UNIT 4

As long as, even if, providing that, unless

Las frases condicionales normalmente comienzan por if. En algunas situaciones podemos reemplazar el if con unless
(= a menos que), providing that (= a condicin de que, siempre y cuando) o as long as (= con tal de que, mientras
que).

Podemos utilizar unless significando if ... not en las oraciones condicionales negativas. Compara:
Well be late if we dont leave now.
Well be late unless we leave now.

Podemos utilizar even if en lugar de if para mostrar que el resultado no ser afectado por la condicin.
Compara:
The workers wont strike if their wages are increased. (Los trabajadores harn huelga. Pero si sus salarios son
aumentados, no harn huelga.)
The workers will strike even if their wages are increased. (los trabajadores harn huelga si sus salarios son
aumentados y si no lo son.)

Podemos utilizar providing that o as long as (normalmente en oraciones condicionales de 1er grado)
significando but only if (=pero slo si). Compara:
Crime levels wil continue to fall but only if we keep the same number of police officers.
Crime levels will continue to fall as long as we keep the same number of police officers.
Crime levels will continue to fall providing that we keep the same number of police officers.

Conditionals

Las oraciones condicionales contienen dos frases: la frase condicional (que comienza por if) y la frase resultado.

Podemos cambiar el orden de las dos frases, pero cuando la frase condicional va primero, va seguida de una coma.

Conditional clause Result clause

If the train times change, Ill text you.

Result clause Conditional clause

Ill text you if the train times change.

Hay varios tipos de condicionales, que varan acorde al grado de probabilidad que expresan.
First conditional

Forma:

If + present simple, will + infinitive

Will + infinitive if + present simple

If you do the race, Ill sponsor you.

Ill sponsor you if you do the race.

Uso:
Utilizamos el primer condicional:
Para hablar sobre eventos futuros posibles o probables.
If we al take part in the protest, well make a difference.

Para hacer promesas y dar advertencias.

You wont make a difference if you dont take part in the protest.

No podemos utilizar will en la frase condicional.

Second conditional
Forma:
If + past simple, would + infinitive
would + infinitive if + past simple

If I had a lot of money, Id set up a commune.

Id set up a commune if I had a lot of money.

Uso:
Utilizamos el segundo condicional:
Para hablar sobre situaciones imaginarias en presente.
If I was the president, I would change all the government policies.

Para hablar sobre eventos imaginarios o improbables en el futuro.

Id study economics if I went to Harvard university.

Podemos utilizar were en lugar de was con I, he, she e it en la frase condicional. Utilizamos esta expresin para dar
consejo.
I wouldnt do that if I were you.
Third conditional
Forma:
If + past perfect, would have + past participle
would have + past participle if + past perfect

If you had applied, you would have got an internview.

You would have got an interview if you had applied.

Uso:
Utilizamos el tercer condicional para hablar sobre eventos hipotticos en el pasado (que no ocurrieron).
We wouldnt have missed the bus if wed got up early. (No nos levantamos temprano, as que perdimos el
bus.)

Conditionals with modals

Podemos usar algunos verbos modales en la forma condicional en ambas partes de las frases.

Modals in the first conditional

Podemos usar modales en lugar de will en la frase resultado de una frase en primer condicional:
Para mostrar posibilidad
If you vote for him, he may/ might win the election.

Para mostrar permiso

If youve filled out the form, you can vote immediately.

Para mostrar obligacin

If you agree with his policies, you must vote for him.

Para hacer una sugerencia

If youre interested in politics, you should vote.

Podemos utilizar modales en frases condicionales en una oracin en primer condicional.

If you cant walk, Ill give you a lift.

Modals in the second conditional

Podemos utilizar modales en lugar de would en la frase resultado de una oracin en segundo condicional:
Para mostrar habilidad.
If we had time, he could help in the community.

Para mostrar posibilidad.

If he won $1 million, he might give it all to charity.

Podemos usar could en la frase condicional de una oracin en segundo condicional:

Para mostrar habilidad
If I could speak Mandarin, I would help at the community centre.
Para mostrar posibilidad
If you could have any job, what would you do?
Para dar permiso
If we could wear our own clothes, then we would be happy to come to school.
Modals in the third conditional
Podemos utilizar modales en la frase resultado de una oracin en tercer condicional:
Para mostrar habilidad
If I had posted my form in time, I could have voted in the election.

para mostrar posibilidad

If they had known about the election, they might have voted.

Podemos usar could + infinitive perfecto en la frase condicional de una oracin en tercer condicional para mostrar
habilidad.
If he could have voted, he would have done it.

Wishes and regrets

Podemos utilizar wish de numerosas maneras:
para expresar lamentos sobre el pasado.
Forma: wish + past perfect
I wish I hadnt voted for him. (Lo hice. Ahora lo lamento)

para expresar deseo en el presente

Forma: wish + could
I wish I could stand for election. (Quiero, pero no puedo)

para expresar descontento con lo que alguien est haciendo en el presente. No lo utilizamos para nosotros
mismos
Forma: wish + would
I wish he would stop making that noise. (l est haciendo ruido. Yo quiero que pare)