SMITHSONIAN MATHEMATICAL TABLES

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

PREPARED BY

GEORGE P. BECKER AND C. E. VAN ORSTRAND

FOURTH REPRINT

No. 1871

CITY OP WASHINGTON"
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1931
 ADVERTISEMENT.

Among was a very

the early publications of the Smithsonian Institution

important volume of meteorological tables by Dr. Arnold Guyot. They were

so widely used by geographers and physicists as well as by meteorologists
that when the fourth edition was exhausted it was decided to recast the

, entire work and publish three separate volumes, Meteorological Tables,

and Physical Tables, each of which has now passed
^Geographical Tables,
;= through several
editions.

..!. In the application of the data of these volumes to the study of natural
certain mathematical tables beside those included in ordinary
''

phenomena
tables of logarithms are urgently needed in order to save recurrent computa-
It was decided
tion on the part of observers and investigators. therefore^
to publish the present volume of Mathematical Tables,
on Hyperbolic Func-
tions.
branch of
Hyperbolic Functions are extremely useful pure physics
every in

and in the applications of physics whether to observational and experimental

sciences or to technology. Thus whenever an entity (such as light, velocity,
or absorption,
i
electricity, or radioactivity)
is subject to gradual extinction
is represented by some form of Hyperbolic
Functions. Mercator's
1 the decay
Functions. Whenever me-
i>
projection is likewise computed by Hyperbolic
to be measured they are most
chanical strains are regarded as great enough
of Functions. Hence geological de-
simply expressed in terms Hyperbolic
it is for that reason that
.formations invariably lead to such expression, and
of the physical work
Messrs. Becker and Van Orstrand, who arc in charge
led to prepare this volume.
of the United States Geological Survey, have been
'

;<!
CHARUCS D. WALCOTT, Secretary.

'j WASHINGTON, D, C., April, 1909-

k~
In this first reprint of the Hyperbolic
Functions a few misprints of trifling import-
a
four values of the exponential have been changed by
v ancc have been corrected and
{Limit in the eighth significant place. r D W
J April, ion.

several additional minor corrections have been

In the second reprint of these Tables,
in the last decimal place.
made, usually r D W
November, 1920.
in
IV ADVKHTIHICMICNT.

In the third reprint, a number of minor CIIDIK Imvo lirm runcrinl, ;i liiii <>i

publications containing hyperbolic and oxiuincnti.il fmirtiiw'; li,i:i ITII a.ldi-il i

historical note on page li, and the liililes of cirmlar ftint;ii(iii:i ,IIM! tin-
r\|Huiniii.il
been extended to meet recent {lemands.

May, Kj2<\.

In tin's fourth reprint no need fur corriutionH IM:, linen

September, 1931.
 CONTKNTS.
INTRODUCTION ;

i "i i
1 * *
Y*
I'AUII
rftitii
DdmiUoiiM and formulas v jj
(Urotnelricid illustrations vvi.iii
. , .
A A. VI I I

Methods of interpolation
xxxiv
Description of tables x |jjj
Historical mile
X V UI
|

TAHU( I :

I'ivo plan: values of log sinh log cosh

//, , log liinh K, and log
eolh if

TAIH.IC n :

Kivi! place values of sinh , cosh tanh and ooth it

, //, , , ,
87
TAHI.K HI :

1'lvo pliuT vHluoHof .sin it, COM //, log ,iin u, and
log eo.t w, being
expressed in radians and their angular equivalents .... 173
TAIU.I.; IV:
1 he uwiMiding and dt'soending to seven
exponential s
(ignreN with log, r" lo nevt'ti ptiuvH
place vnliu-H of the .muiie with ten place logarithms from
i to n 100 - .
a (

Auxiliary table of multiples of log^-for interpolation of Iog w <f". afii

i.W V :

ve place values of natural logarithms

aCn
olalion eouHieients for tlerivtilive formula
273
TAIII.K VI :

Tlie Kudormannian of n
seven places In radians and to the name
lo
order of aeouraey in degrees, niiuutys, and seconds .... 275
TAllUt VII;
The anti-'gndermannian to huiulrcdllm of a minute in ten us of
the KUilernwnnian expressed in degrees and minutcn from o" o'
lo My'* SO*. tiil'ie IH otherwlHe known as
C'flito i\ tahle of me-
ridional parts for n wpherieal globe) .,..,.,.. 309
TAitut VIII:
Table for convention of ratUaim Into angular measure and vice
veisa -
30
V
Numerical constants , WI
 DEKINITIONS AND FORMULAS.

The hyperbolic functions are named the hyperbolic sine, cosine, tangent,
cotangent, secant, ami cosecant from their dose analogy to the circular I'une-
titin.s. the tangent being the ratio of the
hyperbolic sine to the cosine uwl
the other three functions being
reciprocals of these, a,s in circular trigonom-
etry, They are usimlly denoted by adding h Lo the
symhols of the circtilur
funclioiiM, as cosh it for the
hy|)erbolie cosine of it, siul) w for the hyperbolic
1
.sine of //, etc.

Historically speaking, the hyperbolic functions were evolved from studies

of the hyperbola, They might Imvo been deveiojwd from the Rooinolry of
the ellipse or the cutennry or that of other curves. Those functions, how-
ever, may be considered independently of any
ueometrlcnl interpretation and
can be derived from very fundamental functional theorems.
At least two methods have been devised of dufiniiiK circular and hyper-
bolic functions analytically. One of these is due to Mr. Yvon Villureeau/
mid in MO extremely brief that it ciin be given here in a somewhat modified
form.
It bus long been known that

The second of these citations has u single a /V, mid the

imaginary jicriod,
third (i (jingle real period, aw. Hence every exponential/' in which it is real
1ms a single imaginary period, 2 ITT, and every
exponential with the munu Imso,
lull, with an
liniiginary exponent, hasu real period, a jr. Now, all rout purely
drcnliir functions may bu expressed in terms of constmUs und'exponenUalH
with purely
imaginary oxponenlH, and all real hyperbolic functions may
be expressed in terms of constants and exponentials with
exclusively real
exponent.
IfvMice hyperbolic functloii.i may lie defined an the
singly periodic expo-
itttiulul funetions with real
exponents. The circular functions are hen the I

Hlngly periodic exponential functions with imaginary exponents.

It remains to be eonmdered how, from this
point of view, the hyperbolic
functions of complex variables nut to be regarded. The question almost
answers itself ;
for

1
Metre iMunpetitlloiiH it ml convwwwl, liul Itiwn UHiuil, In the iiotnlloii employed by It. ilc

cnant, itlh //, coli n, tiih u.

'Coaiptcs KoiuliiH. PdrlM, vol. H^, iHyfi, p. 59,1,

vli
 vi n DKi'iNtTiONS AND

which is evidently the product or two function.'; one eiirnhir, Mir <,i
hyperbolic. vSuch functions have a real pniod andan imar.in.'ii v one,
since they tire single-valued they aie not
elliptic i'liiiciion-i.
The circular and hyperbolic functions IK-MIK defined as al>,.v.', it j., ,,.,
as a matter of convenience Hint a few of Ihc simpler contliiimtioori <>i ,.*
uentials receive special names, us sine, cosine, etc.
The other analytical method of
^m-nili/.inj; the twu rlu-i<<rs n| t'nndi.
is due to Kclwnrd I^ucas, and is too IOIIK to
1

r.ivcn h.-n- in !
full, lm
method may be indicated. a and iwu
If fi ar<- Ihc looi-i of MM- c. ( m

where /'and Q are positive or iu:;miv whole mimbnx ihn, tw.

may be defined as follows:

TJ a" --/>" ,,
f/
<,-.*'' ""' ^
and these functions arc related
by the ei|imLimi

Lucas develops and studies these

functions, |i mil MJI 11( | r, (!i| ,., w| , ti|i
,

tive number,,. He finds that all the theorem,

n^UIn,. .
| |1(1I1
1 ( hi, ,,,i.lv
convened into those of
ordinary trigonometry when //
and Fby , cos
be replaced by any real
. He infers that between tl,
value, ami shows thai the i| M ,.n,,,
.,,, n ,lr,li,, r
limiu ,
j, IVI

t jm .|

tttimi \
,,| ,,..

;
,

and Kwhen
translated into tri.ononuH.ic
for.nuh, on thi, ,, ,
be verified. B y substitulin^ for n an
imuf-inary m.-umrnl h,
functions also are found to be
eo.np.hended I

KJ', or -,
If c = a\ this gives

?'

where A and B are arbit

COM .v

An.Jo ,r.ofMnth.,vol,i (1
l
VH (
p ll H, ) .
 tt AND I-'DKMIIJ.AH.

Tin: hyperbolic functions may also bo de-

fined. Kuonititrically with reference- to uny
hyperbola.
(>J> eca b
I,0t (),'t <--->
ft, 1)0 lllC M(!llli-RXi:S Of
1 '
llu* hyperbola Al\ and its cinijuj-uU: /V/
referred to Liu; K-I: In uvular HN.UH o.v und
oy, The lU'tfiunenl or independent variable //
and its funclioiiH iirt: Uu-n Kivtin by ;
'

A(J.-/A' A (>,-//,''

A ( /'//

A 0,U

The urwiH of tlio U'innKk-H C^-///, O/// and 1

,
01 '/I rc mspeclivuly i /',

J j' and j Ar, und Uic nvc-n of tlu: Mticlor ^)//y IH found from ihu equation of
Ibo

to In;

lluncc, In uctiordttiico with UK; uhovu

fllnh 11 , 3 (>" -f "

"),
/

'

cosh // iw L 4 0"'h<" '").

v /
*/.

rly the argument and finuHioiin of circular trlnouonietry lire :

2
0m '^'M
'
ftl>< '

1
radius

'
v
Hill I-"*' Wi '- -

4 / (/"' "-" 1
A *""'*),
/'

../
),

A aimpurlHon of lliu preceding cqunltoim Hlunvw Dint there extol bclwccn

tltc two HtitM of ui'KiiinenlM and fiiiiclloiiH many hileraiinjf nimloglcH nnd rcln-
lloim. The nrKint*nt arc in cneli cane tin* ratio of two nrcitH, iiHhough the
nrginnent of Uio circular functions may also 1>u defined u a mlio of two HIKJH;

'I'orrteflulUoiiH wliluh urn IndepDiuli'tiLof Hie |ittHliloii of LhoKcctorlul nreus HUC I'rof.
Jnm MoMnliun'H " HyiwrlxtHc I'luttttlriiw
" nml tt
jwiper "On
Uie Introduction of the
Notion of HyparlKtllc 1'imctloiw," Iiy I'rof. M. W. Ilnnkell, Hull, Am. MiUli. SOB., vol. i,
189-1-93,
 X ])IC KIN IT IONS AND KOKMIM.A)!.

the hyperbolic functions stand in the same ivlatimi lo llu- f /uilitd-ntt t

hyj
bola as the circular functions do to the circle; ciieli M-l of I'nm'limi'. nm\
defined analytically as a particular branch of the theory o! ilu- rspiuicii

function, and it is
possible to pass from thy one, lo the olhci hy iiirmi:i ol

imaginary /'
= I/ -
1. For example,

sinh // ~-~ i sin /'//,

cosh // --> cos in,

tanh //
- -
/ tiin/V/.

Furthermore, every rational function of the liypnbolir fund ion:, ,UH| M,

inverts can be integrated by the help of correspimditij; known inlr>;nilr u|t n

cular functions. Thus, to find \ sw:h // dn from

i I tun
-" sin it
sec it {fit -
lo
/.' *\

substitute tutor u and reduce to the form

H'/lunh
I sech n
i -/ tanh

If in this equation tanh is replaced hy.r, the annul mrmlmr ciur|.| M

form with the expression for a tan > jfivt-n below.
Hence
,

" '

Jscch

Similarly, when a differential i.s cnconntcrrd liu- inlr^nd of whirl, i,

be found in this collection, it is to dnlun- thr r
expression in cyclic functions hy
substitution of ix for .r, ete,, aiul
then to make a search for its
integral.
Most interesting is the relation
existing between the formula: of
spherical trigonometry and the
formulae of I^obachevsky'.s
imag-
inary geometry, hyperbolic
gu .
ometry, or pseudo - .spherical
geometry, as it is sometimes
called.
Lobachevsky defines the
 DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS. xl

and PC, may be drawn from a point P to a line ; the sum of the angles AB
of a triangle is less than two right angles, and the angle of parallelism II (/>)
is dependent upon the perpendicular distance p of the point P from the line
AB. If now any line passing through A, such as is extended until AE t
the
of the
perpendicular erected at its middle point is parallel to AB, the locus
points E
is a boundary curve, and the revolution of this curve about or AB
one of its parallels develops a boundary surface. It is upon this surface of
constant negative curvature that Lobachevsky imagines a triangle of sides
a 6 c and angles A, B, C to be drawn.
t t
He establishes as fundamental rela-
1
tions between the sides and angles of this triangle

sin A tan // (a) = sin B tan 11 () = sin C tan 11 (0.

sin 11
() sin 77
0) = sin 77 (
cos 77 () cos 77 (V) sin 77
() cos A t

sin 77
(a) cos A= cos B cos C sin 77
(a) -f sin B sin C,

and also proves that

sin U (?<;)
= (cos z)
~ l
= (cosh ?;)
~ !
,

tan 77
() i (sin iu~)
-1 = (sinh n) ~',
cos 77
() = -i tan iu = tanla n,
Hence the preceding equations may be written

sin A __
~~
sin B __
~~
sin C
'

sinh sinh b sinh c

cosh a = cosh b cosh c siuh b sinh ^r cos yf,
cos A= cos B cos C -f sin .# siu C* cosh a.

These formulas are, in fact, precisely those of spherical trigonometry, In

which the real sides a, b, c have been replaced by the imaginaries ia ib> ic. t

If the triangle on the boundary surface is Infinitesimal, the above equations

reduce to the well-known relations between the sides and angles of a triangle
on the Euclidean plane. The theorems of non-Euclidean geometry may not
therefore be inconsistent with experience, for the largest triangle which we
can measure is infinitesimal in comparison with a triangle on the boundary
surface. I^obachevsky pointed out that a triangle on a boundary surface
would correspond to a triangle connecting three stars in distant parts of the
universe, aud that the postulates of his geometry, involving as they do the
question of the curvature of space, would be capable of experimental proof
if the parallaxes of distant stars could be measured with sufficient accuracy,
lastly, there is an important relation between the numerical values of the
circular and hyperbolic functions. If the argument n assumes successive

values between o and + oo siuh u assumes successive values between o and

,

+ oo just as tan a does when a varies from o to 90; cosh n assumes values

between i and +
w like sec & and tanh u assumes values between o and i
'H. P. Manning's Noii-Buclidean Geometry, p, 60,
 Xll DKl'INITIONS AND 1*'<WMUI,AS.

hi the same way as sin y. The variation of the hyper! lolir 1'iMieliims thriiii};
out the entire plane and their similarity lo theeirenlar fund ions lietween I
limits <i" mid ifW j.-i .-ilnn

111 Ilk' dill)'.tiiin, ,'-ii i in r.t

of (lu- I'uiu'tiini'i j;j

.sjiijj

periodic, time nill-,1 |ir

-'iiitj;li- value of u, ft, y n

r<'S|ioii(finj; in a |t;ulii'ul,

H will IK- found hy i.iif

Htitulinn in the (ii;<itioutr|

ric foniHihi' llnii n < *
ft
~~ </', mid the rri|iiiici| i.'lil

lions an- Iheu-fuie

The aii^le / which leiidet*

it to evalllfllr-
ptwiihl,- tin;
l|l|t it'ni'i
I
hy
means of the eitvnhu tune-
iiuif
urciu Impoiuitet*
>i

pinv and applied niathe,

Some til' i(r,
pmp
erlis and nppliciiiinns will
bo considered in l\\<-
fn-etiun
on Kt'nim-Uinil illu-.tu,,
liona. It |M called ^Utln
iimnniiin // mid in written

nlut
involving Hie hypei-.
hoik 1
functiitn.'i
might | Hr
Rrt-nlly extended, hut it
D
PIG. 3. 1
rolatioim.
'Taken with
'
rcc'n Kborl Taltlu of
McMahon'8 Hyperbolic Pi, U cUoi, S 1
, ,!
.
 DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS.

A. RELATIONS BETWEEN HYPERBOLIC AND CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS.

r . sinh = i siu iu = tan gd n,

2. cosh n = cos iu = sec gd u.
3. tauh n i tan iu = siu gd u,
4. tanh % u tan \gdit.
5. e" (r 4- sin g-^ K) -+-cosgd u,
= [ i cos (i TT +-rf z^) ] -^- siu (i TT + #rf ),
== tail
(i-v-f \gdit}.
6. sinh z =
z siii .

7. cosh in cos .

8. tanh in = i tan n.
g. sinh ( HI)
= z sin ( =p *'),
= sinh u cos w dz '

cosh ?.; sin w.

10. cosh (?; iv) = cos (v + t),
= cosh 7^ cos v dr siuh ?t siu w.
n. cosh (V) = cos 7Wr. (w is an integer.)
12. sinh (2m + i) JV= j'sln (2?w-f- i) 5 TT. (? is an integer.)

B. RELATIONS AMONG THE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.

13- siuh u J( V c ") =* sinh ( )

= (csch)r 1

=2 tanh i 7* -h (i - tauh 3 u} *= tanh 74 -4-

(i tanh 1
) = (sech
14. coshw = J (f" + tf-") = cosh )-\ (

= (i tanh l-i- (i - tanh' J ) = i +- (i ~tanh w).

-f-
1
1

15. tanh?^==:(^ )- f .( c -) =__ tauh (-),

fl -f- tf

= (coth 7,!)"
1
siuh cosh
?< -f- = (i
16. sech == sech (--) = (r tauh 3 u)%,
17. csch u = csch ( )
ra a
(coth u I)*
3
.

18. coth = - coth ( )

= (csch
1
+ i)^.
5
19. cosh ?^ sinh" u i.

20. siuh \u-\/\ (cosh i).

21. cosh \ u a (/ j(cosh + ) ?i i .

22. =
tanh I # (cosh u i) -f- siuh u,
= siuh -H (i + cosh w) = i/ (cosh i) ~h (cosh w + i), 7^

23. siuh 2?; = 2 sinh cosh w = 2 tanh ?t ~- (i tauh 1

.?<;)

24. cosh 2?^ = cosh sinh n = 2 cosh"

3
?*;
i, -f-
8
?*

= 1+2 sinh = (i -h tanh ) -H (i - tauh w), 3

74
a 1

25. tanh zu = 2 tanh w H- (i + tsuli* ) ,

26. siuh 3?^ = 3 sinh u -f 4 sinh w. 8

27. cosh 3 = 4 cosh" 3 cosh ,

28. tanh 374

= (3 tanh it -f tanh 8 w) -t- (i -f .3 tanh 1 ).
XIV DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS.

29. sinh nu
n \( n ( i)(n 2)
n cosh"-' u sinh u 4 ^-^ 7^
1
cosh"" w sinh' 4
= cosh" n ~
30. cosh nn -I
2
cosh " 2 u sitih* u 4
31. sinh u 4 siuh # = 2 sinh J (7* 40 cosh j (74 0).
32. sinh 7; sinh w= 2 cosh J (71! 4 v) siuh i (7^ v).

33 . cosh ^; 4 cosh 2 2 cosh (u 4 ) cosh J ( ~-

v) .

34. coshw cosh?; 2 sinh i(w v) sinh (?! w). 4

35. siuh 4 cosh (i +
tanh i K) -*- (i tanh i ).
36. (sinh 7/ 4 cosh 7*)"
= cosh nn 4 sinh nu.
37. tanh 4 tauh sinh 4v v (7^ ) -+ cosh ?<! cosh v.

38. tanh u = sinh (n

tanh y 11} -r- cosh 7* cosh v.

39- coth n 4 coth= sinh 4 v) ( -s- siuh 7c sinh v.

40. coth u coth v= sinh (w )+- sinh n siuh v.

41. siuh (u y) sinh cosh v cosh n sinh v.

42. cosh ( = cosh n cosh w sinh u sinh w.

v)
43- tauh ( = (tauh u tanh v)
i/) tanh tanh -{- ?^

44. coth ( = (coth u coth w x) *(i(coth v coth w).v).

)

45- sinh ( 4 v) 4 siuh w) = a sinh cosh w. ( ?<

46. sinh 4 ( siuh w) ) 2 cos h w gjuh Wi (7*

47- cosh ( 4 w) 4 cosh

(
- v = 2 cosh cosh w. ) 7^

48. cosh ( 4 K) - cosh - ) = 2 sinh sinh w. ( 7^

49. tanh I 4 - (sinh 4 sinh v) 4- (cosh 4 cosh

( ) 7^

tanh i - V = (siuh - sinh ) s- v),

50. ( )
(cosh 4 cosh
51. coth t 4 v) - (sinh - siuh p) (cosh - cosh v)
( -s-

52. coth -i (
(siuh 4 sinh V - (cosh - cosh
)
).

)
).
tanh u 4 tanh
__ sinh (n 4 z)
~ t;

tanh u tanh w sinh ( )'

coth 4
- coth v ^ ^ sinh(w-
coth p
'
7^
4 p) sinh (
coth 7^
w
1

55- nh ( 4 ) 4 cosh ( + w+
56. sinh ( 4 sinh
) (cosh
3
- sinh
sinh a) (cosh p
+ sinh ^
) ( ) siuh 7;
3
v
= cosh 5 u cosh 5 w.
57- cosh ( 4 ) cosh ( - )
= cosh =

+ sinh .

P(
= sinh 1

7*4 cosh
3
w!
58. siuh (?z>) = .
(mis an integer).
59. cosh (wzV) =( i)-\
60. tanh(7;'ir) = o.

62. cosh ( + ,) (- i)
63-
 DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS. XV

64. cosh (2 m -f- i ) -3-

i if = o.
65. sinh f n )
= i cosh n.

66. cosh (
\ 2
u 1= i sluh zi.
/

67. tanli ( -h /JT)

= tanh ?/,

C. INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS.

68. siuh-
1
=
69. cosh"
1
+ !/* = sinh" 1

-
?/
log (?< 1) i

J (V I.)'*

/y/5/
I ? - _.

71. coth^w^UogCi+w) Hog (i)=

'

72.
1-1
seen '
= log I (
f
I
I

-h \-~a-
/
r \
rj
/
j f
rf

y^= cosh"
a
, ,
1
I

,_! .
/Jt_ I

A /J_ i \ C fal _;._,_! I

74. sin""
1
u s= 7' sinh" M/ 1
= /'
log (in + j
^
7^7^)7
75. cos"
!
w = / cosh" 1 ?^ = i log ( -j- 2 i/ 1
,
. - T , 1 J

2 t 2

77. cot"
1
7< = z'coth- 1
iw = 2 j
t
log (tw~z) 2
^log (ra-fi).
78. sin"
1
iwzsinh 1 "1
7^ = * log (it + i/i +W 1
).

79. cos"
1
iu ~ a cosh" iu 1
= * log (?f -f- l/i H-/*
1
).

80. tan" in 1
= i tanh- 1 u = log (i + ) -log ( i ) .

81. cot"
1
iu~~~ i coth- 1 n = iog ( -f i) + log(w i).

82. i 1 i "" "

**-*-* "I
j U \ I
\ It- / \ 11 / $1* |- ^

= tanh" u = log?;. 2
1

-(-
;

i
**

83. taiih"
1
tan w = ^gd 2 u.

84. tau~
!
tanh n = ^gd~ n, l
'2

M = sinh- cot u = = log tan K.

1
85. cosh" esc 2 tanh-
]
2 1
cos a
 '
IWI'INITIONM AND l-t HtMHl,A:i.

tanlr tan 1
1
86. ( \ w (- f,
it) ,i |
((} ; ot. ; //.

87. tanlr 1

tanM i< -.

I<
K
-

,sa.: it.
.}
38, COSlr //;!;COsh
1
'

V n.,'ih
'

t -
(//; , {
,
( ,

89. siulr siulr' w; ;K ii

"
90. ^^i + w + .f'.-!.
j. " ...
2! 3! l

92.

93-
; c,.;) <;(:, ;)<,., j

97- siuli^ w ^ ,

,
w1
3' Si"'" 7!

99. tauli M _.?, .,,..

,
......
17
''
3 r
5
' '

315"
ioo. wcothw^j -f .J. w <_.i ,
,
3
,
..... "
' 4S ' ' '
9.15"
'or. seoli w ^ r _J, ,
'
, 5
"" , fii
r<
2 '

"--aechw--.. .ciw i
,1 Nt't'hS, i

"""*
'

5 (H lr|
 DEFINITIONS AND KOKMULAS. xvit

24 5040
105. siuU-'=_J-j + JLA^_JL^_L!
2 6 23^245 4 7

_
2 21? 24 4
*
2 4 6

,06.

