g I n d r a p ur a p a d a m a s a i tu ti a d a b e rraja R u m a h i tu b e r 9

K a p a l b e rt i a n g ti g a
6
a l a s b a tu B i n a t a n g b e rk a k i a m p a t 4
. . .

9 B ud a k b ud a k i t u b e rm a i n m a i n d i d a l a m t a m a n
- 6
Tu a n y a n g -
.

6 7
d a t a n g i tu t i a d a b e rm i sa i R a j a i tu ti a d a b e ra n a k la k i l a k i
.
Di .
-
.

l i b a t n y a a n a k i tu b e rla ri l a r i d i h a d a p a n b g i n d a B a r a n g k m a n a
- -
.
-

i a p e rg i b e rsa m a s a m a ju g a d n ga n T un M a n d a -
S g a la b u r o n g .

11
d i d a l a m t a m a n i t u b e rb un y i b e rb a g a i b a g a i b u n y i n y a A ng i n ,
- -
.

b e rt i o p t e rla lu k r a s 1
B e rp g a n g d ua d ua t a n g a n n y a
.
7
Or a n g - -
.

i tu b e rs ru s ru d er i k a p a l -1
P a ga r i st a n a d i p e rb ua t n y a k ot a .
4 - -
.

E XE RCI SE xx .

1
S ba b i a m nja d i p uch u r i d a n p m b un o h
ti a d a p n c h a ri a n Pr e m .
4

p ua n -
i tu la h
i s tri p n g h ulu
9
P n y a k i t i tu t a b o le h d i o b a t k a n
, .

-
.

I a i tu t m p a t p e rh i m p o na n p e ro m p a k d a n p nc h uri d a n p m b un o h

4
.

6
O r a n g y a n g ti a d a m a u tr i m a p n g aja ra n ta b o le h d a p a t p n g t a

6 7
h uan .

P e rk a t a a n m a n i s m nja d i p n a w a r a k a n m a r a h or a n g J i
k a l a u a d a b a r a n g p e rm i n ta a n a t a u p n g a d ua n p a tu t d i b ri t a h u

-

9 9
s k a r a ng D a l a m p p ra n g a n n y a t a la h S i a p a ka h p na ko t Pe r

- -
. .

16
b u a t a n n y a t i a d a s tuj u d n g an p e rja nji a n n y a
- - -
. P m b o h o ng a t a u

p m i n u m ti a d a k p e rc h a y a a n .

EXE RCISE XX I .

1
K b o d o h a n or a n g k r a p k a l i m n d a t a n g ka n kb i n a s a a n n y a -

a ng ka u i ng i n k m uli a a n k b s a ra n d u n i a i n i

2 J
a n g a n la h a ka n .

4
3
S ba b k sa la h a n s n d i ri a n g k a u m r a s a k k ura n g a n H n d a k la h .
-

m a si n g m a si n g m u ch a r i k b aji k a n or a n g l a i n
-
S ur a t k i r i m a n i tu .
6

b u k a n k a r a n g a n ny a s n d i ri P e rc h u m a or a n g m n g a d u ji k a la u t i a
-
.
6

7
d a k t ra n g a n Ti a d a p a tut p k e rja a n i t u d i b r i k p a d a or a n g y a n g
.

~ -

b u k a n or a n g k p e rc h a y a a n 9
K d e n g a ra n la h b a h w a ut usa n k r a j a

-
.

a n S i a m i tu d a t a n g T a n y a la h a p a k a h k a h a n d a k n y a d a t a n g
9 - - -
.

k m ar i
-
Pa k a i a n m a n a tu a n su roh jm o r
.
16 ?

EX E RCISE XX I I .

1
W a h t e rla lu s k a l i b od o h or a n g i n i H e i a n a k k n h n d a k la h .
9 -
,
-

a ng k a u ba n y a k sa b a r K t a h ui o le h t u a n k u y a n a b i A l l a h
.
.
6 -
,
.

4
A p a b i la i a b e rg ura u s a ma m ud a m ud a k a t a ny a C h e h l a k s a .
-
,
-
,
 MH LH Y B O O KS

Am e ri c a n Mi s s i o n P re s s , S i n ga p o re .

Di soo wn t to th e tra d e or on
q u a n ti ti es .

P ri c e P o s t a ge
E n g l i s h - Ma la y S c h o o l P ri m e r . 01
K i t a b P e rm ula

an
( R o ma n i se d Ma la y P ri m e r, fo r
sch o o s l )
P la ja ra n Mla yu N o . 1
do . No 2 .

St r a i t D i a l o gu e s ( c o n v e rs a t i o n , E gl i
n sh a n d Ma l a y )
S t r a i t s V o c a b u l a ry , 8 00 w o rd s
E n gli s h , M ala y H o k k i e n C h i n e s e a n d Ta m i l
, , .

Tri gl o t V o ca b ula ry 2000 w o rd s , 25 . 02

E n gli s h M a la y H o kki e n a n d H a kk a C h i n e s e
, , ,
a nd
C h i n e s e C h ara ct er .

Shellabears Malay Gram mar, revi sed editi on

Shellabears M lish Vocabulary, 6500words

alay Eng
- .

Shellabears English M alay D i cti onary,

-

S ja ra h Mla yu R o m a n i s e d p a p e r c o ve rs
, , ,

S e e b e lo w , e d i ti o n s i n th e c h a ra c t e r.

I n th e Ar a b i c c h a ra c t e r :

Ma la y A ra b i c A l p h a b e t
- 05 . 01
Sja ra h Mla yu p a p e r c o v e rs $ 1 ; l
c oth on h e a vy
a e r, h a lf b o un d $ 2 5 0
p p .

