CDB 3033

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

Momentum Transport
 Course outcome
CLO1
Explain the theoretical aspects of momentum, mass and
energy transport

2
 Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
2. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
3. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
4. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

3
 Momentum Transport Learning Approach
1. Flow of viscous fluids
2. Shear flow between parallel plates
3. Momentum transfer through the fluid by the viscous action
4. Introduction to Newtons Law of Viscosity and definition of
viscosity
5. Effects of temperature and pressure on the viscosities of gases
and liquids
6. Calculation of viscosities of gases from the kinetic theory of
gases
7. Viscosities of liquids
8. Convective momentum transport

4
 Molecular Momentum Transfer
-Newtons Law of Viscosity

Consider a pair of large parallel plates

Each one with area A
Separated by a distance Y
In the space between the plates is a fluid either a gas or
liquid
The system is initially at rest
At time t=0, the lower plate is set in motion in the positive x-
direction at a constant velocity V
As time proceeds, the fluid gains momentum
Assume the flow be laminar (orderly type of flow)

5
Molecular Momentum Transfer
-Newtons Law of Viscosity
When the steady-state of motion is
attained, a constant force F is required
to maintain the motion of the lower
plate.
F V (1.1-1)
A Y
dv x
yx (1.1-2)
dy
Newtons Law of Viscosity

kinematic viscosity, (1.1-3)

1
dv x (1.1-4)
yx
dy
 Molecular Momentum Transfer
-Newtons Law of Viscosity

dv x
yx
dy
Two ways of interpretation of yx

1. Force in the x-direction on a unit area perpendicular to

y-direction

2. Flux of x-momentum in the positive y-direction

7
 Units of Momentum Flux and Viscosity
Momentum = Mass Velocity
Momentum [= ] (kg x m/s)
m
kg
Rate of Transfer of Momentum [= ] s
s

Momentum Flux = rate of transfer of momentum / area

m m
kg kg 2
Momentum flux [=] s s N
2 2 2
Pa
m s m m
1
dvx
yx [ ] (Pa)[(m/s)(m 1 )] 1
Pa s
dy
8
 Example 1

Compute the steady-state momentum flux yx when the lower

plate velocity V is 0.3 m/s in the positive x-direction, the plate
separation Y is 0.0003 m, and the fluid viscosity is 0.7 cp.
 Generalization of Newtons Law

Usually, the velocity components in all three coordinates, ,

and may exist
A more general expression of (1.1.2) is required to solve
complicated problems
Consider a very general flow pattern with velocity components
given by:

= , , , ; = (, , , ); = (, , , )

There will be nine stress components,

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 Generalization of Newtons Law

Usually, the velocity components in all three coordinates, ,

and may exist
A more general expression of (1.1.2) is required to solve
complicated problems
Consider a very general flow pattern with velocity components
given by:

= , , , ; = (, , , ); = (, , , )

There will be nine stress components,

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Generalization of Newtons Law
Consider the cube-
shaped volume element
The center of the volume
element is , ,
Each face has a unit area
Cut the volume
perpendicular to each of
the three coordinate
directions in turn
Remove half of the fluid
within it
What force has to be
applied in the free
surface to replace the
force that was exerted by
the fluid removed
 Generalization of Newtons Law

There are two contributions to the force:

That associated with the pressure
That associated with the viscous forces

The pressure force will always be perpendicular to the exposed

surface
Force per unit area on the shaded surfaces are:
x-direction:
y-direction:
z-direction:
 Generalization of Newtons Law
The viscous forces exist when there are velocity gradients within the
fluid
They act at some angle to the surface (neither perpendicular, nor
parallel)

, and (vectors) are the viscous forces per unit area

Each of these forces has components (scalars); e.g., has

components , and
 Generalization of Newtons Law

Summary of forces acting on the three shaded areas:

Direction Vector force per unit Components of forces acting on the shaded face
normal to the area on the shaded
shaded face face x-component y-component z-component

= + = + = =
= + = = + =
= + = = = +

Molecular stresses are define as (that includes pressure and viscous stresses):
= +
 Generalization of Newtons Law
Interpretations of = +
Force in the jth direction on a unit area perpendicular to the i-
direction
Useful for the description of forces by the fluid on solid surfaces
Flux of j-momentum in the positive i-direction

Stresses are called normal stresses, and

Stresses ( ) are called shear stresses

Quantities with two subscripts associated with coordinate

directions are referred to as tensors
molecular stress tensor
viscous stress tensor
 Generalization of Newtons Law

How are these viscous stresses are related to the velocity gradients in the fluid?

