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Cracking of Concrete:
by Edward G. Nawy
INTRODUCTION
MIGRO-CRACKING
FLEXURAL CRACKING
w = a B
a e-f (1)
c s
w = 0 . 0 7 6 /3 f,qA x 10 -3
surface.
z = fsQ (3)
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does not exceed 175 kips per in. for interior exposure and 145
kips per in. for exterior exposure. Calculated stress in the
reinforcement at s e r v i c e l o a d fs(ksi) s h a l l b e c o m p u t e d a s t h e
w = 2.2 p es q (4)
CEB Recomendations
w =e (5)
m smSrm
f
where E = I [l - y (+j2, 5 0 . 4 $
sm E (6)
S S S
db
S = 2(c - b, + (2(3 F (7)
rm
R
where
C = clear concrete cover
= As/At
QR
f
db
W = 0 . 7 9 ( 3 c + 0 . 0 5 p) (8)
m
S R
(%I
k = s.nmx (esm- ecm-ecs)
where
E = A v e r a g e c o n c r e t e s t r a i n o v e r l e n g t h ex -
cm
cr
e = 2(s + s2 (7a)
s,- 0 4TbkUSE (4)
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T = 2ft f o r d e f o r m e d b a r s
bk = 1 f t f o r p l a i n b a r s
The Australian Code does not recommend any formula for the
calculation of crack widths. Crack control for flexure in
reinforced concrete beams is achieved if the center-to-center
spacing of bars near the tension face of the beam does not exceed
8 in. (200 mm) a n d t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e s i d e o r s o f f i t t o t h e
center of the nearest longitudinal bar is not greater than 4 in.
(loo m m ) . In the case of fully prestressed concrete beams, the
maximum tensile stress in the concrete due to short- term service
loads should not exceed 3c. To control flexural cracking in
partially prestressed concrete beams, the increment in steel
stress near the t e n s i o n f a c e i s l i m i t e d t o 2 9 K s i (200 MPa), as
the load increases from its value when the extreme concrete
tensile fiber is at zero stress to the short-term service load
value; and the center-to-center spacing of reinforcement.
including bonded tendons, is limited to 8 in. (200 mm)
T = 7 acs u Ho (%I
where
R = At f ; (9b)
e q u a t i n g E q s . 9 a a n d 9b, t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p r e s s i o n f o r acs is
a =c-
At fl (loa)
cs
x0 <
a = 1 . 2 0 At/I0 (lob)
cs
steel) is taken as the reference point (Ref. 11-14). then for the
p r e s t r e s s e d t e n d o n ( R e f s . 11-14).
where
W - k a ea (1%)
lmx- cs s
W = k acs(Afs) (12b)
L i n e a r i z i n g E2q. 1 3 f o r e a s i e r u s e b y t h e d e s i g n e n g i n e e r
leads to the following simplified expression of the maximum crack
width at the reinforcing steel level:
A plot of the pretensioned beams tests data and the best fit
e x p r e s s i o n f o r Eq. 14a is given in Fig. 9 with a 40 percent
spread. which is reasonable in view of t h e r a n d o m n e s s o f crack
development and the linearization of the original expression of
Eq. 1 3 .
W 6 . 5 1 x 10% 1 2 Ws)
IIbsx=
2
x = (163)
r (0.75+0.06 q)q
and
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1
ho = (16b)
0.75+0.06q
*t
W- = [a + 5.58 K (Af,)] x If5
*t
Nawy : W- = E (=g) Aup
where
W = 4 . 1 x 10% (18)
ct Eps %
At = f /f
P pi
S2sldc
GI = grid index = f ( -1
dbl
sl= spacing
. of reinforcement in direction 1
S2 = s p a c i n g o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n d i r e c t i o n 2
dc = c o n c r e t e c o v e r t o c e n t e r o f s t e e l , i n .
Note that w = 0.004 in. (0.1 mm) should be the allowable crack
w=aa P -f
c es
w = Kj3fsJGf
G = -S1S2dc 8-
I (21)
dbl rr
S u b s c r i p t s 1 a n d 2 p e r t a i n t o t h e d i r e c t i o n s o f rein-
f orcement. Detailed values of the fracture coefficients for
various boundary conditions are given in Table 1.
fy = 6 0 k s i ( 4 1 4 MPa) and
fs = 4 0 % f y = 4 0 k s i ( 1 6 5 . 5 MPa)
5. Short blocks.
CONCLUSIONS
w = 0 . 0 7 6 /3 fs Jdc x 10 -3
or Zfs$T
where f s is in ksi and z not to exceed a value of 145 kip per
inch for exterior exposure and 175 kip per inch for interior
exposure.