107.

108. -'- j 5

109.
2 2 2 44
__ 246 6
(? ><'j.)
no. cscli-^^^sinh- 1
=- -J 4. J.A J__ r 3 5 i

2 3' 2 4 5
6
246
+
^
. .
.(*>!.)
=, ]og A4.^^1_JLA^ + _LA_A^ m .
^
<10
U 22 244^2466 . . .
CB
^ ;

E. DERIVATIVES.
u
rftf
in. == (?
u
(/fC

II2 .
rfl^ll^i.
au u
d a" dv
IT 3- ~j~ a du
rfw"

115.
rf

du
sinh
- ......
,
- cosh u,

, d cosh 11
no.
au
1
17,
- =
d taiili n
du
,
,
sech u.
,
3

1 1
_
8. - --
rf coth
-=
au
csch u.
. .
1

d sech u
sech u.

-- =
,
,
an.
d csch -
it
I20t csch u. coth it.
an
d sinh~ u l
i
121.
du |/ w 4.
i
 XVlJl
DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS.
d cosli
~l n
122.

F. INTEGRA^. (INTEGRATION CONSTANTS ARK

OMITTED.)
129.
J
= cosh n.
siuh </

130-
J cosh = rf sinli 74.

131-
J tanh = log cosh rf?/ u.

132.
J coth ^ ^ log siiili n,

J33-
,/
I u dn = tau
secli i-"
~ 2
* l
/>"
t. o-H
git .

134- cscli
1
I ?^ rfw =log tauli
o
2
.

135

=
VTT siuh + * cosh *
" '

= slnh cosh-i +
-
.

137. J sinh ?; rftt = cosh n - sinli .

138. J n cosh H du = sinh ?i - cosh w.

139- J tf sinh rf = (n
a
4. 2) __ 2

140. J
*'
sinh u du =, u cosh _!

+ (
- "
r)J
 DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS. XJX

2
141. siiih u dn u cosli u
J ^ (siiih it),

142. J sitih . cosh u du = cosh (2 w).

143. J cosh 2 n du = I (siuh ?^ cosh -f- ).

144. j
tanh K
2
^ =^ u tanli .

2
145. coth fl'tt u coth 7*.
j

146. j
sech
2
?c (/ = tanh ?^.

147. sech" w rfw := i sec h t auh n +

J ^ gd /(.

148. J
csch
1
?^ ^ = coth n.

149.
J sinh- 1
= sinh-
?< rf? 1
?^ {i + u')>^.

150.
J cosh~
l
^ = u cosli" 1
(
a
- j)H,

151.
J tanh- u du
1
~ n tanh" 1
n + -|- log (j ),

152.

153-

154-
J cosia coaw- 1
^ = acsclirt. tanh -1 ( tanh . tanh | ),

csch rt cosh (u + - log cosh ^ -

[log; -^ ) ( )1 .

155- J (cos + cosh )-' rf = 2 esc . tan- 1 (tanh ^ . tan -^).

156-
J (i + cos a, cosh )-
l
dit =2 c.sc . tanh-' (tanh -J. . tan | ).

siuh
157- J cos rfM
=1 (cosh . cos -h sinh u. sin ).

158.
J cosh . cos tf = -I (sinh . cos + cosh . sin ).

159- J sinh 7^. sin udn = (cosh . siia u - sinh . cos ?t).

r6o.
J cosh . sin rf = | (sillh , Hin _ cosh u CQs w)<

161. sinh
J (;) sinh (?i) flT M

= C) -
?1?^? L w sinh ^ M ") cosh cosh {) sinh f ) "1
.
XX UBITNITIONS AND I'OUMIM.AH.

162. \ cosh (mu) sinh (nit) tin

- -I /v/sinh (tut) .sinh (titu) n cosh (nit) co.'ih ( ///)

wr w'L

163. I cosh (/) cosh (nu) du

~ -y w/ .sinh (;////) cosli (////) H sinh (w) cmli ('//)

w n L
j,
I

-
164. sinh tunh // </ .shili ,/;</ //,
j

"
165. j
cosh n cotli w f/// :. .
cosh ;/ -( iir tunh
./ a

166. sec rt'w ~: gd~'' it.

J
/* ,-1

= I tan </. (i 4- tail" '/i)'^ -| ,J

sinh >
(Inn ./. ). J l,-,r /. v

,9. /*
1
-
(') ,...
,;
r
i,,.
-'

.)!,

* ra i. r A
.

,..,,",
)< ./ '
,

ml '

C ~~dU J
I /, y'
'

J "w^
1 wc ";;>v./
w 1
- :
Hedi '
.

)^ rt /, ,;

I7<1"
,

J
r_
v (a^.C^'^'^.^u
^7Z O
a
-I-
^ /i '"'''. Hhlll'"'

un
 mONH AND KORM1M,A8,

/tin
. (<* )<*- /.'/ u

or roUr "
'

/* ''" 2
-
//
7- .1 (-// )^..//)'u '

V *""'",
(/, ...^'^nnli- ('
1T ~"
rt

'
" }
'" '
/
"
>"
(a Wi ll
V '. (The renl form la to he taken.)

1
B. I Cw'-'ff )'^" !"("' ')
w -
i'cosh>".
i 11
"" i
'
Hill
a
.

:> .
J
(/('(tt'/Crf//- 1 Cff'.|.rt)J*.|. iflisi

/" 4"""
, f
<" tfU t :
.

<' (f

'* *

''""''
f .
1

["
r"" /V-^-1
' "
M
/w I I,"
"""- '"'"J ,..-i J'

"(" -Of" a) . , a.jrt"

1 " 1 '

w
- log M + IOK + fe^^ fl
)'
+ i!LSi ! i
f
 DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS.

g.
J
C
I -fa--
I +
.

e"
.

Jog
-+-
I
e
-
"
-.
"

J I
<* + TT-^T
&""
~ -a* L
* w log ( ~f <k
n
'")
J

I
i f
^ _
""
*
tan
tall
-
'

J ae be-' , *X

/ (

- log ( | + /^'^ 4.

^ _
~~
e"

/7"+ (i / M^ '

au

IQi.
f-ui
^f
u" i?
log
^
7^ rftt = tf
log?^
& - I
ftf^rfw
.

a a J n

195. I
Jog 7^ (/ = U log ?^ 7<!.

196. fMogrfw
5 = 7*
m+

197- J (log")" dto=tt (log 70"

199>
-f- 1

20 i .

jf (io g
-
d
_=)
__ o-i)(io g )-'
..
^.._!_
_rJ
r
< 1.

*'
(tegiip
202 ,
-
)"
_
- - - i + IT=
,
WI rf

c 1) (log )

r 7^
m
^ ^ e-v /^
2 3 '

J lo ~T
J ~JT > were ^ = - ( + i) log .
log

204>

205-

2o6,
J (a -f bu}
m
log K du =
 l>Kl''tNlTH>NB AND KOKMUI.AS, XX1U

207. //'"
loft (a -|- /nt} titt
j

'
//"' I
////. ~~\

.
(' (/ I- bit J
ao8.
/

<>< -1
am;. , '
I -'-* 1

(a ./ m ~' l
tt(,i'\*fin) _}.

91
r Ititf
// <//<

'i

, if

'

H '("( M) I
a I lun
y/- if <o.
I TT I

213- I < </

t'n

3 i.
f .

t)

""
217, |
< ('// ,///

2iH. rf
*
^ W > O.

d" Tr
219 .
("' ;

*/ Hinh ()itt) a//.

/
"
../ fi,.
lfli "
i

. I .

*/y Hinh (ntt) t \,n'

 DUFINITIONS AND l-'UUMfl.A
1
;.

/li: /''"
221. I shih (mit) . sinh (nit) tin rush (nm i .
> ..-.h , utn ./
|

o, if W is ililtch-iil tnmi ,*;,

'
' '
1
222. (
'cash (/) *///:: (
'"
;;inli'(w ) <///

Jo

/'I- i -r

223. I tiinh (///) //// : -- o.

./ i i:

/iir

224. I cosh (/////) da :- o.

./I)

/'I IT

225. I sinh (;//) cosli (ww) //// o,

i/f tr

/'fir

22f>. I Slllll (w/) COSll (//) (/ :

II.
i/

/'' IflffW
227, ----- ........

Jo i it

lo ff "
1 f
I

t'l)
.......

It
da-
(lit ..:--"
I ~\-
\- 1 1>

229.
y
.

/I -f W
..........
\ ,/// TT
.....
230, OK
"
- . ...
,
\ i .
J if (
j

1
loff ?c. dtt TT

X -

l _,, r !
3
'%"

-
lf

2 33-

J/
237.
 DIC1MNIT1ONH AND 1>'OHMUI,A,H. XXV

O. FOKMUI.AH I'OK TIIK SOLUTION OK I'mtUno-MJMIlCRICAI. TltlANOI.ltH.

rt...-.AYi,'/// Triangles.

rot //
(a) sinh ti
Kin A , ,,
sum
. .

r
cot //
(f)

cos // (7') tunh

cos //
cos //
..

(c)
t ...
limit c
l>

SUI "
A
-
i /. i
oos -

.
., , , HIM // cosh a.
SIM //
(it)

. w>L//(M Hinh /'

col
.

A COM //
,
.

\
taiih
.

(<0

., cos//'*/) Until (/
aw A: .
.. . .
,
.

cos// (c) Utnlt /

wlti // ,
,
, ,
COM A= ,
,,,
r;:i n // COHll 0.
Hill // /O

C()l// <*>
It ..
Hill /I '

. II , , \
'

I'tll// (f) Hlltll ('

, (!0t // f") Mlltl

col /> ,, , /
OOH// ((>) tanh /'

tnn ^'1 Inn // :

sin //
(/:)
sin //
(<?) sin //
(A).
;
ndi /; well stu-h /'.

b.' Oblique Triangles*

The Koneriil rtiliiUunn nru:

coHh cosh // coHh r sinh (^ Hinli c COH //.

nin // Hitih /' Hin // sinh a,

eolli sinh /> uiosh /> cos cr-l* nin ("cot//.

COH // "" COH y/ COH 6' 4- sin // nin C'conh ,

I'Vtrtl HolvtiH llR! nix typical CUHOH in the followinj? manner:

CAHH J. Given , <5, <r. Put 2/ 4- 6 -I- f'. Then,

/v /O.Hinh (/^ r) i(
Hinh / mull (/> </)

n
The condlltoim r rt < // 4- c / <i < H- </ and r< -I- 6,

CABU 3. Given , (5, A, Draw tlit; K^dctic line CD perpendicular to Aff.

/n
Then > C/> , -'-"I -'p
--
< i ; cot J-
C,' l> o ; and innh ^ ^ > o.
 XXVI DEFINITIONS AND !''OKMIM,AK.

Kinll b Mill //

,, . tan !(// .....

//) .sink ,',(" -I /')
cosjz C ~- , , ,\
Kink i (a /')

tank ! (a- sin A (,/ /')'

t .

tank |2 c---
, -
Vsin
,
/')
'
, ',,;
|

^(A- />')

CASU 3. Given a, b, C, ?.&: '.-r

(,-/ )
/>'
(-T).
.
i / j , /,\ , ,,,oosh A ((C /')

-. _

Hill (A- 1-//) Hill (A I /,')

'
CASJS 4. Given A, tt t t. // /,' ,.; ff ft iul /V/f -
7 W/. Thr
.-[-
HIIK!'' /
isthe angle between the
geodetic DH driuvn pcriu'iMlit'iilar m ,/r'uiul
geodetic Z?^ drawn parallel to AC.

sinh/ sink (/. .,}

CASTS 5. Given //, #, a. CJ) in ,|

,
, ../ ,,.. // .
K

CASH 6,-Given A t
Ji t C, A

'

sin(A [. /,')!,, (A ,j- f)

H.-FoilMUr,A KOH THM S()MITION UV TM1C
C
If a cubic equation is given in the form

it can be reduced
by the substitution ,., .v - ... lo , llo .

HilU|llc|
1 I "

Era IdgMlouI1 ^ ac ,,
 S AND FORMULAS.
CASK i . When a" + px -
q = 0; p and g positive. Compute the auxiliary
variable n from sinh ^ _If
nr/ 7
t.iv/'J
.
then the roota are

~F 2 V' fp sillh I .

,v
( i/ .1.
p sinn ]- H- / i/T" cos h I .

,V
H
= d= i/ -1.^6 si n h | w - / i/7~cosh -I it.

CASK 2. When .v"

-^: ?^ ; p and ? positive. (-^)
3
< (| ? )'. Com-
pute u from cosh K = T ~X^_ ;
then the roots are

=F a J/ -" cosh H.

~ -b i/ ^p cosh I w -
,Y,, /
1/7" si .

CASK 3. When ;v"

px q ^o; / and ^y positive. Q-/;)
3
>(^ y ). Com-
pute the angle H from cos u = -

'
-

.'^f AV> ;
then the roots are

1 cO7.
A',
=T2 (-1
7i + 120).
l/'j^COS
A-
n q: 2 I/ -J./ cos (-J- 4- 240).
CASK 4. When J
A /A- =b tf
=O ; p and ,? positive.

For iipplicntions of hyperbolic and circular functions to the solution of the

cubic whose coefficients are general (/, e,, real or complex), see a brief
paper
by Mr. W. D, I/aiubert in American Mathematical Monthly for April, 1906.
 GEOMETRICAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS.
The algebraic relationship of the hyperbolic functions to the circular func-
tions has been discussed in the section on definitions and formulas. close A
relationship also exists between the elliptic functions and the hyperbolic
functions. Thus it maybe shown that the elliptic integral of the first kind,

C
J sn
in which k is the modulus and
the amplitude, reduces to u when
<
</ ~gd~^
fc i. The elliptic
functions thus degenerate into the
hyperbolic functions
when the modulus is equal to unity. A
case in point is the elasticn, the
equation of which takes the form of an elliptic integral, excepting when the
modulus is unity. It then reduces to the two
equations

a
= _ 2 tanh u; 2~ = -
a cosh u
which is a syntractrix described by the free end of a rod whose middle
point
traces out the tractory. 1

I,igowski gives the following easy geometrical method of

demonstrating
the relations between the hyperbolic and circular
functions. I,et the equation
of the circle of unit radius be

and call the arc of this circle from the

c
positive x axis to the point xy 6

Then, of course, the circle

may be repre-
sented by the two equations
x 6 cos c ; y = giu n ,

Now, the area of the circular

sector, whose
chord is 2^, is
e
= _( ao that xe and
yc may be regarded as the cosine aud sine of
a sector The be derived
.
ellipse may
from the unit circle by multiplying the or-
. .,
dinates ^
b y *. Hence, in the ellipse, the
area of the sector subtended
FIG. 4. by the chord
2 j>e is, say, a and u t = du c.

1
If in these
equations m
is substituted for 2
they represent any syntractrix The two
equations, with this substitution, can be combined to the
following;
(an xY y"
1

n by a P Inton a circle of * whose center is in

ixviii
 GEOMETRICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. XXlX
Thus
xc cos u e = cos

^
j/ c
= sin = ~b ?<:
c sin -^
b
so that for the ellipse,
-v'
#' + J-= r

^c Jtr e z^=: COS

^
; J' e
= ,
b Sill
. a

-jr-
^
1

The equation
Xfl y
,,.! T
1

represents an equilateral hyperbola, and if u is the area of the hyperbolic

sector whose chord is 2j>, then there can be no objection to writing

x cosh u ; y sinh ,

where cosh and sinh are functions whose nature is still to be determined.
The most evident relation is
2 1
cosh n sinh n i.

Now if i V i) the hyperbola may be written

is unity and whose minor axis is

which is an ellipse whose major axis i.

Comparing this with the ellipse discussed above, it appears at once that

x = cosh it i.
cos r*
z

^y = siuh u. ,
t
.

sin
.

-r-
*

or, in an equivalent form,

= cos
cosh u z ; sinh ?c i sin w,
cosh iu = cos 7<t , sinh w= z sin .

The investigation of cosh n and sinh can be completed in various ways ?<i
;

for example, by writing out the series for cos iu and z sin iu and
showing
u
that their sum or difference is e* ,

The geometrical properties of the hyperbolic functions themselves are com-

monly discussed in reference to the equilateral hyperbola. They could also
be derived from the geometry of the ellipse without reference to the hyper-
bola ; but a more perspicuous method seems to be to study the relations of
these functions to both curves at the same time.
1

In any ellipse,
^ - -

Bull. Geol, Soc. Am., vol. 2, 1891, p, 49, and Am. Jour. Sci, vol. 46, 1893, p.
 XXX GEOMETRICAL IIJ.USTKA'flONS.

the area a /J may be chosen as the unit area, so that the equation of tlio
curve becomes

By varying the value of a. in this equation a family of ellipsis is obtained

each of area *, all with the same center and all with axes
lying in the axes
of coordinates. The envelope of this system of curves is tin; hyperbola
xy |, and this may be conceived as generated by the motion of n single
point. The coordinates of the point at which the hyperbola is
/>,, tangent
to the
ellipse, are

V 2 a |/ 2
and the coordinates of the c at which the hyperbola
point is tangent to the
unit circle, are
 ('hOMKTKICAr, lUUHTKATlONH.
XXxl
and hi-aiust' .1 r .',,

iiiai no iiiLiwaliim mnsiiml is

required,

'"' '"'^ " ' ll' vlnr wluM- t!

.i/', ,</;, lli eoiirdi.n.te,, of r. HIV ,-::,.
and .,.. U ,, not ( -worli, y two
,', t!,n( oil,,-,'
uruas, ,//', ,-/',
n and \ '/>
ft ^ Mav HUM same value, for evidently
'

l(
/
1

/j

J' " '

.1' I/I'
'

loj'' It
.

}
:
.- l( f
'ill

The lentil) tit' the i-hunl /' /'J H \

i

1
O -.f
1

f'" '
/' "

c (Mirvc /', (/!, i,s an liyperliolu,

11
I'" 1
:

If/','' I,

-,
,.
),,.-
t'ti.sh it.
t

Ir.N r.mnnMnur U. point,, or iuU-.^-linn of tlu, unit drolc and

<-
Hl.| t ,uv M n, ,r w
; , IIIlly , Wlllw | lho iw ||(! (li
' " ' tll
.
iv u- nunu! are,..
it m IIKIIUI - n MIB rfn iM
o lll
K caK,,l and ],,,4 ux,s ,,l an
Hlip..ii ol' imil
,
(
socw-
volimu,, |

. met, nrv h, trur,, of ih, rli,,,!,,,.

t
,dinn, of f
lh, ,,11^1 Th oO < -
f on,' of lh,

dud H f(ilLw lliat

tan

his ,,
K ] t
i
a ,, JM rfrf ,,
( or lhe KH(Utrmn)niinn ()f W( s
 xxxii GJCOMICTUICAI, IU.U.STUATION;;,

ellipse whatever the angle made by any line parallel tnnne fonryrllr <!iiuni'l<!
with a perpendicular on the other isocj-elk; diameter is the ^iitlri'intintiiuii nf tin
natural logarithm of the .semi-major axis, thisltciiu; exjiii's-u'd in letiii'iu!' tin
r

which in the general case is the ;;i|iiare runt, u| tin- piml

isocyclic radius,
1
net of the semiaxcs, In the diagram the gndeimuniimn A-/-, i:< Nhmvit n\
bisected by the axis of the hyperbola, and il worth rental kini; that il tin i.s

ellipse were to be distorted into a circle by compiv.siiiiin the IIHIJIU uxifi ati(

elongating the minor axis, the line <>/> would he brought intu rninndenrt
with o& tt so that gd wean be defined as the angle thmnnh whitli an i.-iurvrlit
diameter has swept when the ellipse has been derived fnun si rin-le by inn
tational plane strain,

The angle 45 H- -which occurs in the formula fur niei Minimi

f \\\\\\\

isthe angle made by cither Isocydic diametor of the

dlipw with tin- uiinni
axis,and the tangent of this tingle is the semi-nnijiM axis .

The twofold relations of the hyperbolic fiim;l.imis tn the

livpetlinlit ami
the ellipse arc illustrated in a somewhat different mumier in
li^nte ft,
Here the curve/, c fa is an arc of an
of the sector
hyperbola
'
i. If tin- un?ti y
ofa c fa is called //, a sinh // and wt
fa: ni.-tli u, Mukts
bcp^a and draw the associated
ellipse shown in the, fliu^ituii. Tlien tltd
angle boc~gdu< fo^cosh n ami
Ian pf/tt :
s\\\\i u
KQQfj'd ir.-i t:osh it

Hin,i,'v/// tftiihw,

The
ellipse has corresponding properties. Shift* the K"'l<'nmiMnin H tlm
angle between either isocyclic diameter ami a line
|*r|H!ii<lii-ithir l. the ntliiM-
the line ob maybe
regarded as coinciding with one ism'yelic.lm.MH,..' uml thr
axis of abscissas with the other. The IIX!H of the major Hliii^ tht-u IM-UVI-

'The locycli n fll fl i,.clcr iwcrt ia thin illiiHlr,iilu,i

,,f
drcutnr S eo Uon of n
hypnlmH, hnu-UHM" llrn (M
al.oar oUI|M lW . B wlleh WMn V
proportional boUvec,, the Kre(l , BHl ,,,,
,lllp Hl) i (l
,, 1(Ht ,^ ^
| B h, I, * (

If -BBcoah ;/ mid R> conli

^
the BH K te which the circular
,
Heellu.. m,.k M will, u K .l.l ,xl I, K VM( by
|

tun > .',. tniih iV

 GEOMETRICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. XXX1H
the angle 90 ~gdn, its magnitude is 2 e\ and the equation of the ellipse is

x* +4xy tan gdn -f-y (4 tan'.gtf n -(- i) = i.

By varying the value of tan get n (or sinh

w) a system of ellipses is obtained
whose envelopes are y = i, so that if any one of the
ellipses is supposed
tobe derived from the circle by distortion, the process is that generally
known as "shearing motion or scission."
If the points in the circle are
sought which correspond to the points on the

major axis of the ellipsoid, it will be found that the angle between the two
positions (the angle of rotation) is
equal to the gudennaimian '
If instead of the
horizontal, the vertical line in figure 6 had been taken as
coinciding with the isoeyclic diameter of the
ellipse, the result would have
been the discovery of a
system of ellipses whose envelopes are x : I
similar in all respects
excepting orientation to that discussed.
1
love's TreaLise on the Theory of
Elasticity, vol. i, p. 43.
 METHODS OF INTERPOLATION.

It is not easy to describe the use of the tables which follow without t.

notes on the methods of interpolation with reference to which the}

arranged. In all of them the argument advances by equal increments,
<

equal, say, to o. It is required to find a value of the function

diate between two tabulated values, F F
and v corresponding' to a
value of the argument or toww, where?/ is always less than unity,
preferably less than one-half.
Let F n be the value of the function to be determined ;
let 7C_ i and F-.
tabulated values of F
immediately preceding F
and let lt A be va ,
F F
immediately following Denote F,F . F
by a lt other first differences
being similarly represented. If also rt a <5
I> ^ *V 1
=
^n etc '< t' 10 w:
system of functions aud differences is shown in the following schedule ;

The most familiar formula of interpolation due to

is
Newton, and
above notation it may be written thus:

~
'The notation and general outline of treatment here
presented closely follow ]
Herbert RlC e's
I,.
treatise, Theory and Practice of
Interpolation, l8 gg The
Press, 1/yuu, Massachusetts,

XXXIV
 OK JNTI'UL'Dl.ATlON. XXXV
Tin; eoullidi'iilH are llmsc of the Imimiiml theorem. Tills formula is appli-
cable Lo UK- first ink-rvals of u
writ's, which j> U nL the- eu.se with
nny other t

mode of inU'rpolalioii. ll may also to the lust inlorvrd't by -mb-

]
mbipl.-d
sliLulhiK -"lor, Mind*', //,,:", rf". for ,,,. /*,, ,-, ,/, ..... In systematic
. . ,

interpolation, Mirh MM is involved in UK- construction of tublus, it is usiml to

employ Hie nioiv rapidly rnnviTKinn fornuiliiM of Stirling or ltos.^1; but when
n nmipuliii);' nim-him' mid u tal.K: of prmJiu-U mv avniluhU- it is
soim:(iim-s
kiwi Ittborinus Ui ruinputc nn cxlrn UTIU of Kiuvlon 1
formula limn to nilm-- .-!

lutrand itpply tlu- iiu-iui diliVn-na:s ndU'd for |

v [lie- oilier nu (1i ds.
; (l Holh
HtirliiiK'.s and Hrsiu-I'M i'unnuliiM run IK- <U-rivc<l froin Newton's by knoxvii
ivltitiomi hi'lwtA'ti Mu; si'vrral diU'i-rtiiu-i-M,

In Stirlinjv'M foniuilu tin- moan of UK- firnl dilfurciUTH next pnx-odhitf niul
is Hindi? M.wnl' iustiMid of only the
/;, latter, UM in Nnwlon'H fonimla,
third (Uirt'ivna-M mv .similarly Irciitwl, HO Unit ,
cot ctt;., hcin^ m,'\v
titioH, arc dcfmt'il by

Thojit' nx-iin vahioM nr used in roujniuMmn with tin; ovun di(lVn.'iiWH on the
rnuno Imrlximlnl lint; wilb /;, and Kililin^'H foninilu IN
in tlu: Huluidiiu?,

To interpolate Imekwiml it is only nt'nlful to

MiihMtitnto -
for w.
Tn HosMc-1'ji formulii u;t in niutlo of nu-mi ilitot-iKMtM of tlu;
ovi-n onlcra, uiul
if fi.f/, etc.. arc tlu-no inuium ihcy naMlcfined In Uirnui of th scheduled
elifTtM--
IMKX'H, tlUltl :

rf'-'- rf
^V:*,
*" jj
', rf(CU ,

They imr ust:d inconjuni-lhin with ihu simple odd diffcirt-nccH mid
</,, r,, etc.,
llu- formula in

f -I \)tt(n i) (//--.a) (;/>-.',) '

(.', -I- ....