The viscous stresses may be linear combinations of all the velocity gradients

= , , , = 1,2,3

No viscous forces to be present if the fluid is in a state of pure rotation

Leads to that be a symmetric combination of the velocity gradients

+ and + +

 Generalization of Newtons Law

If the fluid is isotropic (i.e., it has no preferred direction), then

= + + + + (1.2-5)

The scalar constant must be the same as the negative of the viscosity, to
satisfy Eq. 1.1-2
2
is set equivalent to
3
 Generalization of Newtons Law
vj vi 2 vx vy vz
ij ( ) ij (1.2-6)
xi xj 3 x y z

where
i, j = x, y, z
= dilatational viscosity / not important in this course/

Note:
1. For gases you can assume = 0
2. For liquids the second term becomes zero because they are
incompressible
3. For shear stress (i j, i.e., yx, zx ) the second term becomes zero
For case 2 and 3
vj vi
ij
xi xj

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 Generalization of Newtons Law
Definition of Kroncker delta ij

1 if i j
ij
0 if i j

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 Generalization of Newtons Law
Example 1.1 :- Derive the formula for yy for Newtonian liquids from the
generalized Newtons law of viscosity.
Solution
For liquids the second term of the generalized Newtons law of
viscosity becomes zero. Therefore,
vj vi
ij
xi xj

For i =y and j = y

vy vy vy
yy 2
y y y

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 Generalization of Newtons Law
Example 1.2 :- Derive the formula for yx for Newtonian fluids from the
generalized Newtons law of viscosity.
Solution
From the generalized Newtons law of viscosity for i =y and j=x

vx vx 2 vx vy vz
yx (3 ) yx
y y x y z

Second term vanishes since yx 0 (i j)

vx vy
yx
y x

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 Generalization of Newtons Law
Example 1.3 :- Derive Newtons law of viscosity from the Generalized
Newtons Law for two large parallel plates separated by Newtonian fluid,
when the bottom plates moves at constant velocity in x direction, i.e.,
vx.as shown below.

From the generalized equation for i=y and j=x

vx vy
yx
y x
Since vy = 0
dv x
yx
dy

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 Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
2. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
3. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
4. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

24
 Definition of viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance
to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile
stress. It is also defined as fluids resistance to flow.

Liquids with different viscosities.

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 Viscosity
For Newtonian fluids
1
dv x
yx
dy

The viscosity of all gases and all liquids with molecular weight of less
than about 5000 can be described by the above equation and such
fluids are referred to as Newtonian fluids.

Polymeric liquids, suspensions, pastes, slurries, and other complex

fluids are not described by the above equation and are referred to as
non-Newtonian fluids.
Kinematic viscosity :- viscosity divided by density ( ) is some times
used and is known as kinematic viscosity.

26
 Estimation of Viscosity
When experimental data are lacking , the viscosity
can be estimated by empirical methods, making use
of other data on the given substance
Corresponding-state correlation
Illustrates the general trends of viscosity with
temperature and pressure
The Principle of Corresponding States(PCS) says that
all gases behave alike at the same reduced
conditions.

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 Estimation of viscosity
The reduced viscosity can be estimated from
the reduced temperature and pressure using

r f (Tr , Pr )

where
T P
r , Tr , Pr
c Tc Pc
~
c 61.6( MTc )1/ 2 (Vc ) 2/3

c 7.70 M 1/ 2 Pc2 / 3Tc 1/ 6

[ c] micropoise, [ Pc ] atm
~
[Tc ] K , [Vc ] cm3 / g mole
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 Example
Estimate the viscosity of N2 at 50 oC and 854 atm, given
M=28.0 g/g-mole, Pc=33.5 atm, and Tc=126.2 K.
The critical viscosity can be estimated using
c 7.70(28.0)1/ 2 (33.5) 2 / 3 (126.2) 1/ 6
189 micropoise 189 10-6 poise
Reduced temperature and pressure
273.2 50 854
Tr 2.56 Pr 25.5
126.2 33.5
From r -graph with Tr=2.56 and Pr=25.5 r =2.6

Therefore, the predicted value of the viscosity

c r (189 10 6 )(2.6) 490 10 6 poise

The measured value is 455 10-6 poise
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Estimation of viscosity of low density gases
The viscosity of a pure monoatomic gas (can be used
also for polyatomic gas) at low density (i.e. P<10 atm )
in terms of Lennard-Jones Parameters:

5 MT (1.4-14)
2.6693 10 2
y

where
2.44(Tc / Pc )1/ 3
0.841V~1c/ 3
/ 0.77Tc

y f ( / K)
Use Table E2

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Estimation of viscosity of low density gases
Symbols
= characteristic diameter of the molecule/
collision diameter
= the maximum energy of attraction between a
pair of molecules
= Boltzmann constant

y = Collision integral for viscosity

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 Viscosity estimation for mixture of gases
Use the following semi-empirical formula to estimate the
viscosity of mixture of gases
N x N
mix where S x 1...N
1 S 1
1/ 2 1/ 2 2
1/ 4
1 M M
1 1
8 M M

N = number of chemical species in the mixture

x = is the mole fraction of species
= is the viscosity of species at the system temperature and pressure
M =is the molecular weight of species
= Dimensionless quantity relating species and

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 Viscosity estimation for mixture of gasses
Algorithm for estimating viscosity of a mixture

1. Determine the values of 11, 12,

2. Determine the values of Sk as follows:

S1 x1 11 x2 12 ... x N 1N
S2 x1 21 x2 22 ... x N 2N
.
.
.
SN x1 N1 x2 N2 ... x N NN

3. Determine the values of mix as follows

x1 1 x2 2 xN N
mix ...
S1 S2 SN
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 Example
Example:- Estimate the viscosity of the following gas
mixture at 1 atm and 293 K from the given data on
the pure components at the same temperature and
pressure.