A
W' = 5.85 x 1O-5 Rig Ws)
0
A
W = 6.51 x 10-5Ri Z$ Ws)
0
resevoirs W = 4.1x10+ c
c t Eps 5
r e d u c t i o n m u l t i p l i e r s hr a n d ho h a v e t o b e a p p l i e d t o these
expressions as follows:
hr =
2
for pretensioned beams and
(0.75+o.o6q) c
2
ho = for post-tensioned unbonded beams.
0.75+o.o6 q
where
2.1 x 10
-5
0.5 > es/e, < 0.75
-5
0.6 x 10 < 0.5
esee
REFERENCES
1 0 . CEB-FIP. M o d e l C o d e f o r C o n c r e t e S t r u c t u r e s , P a r i s , 1978,
pp. l-347. Also CEB modifications, 1991.
17. Naaman. A . E . a n d S i r i a k s o r n . A . , S e r v i c e a b i l i t y B a s e d D e s i g n
of Partially Prestressed Beams, Part I - A n a l y s i s , pcI
Journal Vol. 24.
No. 2, March-April 1979, pp. 64-89.
1 inch = 2 5 . 4 nnn
1 foot = 0.305 m
2
1 in. = 6 4 5 . 1 6 imn2
1 in. 3 = 16.387.06 mm3
1 in. 4
= 416.231 nnn4
1 psi = 6.895 Pa
1 ksi = 6.895 MPa
1 lb = 4.448 N
1 kip = 4448 N
1 lb/ft = 14.594 N/m
1 kip/ft = 14.594 kN/m
1 kip-in = 113 N-m
NOTATION
2
A = area of tension reinforcement, in.
S
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perpendicular to 1. in2
12&l+ 27)
Ri. P D i s t a n c e r a t i o h2/hl = r a t i o o f d i s t a n c e f r o m n e u t r a l
1. **
1 direction of reinforcing elements closest to outer
concrete tensile fiber, for which crack control check
is to be made
2 = q u a n t i t y l i m i t i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n o f flexural
reinforcement in beams and thick one-way slabs =
f sq. kip/inch
Fracture
Crack width
Exposure condition in. mm.
-----m------
Increase in
0 I 1 I I
0.3 Q.4 0.6 0.6 a? 0.6
Waarlcment rotio
Id)
60
60 f
2
40
4
3
-INTERIOR
-.
EXPOSURE
-\
I. 0016
IO
6
8
2 ------EXTERIOR EXPOSURE
I I / I I
50 60 70 80
Steel Ytrld Stnu,W
-
r + dT
M + dM
(
l C * USC* spacing
I, - devrlopmsnt lsngth
i, - rrinforcament stren
at crack 2 > f,,
-4
0ii
n
9n
0 I
:
0 2
0 0
0
\
\
\
\
\
2 \
\
.E ,,
L
Y
\ O 80 Ooo
\ .\
00 Oo\
f\ \ \
Y o\O
\ O A
! 7 \O o \
\o \
\ \
O\i;\ 1
:
-235-
\
\
\
\
\ *
\ 0
t
. \ I
- -
E
X
(N 1) Nialfi n3vu9 wnwlxvw
-236-
; 12-
l - 30
2
5 E
* I-
5 -20 -
z p = 0 . 6 0 %
*
: I- P= 1.24% - IO
01 I I I I I I I
5 25 45 65 AfS
S T E E L S T R E S S IKSII
I KM/mm I
IO 30
i I r 1
0 IA0 L l AKU L E A S T SOUARE LINE
. n*YAswAYv. AL.
(~~*s.Iox)llP
0 SENNETT & CWAWDIASEKAR OJL,), =
0 NAWv & NUANO 0.1
I = $Af, IKIP/IKl
LONGITUDINAL STEEL
CONTROLLING NON-ORTHOGONAL
CRACKING AWAY FROM BARS A, 8,
WHEN GRID SPACING S,
/? 2 EXCEEDS 7 TO 12 INCHES
1300 2 6 0 0 3 9 0 0 5 2 0 0 cm2
I I I I I
mm
.02e I - 0.7
A=
.a
.024 0.6
.020 -
0.5
I
I-
O
r .Ol6 0.4
::
2
0 .o I 2 3.3
.008I - 3.2