Whim w ^ ,, r f nr inierpoluiion to tlu; middle of tut interval, tlio co-
r

idenloCc, vimiMhoHnnd /;.- -V^iH Intlciwiidont of third differojiccs, which

is clearly u (.;mU In general this method Jn very
ndvanlii^, ndvaiitnKcoiiH
when H approntihuH on-hulf. while Htlrling' forinubi in
preferred for twmll
values of ;/,
 XXXVI METHODS OF INTERPOLATION.

When Bessel' s formula is used for backward interpolation, it may bo

written
""' r)
/ -
"
/_
/? -F na 4-
no! -t
(

?^
being taken as positive.
A
distinct method of interpolation is founded directly upon Taylor's
theorem.
'
F
If a FJ' etc., are the successive derivatives of
t
ot
and u is the F
constant increment of the argument, this fundamental theorem may be
written

21 7 ! A !

and this becomes an interpolation formula when the derivatives are ex-
pressed in terms of the differences. This is readily accomplished to any
degree of exactness whenever the differences become rigorously or sensibly
constant at some particular order and the tabular interval is small relatively
to the period of the function. To find the numerical values of the deriva-
tives it is not necessary that the analytical
expression of the function should
be known for, rearranging the terms of the formula of Bessel and StirlinR
;

according to ascending powers of and comparing coefficients,

(Bessel.) (Stirling.)

-5 (*i -) =~
Hence, to compute the first derivative, say from Stirling's formula, when
the 6th differences and ^ of the mean of the corresponding third differences
are negligible, it is only needful to take the mean of the first
differences pre-
ceding and following the tabular value of the function, subtract from it one-
sixth () of the mean of the
corresponding third differences, and divide the
resultby w,
Newton's formula gives for arguments near the
beginning of the series of
tabular values ;
 MICTIIODS 0V INTERPOLATION. XXXvii

and for nrtfittneiHs near the end of the KoricH of tabular values,

The dllTci'uncuH of the derlvntivoH nmy of course lie found and

in the sninc nmuncr na tluwe of uny otlicr funoLion, and th higher dorJvu-,
tives,/'Ii", /;,'", ..... cun be (ixpreHswl In icrmH of tlicdifforcnccs f /'N\

To distiiiKiiiHh the differences of ,/'" from those of /', they may lie rteiiolcd

by Greek letters, nnd the notation is exhibited in the following scheme :

'
*/'
o

y, y,

UftiiiB Stirling's formukic, page xxxvl, ihc swcccsalvc dcrlvutivea Inchmive

of fifth differences are now

nnd the intcrnolatiou forunilii mny be written

A, /; + - /; + ^? K-
'
S %) +
""
7 (A
'
- ,V t) + "'4 ",'
'
\t

or, neglecting fifth dlffer

flH...[^+
niul for backward interpolation
 XXXviii *
METHODS OF INTERPOLATION.

In the tables which follow, the first derivatives multiplied by tabu- are
lated iu units of the last decimal place of the tabulated function (except
Table VII), and the remaining quantities required in the computation can
be found by mere inspection The higher order of differences will be needed
.

only for a very few arguments at the beginning or end of those tabular
values whose numerical magnitudes approach o or oo. For the remaining
arguments it will be found tbat the ^
part of the second difference of i/v'
is not great enough to influence the result, and it is therefore sufficient to use

co ag being the mean first difference of 01 F 1

corresponding to F . This formula

is rigorous when third differences are zero. In most cases -- can be found
2
/ -- oj
ft \
, mentally, and since to
^ o
'
-| is here to be regarded as an interpolated

value of a FJ, uo confusion can arise as to the sign of the correction. It thus
becomes almost as easy to include e>ao in the computation as to omit it. A
convenient rule is Find by linear interpolation the value to /<"' for one-half
:

the interval multiply this interpolated value by the entire interval

\~y, ()
and apply the product to the tabular value of the
function, either positively
or negatively, according as the function is
increasing or decreasing. To
illustrate the application of this
rule, find log,
sinh 0.00304. In this case
=
0.4 and the table gives

^ = 7-477"; "A' =M47,7; w <*<,=

- 48, 3,
the last two quantities being
expressed in units of the fifth decimal place.
Interpolating a
1
F
linearly for one-half the interval,

a
,

F'^==
(a
(F^ -f-a )= 1447,7 -0.2 x 48,3 = 1438,0;
multiplying this value by and adding the result to the tabular value of the
function, there results

Fn 1438,0 X 0.4 + 7.47712 7.48287.

The corresponding difference formula (Bessel's) is

The derivative formula (*) with two terms has the

advantage of being much
more convenient than the difference
formula, while the accuracy of the two
is the same
(five-eighths of a when the unit) derivatives are tabulated to the
 MKTHODS OP INTERPOLATION. XXXIX

same order of decimal as the function. lu the case of linear interpolation,

however, in general more accurate to use the differences, the
it'is maximum
error of the difference formula being one-half of a unit and that of the de-
rivative formula three-fourths of a unit iu the next succeeding decimal place.
The accuracy of the two formulas is the same when the next succeeding
decimal of the derivative is tabulated. The error of the derivative formula
isthen simply the error of the tabular value, while the error of the difference
formula may be =, > or < than that of the tabular value, but is never greater
than one-half of a unit.
Interpolation formulas which are applicable only to a single function are
rarely advantageous, because as much time is often consumed iu looking them
up as is saved by employing them but some formulas applicable to hyper- ;

bolic functions are so simple that when ouce suggested they can hardly be

forgotten. Thus, Taylor's theorem gives at once

a a 3 3
1 /
cosh (u 4- n w)
-,

cosh u
1
= n to
-i
siuh u
.

~\
--y- <*>
,
cosh u 4-
,
n *
r
- smh u
.
,
4- . . .
,

and the form for the sine is of course similar. Again, when, as here, the
cosine is tabulated with an argument in terms 'of radians,

cos
,

(
.

4- w)
,
cos n n o> sin u --
n 3

'2\
to
r- cos
1

u ,

-\
u
---
s

3!
cu
8
,
sin it-
-j- . . . . ,

the series for the sine being similar.

So, too,

log B ( + w) log fl
n == logo ( I
+ -~

n <
,3 ,..9

Simplest of all is the exponential,

= (4-o. OIH H- 0.000,05 ?/.

2
+ 0.000,000,167 s
+ .), ("'=0.01)
= *(4-o.ooi 4- 0.000,000,5 '
4- . ,
.) (=o.ooi)
The w may be replaced by //, and this may have
series in
any finite value,
Especially when a computing machine is available, this formula is easily ap-
plied and is, of course, rigorous.
From time to time inverse interpolation by a
method more accurate than
first differences is called for whenever interpolation of a function
; indeed,
by higher differences is needful, it is equally needful that the argument cor-
responding to a given function should be ascertained by a like process. The
method ordinarily pursued in such cases is to estimate two values of the
argu-
ment, one a little greater and the other a little less than that of the required
argument, interpolate corresponding values of the function, and finally inter-
polate linearly over the reduced interval for a final value of the argument-
 xl METHODS OF INTERPOLATION.

Another method consists in interpolating values of the function and its deriv-
atives for an approximate value of the required interval nticl then computing
a correction to this approximate value by means of n reversed Taylor's .series.
'

If second differences only are to be taken into account, the usual method
of procedure is to estimate an approximate value of w, say ', and with this
estimated value we interpolate linearly as before and find the value of /v
V
/ ur \
corresponding to one-half of the estimated interval f Then the required
X 2 /).

interval (n) is equal to the difference

between the given value and the nearest
tabular of the function divided by m ./v This method is in fact simply the .

'3

reverse of the one for direct interpolation.

recomputation A is of cotir.se
'
necessary if the values of n and are not practically the same. As an illus-
tration, find it when log, sinh
= 7.48^87. We first compute

H
,
^ ~7.48287 7.47712
: '-Li = a 4j '
A
1448,0
then the value of <
TV in terms of the last tabular unit is found as Iwforo
s

by linear interpolation to be 1438,0. Hence

_ 7.48287 7.477:2
Ol4 alld "

Since the estimated and computed values of the interval

agree, there is no
need of a recomputatiou.
The methods which are based
upon an estimated value of the argument
are unsystematic and It is much better to use a formula
clumsy. which
gives the required result by a direct and rigorous method. To Hud such a
formula, divide Taylor's series (eq. a) by w/tf, and
put

then the interpolation formula

may be written

,
= + /, J
+ /. + / ^ + /, 3
4

Reversing this series in accordance with the 3

relation,

^r
V +5 3 o i , 5 i
a

5
J
+^ ( < + < (, +, 3 2 rt[ ^_ 2 ,

Rice's Theory and Practice of Inter

potation, section "fi^
 MitTHons OF irmciiror.A'rioN, xll

which is the reversed series of

and rearranging the terms, 1

- 4 , , [- ,/, 4 2
(,/,)' 5 (,/ ) 3
n
-I- <* (wt/,)
1
4- . .
.]

4< [,/. (- i 45 (,/,)

- si (,/,) + . .
)]

46
....... 4
'
-H ,' [/, C- i
,/,) H- 3 <,/i - -
]

4 <[-,/; 4 . .
.]

In the actual computation it is convenient to put

then, when successive values of wj?n '

are tabulated in units of the last decimal

place, and Stirling's coefficients are used,

n f r^!T r ot (a V v ^ w /" !? CD fj8 1 - S ^

The formula rigorous inclusive of fifth differences, and docs not require
is

the computation of an approximate value of H. It is applicable to any func-

tion or series of tabulated values whose successive derivatives become evanes-
cent. It is particularly convenient when differences than the second
higher
are neglected. The formula then becomes
n ^ ?/, -|- , [ rm u -f 2 (rw a,)" 5 (''" "<,)' -f 14 0'<" )']

Since rw a is a very small quantity, the higher powers are .seldom needed,
and,
should they be required, arc easily taken into account. A.s an example, lot
it be required to find when log w sinh 7.48287. compute = We

1447,7
0.40

and
--"- -?-!/ I /

,
rta OH = 0.40 X O.OOOI X ( 48,3)
- =
O.OO.

Hence w7/,:o.4O and ~- 0.00304, the same as obtained

by the other
method.
When y-; -.-/.'", it is easily shown, either by means of series (ft) or by inde-
pendent methods, that

s= -h 0.005
3
H- 0.000,033
! i / H" . .
., ( i-j o.oi )
= 4- , 0.0005 , + (w^ 0.001)
These formula afford an easy means of finding the natural
logarithm of a
1
Sec, Blso, Inverse Interpolation by Meaiin of a Reversed
Scrlca," Phil. Mng., May, 1908,
 xlif MUTirons OF INTKKPUI.ATION.

number from the tabular values of f.

'
", 'riias, Lo lind the natural
of 0.9642102,we compute

Substituting in the Inst of (he above ^illations

v
-.--o./|457 ---O.UOD.S X (n..|.s) ".-l-l.'i'/V.

hence nat log" of 0.0642102 = ;

o,o;$6.|. (<,?{,

One of themost important applications of diil'rieiuv, i-< the drlrrtion of

errors in values tabuhUed at equal intervals of Itir arj-utiu-nt. It nuiy hr
shown by substitution in the schedule of ditt'eirmvn (pa^r \sxiv) tlmi an
error, +
e,
in 1\ produces errors in UK- .successive ditlViviuvs ..f utiv
tinier
which are multiples of c, the law of distribution of tin- multiplr-i IHMMK Unit
of the corresponding coefficients of tint binomial tliniirm, and (lie
.'ii>;it!inf
the errors being alternately positive and nuKiilivr. Since MIIUC tntlrrdf dif.
fereuces of every continuous function must vanish, Ijn- ptrsnio- i.f uii ciiur
in a tabular value must ultimately result in producing mirn:.iivr diliriniri-s
of a certain order which alternate in sit;n. A comparison til' Ib.-:,,- .Ittlnriici'M
with the corresponding binomial coellicitMits enables om- lu rsliniiilr tb
uitude of the error. Thus in tin: series which follows :

the alternation in
sigll O m,r in the fonrth-onlcr ,lilf,.,, ;lll r ; ,uul Ih, ,-
SfT
,,

" 1C
Mum
-^ un bin the value,,, ?r
em ita " f ('' 'I' *>' "- il-r, i" , f
ue,,,,,,,. The eun-ecUon.v -

3| .|-8, .,,.,, . ....

-
d to tte fourth ain.e,,,,
ccs amm
t lem l() vn ,. , , J ^ ;

es and
..
in
ostlmnling their i..n K i.ii.lcs.
rmrH in
 DESCRIPTION OF TABLKvS.

Table I Is devoted to s-place values of the logarithmic hyperbolic nine,

vasine, tangent, and cotangent of n expressed in radians. The argument
n advances by ten-thousandths from o to o, i, by thousandths from o.i to
3,0, and by hundrcdtlm from 3,0 to 6.0. In this UK in nil the tables (except
Table VII), instead of the first differences, the first derivative's of the func-
tions multiplied by the tubular interval O) are tubulated in units of the hist
decimal place, under the heading ">/'J,'. As noted tibove, this agrees with
much of the most authoritative modern practice and facilitates interpolation.
It did not appear worth while to extend the tabulation of the table beyond
six radians, because higher values are seldom needed but in Table IV a few ;

very high values of e " are given, from which in cftwe of need the hyper-
'

bolic functions can be found.

In Table II the natural values of the hyperbolic functions are tubulated
for the same arguments us in Table I. In .sonic instance.'! the value* lire
given to one or to two places of decimals more than would be obtained by
taking the inverse logarithms of the preceding table.
Table III gives sin n -- - i siiih and cos n
(it. cosh t'n with their
loga-
=

rithms to 5 decimal places, the argument if being expressed in radians.

The tabulation extends from o.oooo to o. 1000, and from ft
;
-

o. 100 to =

because yo -
">
i. Goo, 1,570 70(13 radiniiH; so that, this value of hdug
A
borne in mind, the table affords the means of finding the sine or cosine of finy
arc expressed in mdiuus.
Independently of hyperbolic functions, this table is of ton convenient. It
also facilitates the computation of the principal hyperbolic functions of
complex variables. Thus
sinh (
:h /') ::-.! sinh n cos v H / cosh // sin v,

COHh ( :h h') '

COSh It COS V -I: / Hlllll W Sill V,

and to compute either of these functions it is only needful to take out two
tabulated logarithms from Table III, two from Table I, miikc two ntlditioiiH,
and look out two untilogarithms. It is of course conceivable that all the
four quantities involved .should be tabulated once for all but even if // and ;

v advanced only by lumdredtlis, such a table would occupy 200 pages. To

find from it functions corresponding to n and v expressed in tlioiiHniultliH
would require three interpolationsa process quite as laborious us the IIKO
of the tables here given.
Space which would otherwise be vacant IM utilized to give the angular
values of the radian arguments, or a table of conversion of radians from
xliH
 JWSCKH'TION 01'' TAHI.I'M

o.oooo to o.iooo and from o.ioo to i.uoo into decrees, minute;!, Jieconds,
and hundred ths of a second.
Table IV gives the values of log,,,*'" ?" ami ''""' l<> 7 decimal plmrs fn>m ,

u = o.ooo to 3.000 and from 3,00 to 6.00. Tlie values of <" mid /
"
enter
into a vast number of equation;) representing imlunil phenomena, especially
those (as Cournot remarked) which can he classed tinder lln- KCIU'I '*' <tenom~
inatioii of of absorption or gradual extinction. Tin* ascending
phenomena
and descending exponentials may be regarded at will t'itlit'i us hyperbolic
1

1
functions or as independent components of hyperhnlk functions, since.

a*" -:-
cosh it :'.T sinh

while, on the other hand,

"'
e" --/--" . /" -I- f
-I cosh ;-.-

tanh n ~~- -'- -

"" ,- ;
}fd // a liiu

It is further evident tlmt a table of t" -" is a lubk: of uutimil

1

Formulae on page xli affords an easy nuiaus of oliliiiniiif. UH- nuhuitl

rithm of a number from the tabular values of /'
'

". It is of roiinu' nm
"
sary to give the derivative of t ", since this is <", while Ihr iJi-iivalivo <
1

in

<?~", In general the interpolation or extrapolation of ilit- I'um-iion is

veryeasy. (See formula c, page xxxix). The loj;aiilhtu of * " is not f.;ivrn i

because, being merely the arithmetical complement of tho loj'.,, r", it run
be read off as fast as it can be written down.
In any table of log )0 c" where the interval of h i, ilm dillViviico of
successive logarithms is constant and equal lo <
ln)f w f or <-..
o,,|,vt,! <),|.|K
If the logarithm of t'"-!-""' is
required, this will In:

(u -|- ) log lu a -. .

log,,, ,;" 1
i.,
log l( ,
,-.

Hence it is
practicable to prepare an exleiulod Uihlo of piopurtiiuiul parlH or
a table of log lo tf which is ajiplicnhle to any Kilih; of lo^,,, r" when lh*- tab-
ulated values are multiplied by w. Hudi nil talilr at ilui
auxiliary IN niveu
"
close of Table IV, in which the argument varies from n.inwt to u..vn.. If

w is unity, this is merely a 5-place table of log |((

,-" . If. on ih<< oth.-i hand,
is 0.001, as in the earlier
part of Table IV, the auxiliary table K ivrs the
<

increments corresponding to n to 8 places of dednmK ......

Thus, if \\\y^r *-'
is required, Table IV gives log, ^--o.o^ai'/y, tin; mW.: tfves
imxiliiiry
w
.
tor-- = 0.245, w
1

lojf w tf
^0.10640; and since M ,

u.tMii. . '' -
IOK,.,

CXOOOI0640, which added to log lo <?w\ gives Ol0 VM-J.n lo^^^- ''>
the latter portion of Table IV w is
only 0,01; .so that, if UH? hV^ r '"- 1 1 --
Is
wanted, the main table gives loj? -.:
i.^oaHK.n. and w tints' M 1,. K *: HM
0.0010640; so that the required number is r,
3030.47*1'
 DESCRIPTION OV 'JfABUtS.

>
When log,,, C H is required for u 6.00 the auxiliary table is insufficient to
give 7-place
values. Then tlie main table, IV, may be used a an auxiliary
table. Thus
n.oBH2Hi) ^
: L
gtf
n
_|_ log
= 4, 7772393 -f 0.0383243 = 4*8155636-
"
In the second part of Table IV values of 1
c
;t; "
and the logarithms of arc

given, n varying
from i to 100. The logarithms arc given to 10 decimals;
the other functions to 9 significant figures. Such high values are seldom
needed, but are included here lest these tables might some limes fail the
computer.
Table V gives the natural logarithms of numbers from i to 1000, with
their derivatives to 5 places of decimals. These derivatives are merely the

reciprocals of the arguments, and since log fl

f
j^~- logj', the logarithms

of the derivatives are the tabulated logarithms taken negatively. The

table thus gives, in addition to the logarithms of 1000 whole numbers, the
logarithms of 1000 proper fractions lying between o.oor and unity.
The interpolation of natural logarithms is much less .simple than is that
of common logarithms, and this IK the main reason why the latter arc pre-
ferred for computation. A few simple rules, however, facilitate the needful
calculations. When the natural logarithm of a vulgar fraction is required
it is best to look out the logarithm of both numerator and denominator and

subtract. If the natural logarithm is required of a fractional number .stated

decimally and less than 21.000, no attempt should be made to interpolate it
directly, because the third differences of the table cannot be neglected for
numbers so near the beginning of the table. If the number UGH between
10.000 and 21. ooo, ns, Cor example, 12.345, it should be written 123,45/10,
and the required logarithm will be unt log 123.45 nat log 10. It is safe to

interpolate the first of the.se between nat log 123 and nat log 124, using the
formula for second differences. If the number whose logarithm is to be
found lies between i and 10, as, for example, 8.2468, it should be written

824,68/100, so that the required quantity is tint log 824.68 nat log 100,
The first of these logarithms can be found by using only the mean first

differences or the tabulated derivatives between the logarithms of 824 and

825. For values of the argument between 21 and 158 interpolation requires
the use of second differences, while above 158 average first differences or
the first derivative in sufficiently accurate, inasmuch as the error involved is
lesstlmn half a unit in the fifth decimal place.
It would be possible to interpolate the negative logarithms of the smaller
fractions given by the derivatives that is, front the reciprocal of 159 on to
the end of the table, or for numbers between 0,00628 and o.ooioo but thin
would uot be expedient, because these reciprocals are themselves rounded
values. If the natural logarithm of 0.0068352 is wanted as accurately aa
 xlvi
DESCRIPTION OF
the tables will best to find the logarithm of 683.52 and to sub-
give it, it is
tract from it the logarithm of 100,000.
(See also formula e page xli.)
t

The use of second differences

may be avoided 'altogether if the computer
chooses, for any
number not lying between 158 and 1,000
may be multiplied
and divided by another number which
will bring the numerator within
these limits. as before, nat
Thus, if, log 12.345 is required, this nunilun-
may be written 246.90 / 20, and the natural logarithm of the numerator found
by help of the derivative, less uat
log 20, is the required value.
The awkwardness of a table of natural
logarithms is inherent and cannot
oe overcome
by any device. It depends on the fact that e and the ba.se of
numeration, the number 10, are incommensurable
quantities. If our numer-
ation wereduodecimal, as might have been had six fingers to a hand Ix-i-n
it
the rule instead of the
exception, 12 would also have been the most convenient
base for a table of
logarithms. A
great table of natural logarithms, such as
Barlow's S-p ace table of all
numbers from t to 10,000, i,s
only a Httlc mor,
zrr
rl In
T
th

?
he e offered) aud with * to0 * *
?
:
b " faCt r SUch that the
*>
*

P roduct approaches 10,000.

^^ -

Table VI gl ves the values of the

- gudermannian of n to 7 places from
v 0.000 to = = =
tlieoretical work the
but for use ni
3.000 and from
>
*** both
o iu
3.00 to n
" s >*
gudermannian in radians is
finding hyperbolic functions it must be
6.00.
raa
In t hi table n
* i*
usually the more convenient
^ --
reduced o u ang e

cosh = sec ^rf

,

= tam^, = log. too

., -* -. -- b. . .,, ,

Table VII is
substantially a reversion o

S and

= 3437-7468 " = 3437.7468

log. t,n

Meridional Parts for a

^Q
'" lEttt0ni " a tobU! of
Sp he tobe Ith"
"
cussion of physical
quest
Merca tor e hart , In the
L ls a'
more
 IHCSCKll'TION OK TAHI.KS. xlvll

elliptirily of Uur nuiridinn is nlhiwod for in i-ninpiitln^ Ublus of inuridioiml

niiil
pans, ronsrqm-iilly IhiM tiililo will prolmlity IIUVIT In; a-produoiMl in ii
nvi)'nlor. Knr this iviison it t.s hurt* prrsiiivrd for
computers who arc not
t'iit;u>',t'<l in imvif'.iition.