Species Mole fraction Molecular Viscosity

x Weight (g/cm.s)
-7
CO2 0.133 44.01 1462 10
-7
O2 0.039 32.00 2031 10
-7
N2 0.828 28.02 1754 10

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 Example
Solution 1.000 0.730 0.727
x [0.133 0.039 0.828] 1.394 1.000 1.006
1.370 0.993 1.000

S1 0.133 1 0.039 0.73 0.828 0.727 0.7634

S2 0.133 1.394 0.039 1 0.828 1.006 1.0574
S3 0.133 1.37 0.039 0.993 0.828 1 1.0489

0.133 1462 E 7 0.039 2031E 7 0.828 1754 E 7

mix
0.7634 1.0574 1.0489

mix 1714 10 7 g/cm.s

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 Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
2. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
3. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
4. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

36
 Total Molecular Transport
In addition to viscous force fluid are also exposed to
pressure force (p) that acts always perpendicular to the
exposed surface.
ij p ij ij

Molecular
stresses viscous
Pressure stress
stress

Static pressure (p) :- acts always perpendicular (normal) to the

exposed surface
- acts both on static and moving fluid
Viscous stress ( ) :- can act in all directions ( both normal and
tangential/shear)
- acts only when there is velocity gradient
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 Total Molecular Transport
1 if i j
ij
0 if i j
The fluxes of momentum due to molecular stress

Normal stress Shear stress

xx p xx
xy xy

xz xz
yy p yy
yz zy

yy p yy

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 Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
2. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
3. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
4. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

39
Convective Transport
In addition to molecular
transport, momentum can
also be transferred by the
bulk movement of the
fluid and this process is
called convective
transport
A fluid element with
velocities vx, vy ,vz and
mass m caries with it the
momentums

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Convective Transport

x momentum m x

y momentum m y

z momentum m z
 Convective Transport
The momentum by convection per unit volume is given by
m x
x momentum x
V
m y
y momentum y
V
m z
z momentum z
V
The momentum flux ( rate of momentum per unit area) by
convection across the area normal to x (Ax) is given by
Q
x momentum flux across Ax x x x x x
Ax
Q
y momentum flux across Ax y x y x y
Ax
Q
z momentum flux across Ax z x z x z
Ax
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 Convective Transport
The momentum flux by convection across the area normal to
y (Ay) is given by
Q
x momentum flux across Ay x y x y x
Ay
Q
y momentum flux across Ay y y y y y
Ay
Q
z momentum flux across Ay z y z y z
Ay

Similarly, The momentum flux by convection across the area

normal to y (Ay) is given by
x momentum flux across Az z x

y momentum flux across Az z y

z momentum flux across Az z z

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 Convective Momentum Transport
Summary of the momentum transfer by
convection:

Area of Convective momentum flux components

momentum x-momentum y-momentum z-momentum
transfer
Ax vx vx vx v y vx vz
Ay v yv x v yv y v y vz

Az vz vx vz v y vz vz

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 Combined momentum flux
The combined momentum flux, , which is the sum
of the molecular momentum flux and the convective
momentum flux is defined as:

ij ij vi v j p ij ij vi v j

The subscript can be dropped and vector notation

can be used as given below:

= p + + vv

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 Combined momentum flux
Example:- Derive simplified expression for the
combined x-momentum flux of a Newtonian liquid:
(1) across an area perpendicular to x
(2) across an area perpendicular to y
given that vy= vz = 0.

Solution

xx p xx v xv x (1)

Applying Newtons Law of viscosity

vx vx vx
xx 2
x x x
vx
xx p 2 vx vx
x
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 Combined Momentum Flux

(2) yx p yx yx v y vx yx v y vx

Applying Newtons Law of

viscosity vy vx
yx
x x

Since it is given that vy=0

vx
yx
y
v y vx 0
Since it is given that vy=0
vx
yx
y

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 Combined momentum flux
Exercise:- Derive simplified expression for the combined
x-momentum flux of a gas:
(1) across an area perpendicular to x
(2) across an area perpendicular to y
given that vy= vz = 0.

48
 Lesson outcomes
1. Explain the relationship of momentum flux, stress and
viscosity
2. Estimate the viscosity of fluids
3. Derive the equation for total molecular transport of
momentum
4. Derive the equations for convective transport of
momentum and combined momentum flux

49