S e e R o m a n i se d e di t i o n a b o ve .

Th e E vo lut i o n of Ma l a y Sp e l l i n g , 25 . 03
A t re a t i s e i n tE n gli s h .

S o ld re t a il at

Th e Me t h o d i s t Book Ro o m, 1 9 -2 A rm e n i a n S t S i n g a p o re .

Th e A m e ri c a n Mi s s i o n P re s s , 2 8 Ra f e s P la c e , S i n g a p o re .

O r by a ny Bo o k s e lle rs .
 MALAY RELI GIOUS BOOKS AND TRACTS .

B QG K S .

I n th e R o ma n G h a ra c t e r .

P la ja ra n d e ri h a l I s a A lm a s c h I n p re s s

-
.

A s e ri e s o f le s s o n s on t h e li f e of C h ri s t i llus t ra t e d , f o r us e i n S un d a y Sc h o o ls
Ch h
,

a nd ri s t i a n ome s .

Sh a
ri Pq P ujla n ( H y m n B o o k , 1 13 H m n s
y )
S o ld , i f d e s i re d , W i t h o ut t h e w o rd Me t h o d i s t f o r us e b y o t h e r d e n o m i n a t i o n s

.
,

A tu ra n S m b a h y a n g ( Me th o d i st R i t ua l an d D i s c i p li n e ) . N ew
e di t i o n I n p re s s .

S ua l J a w a b ( Me t h o d i st C a t e c h i s m )
C h e ri t a d e ri h a l I s a A l m a s c h ( i n t h e w o rd s of S
c ri p t ure ,

i ll u s t ra t e d ), 4 2 p p .

C h e ri r e ri h a l R a ja D a u d , 1 8 pp

EB
01
E
-
. .

C h e ri a d e ri h a l Y us o f, la rge t y p e e d i t i o n
-
. I n p re s s .

D la p a n P n ga ja ra n a k a n Mn ra n gk a n P e rm i n t a an Tuh a n , 4 6 pp 01
. .

P i lgri m

s P ro gre s s , c o llo
q ui a l Ma la y i llu st ra t e d
, do .

( m o n t h ly 4 p p St o ry P a p e r fo r c h i ld re n ) W ri t e fo r t e rm s

Sa h a b at a . . .

I n th e A ra b i c G h a r a c t e r.

A ga m a y a n g B n a r, 13 p p .

H i k a y a t P a u lu s s o ra n g R a s u l, 26 pp .

H i k a y a t N a b i A lla h Y u s o f, 60 p p .

H i k a y a t s o ra n g A n a k R a ja L a b o r, 22 p p
I it
i
.

S s ua t u y a n g d i s b o t k a n d a la m K o ra n d e ri hal ab I nj il
d a n Ta uri t , 2 ] p p

T R HG T S .

I n th e R o m a n c h a ra c t e r .

D e ri h a l K ja d i a n Ma n u s i a d a n
-
Mu l a -
n
y a D o s a i tu
D e ri h a l K m a t i a n O ra n g K ri s t i an

F a s a l K h un R a ja
H i k a y a t B a pa y a n g C h i n t a k a n n a k -n
y a A
H i k a y a t Ora n g B e rk a s e h a n
H i k a y a t Ora n g K a y a y a n g B o d o h
K d a t a n ga n P n ga n t i n
S i a p a k a h y a n g Am p un y a d i a n kee m
p g t h e Sa
(o bb t h )
a

S o ra n g Mn a n t u P re m p u a n y a n g s t i a d u ga n Mn t u a (

-
n
y a R ut h

an d N a omi
)
S -p ulo h H uk um A lla h
 I n t h e A ra bi c C h a ra c t e r;
P ag e s .

D e ri -h a l Ii ja d i a n Ma n us i a d a n P e rm u la a n D o s a

D e ri h a l K m a t i a n O
-
i st i a n _

D e ri h a l S h o rga
- U C BERKELEY LI BRARI ES . .

D e ri h a l S la m a t d a n K s
-

D e ri h a l s o ra n g Mn a n t u P r

-

Ga n t i k i t a
G un a n y a A g a m a
-
( 05 1 3 2 2 6 05
H i k a y a t B a p a Mn ga s e h i A n a k
K o rb a n
S n t a us a
S p u lo h H u k um A lla h
S t u ga h d e ri p a d a o ra n g I s la m a l S
W ahi
Y a n g d i t ga hk
a n d a n ya n
g d i -
s ur

MALAY S CR . b RES .

a
( y
A n of t h e f o llo w i n g m a y b e o rd e re d t h ro u gh t h e A m e ri c a n

Mi s s i o n P re s s , p o s t a ge e x t ra .
)
I n t h e R o m a n C h a ra c t e r .

Ma t t h e w ,
S i n ga p o re R e vi s i o n C o m m i t t e e

s v e rs i o n .

d M M M ve rs i o n
f
. . . .

th e R o m a n C h a ra c t e r, D ut c h S p e lli ng .

RI (i n t he w
Ma rk
L uk e e a ch

J ohn
A ct s
N e w Te st a m e n t , s m a ll
re f e re n c e s

la rg e p ri n t
Old Te s t a m e n t

I n th e A ra b i c G h a ra c t e r.

G e n e si s
P ro v e rb s
Ma t t h e w 1
Ma rk I M r K e a s b e rr s

E i th e r t h e o ld v e rs i o n
( y
L uk e i
.

or th e S R C o m m i tt e e

s
( M r S h e lla b e a r s
)

J o hn
. . . .

A ct s J
R o man s
O ld Te s t a m e n t i n 3 vo ls .
th e set

N e w Te s t a m e n t