To U'SL this tiililr, \vliich is borrowed from Tiimmi, soo of tin; vitlui's, or
inn 1
in t:VLM-y ay rnlrk-M, \vrn-
conii>iirwl with (.ndcmmmi's y-iUiuinml pliic'c
tuhlfiif Uu: mili|',ii(U'riii[inuiiui in nulimi inrnsnn-. tn oiiHt'sIiunnn'M
iii'iirly all
lusl lir.urc was mul'mni'd, 1ml in u fi-vv iu.sLain'cs Hit;
ilnua: is ini'orrwt
ln;;L

liy it n nil. Inquiry into them* t-iist'M lilmwt'd Unit ihr niaxininin error dulct:tcd
win; Irs:; thiin ti.ittifi o!' u miimlr. Tliuti tin- lust Jitviin- is not
nUHoInlt-ly Irusl-
worthy, tint i:i IRMII- i-nuiijvli to cnulth- the roin|)iUcr lo
interpolate urciintti'ly
to /i plaei'.'i. If / plnrt'.'t of tin: tintif'.uik'niiimiium urn oan lw
i t
qiiin-d, they
found by invert' intorpnlutioii in Tablt* VI.
TluM'iirlu.-r purl of 'PnhU- VII niuy lu; diffurcnrcM witli-
inU'rpoliili'd liy firHt
onl ciHmiilrrulili! iriTor. M itliont H.|
n
.V'' ono-dfrlilh of Liu: scrond <lifl'cu;nu;
In-i-onnv; iqiproximuldy half unit in lh lust tuhulatod placu, iiml beyond
this point wjooiid dilTcrriiri'H should IxTlnkuii into awount.
Talilc VIIT IM u liiltU* for ronvnlin^ mdlaim into angular niviiHitrc and
via vetsa. A. (Vw iiunutriail anwtnntH un: p|uinlcd.
 HISTORICAL NOTE.

The and most important application of the functions now known as

first

hyperbolic was made by Gerhard Mercator (Kremer) when he Issued his

" on
map Mercator's projection," in 1569, or, as some say, in 1550, while
Bowditch gives the date as 1566. To this day
substantially all of the deep-
sea navigation of the world is carried on
by the help of this projection,
which has been modified only to the extent of the "meridional
correcting
parts" for the ellipticity of the meridian. Mercator's problem was to find
a projection on which the loxodrome should be a
straight line. The solu-
tion is unique, and for a spherical globe is \ =gd CL
where \ is the latitude
mthe "meridional part," or the ordinate on the projection of a
point in
latitude A, and a is the radius of the sphere. Of
course, this relation gives

tan
(-1+ A)
and this Mercator must have
_
tabulated. He published his map without
explanation, however, and it was left to Edward Wright in
the formula for m,
i
TO9 to state

aCUlal iUVent r f the h yP erbolic

.r'J^
McMahon "was Vincenzo Riccati,
trigonometry," says Professor
S. J. (Opuseuia ad res Phys. et Math
pertmens, Bononiae, 1757)- He adopted the notation
Sk. *, a, A for the t

hyperbolic functions and fife 0, Co. for the circular ones. He proved the
additmu theorem
geometically, aud derived a construction for the
of a cubic solution
equation. Soon after Daviet de Fonoenex
showed how to inter-

Ca '" Uder

C. Guderaann published an
important memoir ou Potential or Cvclio

James McMahon, Hyperbolic

Functions, p. 71
 1II8TOWICAT,- NO'l'K.

tion of his eoniributioiw

to the
.subject, Ciiylcy, in iHfta,' proposed the
immo Kudernmnniun for the angle which I,ambert culled
1

transcendent.
and which hml been variously
designated by others. Among oilier more
recent works on hyperbolic functions nre
Sicgimiml Oiintlier'H U'hre
von den TTyperhelfunc.tioneu, ii, and Mr.
James MoMuhou's Hyper-
bolic Function.-!, 4th edition, 1006.
The first lartfc tnhle of hyperbolic functions we have met with is r,ef?eu-

tlre'stnbieof ] (,
K tan (
''

f
-f M
~t r
to 12 dcciinnls. The nr K uuiont advances

f>y increments of 30 minutes, but five differences are tabulated to

facilitate
Interpolation." Oudmuann in 1831 puhlishod a table of the same func-
tion, uiug centesimal degrees and
advancing by hundredths of u decree
(o"o'32".,|.) from o to an entire quadrant, the function
being given to .seven
decimal places. This was Inter
.supplemented by a table advancing by hun-
<lrcdtlwof a decree from HH to
100, the function hcMnj? K ivcn to eleven
decimal places. (Uidermatm also ^nvc a y-plnce table of log eosh it, lo
Hinli it, and lo^ tanh w, from it 2 l)()0 l() w ,.
(||ul , ncc ; :
, ..

i(j-()00(
.
p |

tnhle of Liu: same functions from u ^.no to H : .

=- ;

13.00.
In 1862 X. l'\ W. Oroimu
1

publinlied a 5-place table of hyperbolic funo-

tions, the nrKnmtmt beiiiR' the j,ni(k:nnanniin gj it. in .iexa).;uMiiiiul
deKreuH
and minutes. Ho tabulated to this nrtfitment lo K oosti //, dud the
-

lo^siuh //,

*
InKftrltlim of -|- instead of the natural logarithms of this
( '^'^
function, following therein a Hn^t-'Mtlou of I ainl)ert, (

In iyo W. r,i K o\vHkl issued IUH Tnfeln der

Ilyperbelfmictlonen mid der
Kruisfunctionen, which in admirably accurate and much the most iwwfnl
collection of tables of the
hyperbolic functions hitherto prhUod. lie Hllnl
the K ni> left by (Vudermann by
computing ]o: mull u, lo w cosh it, and lo^
-

tanh fromitu o.ooo to 2.000. Thci.se ho j^vea to

;
;

only 5 placcH, but in

addition he tubulates
.second.
lt

These values are in all cases

^
n dufireeH, minntcs, Hccouds, and decimals of u
i

accurnle to enable sufficiently the- com-

puter to talce out from an ordinary Uble of loKfirillmrs y-jtlacc values of the
logarithms of (:oH h siuh n and tanh w. ,
The arjftnnunt ratios from o.ooo
t

to 2.(K.o and from 3.ex> to 6.00 farf><t w, while

loj>- citHh // und log sinli are
enrriwl up to :<).,),>, I,i WowHki al.so gives the nnlural
fuuclioiiM oo.sli it,
Minh w, cos w, and sin to 6 declmnls for vfilnenof u in radians
from o.on to
a.oo, the cosh u and Inli ?t being continued to w H.oo. The only fault = .:

\ve can find with I^owrtld'H tables is that the Increments of

the
Homctlnics inconveuieutly Inrgo.

1
1'lili, MK,, vol. a,|, p, 19.
'*
Tlum Hpellutl In Oiylcy'n pnpur.
3
Rxcrclnufl tie Cfll. Int., vol. a, 1816,
4
Ncituflto Hchrlfluii dor NalurfonKtlier-GcacllBclmft In vol. 6,
Dnn/.!^,
 HISTORICAL NOTH.

Iii 1883 F. W. Newman 1

published a 12 -place table of the descending ex-

ponential from u o.ooo tow 15.349, and a i4-place table of the same fmie-
tiou advancing by two-thousandths from 15.350 to 17.298 and by five-thou-
sandths from 17.298 to 27.635. In the same volume appeared Mr. J. W. T,.
Glaisher's tables of the ascending and descending exponential to nine sig-
nificant figures, with lo-place logarithm a. The argument advances by one-
thousandth to o.i by one-hundredth to 2.00; by one-tenth to 10, and by a
;

single unit to 500.

Mr. A. Forti's Nuove Tavole delle Funzioni Iperboliche were pub-
lished in 1892. The hyperbolic sines, cosines, and tangents, together
with their logarithms, are given to six decimals from o.oooo to 0.2000,
from 0.200 to 2.000, and from 2.00 to 8,00. Frequent errors, however, of
one, two, and three units in the last decimal place practically limit these
tables to five places. The gudermamrian is tabulated in degrees, minutcH,
seconds, and tenths of a second, and the logarithms of the arguments nro
given to seven places.
In the volume here presented the first thousand values of log sinh u,
log
cosh and log tanli it have been computed; the remaining values have been
,

taken from the tables of Gudermann or I^igowski. The values of the nat-
ural hyperbolic sines and cosines for values of the argument o. i nnd of <
the tangents for arguments >
2.0 have been computed; the
remaining values
have been taken from the tables of Forti and Ugowski. recoinpiiUtloii A
of a great number of the borrowed values was made in order to obtain the

required accuracy. The and log coth n have been computed.

values of coth
In Table III the sines and cosines were obtained by interpolation from
the 7-place values of natural sines and cosines given in Hiilssc's Vega,
where the argument is expressed in angle. The logarithms of the sines and
cosinesand the angular equivalents of the arguments have been
computed.
In Table IV the values of s~ are all taken from Newman's
lt

groat
table. Those of e + u from o.ooo to o.ioo and from i to 100 are from
Glaisher's table. The remainder we computed, checking the results by
Glaisher's table or by reciprocating. It should be noted that the
/-place
table of e" given in Hiilsse's edition of Vega is inaccurate and
really
amounts to no more than a 5-place table. The logarithms of e a were com-
v
puted independently of the values of c ,

Tables V
and VIII are borrowed.
The values of gd u in Table VI in terms of angle are taken from
I,igow-
ski, excepting the thousand values between n 2,000 and 3.000. =
These
were interpolated from Ligowski's values (2,00 to 3.00) with due cheeks on
his accuracy. In preparing the table of gdu in radians it was
necessary for
us to make an independent computation of this function from u =a
o.-joo to
u = 3.000 in order to secure accuracy in the seventh significant figure.
The remaining values were derived from Ugowski by
converting angles
'Cambridge Phil. Soc., Trans,, vol.
13, 1883.
 11IHTOKICAI, NO'IMC. 1J

into radians. A considerable number of his valm-K, however, were tented

by independent compulation.
Table VII is borrowed from the. Nntitieal table.s of
James Finnan, rc'viwd
by James W. Tnumn, I,ondon, 1867, with a few small corrections.
Hiimlly, it may be re mar Iced LlmL the derivatives K tfiven in n u su table* .

have been computed for them.

They urn not derived from the differences
of Ihe valuta as printed, but from more
extended values, or an- computed
independently, and the error of the derivatives as well aw of the functions is
ICSH than one-half of a unit in the next
sue.ceediiitf (lucimal place.
These table.s wore prepared in connection with
the Keopliysiral work of
the United vStalefi Geological Survey, and are published with the ponnissiou
of the Director.

OKOUGI-; K Ili.;ctci.
C. K. VAN OUSTHANU,
WASHINGTON, I). C.,
January, i()o8,

lMiI!mviii W ari!Hi)im: rrfi-roncoH to

rmnil piibJioniioiiH fonlaininr IIVIKT-
bolu: and oxpnneiiliat finn:l:ions:
IVruot, K, K. AbridKt:.! Tuhlus of HypcHjolic 1'iinrlin,,,.
llnivrrsily of
( iiiiforma I'libfiraiionH in MiUhemntk-s. Vol.
(, N<. ?, r.p. iiv
' 16., '
l> ( .b
16, 1915.

Seven place vuluos of lo Rlll im ,l |

Kin <-,>s]. a,v RIVC-M al i.ilorvals
^l.". //

of o.<M5 from o.ooo to 6,000 K^Llicr willi lirnl <lerivalivrs and the mean
of rhrir lii'Ht

Van Orstrand.C. K. Tablcn of Uu- Kxponcntial Kmiciion nml of

110 ' 01 *'""^
Jl^'vlw?^^*^
Vol.
XIV, lifth
NalinnnlAra.lrniynf.
Memoir, pp. i
79. WashiiiKlon, ^i.
r
Values of (.-'=, e
'

sin and cos ;/ nnt Riven al various

^, ,
,
i

of arRumcnl ranniiiK from I x in lo i. The nrj-nmenl for sonu-of (he la-

IJIUH cxUmds [o roo. TJm tabular values nmlain from 33 lo toM decimal-, or
'

Ilayashi Kciichi. I'nnfslelliKcTafehuh-r Kr.-is- und

Ilyperbclfiinkliom-n
sowiodc-r iMinklioihmo'M.nd c " miuk-n NnlflrlH-ln-n
Xablcn al Arumm-nl
l3 pai^cs. Berlin tmd I.tiipxi^, 1921,
Values of sin n, con Ian
//, niuh w, conh 11, lauh w, and e" are
tt,
Inhnlaicd
It) 5, and <;
-''
to 7 places nf
decimals at inlorvals of 0,0001 from 0,0000 to
o.iooo; al intorvaiH of o.oor from o.ioo (o 3.0(10; m ink-rvals of
O.CM from
3.(Ki lo 6.30; and at: intervals of o.i from
6.3 (< 10,0, Angular <!(|iiivHlrn(H
-
of ai-Kuni(MH r<! Kivun to o.oi of a woond. IvxKMidecl values of
s
"
ei
1
are
tahnlatx'd at decimal intervals from o.ooor to i and at
intervals of i from
I (O !()(>.
Hi HISTORICAL NOT1',

Kennelly, A. 1C. Tables of Sines, Cosines, Taiwnls, ( 'n^'caiils,

and Cotangent*) of Real and Complex lypcrbolic Aiu',le:i, pp, 1 i

Ollicc, Harvard Ih
printed 1111912 by Harvard [engineering Journal .

Y'nl. II, N...

Cambridge, Mass., from Harvard Knj.;mecriiig Juiinial, .:. iM;iv,

1903, and Vol. X, No. 4, January, nji-.

hyporbolic fiuictinns an- lalmlatnl
Values of tlio six nl iiiln \-als | n.ui

from o.oo to 2.49 and aC intervals of o.i frmii :?.,"i

to '/..s.
Sinh n .nul ^ .> .h

are given to fi decimals from o.oo ID 2.00; to fl

iln-inial.-. iVmu ,!,ot in i;.nn;

and to 4 decimals from 5.1 to 7.5. Tanli 11 is i;ivrn (n $ .Irriin.il-i, ami tin-

remaining functions art: given lo cither 3, m' decimals. .(.

[

,i

Kcnnelly, A. 1C. Tables of Contplrx Hyperbolic ami Circular Kiiiiciitni;;,

240 pages. Harvard University Press, Cauibridj;c, Ma'.s. Sin mi I revived

edition, 1921.
The preceding table is incliuled in (his volume, and in addition values n|

e" o"
and log| are tabulnted rcspeclivcly to ,\ and y place:, u| dt-citnalti

at intervals of o.oi from 4.00 to 10.00.

('. I-'.. VAN t)si KA
WASHINGTON, D, C., May, n;.?,/.
 TABLE I

LOGARITHMS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Logarithms of Hyperbolic Function!).
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
 LognritlmiH of Ilypcrholir Finn

lOfl Blllll log coiii u

O.OIOO 8.0001
,0101
.0102
.0103 .01 &
.0104 .0170.

0.0105
.010(1 { * k x >,.'
.025,) ,

.0107 .(K "'I.,'

.0108 .U"ft' 1
iJ
,01 Of)

.0-153

.05.10*

0.0115 8.0(107
,0116
.0117 .oofbi .

.0118 .1'iH.i

.0119 .0755'

0,0120 8.07011
.oifcHi

.08637

0,0125 8.(MX"J.i
.
10038 ,111.7
.0127 .
I0,l8,i
.
lo?jj
,1IO(X)

,01,10 8. 1
!.1f/i
.11 7^8

.IHMKI)

01,15
.0136 13355
.01.17 317,0
.0138 ,11-1,7
.0130 M303 .(HHK'.J

0.0140

.15^.10
,OI;(3 '55.15 .(XHXt]
.oi.M .15838 .IHHHI.'i
,H(|(,7
O.OH5 8. 16138
OL(0 .l(,|37
.or.|7 .
16733
.
170.18
Wo
0.0150 8. 170'] i

11
lot) Inn ad u Pi.' loo tec flit II

SMITHIIONIAN TABUS
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

0.00009
.00009
.00009
.00009
.00009

0. 00001) 8.311 211,8

,00009 313 210,8
.00009 -3159 209,7
.00009 .3I80 208,7
.00009 .3200 207,7

8.32225 8.322 200,7

.32431 .324:. 205,8
.32637 .3262 204,8
.32841 .3283 203,8
33045 3303 202,0

8.33247 202,0 8.3323 201,9

.33449 201,1 -3343 201,0
.33649 200,2 .3363 200, 1
.33849 199,2 3383 199,2
.34048 198,3 -3403 108,2

8.34246 197,4 8.3423

34443 195,5
3443
34639 195,7
-3462,
34834 194,8
3482.
.35028 193,9
.35018
0225 8.35222
.0226 8.3521 1.04780
35415 192,2
35403 64597
.0227 35606 191,4
.0228 35595 .64405
35797 190,5
357ST .6421.
.0229 35087 189,7
35076 .64024
0230 8.36177 188,9
0231 8.36165 63835
36365 188,0
0232 36353 .63647
.36553 187,2
0233 -3654: 63459
36740 186,4
0234 ,36728 .6327;
.36926 185,6
.3691, .63086
0.0235 8.37111 184,8
.0236 37295 8.37099 I.0200 I
184,1
0237 37479 37283 .62717
183,3
.0238 .37662 37467 62533
182,5
.0239 .37844 .37649 62351
181,7
37832 .62168
0.0240 8.38025 181,0 0.00013
.0241 .38206 8.38013 180,9 i.oroH;
180,2 .00013
.0242 .38386 38193 i8o,r .61807
179,5 .00013
.0243 .38565 178,8
38373 J7EM .61627
.00013
.0244 38743 178,0
38552 178,7 .61448
.00013
38730 177,9 .61270
0.0245 8.38921 0,00013
.0246 .30098 8.38908 177,2 1.61092
00013
.0247 .39274 39085 176,5 .60015
00013
.0248 .39450 .39261 175,8 60739
00013
.0249 .39624 39436 175,0
00013 60564
39611 174,3 .60389
I73;S i
0.00014
8^39785
IOQ sac nd u
QQ sin ad u
SMITHSONIAN TABLES
 of HypcrbriHc FunctionH.

lou alnli u lua cosh u ll><] Illllll II

DOlll II

O.IHHH.I
.01X11.)
1.1

.DtHll.

..'I'Jl.
.IKHII.
.51x111

II.IHHU ;

.(HKII.'i

IIJKMM 1

. mn 1 1
,'

. HI H 1
|
;|

.IKHtl'l

Km.'J

Kxi.,!

OIXIl'l
1,1'",'!
.IHklMl

U.IHHMIl
,M Hi/ft
. I M M 1 1
'/

..; n 'x

S.H-l.'il

I H N 1 1
'/

I.'i-Vt O.IMMIlIi

1,'iit.H

.(MHItM

i-1'i.H

MH!M
.IHHII'J

II.IMMl'J

i.l.'i.H
..'i-'.'i'Jl

SAM''

1-H.H

loglait u<lu i *< IV oo ana oil u loo aln u Pi/

oil loootooiiii

BMiTMttOMiAM TABLKB
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Function?!.

0.0315 8.49838 137,9 I

o.ooo.!
.0316 49976 137.5 .OOOJ,!
.0317 .50113 137,0 .(MX12.!
0318 .50250 136.6 [ .(xxx!.!
.0319 .50386

0.0320 135,8
0321 135,3
0322 50793 '34,9
0323 .50928 13-1,5
032,] .51062 13-1.1

0.0325 133.7
.0326 133,3
.0327 "32,9
.0328 132,5
.0329

0.0330
0331
03,12
0333
033.1

0.0335 8.53513
033ft S2(M2
0337 52771
-0338 529tH)
0339 .53028

0.0340 8.5315(1 0.00025

0341 53284 .000,15
0342 534 n .fXX)25
0343 5353.8
03-14 .53%
0.0345 8-53701 '25,9 o.oooafi
.0346 .53916 125,0" .(X)02(i
0347 .54042 125,2 .(XX)2()
0348 541(17 T24.8
03<I9 .54291 1*1,5
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABUS
 Logarithm!) of Hyperbolic i

SHITHBONIAN TABLKB
 of Hyperbolic Functioim.

si nh u lou ooili ii loa ttinli u log co tli u

0.0,150 96,6 o.ooo/i/i

.iM5 1

.05581)
'MS- 1

0.0.155 95.5 0.000,15 0..1

W5.1
.0-1 S7 ,000. 1 5 .051X11
.Uno.t tM.'J

y-i.s O.(XXK|(>
y-i..i

ui.y

0.0.1/15 O.IHK),|7 M.,1

y-vy

.ooo.|H .670H5

O.o-l/O H. (/.!;!( !.)-!. 5 1 .

^'HJJ
.0.1/1 .,1-7,10
y i
iU
.(17.15-1
, OIK My yi.s

0,3
!)','
.(IHO-(')
.UO050
.001150
,(17811)
w
o. 01x150 R.OMooi
.00050

,110051

0,3 fth-l

.IKXJ5I .08710

,
ill l<M

1.31015
KH,5
88,1
-OfXI.S.1 87,0
HH!O 87,8

o .0005.1 0,3 8.00-125 R7.fi

.0005,1 87,1
.<M07 "7,5
.0005.1 8?;f .,10.11,1
,(XH>5^|

0.0500 Hrt,!) 0.0005.1 0,3

u *a Inn ml u loa 100 till u w Fo' tou iln ad u Ion 010 get u
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Function:!.
 Logarithm)! of Hyperbolic Functions,

lou nlnli 11 loo oouli u I (Hi limit u w F,,' log oo Mi u

K. 7.1'JO.! I .;

O , I X K)! i/
. i x u K i/
--i.S5.17
( N II )(
.
\'J 7X,K

.tl.'i.W 77.5

O.dfjfHI 7X.-I
. < II H W >H
fX,.i
, IH)l)fx) 77,1
. in M>(" j

7*1.7
( K X I/ ( >
,
75J.15
, < XX )/'( )

t ll II t
,
1/1

.755.15

((.(HKl/l M.755-10 7'',o

.0.171 75,0
, IK K Vj I

or.y.t .000/1 !7!iXf>H 75,' '

.ofiy.| 75,5

75,1
7S.S 75 .J
0..1

.Xfi.ll/ xci/

7-1 ,X
7-1,6
./'"SIX 7-1-5
.(XHI/'-l .76518 7-1..1

7-1, J

1
-III XIX. )

.oituys 7.I.H
. i M )/;;
7,1,7,
.(xioX5 7.1,6

7.1,? 7.1.-I

7.1 ..I
-XX-'SH .77iHi
-77,1.1" 77J5S wit
.77-10-1 .(MKJ/7

0.0305 R.XX-IXX 7.1, < (I,<HHIX7

xin -
775 l<> 7-M>

R. 777^.1

ou Inn ml u r,/ IflDino ail ii log sin ad u 100010 Oil U

BMITHOONIAH TAHLKV
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions,

14
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHBONIAN TABLES
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITUBCINIAN TABLES
16
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

TABLKB
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Kunctimui.

.929.13 5I..1

O.CK)I,17

w FM' Ion aln oil M

'SMITH80NPAN TflOLCB
 ll'U lltlBlt 11
tllfj tlUlll 11

',' 1.1

*'M' '|.l
,l*l|(l.! '>.('*M
,
l ll'l :

MM .nlwi.'i.'t

. I >f M K ")

,lH,ft

tt)
V,f lo u (In a<! 11 u F,,' logcinuil u
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic

SMITHSONIAN TABUS
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions,

SMITHSONIAN
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

377

358,
355,
352,
349,

343,8
34',
338,3
335,'
333,0

330,3 0.88849
327,8
325, '-

322,7
320,3 H75-IH

3(3,1
310,7
308,5

306,2 o.8s(i7()
304,0 ^53f'5
301,8 .
850(1 J
.847*11
29>i5

295,4
293,3

280,3
287,2 .83001

285,2 0.82715

oo oia git u
SMITHSONIAN TABLES
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Fxinctions.

8MITHBONIAN
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

24
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN T A nuns
 l-'imetioiiH.
Logarithms of Ilynerholii:
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions,

SMITHSONIAN
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
28
 of Hyperbolic Puncllona.

log iluli ti
loii mull u w luu (nnli u
FII'
tv luu colh ii

ux J/l-U

J . .( Hll.n

I ( K >,< I
Hi.H
. -J'M H|,h
Ml<U

< * - .Jf'.'i
1 1 K i,i I

- -If'' 1

. -If')'

-,15V U

JOT

n w
.(It'l

-li'M

.(It,

'.X',1

'
150

I -j.il

!'),.'!

7.1.1

0. .

7=1.7

7.|!j
7-1,1

7,1.0

no Inn at) u too son u<> loo iltt mt u w ft/

Tl-i ISOMIftH
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Function;).

6MITHOHIAN
33
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions,

34
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

BMITHHDNIAN TABLES
35
 Kitmrti
LognriUims of Ilypcrlmlu;

lou sinli i loo coili it IdU

o.8oo 9-94H4 i). i

:(>.!/

.Hoi 949'
.Hi).! 1)497
.803 .9504
.8o.| 95 1" 65,

0.805 <;.95i 7 6-5,

,8o() 95A1
.807 oil!'

.8oS 953^
,809 934,1,

o.8n 9-9S498
.811
950J7
.'813 .9569-
.81.: 95757

9.958.!
.Hid
.817 95951
.818 .y6oi.
c

.819

o.8.>o
.8*1

0.835
.8i'l)

.8..? <X'5<J3
,8-8
.067,21

0,8,10 9.!/>78.|
-3' 135.1.1
.83-' 135''.!
8.13 .96976
.834

0.835 y . o. 1,11151
.97167 M.5
Xi7 .97230 .i.i/ii
.97-f03
97357 1377"

o,8.[o o. i.tKoo
.138,10
975-17
.976' TO
.84-1 97(173 6,1,1

o.8.|5
,8.|6
.847
,8. ( 8
979-'5
.97988

0,850 9.!>8o5i O. l,|fHJt)

IDQ Inn ml u D o (l ii
log tin uil u Ing co DI) u

SMITHDOMIAN TAHLKB
 I,<n;aHtlimn of Hyperbolic Kuiiclionti.

I(IU (lull II too coili u Pi/ lou Innli u Fo' loo oolli u

.l",o I).
lfK|H
.
KHlIJi

(),}'( HI

.1',''

.11,5

.1".S

.
I."it 55
t.SIJS

fl.f'J-wi 0.1.'Hf>|

('i,,l jo,H

(>M
.15 H) I

.
I J1-W5

ij.Hji.it i

.(KI'iHt)

,<IO;MI

.11,0
.11.0
(kt,H .11.0
,'iu .S.M.IO
(io,X .11,1

ri.nn.ix 0.1.MOI

Ing Inn ad u too tin gtl u

TAB UK*
 Kiiiirlioiin.
Logarithms of Hyperbolic
 of Hyperbolic 'KuncliouH.

u log alnli u log co sli u lOQ Illtlll II

log oolli u

o, 17/08

,871.11
.8/1.17 .'(,,1 .1^53

0.1.^.7
.17.1'',!

.'XM a 5.0

tX 'I J5.8

.
ufiyi
.n.SIIJ .17757 J5.7.

,<i8,o asls .U50.I

35.5

57,') 1705,1
57.'J ."7533 js!!i

25.1
57.7 .133*'7
57.7

0.12,117
.1J.7 .87708
3'l,7 .8773.1
S7>*' .877.18
57.5 .8778.1

57.5 0,87807
.littJIO 57.5 .
878.1 J
.878.17 .131,13
.87881
iH I?'' .87006' 2.|,5 .iwtH

0.of.|.W 57..1
.87055
5W a.1.3 .l-MUI
57.J ,H8oo.i
57.-1 .HHojH a.i,a

57.a 33,0
57.a 3.1,"
57,1 33."
57.1 3.1.0 .8Hm .11876
57,1 iHHoii 3.1. r .Krti.| . 1 1853

000 ifl.W o.nH.-a

1, O.U70II S7.0 3.1.1

u log Inn il u M Pw
'
log sao Oil II Fu' log tin oil u

SMITHSONIAN
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

40
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN
 Logarithms of Ilypcrliolii: K

lull tnnli u
Ion coih ii

.n,s
.1 I.K
1
3 I,'

."'13.1

.
">.-:*.!

.-'3353

-MJi.lt'

,,M'iO! ,'JHrfi/

,t5..|

.15,5

DO inu uil u r,' IUD iln o'l ti F,' I CM) M

OSJ (Hi

SMITHHOHIAN TAHLKU
Logarilhmt) of Hyperbolic Functions.

43
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.
 of Hyperbolic Functions.

loo slnli u Ing ooili u Fu

'
Ion Unit u
log oolh u

. -< iji
i
,'i .'i'..
-('71.i
.SL-
..rniiiH .0711
.0710

0.0707.
.uyofx
.uyuj<
,070.1.

0. .!/'<)/')
..(Stiifi

Si, n

.1X1851

1,1,7

-7X
.-7*
.
-70 .1*755
1.1.5

1.1.5

1.1.5

".1,5 .0(1701

.17..1 O.lrfrfj'il
,17,.l
..(My
.17..!
..:HM
,17,.l
.JN.( ,'iO.li .17..!

t ,,;<jo
1
)

ijo!,

M-M5
MS
I. JOS
...MX,
-
-107
.17.1
-17..I .'MSN
5"rl

I., 100
(MW5.17 1.1,0 0.1X1,163

too Inn ad u loo tea ail 11 "IV a aln ad u IV no 010 oil u

SMITHDONIAN TAHLEH
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Kuuctioim.

.25505

ino Inn oil u

SMITHSONIAN TAIIUO
 ! of Hyperbolic Functions.

log nlnh it
onili
l(i[) 11
lu Innli it
loo oolli ii

11.
II,
II,
It,

11, (

0.05788
.i>S77<
.115705
11,5 '57M
,lH,l 1
-05/-.I-

11,5
ilKi
".5
11,. .05707
M,,

"

,;< ft
n,.
"? 051150
11,3
n 1.1

0.05(110'
.05(105
055'J-I

11, -J .('5571

11,2 0.055(10
11,1
11,1 .055.18
11,1
05,^7
11,1 ,05516'

-1H..1 11,0 0.05505

11,0 .05.10,1
11,0 .05,18,1
11,0
W5.W 11,0 .05.1(11

0.05.150
KMJ 054,1'J
J7.WS HMJ .05,1 ~>H
.05-117
,(*;
-W-I.W4

0. ,!/,(,)
10,8
.en
IO!K .0537.1
10,8 .05.1*1,1
10.7

-I'J.
10,7
10.7 .05331
..1,11-17 10,7 .05,1 no
.05,110
i o/i

10,6 0.051-88

u log (an ml u w F, log mo ad u tj m u ii n gd u

tl
IV Ofl CIO (til U

9MITIIOONI*N T^HLKfl
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.
 Logarithms of Ilyperliolu: Fimrliniiii.

SMITHflONIflN TflOLKO
 Logarithms o Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TAB LEU

 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Kimclioim,

1.600
.601
.602
.603
.604

1. 005
.606
.607
.608
.600

0.38048
.38095
.381.12
.
.38189
.38236

0.38283
.38330
.38377
.38-124
.38.171

1.020 0.38518
.621 .38565
.622 .38612
.623
,62,1

1.623
.626
.627 .38846
.628 .38893
.620 .380-10

1.630 0.38987
-631 300,14
.(132 .39081
633 .39128
.634 39175

'OSS
.636
637 39315
.638 .39362
.639 .39.100

1.640 0.3WS6
.641 39502
.643 39540
.643 30506
.644

1.645 0.30690
.646 .39736
.647 .39783
.648 39830
.649 39877

SMITHtONIAN TftMLM
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

S3
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Function;).

0,43 i ft

-432-7
.4.127,1
43319
4335
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

55
 Lognrithmfi of Hyperbolic iMii.ctin.m.

0.4700/
.4)714-
.47'KH
472.14
47^79

I.Sl
.81
.81
.81
.81

0-4755-1 15.8 (>,.|<XW

.47600
.47646

1.8.10
.831
.832
8.13
.8.14

1-835
.836 .48515
.8.17 .48561
.838 .48606
.8.30 .48652

1.845
.846
.847
.848
.849

SMITHSONIAN
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Kuncliomi.

log ttlnli u F,,' lug oosli u loa tnnli u *>

Po' loy colli ii

15,' ii.5i.VU
.K
5MI.1
-H5-
-Sl'l.'f'

I.H55

i57 .ojnH

.5>074 .(W1IC

i.Mo '5171(1
.Htii
O.IWI05
51757
.Hfu

l.H(>5

.'HI 17 .5.!"! 15
.0*1076
I'WXS .
5-HI-I7
.0,1072
45,5

45.5 41,4 4,1

.07040

o.SJ.1.17 4.1
.H/ft -5'M.IO .070*11
.H77

i.HHn 15.S ci.5J5.l4 0.07077 o.ojoa.i

.oaoiy
.07*^5
.(won
.97'/>.1 .0^007

-15.5 0.5 .17.11

.Mil .5.7'i.i
.HHy .
!i(tM jo .52K.il .fjHoo5
.MHH
,OI*WI
.f>tH,l

45,5 41.5
.Hiji .5,1000
.,11 ofi; 45,4 M|3
.01071

41,5
.01959
.01955
5.1 a ; t
1
.
.01051
.oiy.|7

l.i/K) O..SM.VI 0.5.U7-I 41,5 0.1,^057

'
on Inn u<l u Fu OU 160 U oo tin u
fl(I oil OD 010 ail u

SMITHNOHIAH
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Function;!.
 of Hyperbolic KiiiicUons.

lou nlnli u Inu 001 li u " r,/ lou tanli ii to

{-V Ion catli u

.1,5 0.01758

.1,5

.017,17
.017,1.1
.017.11
.01727

3.-I 0.0173-1
.01 7 jo
SS'J.'i.S
.01717
.0171.1
.(11710

1
,'A'i
0.01706
0170,1
.01700
.01096

IS'

,01679
.0167(1

ir,K 0.0167,1

.01659

3.3 0,01656
.0165.1
..'i.'il.U

.'At .OIO,|6'
5^75

H.B 3.3

-
SMS7

.1.1.1 ,1,2
.."I7t7
.01617
''1,1 .01(113
.01610

IS. I 0-57335 3.2 0.01607

5577,1 57.177
57-1 "J .oidoi
01597
S750J .0159,1

J.fHlO 0.5JW53 15.0 0.37511 3.3

U OB tan gd u no Rao oil u w F,/ lOQBlllfllill w F,,' Inootoailti

8MITHHONIAH TftULCR
59
 Logiti'ithm.4 of IlypcrholU: l-'uncli

0.5685;)
.50898
.56043
.56088
57033

loo Inn ail 11

SMITHSONIAN TABI.M
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
61
 Functions.
LognrithniH of Hyperbolic

SMITHUONIAN TABLKH
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.
 Kunctio.m.
Logarithms of Hyperbolic

SMITHSONIAN TABLIB
4
r,
 Logarithms ,of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLCB
 Logarithms of Hypcrbolk: Function:).

lilhll
Ion fllnli u IDQ oosli u lll(] 11

2,y
.31
-3t
y .60471;
>y

2.30 0.6^568
-30
.30 69656
-30 ,607(X> .705(10
.30t ,7o(>o.)

-3'
31
3 '

-31

0.70010 1 1 , i * iU 1 7
-70055 .,-vM,
317 ,1/11.'Ill ,mHl.j
.70143 .,MK>|,.,
310 ,
I K >H (
I

32< .3 0,71071
3^1 .70.76 -71113
323 .7115(1
-70365
.70409 .'/Jl'h't

2-3^5 14..1 M, IX )({_([

.3^6
..W .7054 *
.7058(1
32) .70(1.10 -71-151

2.330
.33' .70719
-33-' -70763
.(H)Sl(J
333 7 K'.!,S
...(Mi;
33-1 .71(1(17

2-335
-336
-337

-71073 .'/JHj.t

2,340 0.71117
1
3-1 .71161

3-13 -71250
-3-14 71204
,(*.*!( K 1

a. 34 5

347 .7 [4:17
.71471
.71515 .7^307

.350 0.71559
M.Ut/l/)
loo Ian oil u lOQ 111)0 Oil 11
Kl sin oil u M [-.,' toti Giogd u

SMiTHBONiflN TABLES
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABUS
67
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

68
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
69
Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

70
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

Ion ulnli u rv OOBll U loo tnnli u IV lau DO Hi u

-I-VJ 1,1
.*W-I7'
,Ho.|fv|
W.17,1
55.1
W-I7-I
5M .8io7K -W-17S .00535
o.Ho^tjf o.8rui I.O o,(X>5^(
.1x15 j.i
557
55*
,00521

1,0
.
,'jfl I
.81378 .00518
.81431 .005 17
5' i.l
.;;(,[
.00515
'Sf'5 0.81550 0.0051. |

.HuiHi)
5' 17 .Ki 1.1,1

J.S70 o. Hi 2,50' 0,817(1.1 1,0 ().(X)SO)J

..'i7i

57-1 .Hl3i|3
57,1
.1x1500
.17-1
.00503
-t.575 0. Hi. 175
1,0
57'' .Hi'Si<; .8JOJJ
H
WIU7
577 1
5(1.1

57H
8 165 .00501
! 1
WWW ,00500

1,0
..KNl

.HJ.I
.oo.|<X

I.VJ
1,0 O.OO.|O.J
-W.107
.00.11) ,3
.IXM9I
.5*9
.IKMIXJ

1,0
501

.00-187
5'J.l

3.5'J.I
.(2,0 1,0

13,0 .!W5i8 .0048?

.

.oo,]8i
.83010 80
.oo,|

o.Ras73 -l.l.o 1,0 0.00,179

oo tnn u<i u Po' oo 100 ail u F/ lop iln u u FV

oil l OB 010 u<i u

BMITHSONIAN TAm.cn
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLEB
Logarithms of Hyperbolic K
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic

lug cosh u lou Inuli u llIU Clllll 11

O.tJIl'fc'Hl

. < f t' *<{ i

.
i
)i X ^ 1

n.no.jifi
.
'
M 1
7
.""317
.i'i,(id
""3','i

1 1 i
,
i.i 1 5

"".!'.!

> 1
. I- )' J

<
t .
i
P i' ) I

.'/'"M

J, !/

.Iff*!*)

'13,7

1
.(nl.li> !

13,7

.'"i-'Uf,

13,7 0,fi

.13.<
13,7_
-.!
00 BOO U(l tl P,/ lo ilti IK! it
Hi) II

SMITHSONIAN TABUS
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic lAmclions.

IU slnli u F,.' IDU onsh u lou tn nil u u Fu' log ootli u

0,6 o.oojyi

,0028(J

.8.1*'
.00*^7
.857 007 ai
.00287
W7I-I
-007'!)

.8(12
.OOJH.-I
.86.1

o I.I'M

.H()7 0.15.1U
.HliH
.Wiy .00280

^.870 0-007-!"
.871 007.!'
,872 .00278
-H7.1 .00278
.7-l

0.1x1276
.87*' .00276
.877
,878 0,5
70 ,
0027,1

).88n 1.1.7 0,00274

!ltttj

!nn'i .00^72

0,5
.HKft
,(K)37()
.051.1,1 -05-11,1 .(Xt.?7o

-BHg .!)5,|' -IW7.il

3-ffyo 1.1.7 O.W7.P

.Hoi W73J
.1x1267
inlii
.1x1267
./! .!tS7'. i
r
,(X)26Y)

1.1.7 0.00266

.00265
.0026.1
.0026,1

1.3,7 0-0507.1 .1,1,-: 0,5 0.0026,1

u tog Inn oil u * P,,' log noo oil u > F.' u F,/ lOOOIOQlIU

SMITHOOHIAH
77
 l''um:lioiiii.
Logarithms of Ilyperbolii:

'
GOill U tl)(| lllllll II ll'l) ODlll II
Ion slnh u Fu |CIO

2, (XX) 0.95711 .13,7

-9575-1

.95^5

2.005
,yo() .9.197.1

.1)07
-90S
.yoy ,yfjio.|

2.910

2.915
yio
.10;.!''

9'9

2. 9 JO ij. '/)>'!"

.921
.92J .C.XHJ.M
,1 **,)() I

.X759

3.925 -13,7

.0J6
>.!7

.92
939

0.970.11 O.O/-'")
9,11
.07,15.1

93.1 ."'I'M
.934 97'iXi -97'ii"'

3.035 0.972-10 <I3.7 i). 074^.1

9,l6 .97-'H.1 .J7.S.-M
9,17 97,1-7 .9757"
97.171
939 .97414

a.9-10 43,7 (i, 077" I

.941 .975113 0774 1

.942 .97.1.15 .07787

9-13 -97589 .txM,)!
9-14 97*>33

2.9.15 0,97670' 43,7

.
97720 .IX),',1(1
977'M
.97807

3. 050 0.07895 I3.7 4.1.

on Inn u<t u '

F,,'

SMITHSONIAN TAPLKO
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

Ion ilnli ti ID lou coali u

Fl|' IOQ tnnh.ii IV loo coth u

1J5-I
.ooj;j6

OS 7

W766

.1X1,!

o,S
.00230
<X7 .OOJ.tO
,002,10
<X>!>

.13,2 o,5
.071

W77,t
-W77.1 .00227

1,1,7 13.3 0,5 0.(X)326

.00226

.IWI17
W6I MW5 .00225

13,7 0.00224
W47.1 .00224
005 I S W777
W777

1,1-7 0.00223
.00321
OH? .00221
WSM -WJ7/.I <m> .00221
.00220

2,000 0-W7HO 0.00220

.002 If)
.00210
W3 .OO2T8
W-l .002(8

'I3/' I .00077 13,2 0.00217

.00120 .OOJI7
000-17 .OOlfi.) .00217
.00090 ,0020fi 997R.I .00216
.999 1.00034 ,00350

3.000 1 .002(),1 -13,3 0,00215

u looUn oil Fo' too 100 pit u loo *ln ad u loo 010 ail

TAB no
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic

SMITHSONIAN TAIU.EO
Ro
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic FimcLiona,

IOH slnli u Ion GDBll U lou Intili u Fy' ion ootli u

J.5 135, "

133.5 O.(XK>7()
Si ,00078
.1)0070
135."
.w 107,1

3-55 -I35.0 o.ooo7J

.J.I 5-1 1 .(KM I70

57 ,.!,[<JO()

50 -W7''

1,3

.71-1,1 T,J
H757<> .000(11

3-fiS O.OOO.'jl)

-
.<)004-l 1,1
.'.!07.15 .00035
3017') .(K)OS.|

O-WW-17
1,0

.(KIOSO

3-75 I..1-V.1.1 -133.K

77 -33* MO
13-1,7 VW55
!?0 .3-1.1 1
7 133,0

3 ."0 I3'l.7 133,') O.IXXM3

353-I-' .353^1 .1^)057 .000,|,1

35777 35KiH
.3(1311
,(KK),|0

'13-1.7 o,H
.m 37515 3755-1 .(MX 1,10

M 00'X>3 o,7
Ho

3-00 '13-1,7 o,7

.01
.()*'

.04 .'It W.I

I. .|i. 15!) 13-1,0 o,C,
.00033
,fXX)3l
.07
,08 ,00030
W
i.. i,V>oo <13-l.fi

w M IV too 010 otl u

Ina lan atl u lopflooaif u Fu'

BMITHBONIAN
8l
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Function!

loo slnli i - Fu' toa cosh u loo innli u lou cHi u

l.4,1(i<x 434.
I. ')>]/!
.0 -4-I03
.02 . i x x i,;M

.oui.,7

4.0'
.of fifty-

-07
.oS .-I7ICU
.(H .475" 4/5.C

1.479.1*
.43Ht

.1-1

4. 15 1.50118 [
.501411
.16 .5055,1 .'Nil,! I

.17 .{KHI.fl
.18

i.Saaji .JiJ.llli
.527-15 5 --7- 1.1
5.1100
535IM ii.V'M ,
1 11 n 1 1 ;i
1
5-104) 5-l'M7 .11 tin, !

,|.J5 1.54-l'M 1.1-t.S

.2(1

~7 ,
I M 1 1
'/

:
I X II I I
)'

.X) .50201 , I XH 1 1 1 1

r .
I'll.. !
1

31 .57070 .(Nttfl
57505
33 .570,10
.IHMIlfi

4.35 I.TM
.50242
,IXII,)
.37
.(K1II1
30

4 .40 r ,

.41 .(11414
.43 .(iiftio

.62^,1
"14 .62718

4-45
. 1 KK 1 1 .[
"17 .C).|03I
.twittU
-<M'I5S
-4!)

4-50 4.1.1,'!

u D tnn ad II
D ma ad t)U lift oil u fiifl BIO gtl u

SMITHOONIAN TABL<Q
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
Logarithms of Hyperbolic KuncUoim.
 Logarithms of Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
 TABLE II

NATURAL HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

88
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
89
Natural Hyperbolic Kuuctions.

yo
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITH80NUN TABUS
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHDOKIAN TAD us
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
93
 Natural Hyperbolic I'unclioiiB.

SMITHSONIAN TADUES
94
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
95
 Natural Hyperbolic Kimctlonn.

SMITHBONIAN TAHUO
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHOONIAN
Natural Hyperbolic FunciicmH,
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN
99
 Natural Hyperbolic Funclions.

SMITHSONIAN
IOC)
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
101
 Natural Hyperbolic FiinelUmH.

SMITHSONIAN TABUB
103
 Natural Hyperbolic Fund ions.

QMITHHONIAN TABUM
103
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
104
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

r '
Innh u ooih u
ulnli u I'll oonli u

0,0 11-793 13,8

11-779 133
11.705 13,7
i 75^
i . '3,7
13,7

o.ihS-iS
, 1 M \\< if I H.7J-1 13.''

11.711
.085.11; 11. 'i97
13,0
I l
.070 13,5

10,0 .oo.v/o 13,5

l). Off II I

13.5
.0.41)1
n .6,10 i, VI
1 1 .61(1 1
3.. I
.

,nHd,|

.m.tf.1 M.5<X> 13.3

10,0 i

.00.175 13,3
.011,170
M. 5* '3 13,3

.00.177 ".550 13.H

"53'i 13,2

i
.00.17')
.(H).lHo 11.510 13,1
n.. 107 1,1.1
1 3. 1

n-171 1.1,1

II.15H 13,0
o.oH75 O.O.V
"MS
1

M,0
;oH77

,oH79

o.tiHHo o.oHHi I 10,0 0.08777

.()HS.n
,oM,j
1.351
,0>Wl
.oMH.|

o.oHM.H
i -'.7
H..10,
1I..IOI 12,0
.00,105
12,6
.00,10,1;

9.9
o,oK<x
n.aS.
M.J.K
12,

.0040* .oKyK i A
.oHa
1 1 .
.!0.
10,1 1,OO,|OI
n.iy
.oKof
11.17 in.
.0*07 1 1 , i fit

n. is 12,

9,' i i.i.i 12,

10,0 1.0040, 0,

w fV u " IV il" 'l 010 ail u

u Inn oil u too oil

SMITH&ONIAN
rog
Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

ICKj
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

si nil it ooali u u Fu' land ii

i
.<(>.( 5J 1,0 11,0
11,0
.00-153 tl.O
<J5,1 I
1,0
0!>S4 .H0455

10,0 I
.nui.Sfi 1,0 0,<XJS-'l
.U()5() io,y
.0i)S7

o,<xX>fi .(Hl.|()l
.IH.XH io,K
OiJfltJO io,K

0.01X15 10,0 1,0 10,7

,(xXi<i 10,7
io,/
10,<1

10,0 1.0
,l)(J7l .CM/JS IO/>
.01)7'! lo/i
O*XK.)IJI 10,5
.01)74 .WJ7S5 .(KM 7 5

0.007S 10,0 1,0 O.OCJ7H) 10,5

.<)77 10,4
T0,.|
10,4

l.oo.^i no H,4
10,4
10,3
10,3
,oyoH 10,3

1,0 10,3
K) fl1
10.2
10,2
i o,a
.oyKy

().(M XX) 10,0 T . 00,|l )0 1,0 10,2

,00;|f)I 10,1
,0")()J 10,1
.00.10.1 10,1
10,1

o.ojws 10,0 0.04)1)17 10,1

IO,O
.OO.W7 10,0
.00.108 ro,o
,10007 10,0

0.1000 0. imi7 10,1 1.O0500 0.00967 10,0

u Inn ad u o gd u tin gd u

TAMUK*
lO/
Natural Hyperbolic FunctioiiB.

108
 Nnlurnl Hyperbolic Fiinctioiis,

SHITHBONIAN TAMUKO
109
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHOONIAN TABLES
1 10
 Natural Hyperbolic Punclions.

tinli 11 < ft' ooali F,,' Inn Ii u M F (1

'
OOlll 11

KM, i
9.1,0
155,4
1
03,. i
.0519
.253 .115571 10.1,.!
.0.105
.25-1 10,1,.!
.0213
i>!i! 15 1,7

o.. 15777
4.0062 J50.5
0.1,7
0,1,7 .9Xi.l i!iV
14(1,0

o.. 15.1.10 .1.9.124

ASS-M 03,5 .ijlKo 143)5
03,'l

.0,1.405 93,3 .755

93,3 3-^115 M!>,f

137^0
7,1 135,9
.8067 13-1,9

3 '79.13 133,9
7,.| 93,0
7.5 93,0 1.11,0
.0,1751) 75.16 30,9
.^173.1 -7405

o.^xS 3-7-70'
,..76 XMX
.-77
.-7105

o.aNo 134,3
.'1510 123,-t
ATX) 122,5

I'H.H

o.^HHH/ 0.277S3
119,0
.5795
9-M
9-M 116)5

O.i!00
1 14,
. .10.1 114,0
9',0 11.1,;;

01,8

0.^7.1 1 1 1,6
1 !0,0
HM.I 9'.X .4054 110,1
01,0 .-IS-IS 109,3
104)5 -'1XMO 109,6

0.3045 104,5 1.0,15.11 !JI,5 107,8

tnn ad i
w Pi, 800 Oil II dill 0<l U cio ail u H Pfl'

III
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TADLKB
112
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN
 Natural Hyperbolic Funclions.

SMITHSONIAN Tautea
114
 il Hyperbolic Functions.

u ilnli u ooah u In nh 11 oulli u

0.-150
.-151
.-l.'i.i
l
in,, | 45,7
..15.1 1
io,.|

no,5 .
Ji!3

t)..|55 o.,|/oHo no, 5 17.1 a. 3' 17-1

Ht,H 1.0
..|57 17.3 Hi.7 1.7
-I5H I7..I 1,5
..|5!) 17.5 Hl!(. 1,3

Hi. 5
..[7/SU .17,H
..|7Mhl 17,0
KM)] I ,|H.o Hij
!!|HoHj

HT.J
..!. Hi, I

.-I.(S77 Hi,o

.|l,5
'M.3

10,3
10,4
10,5 |0,H
Ho,.! I"/'
40,,)

in,7 1 1
7-13 10.0 H(i, i

m,H 1 1
70.1 51 Ml 40.0
1 1 1
,H !i< >,
I
M7H1 ,10,' J
1 1 i.o fid,.! .10.7
I I 1.0

70,7
11.1,1 1
70.7 30.-!
I U!,l
..(UN I
I.!, I 70,5
II.!,.! 7'.M

37.H

51 .ft Jt. iKafi

51.7 .I7HK 37.5

Sl/71 !,!< IX .175' 37i3
.fiiKH-1 si.o .17.1-1 37,1
. lf)7'

o.fioo SJM

Inn oil u ROD 0<l U w Fu' aln ail 11 010 Oil l> To'

SMITHSONIAN TA.HI.ICI)
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
116
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABi.ru
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
118
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

slnli u coali u <o Pi/ tanli u COlll II Fa'

o.6i;o <>.57if>7 2O,f)

.(>5i -5X-M-I 747-! 1:0,5

.65.! 57,101 -745-! 20,5

.65.1 7(i,o -5X.1' '0 67,1 -7-131
.<>.
(
;.i .70 KM -57.13'' (.7,0

,. !,!,}( X) 5X5/0 -
x!l?o
-<>5X -5X'M'' 00,8 X.150
.,!.,'.H1 .57/03
.
jjs I I
-5XXXO

O.(rfX>
i.J.J.7 X'.o -5X'MM .7^X0
.0(1.! .711.1-! i.i.;,X XI, i

.(I'M -Xi-:"5 1
.!.), Xi,.l -X-M' '0,7
.
X i
,iM Xi, -I iy,6

o.(><>5 7'.5 0.581(18

,d(>(i '.7W iy.5
715,1
.X'3.1
.0(10 65,') Xl'.l

i .
7W5
(i5,7
.7056
"5,5 if),o

.67-1 .58/00 65,5 !xo'iK 10,0

0.075
18,8
"5,-! 18,8
65,-! 18,7

O.fM) 7,1.4 0.50I5-!

7.1.5 .50-.' 1
7
"4.D
"4.8

18,3
((.(185
,<>8o -505-11 .('705

.(87 <5<X'o, i
1
d-1,5 ('XX7
.6X50 18,1
.
SW.l I ,('17.11 18,0

O.tHJO 18,0

I..VI.H -('705
-X-I/M.'
.
(1(187
X'l^.'ix

'*>,! ,74<jM..' l.!5,(l

75,1 .(10055 J7.7
.75107

o.doi 18 I . fit 134 17.7.

75.1 6.1,8 17,6

.
75,157
75.5 6,1.7 17,6
7Si<> 6;i,<> .(1581 '7,5

75,7 63,6 .6564

7S733
I .6546 17.4
0.700 1.25517

tnn u HOC U aln oil u DSO ()(1 U

u oil Fo' Oil

SMITHBOHIAM TARUM
"9
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN
1 2O
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

ilnli u m F,, an ah u In nli n 00 III 11

0.750 o,8.!J3. OA1515 59,7 1. 57-14

751 59.0 -5730 1-1,7
75-i 8.1,5 .(1303-1 .5715 M,?
753 .63(10-1
75-1 .6.1753 59.-1 M!<>

0-755 o.BjHHn 59, .1 1.5(171

.83010 1-1,5
757 1-1,5
.758 .'',11)1)0

-759 14,4

0.760 O.H35.10 1 .
559!) M.3
if
.701 .831 1 1
1-1.3
-8.1791 ,5570
.5556
8.1.1 .
55-ia

.8.131,1 N'U 551-1 i,(, r

.H.M.IS 1.10,0 .SSffl) l.|,0

.HIS?'' 131,0 .0,157(1 h|,0
7<<J -81707 131,1 is-17J 1.1.9

1,11,1 1.5-15* 13,9

131,,! .0.17.11
.85100 HS! i
58,0 -
5.1,10

.85,131 MM 57,9 -5416 i.1,H

1,11,5 Ji-ITW 57.H 13,7

0-775 0.85,10.1 85,5 i .

539 i3>7
776 1.11,7 S7.7.
-
5.175 13."
.777 l,(I,7 57,6 -
5.1'n
HS',<> 57,5 .53-lK 13,6"

'm ,H!KUI 57,5 -

533.1 13.5

0.780 l,y,(> (). (1527 1 57.-I I .

532! 13.5
M4l 57-3 -53I'7 13.'1

Wi!*5 i!i!s

57,1 .5267 13,3

0,785 O.CI5.S57 57,0 1 .

535-1 13.3
5f|,9 .52-11
87,1 .05(171 S0,o .53JH
057^7 .521-1 13,1
1
87^3 .5^01 1 3.

0,790 87,5, 0,658,11 I.5I88

.791 13,0
.70.! AW5-I 13.0
.793 .,13 US .OfHH I

791 HH!O ,6ftKi7 .513*'

0.795 o.HKi.13 1-33301 1.51^3 13.0

ia,8
797 .88410 5<j,<
.798 .88543 1.13,0 .5085
79'J 13.1,7 so'io 507^ 13,7

0.8oo 0.88HH 1.3374.1 88,8 55,9 1.5059 12,7

oil u Fo' mo oil u tin oil u oio gil ti

SHITHOONIAN
121
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
122
 NtUurnl Hyperbolic Functions.

alnli u t" Fi' ocisli it i

IV Innli u (10 III II Fa'

I.. MTU

"VJ
"VJ

!(>!

10,8
|
U) 10.8
10,7
io,7
10,7

10,5
10,5

10.5
.HI, i

Jit,"

IU.,1

I..I.JSK
..].!. 17
..1-M7

Jilt, 5

O.WHM <i(t,5 1 ..[.!)(")

10,0
10,0
1 .IKHlHl) 11X1,1 10,0
KHi,.! 10,0

<J,H
lIHl.t)

101,1 ..(ixiy

101,.! y.8
MM, |
-KM 7 y.7
0,7

wlx

r. .1-707 U/'

7M'\1
.715.1-!
715'Si U.S

M3.3 103,7 .|H,y

t nn ml u seo nd u aln 0<E u ail u wFi/

 Natural Hyperbolic Kvmctions.

OOfill 11
CO 111 II
alnli u

I .lO'l 'J,5
o.yno l. 0.265 j
..1.1411 9,5
.001 -OJ795
.43514 9.4
.43' "7 9,4

0.905 1. 0.1:1/0

.007
.<jnK
.you

i. 44,14 -^
0,910
.911 .4444"
.y[J '45 .44551
9i;l
i
-15 105
'45 .-147(10 105

0.015 H'5
9>6 145 105
.917 .0510.1 145 --I5I175 105
-918 .05-MK 105
-9'9 .05393 1-15 K'5 9,0

0,0.20 1.45.190 10'i

1.05539 145
,05(>8.| .4>10!> loO
I IK' i
.058:10

.458l.| 8,.)

l.459-!0 Hrfi

8,8
8,8
of 1705 8,8
.929 .of (851 8,8

107
-931 0714.1 1-17 .405(10 107
1-17 107 ..V'/'i

93,1 .07.1,18 147 .40775 107 3 11"!

-934 1-17
108 !
,i". ;.i

0,935 I.077.1I 147

"47 108
937 "47 8,h
.0817.1 "47 .47.H 8,5
939 '-17 8,5

0.940 r. 475.10 108 0.7,15.;.! 1 ,.1'HII

.941 .47"3'l KM) 735'W -3}i'M

-477 iN KM.) 8,5
-94.1 47^57 KM)
KM) MM

0-945 i
.09207 ..|Kn75 10*)

.9,1(1 -09.155 10i)

9-17 .0950.1 no
..|8,!0.1 no
949 1-19 no

0,950 1.09948 149 no '.3;ii7

Inn ail u BOO a<l w F,/ sin u'l u CSI) flll 11

SMITHHONIAN TAPI.CB
124
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions,

SMITHSONIAN TABLE*
12-
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
126
 Natural Hyperbolic lAmctioim,

a I nil ii uonli ii tnnh u 00 III U V

1.J5.1KO

..iS/t'7

l.t'SS

.OS 7

.017(18 J7JJ
JXlO
lid. I

,Od| .O.MSl lH.()

t

l.i ids 1
,0,M7N

.(id/

.ot)

,1X,7

.td.|,i

.1X,.l iidill

,ix,;i
-i
.IX,

-1X.I

1,10
.(Ml 1,1(1

I,U
I,H
1,1'

,1(1,0

I.V .T',''

3*M

<*).!
!v!!i

I.ddlKd

.<K)7
36,0

l. Itxi as.'j

u Inn u<l
w IV Bill Ull II

TABLKB
Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

128
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

8MITHBONIAN
129
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
130
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

132
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions,

(Illll II IV (loilt u r,.' Innh u IV ooth u

.UK) 180
.Mil iM<>
..w-1
-.(Xi 181
-ll'ii

iHi
iHi
[Hi
M ii>

'M 1.1
1.1410
.l.]07 .1,0
.1,0
.N,!tiOO
. 1401 .i.o
.1,0

I-.V'S I.K.UH7
.1.0
.;((>( i
.K.U.KI
,1.0
H.M.1S .1.0
.H.VI.M .(XJ 1(1,1
3.0
.MH.I .1.0

.370 l.I.lfll
-,17i JHI
a,t)
,1111

.110
nut

lKn

.
i.i(k) AW
-
1.157
.lll.iK JJ.-I .
M54
,!l 1 J. 1
I,U| AO
.
II^IO iWi

'5? .JWi.((t j.y

.
1.1-13
!y -
1,140

ifl7 1 . 1.137 X1 ,')

Jt . 1.1.1-1

-
M.1I J|H
.
1.1 JH
iHH

iftfl O.SH.U7 I .

,HH;if.
MM
yr.H .MU 2,8

iftl 0.H|J7 31,8 a,8

JM
-SIS I'X) \wi\yn
If XI 31,7
iHHsi.i 31,7

0.885.1S

U IAD fl(l U w IV 8 (tfl gtl 11 iln oil u 010 ad u

8MITHOHtAN
133
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
134
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

co uli ii Iniih u '> To' Qfltll U

I. nfis
.IHU
.Htjfxit) . 1I(X)

i'S5

. I
ISO
it i
i,v IM.S . 1 1.
|X
HAS M-15
ii.M

- '
MS
.113:1

I ..|(.S

. n.n
,tHyr,.i UK)
i . 1 1 if')

.ni.i
,111.!

.1" I. 1105
. I HI.!
. IHK)

-
UHJ5

l-H)),i
iH.y . KXJI
,'XiiHi
! io8(i
. toH-t

i
. loHj
.
wytj
,.|.'|'J,1
.
.L7tM 7S
.|K) .
IOX-I

, HtHlu ..t.Ul-1

.1001

'
.-lO.'i
1 .
1050
-I'X'
-toy

.
1050

i
.51x1 18. 1 i.io,|H

lll(l Ult 11 aim gil u Kill (](l II cao uil u

BMITMBONIAH TAHLKB
135
 Natural Hyperbolic Functlona.

TANLH
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

llllll U Q0ll II
tnnli u OOlll 11 14 Pi)'

i.JtSo i.ii.uX'n 0.01379

551 .. 15.107
Ki.5
.
55 -> OMi'i
,553
554 .-15948 .01.144

I
55 H 1-0934
-55(1 47540 .093-!
.557 .^(ifHX) -177' '7 ,0030
--IIHM8 .91510

1,500
S't i 48I.7S
50.! .91574 Ifi.l

.50.) ,'8l8l -0'50I KM

in, i
.CXJIO

.#'5 1.091.1
.150 .40817
.507 .J9I7 1
.] OH '55
,Jt).\M 5(1.175 JJO yK'71
.50505 .0907

a. 50735 0.91703 15,9 1.0905

.0903
IS!H ,(X,)01

-573 .0809
.
57-1 ,51(15(1

a 5. i
0.9I78.J "5,8 1-0805
57'' ..'I*'
I HJ 15,7
577 J5J 5J.15" -91813 15,7
..178 ..W5HJ 15,7 ,o8ix)
.
570 .0888

1.580 J..UI-1') 1.0880"

.581 IS/' .oSK|
i.n-l 53.SU a.i.1 15,'i

..1.17.1 S 15.5 !o88i

Ml'',! 354 15,5 .1)879

3.1-1 15,5 1.0877

.
.180 .3307J 15.-1

.5X7 .OH/HI 15.4 .0873

.588 15.4 .0871
-317.1'' 15,4 .0870

a.15 15,3 1.0868

..'191 a.15 15.3
.
.15%!
503
., if fi 15 .oWii

15,3 1.0850
a.17 .085?
a.S 7 .5/035 a.17 1 5! I .0855
57J7J
5750!; ,0852

i.fioo 3.37357 338 0.92167 1.0850

Un Qd ii w f,' IQO <l u W Pi,' iln oil 11 010 ad u r,/

 Natural Hyperbolic Functions,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
138
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITIIOONIAN TAIIUC*
139
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN
140
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITMBOHIAH TAHi.ro
141
 natural

SMITHSONIAN TAB us
142
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

9 lull u ooah N Innli u w Fg aotli 11

1.850 .1.2585.1 1.0507 T,O

.110 .osort 1,0
311 ysiy.1 .0505
iw . I 1 ION
.050.1-
1,0

. 1
1.1.15
.050:1 1,0

I.K55 3.1(7(1.! !J,3 i .0502

. I.JOIJO J77M) U.3 .050 1

!H57 .U.|'i8
.i..'74< 3I.J
!K5<> J',1

,H<Ki
l
313
1.173-! 31.1 O.W77 .O.|(>)
!<u 330 314 -o.|(J5
.8(13
3JO 315 .04M
.115 l .0492
,8fXl .1.1" 315
.807 .1.11 31(1
.808 31 ft 9,1
.,(1804 95350 .0488 1,0

1.870 .117 1.0.187 1,0

.871 1,0
.87..' 3,13 317 .o.|85
H/3 15700 3,1.1 318 9,0
.133 3lK 9,o .0483

3l8 0.05-105 9,o 1,0

.87(1 3.1.) ..HOJ7 3'!) .'J5.M.I 0,0
.877 3.M 3M) M)
.878 0.179
H79 ililS 1,0

l .880 0.05-l-W
.115, 1.0,177 1,0
.881 33'' 1,0
.88.! -.'07 y 1
0475 1,11
.883 ..1 1053 .W5-l7(i H.H 1,0
,H8| 337 8,K 0-173 1,0

1.885 3.17 |..1^X> O.IW-I'J.1 8,8 i. 0172 1,0

.88fi
8,H 0471
.887 3755.1 .1" 95511 8,8 .0470 1,0
.888 955-JO ,1,0
H8y ;? 1,0

i.Myo 0.05537 B,7 1.04(17 1,0

.yi A17S3 .y.wif> .0466 1,0
.,!')! 7" .'J5555 0-|fy) JtO
-955'U .(^6.1
J-I77J 3*5 95572 8,7 ,0|fi3 o,'p

1.805 MO 3..10I-J3 335 0,9

.Ht/i M 8/i o.y
.1-1
1
8.5 0,9
.0460 0,9
8^0 o,y

r.yw fl.afiftlfl 337 8,6 1.0458 0,0

u Ion tjit u "fV 900 till II tin ad u QIC flll U w fa'

SMITHSONIAN TAULIC*
143
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
1/14
 Natural Hyperbolic
Functions.

SMITHSONIAN
145
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHBONIAN TAB no
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
147
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
148
 NiiUinil Hyperbolic Functions,

SMITHHOHIAN TABUII
149
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN
TgO
 Natural Hyperbolic Fimctiong.

SMITHAQNIAN TADUB
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
152
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHUOHIAN TAULCH
153
 Natural Hyperbolic Functiona.

SMITHSONIAN TAHLEB
154
 Naturnl Hyperbolic KuncUons,

slnli u In nli u oolh u

a. 4 50 5.7510,1 1.0150
.451 .0150
570 Q14W
453 ,
7685(1 585 577
.454 ,7744^ 577

a. 4 55 578 (>,3
.78(115 57!) .0148
!.|S7 57!)
.458 588 2,0
.450 !
80380 2rfJ

0,3
.Hi5SO ,0147

"Ai .0146
.0146

a..|rts 5.8.UW4. 1.0146 0,3

.4(16 .0145
.851111 5H5 U857I .0145
Sfi .'^574 .0145
..jfKJ 2,8 .014,1

505 <. '.^570 2,8 1. 0144 0,3

5',X> 2,8 .0144
.H8oHs 507 3,K .014,1
.8K6HJ 507
474 .01.13

a 475 2,8 1.0143 0,3

47<> 3.8 ,0142
477 ,0142
47K sw .014 -a
470 (if) I .0143

5.92876 3,8 1,0141 0,3

.0141
504 y! .0141
.483 .08615 a,7 .01.10
.484 505 -oH(iiH a,7 .0140

1.0140 0,3
.,|HiH ax ,0140
(K1S .05415 507 a,7 .0130
finrt .06013 5l) .0130
.(All i 607 .06611 a!7 0130

2,7 1.0138 0,3

(ioo ,0138
(ifHl a!? .0138
403 .00743 (XHJ .(K/XX> fin i ,0138
40-1 (no (bi

2.405 610 1.0137 0,3

.406 fin 2,7 .0137

.03183 Cm .II.H7 2,7 .0136
.03705 3,7 .0136
.409 .04408 613 2,7 .0136

a. BOO 6,05020 613 605 1.0136 o,3

w Pi/ IflOfllt U
w IV flio pd u

BMITHOONIAN TAHUCS
'55
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHDONIAN TAOLEB
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
157
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
 Nntimtl Hyperbolic Functions.

alnli n (U p,,' onali u tnnli u colli u p,,'

I. 0100
.OKX)
.(15-!
.OKX)
.''5,1
.OKX)
<'.<>'l
,0100

XiX oow
718 .
17(101

7iH Xii 1,0

71.:
XM
XL!
7'.|

7JJ
X-M
7-M 1,0
1,0
.I.HMJ7

X-7
.(KW/(
7!* .<)<)< iS.'l

7- ~'<X >''.'!

ixxjs

i.liHo 7.1.1 0,3

.(.Hi 7,1.1

7,11
?M 7,'H
7.V>

a. f5 7-.lij.liJO I .()0(J.|
0,3
7.1"
7.1'
7.1-!

7,1.!
I
7>l 7.1-1

M" 7.15 ,tXX>3

7-1 u 7.15
7-l.i .(XXJ2

7-1-1 1,0093 0,3

7-M ^'H
71.1
Ml.
M
7.V) ,(K)()t
7-17 1,8 .001)1

M7 7*1 1 1,0091 o,a

Inn flJ it geo yd u In nil u a fa' 010 Qll II

0M It HBO HI AN
159
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
1 60
 Ntiturnl Hyperbolic Inunctions.

alnli u OOHll U Iniili u F,,' 00 III II

7/0 1 ,0(>vSj O,i

.8l)io7
.80507

! 88, 1 50 -cx>8i

'.8gj,i..' i.cxxSi
.(JlKHi)
,tx)8i
.85 j.i.i 785

i. 0080 0,2

,88115
r
.o. >;;.!i .0080
7<X> ,
1/1,1 10

707 I.CK)80

.0070

70-1 .0071)

7. <) 17'JO Hoi H, 010(15 705

.<),'
HI Hi I.!

.OOJfC)

.(XJ78

(.775 K< 15 709 i .0078 0,2

77<> Hod .0078
777 KM; 800 .0078
Ko7 .0078
77<J Ho8 u

80.1 1.0077 0,2

.78. Hio .cxi77
.78.! Mil .(XJ77
.78,1 811 .0077
.781 8o(i -exi77

8117 1.0077 0,2

.007(1
,787
.788 Hid W-J-15 .007(1
.10,111 WJ2-17 .0076

ft, 8n 1.0076 0,3

.701 8(8 Hu .0076
702 .Lift Id ,5 0075
70,1 .
I.1J.15 .5
-7<J.| HJO -'0.17,1 ,5 -0075

8.15 .5 i .0075 0,2

1 *i .5 .0075 0,2
707 .id' ,5 .0075 0,2
8r8 .0075 0,2
,7')8 7H1 HiK i!5 .007-1 0,1
799

a.Hoo H. 85273 0.^263 1,0074 0,1

tflngd it w Ft' IQQ gil u

eso gJ u wF u
'

BMITHDOHIAN
161
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHBONJAN
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

BJllll 11 coali 11 w Pu' Innh n DO Ml LI Fo'

8.(ii.l*J7 HIM i .oofi? 0,1

851
1.3
HIM 'XW.17
1.3

87.; 1.3 0,1

8/.1 1.3
.857 K-73 1.3
.858 .Hf.8 1.3 .cxXifi
.'"M.17 K/5 .
1

X. !"?" 1,3

K/(i 8711 "i3 O.I

8/1 .(X5f)(i

K/S
1.3 .oofis
.Kfl.l N/M 1.3

8X5 1.3 0,1

KM I
H/S 1,3 .01X15
was 5 >,3
ti'MS? 1,3
.HfM) ",3

8/0 1,3 1 .00(15 0,1

H8(i 1,3
JWfi 1.3
1.3
H88 8kl f
W.I'M 1,3

KH.1 1,3
Hgo 1.3
Mij! 88s 1,3

.8/8 MCJJ ",.I

87? W.17I 1.3

MOI 8H I .
(xXi,3 0,1
,8Hi 1,3
.
f.xX"t.i

\VA~\
W377 1,1!

a.8Hs o,r
. (XXl J
I.KHI .'W75H 8>M l J
'.887
,88H tjtn r,a .CicXia

wafts 1,2

r,a i.cxXia 0,1

H.i/iH87
.O.W-M
rla
.",11 *J </*(> r,2
i/tl

(XII l.ocXii o,r

.81X1 t.a ,OO(H
WS/3W r,2

i8yH um yen 1,3 .ooTii

.ocXii

i.ocXJi
U" 1,3 0,1

Inn ad u 100 Oil U t-Fg' tlntttl u CJO (]4 U w Fo'

M1THHONIAN
163
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
164
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
165
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES 166

 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TADUKB
167
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHBONIAN TAUIIS
168
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

ninli COHll 11 Innli u on Hi u

45.0141 4500 o,5 I.OOOi! 0,0

-1-50
.51 .15-155.1 o,5 ,(XXU

o!s
5-1
o,5

1,0002 0,0
I .S3
.(XX).!
,(XKW
57
.t75
.txto^
59

l').737i
i.mxw 0,0
.(XX)J
5<i/- 1 .(XX)-i
ii"7S
SMS .(XX)-'

5177 ,(XX)J

5.J.JH77 0,0
.(XX)J

5, US 5J.il .(HXU
SJH9
o,3 .(XX)J

0,3 I.CXXW
0,3 .(XX)J
o,3 .(XKi.:

0,3 .(XX)J
0,3

o,3 T.(XX)I 0,0

-I
-
75 57.7'
5HJ7 0,3
o,3
77
o,3 .(XK)I
S'JSS
0,3 .(XXI I
79 (HIIS

0,3 l.OOflt 0,0

'
.(HXII
'.Hi *H,l7
.(XX) I

,<XK)I
.(XX) I

0,0

0,'J

o,a .(XX) I

T.OOOI
67.141,1
<y,Hi(rf>
oH-4077 1.5050
.0')<J<Xt ,(XM)I
(n).iWn

O.i/XXJ" I, (XX) I 0,0

.0(X)I
7 '
-93 1 7 "9
1

,(XX)I
7,I.(HCHI
,(KX)t
7-73
'X

I .0001 0,0
5. Of

Bin oil 11 080 ml ii

tnn ad 11 no oil u
11

TALIUM
I fit)
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
170
 Natural Hyperbolic Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
171
 TABLE III

NATURAL AND LOGARITHMIC CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

173
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TAB LI 3
174
 Circular Function a.

a In u 10 fo' Ion alii

105 C03 u Fo'

, ( u 1 1
0,0
i.'j
7(175 <>
.Of 17 31. y.
),';.!(
.7 HUM o 17 52* 5)
<#JW< o 18 13. a
.'WIW o 18 33.8.

O,0 o iH 54.<|<
77.1,5 o ig 1-5.0)
o 10 35-7
o ig 'j;6..i<
o 20 16
0,1 7-7^15 0,O o ao 37 .5!
7H5.1. O a) 58. 2~

OW09 o a i
3<M;
.Kodi (>78.fi O 22 OO.01
1(1,0 O 2^ ao
,

0,0 . 7,
.(Xrf/M
(l(rf)i)
o aa <|
i .
3;
o 1:3 01.97
O i!3 ^2.60
o aj -13-2.1
10.0 0,1 o 24 03.85
0,0

o a. i .'(5. ir
(t g 05.7;
o a5 26. 3f

0,0 o as <|G.iX)
57 ",. o afi 07.61
(J077 o 2l\ a8.2.-|
.(Kl/'ffll o 2ft ,.8.87
w.w/ WWW o a? 09.. W

0,1 0,0 o 27 ,to.T-a

o a? 50. 7-1
o a8 u.
'KWW o aH 3.2,00

0,0 o ay 13.25
I KM o ag 3,].fW
-O.'lO.fl -IW.1
IKrfW -0|.|.|K MWiS o .1" "iS-'i.l
wxwf* o 30 35- 7<)

.IN HKHt HJ.O 0,1 7.0.1-13.1 o 30 56. 3

EWKJl .IHKJIO o 31 17.01
MX ft O 31 37. (i|
o 31 58, art
o 33 iW.H<>

10,0 0,1 0,0 o 3-i .iy.,sa

i)33 oct. i.|
M7.7 33 20.77
o 33 41. '10
3.) 02.03

'.(IIOOO ro.o O h I '13-1.3 0,0 34 aa. (is

I al nli In (H)lll til uooalilu

HONIAH
175
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
176
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABUKH
177
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLC*
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
179
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
180
 Circular Functions.

aln IV cnu u <,.

t-Y lou nln n u F,/ Ion Fu
'

O.O.I jit) '.)-. W7.1 0,J 2 oo iy.27

.0351 03500 2 CHI 3<j.Ki)
.035-! 2 01 00.52
2 or 21.15
2 01 41.77

0.0355 0.0354'J 2 O2 02.4O

2 O2 23.03
0357 2 02 43.65
.0358 2 03 04,28
.035*) 2 03 24.*)!

8.55621 2 03 45-53
.557.11
.55861
2 04 4X-4
2 05 08.04

2 05 28.67
2 05 4y.2y
2 Of) (Jl).lJ2
ll
8,q WJ7' 2 o;i 30.54
H7,(i 2 06 51.17

H7..1 2 (17 II.KO

1
17,0 2 O? 32.42
.'))' Ml ;i
07 53-05
2 OS 13.68
.,'17.77 1
!(),] 2 118 34.30

O.WMo 2 oR 54,93
.|J')0.!IJ 5/5"<( 115,4 a <x> 5 56 1

I
"5,1 2 oy 36, 18
.577.1') 2 oy 56.81
.57*5.1 1
1.1.5 2 10 17,44

2 IO 38.06
.<J* I').!/' 2 10 58. 6<J

2 12 00.57

0.0385 .
5*5.15 11.1,7 2 13 21.20
.038;, IU.5 2 12 4I.H2
I 1 2,.! J 13 02.4'5
J 13 ^3.7
-'
13 ,13-70

2 14 0.1.33
i n,n ',J9?.X'7
_'
14 2,|.y5
110,7 2 14 .15.5
110,5 2 15 0().21
IIO.J 2 15 26.83

0,3 2 15 47-1')
100,0' 2 I(j
08. (XJ
2 28.71
I(j
HHJ.I 2 1(1 4"-,1'l
/MX Ml 2 1? 09.07

0,4 0,2 2 17 30.59

'lilnltfu <
T, co nit lu 'F,,' loucoaliht

TAB LIE a
181
Circular Functions.

182
 Circular Functions.

'
uln 11 '
r,,' * Fu Inu Bin loo o8 ii

o.o.]5" 10,0 0,2

.n.|5" ".5 ('5.J03 2 35 02.54
.045-2 a 35 AM?
('5505 2 35 .13. Ho
.04538 .yyyss 2 30 04.42

2 36 25.05
2 $
4'.<i.6S
.0-157 .0507(1 2 37 0(1.30
O.II.SH 2 37 art.;
.0.159 -' 37 47.55

O.O.](K) o,S *'t iSl i\W

IKi,
v i'J

.04/11 a 38 28.81
9995- -' 38
4y.43
2 3<) 10. Of)
2 39 30.6

0,5 U.WW5.1- 0,2 a 39 51.3

2 40 II. p
2 40 3^-57

2 41 iJ.'Sa

2 .[I 3.1.45
2 -|I 55,07
2 -12 15.70

2 .[2 56.95

0,2 2 -13 17.58

a .13 38.20
9l,i' a -13 58-83
00,8 2 -14 19. -|6
2 44 40,08

10,0 0,2 2 45 00.71

a 45 2i-3.|
.<Wio 2 45 -1'.<J6
2 O2.5tJ
4<|
99919 a 46 aj.a:

9-9WI9 246.13.84
WWW 2 -|7 04.47
2 -|7 25.10
H8,o 2 47 -15-
1
7-
88,7

0,5 a 48 26. ()8

a 48 -i7.(k)
MH.a 2 49 08,23
H8.o a -10 28.85
a 49 .|y.<i

0,5 0,2 2 50 10. II

7.5 .09917 2 go 30.73
i! 50 5 36 1 .

2 51 !!.<)(>
2 51 32.6l

2 51 53.24
10,0

nlnlilu OOBll III

w Fu' louaoalilu

SMITHSONIAN
183
 Circular Functions.

SMTHBONIAN
184
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN
Circular Functions.

186
 Circular Functions.

nin II
loo ain " F,,' loo cos u Fu'

0.0050 o. on/Mi)
3 43 27.21
3 43 -17.84
3 44 08-47
3 44 29.09
3 44 40.72

9.0; )<)07 3 45 10.34

.8i 3 45 30.07
3 45 5 [.on

.od."iM;i 3 46 3~'l 85

-S.Kn 1.1.1 (i5,7 O.IW05" 3 4'"' 53.48

.0(l*>l )( rf H
. 1 I
3 47 14-10
''5,5 3 47 34-73
.of* M ''5,4 3 47 55-3<>
.(MM 3 ,|8 15.98

0.0(1*15 3 48 36. (n
. o* rf >( i
3 ! 57.24

6.|,o 3 40 38.40
04,8 3 49 59-12

0.0(170 ().*) )//<> 3 50 HJ-74

.(1071 3 5" -10-37
.i)0/',! 3 5' o.'.W
.0(1/3 3 5i ai.fe
.01.7.1 3 51 42.25

0..1 3 52 02.87
.007*1 3 52 iJ3-50
.0077 3 5'J 44-13
3 53 04-75
3 53 25.38

0. 00000 0,3 3 53 ifi.oi

3 54 0(1,63
.90800 3 54 27.26
3 54 47.89
3 55 08.;

3 55 29.
3 55 -10.77
3 56' 10. 3|J
3 5O 3^.(
3 56 5L<

O.O(i<O 10,0 0.3 3 57 12.27

.Of H)l 3 57 32-JJO
3 57 53-52
.000,1 3 58 14- 15
-IMHJI

o.oOoji 3 5 55-40
3 50 16-03
3 59 3^>-'
3 59 57-28
.007.0 4 (K) 17.01

O.M7OO 0,3 4 W 38.54

ialnhlu louooalilu
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
188
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
190
 Circulnr Functions.

nln u <" F,,'

( H ) o,
,
VS;1I o.K
,o8;;io 4 52 3;
.0-853 ,oMji,!O 4 5* 53-7
o854 4 53 14.3
4 53 35.0
0.0855
50,7 4 53 55. o"
So,6
4 54 16'.:
50,6 4 54 36.8*
50,5 4 54 57-5
4 55 18. i

50,4 4 55 38.7
.

.(iHfllKJ
4 55 59-4
50,3 4 56 20.0
50.3 4 56 40.6
.0,150 5O,i 4 57 oi.ai

4 57 21.9
50,0 A 57 4^.5
.08(17
50.0 4 58 03. if
4 58 23. 7<
4 58 44.4:
0,0870
0,4 4 59 05.0.
.0871 'MO-I 4 59 25. (if
.087,! .ijtXi.ro
.'),!< J<J
4 59 -Ki. 2*
,'J.|0.|(
5 oo ofi.o
,o.|0of 5 oo a7.s

0.087';
10,5 0-OOH.i. 5 oo 48.17
.087*1
10,5 5 oi 08.80
.0*77
10,. 5 oi 20. ,|;
.(Mi 5 ot 50.05
5 oa 10. 6>

5 02 31.30
.ij"Xn I

5 03 '12.56
5 03 33.18
5 03 53.81

0,o8M'i 111,0 o.O

.oM.% 0.4 S r
5 <:
-oHS?
5 04 55.69
5 05 16.31
IH.7 5 05 36". 04

o.of-too
5 05 5; -57
5 06 18. 19
06 38.82
. ort 50-45
.0,^07(1 07 TO. 07

0,4 S 07 40.7
5 08 01.33
5 08 21.05
18 42.58

S 09 03.21
0.<KJ(K>
0,4 "i 09 23 .83

slnli hi
1
ilnlitu R,' OOBll III OU Fti'

TAHLCB
10 1
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
192
 Circular Functions.

sin u <
F,,' Ion aln u lOQ COS 11

o.oitfo .<
17707
45,5 5 s(
WS-W 45,5 5 ^
-095,1 .(HJ.'iU)
45,4 5 ^ 37.04
45.-I S ^ 57-ftt

o,oo,<;5 45,3 0,4 18,29

15..! 5 28 38. y*
I5,J 5 28 59-54
.00;;" .98070 45,-' 5 ''<:) -'O. I?
981 15 15.1 5 "0 40.79
O.OUflO "
15, 5 3d 01.42
.out 1 1
15,1 W7W 5 30 21.0$
5 30 <|2.67
5 31
5 -I'

9-99797 5 .11 4-1-55

.((Ofrfi
5 3~ 05-iH
I4.H 5 .12 25.81
4-1.7
.(H)'>o
14.7 5 33 07.0(1

0.0070 9-W795 5 .1.1 27. oy

.oi)7l
5 3.1
.(H)/*.!
5 34 08.94
007,1 5 34 29.57
.01)7,1
9U79-1 5 34 50.19

5 35 10.82
5 35 31.45
5 35
5 ,1*) 12.70
5 36 3.1-32

O.WT 5 .lf> 53-95

5 37 I-I.58
5 37 35-20
5 37 55-8.1
538 16.46

O.IHlK'i H. 00.7,1 1.1.0 5 38 37-08

13.0 5 ;*H 57-71

5 .19 18.34
.onMH
W7H8 5 39 38.90'
.ooSij .09511 5 39 59-59

O.OO.'UO 1.1,7 0,4 S '!f> 20.22

,997^' 5 40
43/j 5 'If oi 4Xi !

.000.1 5 -M
Ul!s S 41 4a.7"2

o.ixjujj 1.1,5 0.097^5 0,4 5 42 0,1-35

'W7.S-I 13,5 5 4"J 23-97
5 <|2 44.60
\M 5 43 05-23
09< 19 .13,3 S 43 as. 85

0. 1000 1,0 0.99783 CU S 4fi.48

43,3 -13

II ll till III cnali In < I w Fo' OQOOtlllU

193
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
IQ4
 Circular Functions.

'
Bin n > Ft 10 IV loo sin u lOQ CCS U Pi,'

0.150 0.14044 98,0 6,6

.15" ."5<M3 JN,D
6,6 8 39 05.99
.15- .151-1.1 6,7 8 42 3^.25
."53 6,7 8 45 58.52
154 98,8 6,7 8 49 24.78

0.155 0.15438 6,8 8 S2 51.04

.150 .15537 6,8 8 56 17.31
."57 ^74,3 6,9 8 59 43-57
.158 . i
5734 272,0 6,9 y 03 09.84
.150 y ofi36.10

9 10 02,37
-f'7, .09435 y 13 28.1
.20701 7.' 16 54-00
. H..M.S . 2IO.I6 7,1 y 20 21. i(i
.
I'M. r/ W413 9 23 47.43
r
>. ld,|.!, i
7,2 9 27 13.69
.90399 7,3 9 30 39-!
,ldy .Idd.M 7,3 y 34 06.22
.IdH 37 32.49
! idM-io J54.5 y 40 58.75

o. 170 253,0 7,5 944 25.02

. 171 .I7ni7 7,5 9 47 51.28
.17.! .17115 09354 7.5 9 51 17-55
'73 7,f"> 9 54 43.8i
.174 99339 y 58 10.08

o. 175 7,7 10 01 36.34.

.170 7,7 10 05 02.61
.177 10 08 28.87
.178 .17700 10 n 55-14
.170 .17805 99300 7,9 10 15 21,40

0. itt) 0.17003 1?,!) 7,0 10 18 47.67

, I Hoot OH,, 7,9 10 22 13-93
, iSioo 57' '7 8,0 10 25 40.19
8,0 10 29 06.46
8,1 10 32 32.72

232,1 8,1 10 35 58.09

.180 8,2 10 30 25,25
.187 .'20, S 8,2 10 42 51.52
.188 .iHttMtj 8,3 10 4ft 17.78
. 180 2275) If) 49 44.05

0. 100 08.3 9-992H 8,4 10 53 iq,.

.101 99203 8,1 10 56 36". 58
. 1008.1 .99195 8,4 n oo 02.84
. loiHo At 8,5 11 03 29- II
. 194 . 10,70 19.3 -'8507 .99178 8,5 II 06 55.37

0.105 8,6 II TO 21.6,1

10.5 8,6 n 13 47-(jo
10.6 .99153 8,7 II 17 14.17
.107 -
10573 217/i
. l(jH MJ071 10,7 8,7 II 20 40.43
.100 . 10700 215,3 99134 8,8 II 24 06.70

y. 30813 ai.j,2 9,99126 8,8 II 27 32.96

1)8,0 19,0

lalnhlu onih In
.

log
<-
ilnh In
logooililu

SMITHSONIAN TABU a
195
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
196
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
 Circular Functions,

nlii u PII' log Bin u |0[| OU3 U Fo'

0.350 1
10,0 15,9 20 03 12.<)8
U.I'J'M 1
18,6 '5,9 20 <>:> 38.95
1 6,0 jo 10 05. a i

16,0 20 13 31.48
34<>"5 "17,5 1 6, i 20 16 57-74

0.355 117,2 20 20 24.0T

,35" 16,1 2O 23 50.27
.357 54310 20 27 16.54
54457 1
16,1 '17155 ifo 20 30 42.80
350 "5,7 20 34 09.07

*n 37 35-33
.07106 20 41 01. ()0
20 44 27. 86
.1)7074 16,5 20 47 54.12
55 MX i6,5 20 51 20.39

20 54 46.65
20 58 12,92
113,0 1 6,7 21 01 30.l8
16,7 21 05 05-45
nalj 21 ()8 31.71

0,3(11(1.) 21 II 57.08
21 15 24.24
l8 50.51
-3'MI" 17,0 22 r6,77
17,0 25 43,04

0.3(1(1,7 17,1 20 00.30

.50,|i)l I?,' ,1335-57
,;;()( 10 IW 3d 01.83
lif '7 10 100,4 17,^ 39 28.10
H)9,ll 17.3 21 42 54.36

17,3 21 46 20,63
17.4 21 <|() .|6.89
57M5 17,4 21 53 13.16
.#'7.1-1 17,5 21 56 39,42
"'7,5 .96716 "7,5 22 00 05. (M)

17,6 122 03 31.05

17.6 22 <>6 58. 2i
"7,7 22 JO 24,48
32 13 50.74
22 17 17.01

105,7 17,0 22 20 ,|3.27

22 24 09-54
i!b 22 27 35-80
HM|K ^2 31 02.07
22 34 28.33

104,2 22 37 5-1-60
O..VJS
3<X>
22 41 20.86

18,3 2ii4!* 13-30

103,0 18,3 22 51 39.66

102,7 22 55 05.93

8ltlil
1 slnh In COlll III lo U

BMITHBOHIAH
 Circular Functions,

SMITHSOMAM TABLES
2OO
 Circular Functions.

0[] CDS 11

05'1'l'i 21,0
542S 25 50 25.43
35 53 5t.'*J
25 57 I7-0(>
2() oo 44.22

26 04 10-40
05310 26 07 30-75
2() 1! O3.0-'

.1)527'' 2(j 14 aj.28

05255 2(1 17 55-55

a 1, 5 2(1 21 31.81
05-!'-!
87.J 2() 28 14.34
7,n
051-17 a 1,7 26 35 Oli.H?

2(i 3^ 33-13
26 41 50-4"
2,'i 45 25. 66

-05050 20 48 5' -1)3

85,7 05<>37 2,0 2(1 5J i8.nj

2( 55 4-1-40
H5,5
.04MI.1 26 50 10.72
-04071 ^7 02 36. 09
.01010 27 o(i 03.25
H'l!7 .040.7 27 oy ay. 52

8-1,4 ^7 i^ 55.78

H|,:J 27 id 22,05
8.1,0 27 10 48.31
8,1,8 O-lH.17 J7 -'3 14.58
27 !{') 40.81

.17 311 07. it

.<H7iH) -!7 33 33-37
04717 27 3 fl 50. ''4

27 43 siM?

27 47 18.4,1
.04055 J7 5" .t-l-70

.04033 27 54 10. y!>

27 57 37-23
Hi/ ,1,1 28 oi 03.40

Hi,, 28 07 5<>.oa
.0.1517 J3.3 AS n 22.28
23,3 28 14 4-55
80.' A3,4 28 iH 14.81

Ho,. 'M/1417 28 21 41.08

.;K J5 07-34
Ho., .0143.1
Mo, ,1)4100 28 28 33/11
"

.0437<> 28 31 5!)
70,
70,
28 35 af.M

28 38 52.40
71),

lOQCOSlllll

OMITHVONIAN TADLKB
201
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
2O2
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
203
 Circular Functions.

BMITHOONIAN TAHLKS
204
 Circular Functions.

sin n IOQ sin u Ion coa u *> Fo'

57,1 3.1.0
3.1,1 37 i? 58.39
.1x11130
37 24 50. i)a
-<>54 .'10837
37 -8 17.18
O , ( i( K 1 I (.
5
5'', 33,4 37 31 43-45
33,4 37 35 WJ.7I
33,5 37 38 35.t;8
37 42 02.24
5' i, i
37 45 2H.5I
O.'J'M)
5(1,0 ,13,7 37 48 54-77
55,8 33,8 37 52 21.04
Jrfi.i
55.7. 33,8 37 55 47.30
55,0 33.9 37 59 '3-57
55,5 34,0 38 03 3y. 83

o.frfi.1 lii.7 34,1 38 ofi 0(1 iq

.

.(U7N5 lii, H 34, i

38 Of> 32.36
.(if 7 .hi.So.*
3- 1, '2 38 12 58.(>3
.(1104.! 55,0 34,3 38 id 24. 8y
34,3 38 19 51.16

34,4 38 23 17.42
34,5 38 af> 43. (18
3.1,5 38 30 (X>.<J5
54,5
5-I.-I 34,7 38 37 02.48'

5-1.3 38 40 1-8.74
5-1, '
34,8 3 43 55-01
34.9 38 47 a 1. 27
5.1.0 35,0 38 50 47-54
35,0

O.dKo 35,1 38 57 40.07

.081 35,-' 39 01 0(1.33
53,5 35,3 39 o.j 32,{}q
.HOOI I
53,4 35,3 39 07 58.80'
7X50;i 53,3 35,4 39 U 25.13

O,d8,'i o- 77-14 J (>. 80II8 S3,-' 35,5 3!) 14 51-39

.7737'J 53,1 .HHHu 35,(> 39 18 17. (id*
.7731.1 HHHjd 39 21 43-92
!is!7 39 i-'S 10. HJ
.80330 .HS755 39 nH 3d. 45

(UnjO 39 3^ 02.72
.(MJI f'.l.X 35,9
.(if).! 3d',o 39 38 55-25
3U 4a a i. 5 i
3945 47.78

(1,|,n 39 49 14.04
r.4,1 .Hi KM/. 39 53 .K'-.H
51,0 .19 5d Oil. 57
iHiMHi 39 59 32.83
.'M.1.1S 5 "I? |o oj 50. ro

SI/' |o of) 25.;

I ulnli In '< IV coh In " IV Oflcoslilu <" F/

TAIILKS
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
2O6
 Circular Functions.

SMITHIONIAN
Circular Functions.

208
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
210
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
211
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
212
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
213
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
214
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TADLK&
ai6
 Circular Functions,

Bill U w Fu' loo sin u loo ooa u

1.^50 ). 49875 130,7 7\ 37 i I. oi

.US" !J77-|0 19745 131,1 71 40 37-27
1-1,3 131,6 71 44 03-5-1
. :?53 'l.S.o 14,3 71 4X 29.80
.97783 ivi,a 19349 132,5 71 50 56-07

1.255 0-05053 95. i

9-97797 71 54 22.33
95oM(r ,-yx/tj 05. '
'33,4 71 57 48,60
. J57 -95II7 05, i
M.I .48950 133,8 72 oi 14,86
95, 1
14,0 72 o.j 41.13
05178 .9785.1 14,0 134.7 72 08 07,39

M.9 9-48546 135,2 72 II 33.66

,95-MO .111,5 13.9 .48-111 135,7 72 hi 59-92
13,0 1
36, i 72 18 26.19
95,3 136,6 72 21 S'2-45
95,3 -
979A1 13,7 .48002 137.1 72 25 18.72

0.053(11 0.301(15 .97937 13,7 9-l786 ;|

l'37,6 72 28 44,98
Xti .30010 05,4 97951 '3,7 138,0 72 32 11.24
3<\7 147588 138,5 72 35 37.51
.;68 .95.151 13,6 -47449 i,19,o 72 39 03.77
9sis 13,5 47310 139,5 72 42 30.04

1.370 05,5 9.98005 13.5 9.47170 140,0 72 45 56.30

.271 .05MO 140,5 72 49 22.57
.27.* .OS5<>9 95/> .1)8032 13,4 141,0 72 52 48.83
.95590 .98045 '3,3 141,5 72 56 15. m
1274 95/i .98058 13.3 142,0 72 59 41.36

1.27.1 13,3 9.46464 142,5 73 03 07.63

143,0 73 06 33,89
.95715 13.1 ;
40 ?8
1
M3.5 73 10 oo. 16
9574-1 95!7 ,981 N 13,1 144,1 73 13 26,42
.
279 95773 13,0 .45890 73 16 52.6(j

1.280 1.1,0 9.457.15 145,1 73 20 18.95

.45600 145,6 73 23 45-22
,98103 lalo .
454'54 146,2 73 -27 11.48
!3<3 95.9 .98176 12,0 .45307 146,7 73 30 37-75
95,9 12,8 M7.3 73 34 "4.01

9.98202 9.45013 147,8 73 37 ,10.28

.44865 148,3 73 40 56.54
(X>,o 447i6 148,9 73 44 '22,8l
1/1,0 12,6 -14567 149,5 73 47 49-07
.i/lt 130' -44417 150,0 73 51 15-34

1,290 i ,
i/ViH.| 9.98265 i a, 5 9.44267 150,6 73 '54 4i.6o
.901 1 1 <Ai .98277 1 2, 5 .44116 iSl.i 73 58 07.86
J7,5 .43965 151,7 74 01 34-13
-293 12,4 152,3 74 05 00,39
<X>,2 12,3 .43660 152,0 74 08 26,66"

(X>,a 12,3 9-43507 15.1.5 74 n 52.92

.a? i 35 .98339 12,2 -43353 74 15 19.19
.98351 1'54/' 74 18 45-45
155,3 74 22 11.72
155,8 74 25 37.98

9.42732 156,4 74 29 at. a;

1-300

w ooBhlu logooihlu w Fo'

lilnhlu Pi,'

SMITHBOHIAN TA*U
217
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES 218

 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
219
 Circular Functions.

-SMITHSONIAN TABLES
220
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABUS
221
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES 222

 Circular Functions.

iQQSIn

51 56.7
88 SS -'2 . (

89 05 4' i. 7
oy 08.0
'-'
i> 34-3'
, in 00.5
89 ly 2(1.8,

ftj 22 53,11
89 -'6 io.,i<
8ij 11.) 45. (i
33 H.M<
..

89 36 38. K
I.ODOU!
.
)
|t nyn |o 04.4
13 30. 61
I ,
I H KX II
89 46 56.9.
I ,01 Mil K 5O 23. 2~
53 -19
I .OO: XX
. Of !i X K 57 15.75
(X) 42.0
,Oni H ir

.(NmiH jo 04 08,2!
ID 07 34-5-
jo n
oo.Hi

14 27.07
JO 17 53- 3J
jo 21 i().6c
Xi 24 45. 8f
>) 28 12.13

jo 31 3^.3'J
jo 35 04.66
jo 38 30.02
jo 41 57. TO
X> 45 23.45

jo 5J15.98
o 55 42.25
5o 08.51
1 02 3.1,78

ort or. o.|

(xj 27.31
12 53-57
16 !<j.8|
19 46. 10

23 12.37
-'6 38, 63
i
30 04.00
i
33 31.1(1
i
36 57"13
/HK)

UInlilii OOSlllll

SMITHSONIAN TABLCB
 Circular Functions.

SMITHBONIAM TABLES,
224
 Circular Functions,

BtllU U
log Bill log oofl n

5-" 9.45280 286 28 44.03123 55

.1
293 12 30.51186 02
88345 4 (
's.sy
0-67073 297 56 16.99248 49
.H;)J3(> '/.|.|JJ
9-74,^0 303 40 03.47310 96
.77*76 44"7<> y. 80256 309 aa 49-95373 43

315 07 36.43435 90
.y/5.s'> ^'/KS 0.H(>6a 320 51 22,91498 37
.'/,( 0(JO,, y.()ziS4- 326 35 09.39560 84
y.iMyao 33 2 18 55.87623 32
0-96730 338 02 42-35685 79
o.u yo-l i
5408.1 'O.ijfioiy oisHfiy
.18316 ajjo-n
343 46 28.83748 26
,(]K.VJ(i K
9.90277 349 30 15-31810 73
.1)8308 (j.jnjji y
.<)(,)'.')'')
9.99850 355 14 01.79873 20
.01(181 3<)(in<j .'I'JijU.S H
360 57 48.27935 67
.!.)(),)
18 ,]
9-90703 366 41 34.75998 14

(o.ai;;i i yijHfii 0.33 afiH 372 25 21.24060 6t

378 09 07,72123 08
.40484 (}l).!l}(
383 52 54-30185 55
-4041' 33SH .H(i().1<) 7400,1 389 36 40.68248 03
.S7'I3 9'/<'44 .Hi 1,7 a ,siooi y.yfiaafi 20 27.16310 50
395

9- 87 73 a 401 04 13.64372 97
o.JHiayr 406 48 00.12435 44
9.78415 412 31 46.60497 91
9.72105 4^8 15 33.08560 38
9.64202 423 59 19.56622 85

429 43 06,04685 32
9,40012 435 26 52.52747 79
'1-^8575 441 10 39.00810 26
8-73204 446 54 25.48872 73
452 38 11.96935 21

458 21 58.44997 68
,i)(u,W\ 'J'l.l.S'l 'I'.S.V/ 464 05 44.93060 15
9-53040,, 469 49 31.41122 62
.nnviy 475 33 17-89185 09
4i 17 04.37247 56
487 oo 50.85310 03
492 44 37-33373 So
498 28 23.81434 97
y.yfiyoij 504. is 10.29497 44
.W 55 56.77559 92

3 0:1(119 (j/n;;oa .^5 39 43-25622 39

()4*/73 l(H13l 521 23 29.73684. 86
527 oy 16.21747 33
532 51 02,69809 80
:

53 34 49i /873 a?

0.5 544 18 35.65934 74

9.2413(1,, 9-99330,, 550 O2 32,13597 2(
9-9833.I,, 555 46 08,62059 68
!H 9-5< 9.96868,, 561 29 55.10132 15
9 "l.sy.M !f
[
9-94900,, 567 13 41-58184 63

-o.,'(44O3 JiiOij o.H.iyoy 151 573 57 38.06347 10

- 1 Hltih In oath lu log ooali lu

TAHLEO,
224 a
 Circular Functions.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.
224 b
 Circular Functions,

SMITHSONIAN TAB LES.

224C
 TABLE IV

THE ASCENDING AND DESCENDINfi EXPONENTIAL AND

 The Exponential.

8MITHOmAN TABUS
226
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
227
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN Taai.cs
228
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN
22Q
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABLKS
230
 The Exponential,

SMITHSONIAN TABVCS
231
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABUS
232
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABLIB
233
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABUS
234
The Exponential,

235
 The Exponential.

SMITHOONIAN TABUS
236
The Exponential.

237
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN
238
The Exponential.

239
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TASLCS
240
The Exponential.

241
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
242
The Exponential.

243
 The Exponential.

SMITHBONIAN TABUS
The 'Exponential.

245
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TAHUCH
24(1
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
247
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
248
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
249
 The Exponential,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
250
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
251
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
252
 The Exponential,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
253
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABU*
254
The Exponential.

255
 The Exponential.

.3.18 in 1 1
3-7 557
57 550 43M 5t6 593 .028 1559
-.133 2 .541 .046 .|J13
.045 0593 .58 554 7743 .873 541 .027 8757
.337 .7.1H 40.:
977 .045 50-H) 59 559 1172 36.234 076 .027
3 1
1

(1.045 0492 3.60 1.563 4601 36.598 234 0.037 3237

1.3-
.044 (XHO .61 .567 8031 9(>6" 053 .027 0518
350
.62 37.337 5 ( >8 .02(1 7827
354 .044
.026 5162
-35') 3417 .043 At .576 48<x> ,712 817
-'-' .580 8319 38.091 837 ,026 2523
3<>3 ''847 .0-13

0.042 8521 3 As 1.5^5 1749 38.474 <>66 0.025 99"

57" .CM3 4^57 Mi .589 5178 .861 343 .025 7325
.593 8607 39.251 90(1 .025 47C'5
807 484
754
.042 0036
.041 ^857 M
.''7
.508 2037
.602 54*
.646 394 .025 2230
.024 9720
288 427 .041 1719 .69 40.044 847

3.70 1.60(1 8896 40.447 304 0.024 7235

0.040 7622
.040 3566 7' .fin 2325 .853 807 .024 4775
72 .615 5755 41.2(14 394 ,024 2340
.039 0551
.039 5575 73 ,619 9184 .679 108 .023 9928
74 .624 2614 42.097 990 .023 7541
.039 1639

34< 0.038 7743 3-75 1.628 6043 43.5.21 082 0.023 5177
.632 9473 .948 4* .023 2837
(). 0,19 537 .038 3884 7<

77 ,(137 2902 43.380 o(i .023 0521

33' ,038 0(X>.|
.8r6 04-' .022 8227
575 77. .037 6283 .641 6331
44.256 400 .022 5956
86. .037 25.Vt ITD .645 97o'i

1.650 3190 44.701 184 0.022 3708

i. .133 0.036; HH33 3.80
.022 1482
.036 5162 .654 (XiJO 45.1.50 439
.437 .1147
.036 1528 '.3 .659 0049 .(Jo.i 208 .021 03$
,441 KS77 .021 7096
.035 7931 H.1 .6(>3 3479 46.062 538
,44(1 J .021 4936
.035 4370 .84. .(if 17 6908 525 474
-15" 543<
46.993 0(13 0.021 2797
0.035 0844 1.672 0338
47-4<>5 351 .021 0680
.034 7353 .86 .676 37<>7
,(k8o 7196 .942 3^> ,020 85^4
.034 3*Wi .87
48.424 215 .020 650H
.034 0475 .88 .685 0626
.910 887 .020 4453
.033 7087 ,689 4055

fiou 100 0.033 3733

.480 944 30.265 3 .033 0-1 13 91
IS .033 D3
..|8S
(130 .032 3 93
.032 .94
.493 973
547
0.031 7450" 3-95
631
.031 .|2y .(/)
97 734
.031 1170
850
.030 8074 .98
1997
.030 5009 .99

0.030 1974 4.00

6MITHBONIAN TANU8
250
The Exponential.

257
 The Exponential.

TAULGB
258
The Exponential.
 The Exponential.

SMITHflONIAN TABU8,
2 5 8b
The Exponential.

2580
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TADL.CB.
258 d
 The Exponential.

4.342 9448 22026.4 658 o.ooo 0454 4.560 0921 3 () 3.i5-S o.ooo G~7$
027
.347 2878 22247.8 355 .000 0449 564 4,35 .ODD O,'',',!
36680.4 795
351 6307 22471.4 299 .000 0445 .568 7779 .000 njyo
37049-1 2,|5
355 9737 22697.2 715 .000 0441 573 I2 9 37421.4 7<M .000 0^07
.360 3166 22925.3 829 .000 0436 577 4638 37797-5 665 .000 o.'d.s

4-364 6595 23155.7 868 o.ooo 0432 4.581 8068 3^177.4 383 o.ooo
.369 0025 23388.5 064 .000 0428 .586 1497 38561.1 .000
279
373 3454 23623.5 648 .000 0423 .590 4027 3 H 948.6 737 .000
377 6884 23860.9 855 .000 0419 504 8356 39340-1 144 ,000 0^5, \
382 0313 24100.7 924 .000 0415
-599 1786 39735.4 8yi .000

4-3S6 3743 24343.0 094 o.ooo 0411 4.603 5215 40134.8 374 0,000 o;
-390 7172 24587.6 607 .000 0407
.607 8645 40538.1 993 .000
.395 0603 24834.7 708 .000 0403 .612 2074 40945.6 1,|Q
399 4031 25084.3 644 .000 0399 .616 5503 4I357.I 252 .GOO O!,) 3
.403 7460 25336-4 665 .000 0395 ,620 8933 4r772.7 713
4.408 0890 2559 1 -! 022 o.ooo 0391
4.625 2362 4^92-5 945 o.ooo
.412 4319 25848.2 971 .000 0387
.629 5793 43616.6 372 .000
.416 7749 26108.0 768 .000 0383
.633 9221 430.I4-9 415 .000
.421 1178 26370.4 673 .000 0379
.638 2651 43477.5 504 .000
.425 4608 26635.4 949 .000 0375
.642 6080 43'JI4.5 070 .000
4.429 8037 26903.1 861 o.ooo 0372
4/M(J 95 TO 44355-8 551 o.ooo OM:
434 146? 27173.5 676 .000 0368
.651 2939 44801.6 389 .000
.4384896 27446.6 665 .000 0364
(

.655 6368 .OOO Ol'JI

442 8325 27722.5 101 .000 0361
.659 07QR 45706.6 920
447 i?55 28001.: 259 .000 0357
.664 3237 46166.0 519 .000 cuiy
4-45i 5184 28282.5 4^9 o.ooo 0354
4.668 6657 46630.0 285 O.OOO (
-455 8614 28566.7 862 .000 0350
.460 2043 .673 0086 47098.6 680 .OOO OiilJ
28853.8 872 .000 0347
464 5473 .677 3516 475V2.0 175 .OOO OJKI
29143-8 736 .000 0343 .681 6945
.29 .468 8902 39436.7 744 .000 0340 48050.1 242 .000 c
686 0375 .000 ocnli
48533.0 360
4-473 2332 29732.6 189 o.ooo 0336
477 5?6i 4-690 3804 .'10020,8 OTT o.ooo
30031.4 366 .000 0333 oao.|
.481 9191 694 7233 49513.4 684 .000 o
3Q333-2 576 .000 0330
.486 2620 .699 0663 Soori.o 870 ,OO() OSCO
30638.1 119 .000 0326
.490 6049 '703 4092 50513.7 068 .000 aiijH
30946.0 300 .000 0323
.707 7522 51021,3. 780 .OOO OKJff
4-494 9479 31257.0 428 o.ooo 0320
.499 2908 4-712 0951 51534.1 o.oao
3I57LI 813 .000 0317 514 oil),]
503 6338 .716 4381 52052.0 .000 o.
31888.4 770 .000 0314 782
.5079767 .720 7810 52575.2 .000 OHJO
32208.9 615 .000 0310 103
512 3197 -725 1240 53103.5 .000 oi.SH
32532-6 669 .000 0307 999
.729 4669 53637.3 ooo .000 a i

4-516 6626 32859.6 257 o.ooo 0304

.521 0056 4-733 8099 54176.3 o.ooo
33189.8 704 .000 0301 638 018,5
525 3485 .738 1528 54720,8 .000 oiH.j
335234 34i .000 0298 453
.529 6914 742 4957 55270-7 .OOO QlKl
33860.3 503 .000 0295 989
-534 0344 34200.6 534 746 8387 55826.2 .000 0171)
.000 0293 797
751 1816 56387-3 .000 oiyy
431
4.538 3773 34544-3 747 O.OQO 0289
-542 7203 34891.5 514 4-755 5246 56954-0 o.ooo oryf.
.000 0287 454
547 0632 35242.2 174 .000 0284 759 8675 57526.4 430 .000 017,1
551 4062 35596.4 075 .764 2105
58104.5 .000 017:1
.000 0281 934
555 749i 35954-1 768 5534 58688.5 .000 0170
574 .000 0278 543
.772 8964 59278.3 841 OOO Olftl)
4.560 0921
36315.5 027 o.ooo 0275 I u, 00 4-777 2393 59874,1 417 O.OOO OlCl'/

SMITHSONIAN TABLES.

258 e
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TAIIUP.
SMITHSONIAN TABLES.
258 g
 The ISxponential.

74-! iSt.558
751 630.405
759 184.4:7

766 8:4.347
774 520.059
782 305.024
790 167.320
798 108.634.

8ofi 129.750 O.OOO OOI 2

814 231,408 .OOO OOI 2
822 414.660 .OOO OOI 2
830 680.065 .OOO OOI 2
839 028.539 .OOO OOI 2

o.ooo ooiy 847 460.916 O.OOO OOI 2

5.028 111)7
.OOO OOI 2
1

.OOO OOII) .1)32 4.626 855 978-039

864 580.762 .OOO OOI 2
.OOt) OOKJ .036 8056
.OOO OOKJ 873 269.943 .OOO OOII
f)6,|.()O.S .941 1485
.000 ooiy 882 046.452 .OOO OOII
534 yHK.aif. 94S

O.OOO 001(1 890 011.166 O.QOO OOII

.000 oo if .000 OOII
.OOO OOII
.000 oo if- 908 008.765
.000 ooiJ-
.OOO

O.OOO OOlf
..ooo ooty
.000 0017
.000 ooiy
.000 ooi'

O.OOO OOI'
.000 aoi
,000 oon
.000 00 1 (
.000 OOlf

HMITH80NIAN TAHUKB
258 h
The Exponential.

2581
 The Exponential,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
259
 The Exponential.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
260
 AuxlHnry Table for Interpolation of Logio(e).
(p MI x ,u.|u(j 44819 . .
.)

TABUKB
Auxiliary Table for Interpolation of Logio(e").

(p
= n X 43429 44819 . .
.)

262
 TABLE V

NATURAL LOGARITHMS

K." -In Table V, for u greater than 158, linear interpolation of

!() mtlTieert to tfivc u value whose error in not greater than one unit in
the last iilacu.

263
Natural Logarithms.
 Natural Logarithms,

SMITHSONIAN T*uue
265
Natural Logarithms.

266
 Natural Logarithms.

SMITHBONIAN
 Natural LognrithniB.

'
Fu lnu,,u

8oo 12. 8.if u

Hoi 12; 85 US
.687ir 12'

853 6.74871
804 IfiSyfH s- 6. 741 jo.

8ns (1.75111 117

8oti 6.60208 85*
807 12. 857 (>. 75,14-
1
808 U. U.'i'
* i (i.fii iH'i

8oy i.;, 6'. 75 577 O,'iO

810 6".
(J07(>3
I Rfio ''.75^)3 M6 I/M)
811 6 60827
. 123 116
8i.i 6.6(J050 i Hi
(i.
70073 I Hi
!:! 6.70106 6,76157 IK)

815 (i.703'0 123 865 I Hi 015

816 fi. 123 8Wi 115 (Hit 0.8,rim,i
70441
6.70564 6,76504 115 0.8.MII
Ht8 6.70686 6.7<i6i() 115
8 fo 6.70808 800 6.76734 "15

820 6.700,30 115

HJI 6.71052 871 6.76(XJ| "5
6.71174 6.77070 115
6.77104 US
874 6,77308 u hS

6.71538 121 75 6. 774~'2 114 108

82(1 6.7165') 876 ''-77537 loM
114
827 (1.71780 877 6.7/051 114
6.7HXM <i. 777''5 ('.8.1303 H'H
6,72022 6.77878

880
(..72263 881 6.78uKi
8.U (i. 7^3 88.! 6.78211,)
8.13 ,72503 '7^333
834 i'|

35 6,72743 885 U35 6.81055 107

6.72863 120 886 03'' 107
1.721)82 TI!J M87 6.78784 6.8|^i,S 107
8,18 6.73102 88.4
(|.?8H(;7 ''.81.175 11.7
(). 73 22 1 ng 6,7,;{)IO

840 ('73340 ny 101

Ril 891 1
101
8.|2 6.73578 I-703.I7 10') Hll
843 ft. 73607 no '
71)15!) rtxi Mil
6.73815 118 '.
7')57I UI4 6.8501,1 ft.!/'"74

rt.73034 118 045 .85118 'Ml Hll

R|6 6.741)52 118 ItMl
118 8'J7 -85330 HHI
6.74288 118 1.80017 .85435 MX)
105
849 6.74/106 118 -**55.|i 105

850 6.74524 118 XX) ').

80230 in oso 6.85646 105

e-x

BMITHBONIAN TAHLEB
268
 Natural Logarithms.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
269
Natural Logarithms.

270
 Natural Logarithms.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
271
 Natural

LOU.II

857.1
7187 IJCHI/
7 MM Kim
i)cHI
S. 8828 8. 01 155 8111
7JU7 i

7JH
\.$A$.i

8 1.|7
7^10 i.8!<i 17
Midi
7-uo t ,0 )1 J

7-M7 tft;',<l
T-.M.I If II
I/

7-M7 8170

S.KHoi? 8101
,
'IHM
7^3 7717 '(I'M)
?.*ff 7741' <t. 1 ll^'l'l

7307 1 , 1 K- i. i
l'X'5
77-1 1

8. 80850 775.1
733" 7757
7750
7.1 1<> 7780
7351 7703

H.I 1050/1 7817

7.1' W H.(joH^) UK/ 1
*

u K/l'
7.| 8.0107.!
7.P7 8-01153
8/53 O--'"'

8/ut U-f-M
H.oin'io 8,i7'M3 8.1H
7-157 8. 7873 8.1)?] H)
K. 8.U) 878,1
7-150
71 77 8,
7-|8i

KKtg
7,|87 KS.il
8.0.H-K) 8^77 8M 1 1

7-100 M.()Ji!.<iii 70'0

7507 8.<M3.'iO
751? 7033 Rl'nJ

753,1 7037
75-iO
7537 705,1 131

75-U 71 A1
73-17

0,U' )
75-10
0. 0-1.10. M;-I
7550
Vl.0170 o.ti'/
7561 KIH? 8501
HtMO KSi.1 03') i

7573
757/ 85^1

75*
Hi I'M) 8.WS/8
7501 8530
J- 1

7(10; 8087 8S-I3

St>3 y. 151 7

0"

flMITKBONIAN TAD UK
273
WMITHSONIAH TABUC8
273
 TABLE VI

THE GUDERMANNIAN

275
 The Gudernwrmlnn,

gil ii tl
wFo (111

o.oa O.OOO (KXX r o CXt 00.

,00 .OOI IX)O E (HKX o 03 -rit..r(
.(X), .002 (KXX r OOH o (Ki 5. 5.
,(X)3 (HO o 10 iH
.Ott| (XXX. I CXXH

0.005 0.005 oooo I OOCX o 17 11.3-

.oof ,CX)(j
(XX J( I CHXX o wi 37. Sf ,1
l,! ,r,|.Uv

.00. .O<l6 WM I OfXX :\.\ 03. H .1 l.'i H'i.73

.cxxS ,007 (j(X)< I OfflX (l 117 30. n .1 MI Id.frf.

.fxx .008 yu<)< T (XKK 30 fa. 3'

O.OIO O.OOtJ 3.| J.!.(il

.01 .010 o 37 .|H.7

.01; on w<>; o ,|i i-i.
.013 .012 <XJ<)< o .|4 -|i.37
013 $j()i o 48 07.'']

0.015 OfXJ! o 51 33 -Wj

.OK 015 yyw o 55 rt>.n
.017 .Olfi <J<XJ2 5H ;.'(. 3.1
.018 017 1 1 01 SJ.S7 , (X !-

.Oig :<)(..

O.020 o.oip, 1 OR .13, It.!

,0.31 1 ! J 1
i..',|
.02; I
15 3X.4<t
.02," .022 cjyHo I M) "3.07
,02i\ 0^3 W77
O.OiJS i i1 .'; .i^.oS
,Q2( .(US o)7i 4 ,;i 01 ,trfi

.027 r(ii). M>

,'nCi. iH 4 -7 .'i-.'.,!?
.O2() I .(I lH,(i<i

O.O30 ..17 I.H.MU

I
! .11 l.l- (l "

.O3I ixjys n/t. 17 >i .1*1 I I . r! I

h

-033 i.rtt ,>. ll tjKfcS,)

.

.033 .032 (J0.|0 ,tt!i,* ift [ij

.O3.| '"33 yy3fl

0.035 0.034 oy-y

,036
ii

2 "3
fX" ) 1 7 /' )
"*!! -1 M M- II
.035 JJIJ23 WW-I '13. !M
037 O.lfi <Jf)l6 y 07 10. mi 5 .|-'..|i -!";>. 4 (
rX'-'i .( '|
-03 ;; in 3(1. iN
JiiS-lX
039 03** uyoi *jj U 1.
1 OJ.Ji.J fl *'N .'.l-.V

0.0. |0 1.030 0^03 ;i 17 ^'H.,io >.fttjfl (

Ji ,'iH.H,:
.041 o.[b 0885 ijyiw a a) 5,|.,iu ,'i
u P'|. ,i,fi

.042 .041 ;; ij* 4 (

'.*vi
-0-13 0(1.117 !i 1*1 l.'i .<M
.043 <>S5K

.04-1 9&|8 a 3-1 ;tH.;'!J 'fyi.ofi

(MS .3 3H IK|.R| ^i.ii.i *fi:'.\ S 4-J .(t,(
I

a .u 30. Hrt

049
.O.|7 (jSifi
,0/|S 980.1
a .14 sfi.oi
WM
'CXi.Oi!

0,050 .049 0792 -|9.05 305.3*1

u 2tun-'(6tt)" BGCll U a BO Pi u

SMITHSONIAN
 The Gudermannian.

SMITHSONIAN TABUCB
277
The Gudermannian.

278
 The Gudermannian.

8MITHBDHIAH TAI1I.CU

279
 The Giulcrnmnninn.

0-430 0.417 3303

.418 2
-419 1579
.420 0711
.420 9840

24 10 22.40
.422 88f> 24 13 ,10-54 -!'t .(M .((!.<* I

.423 7204 16
.!M ;;i ,

i94rt.SU -* 5 1 -

22 51.50

0.440 0.426 4534 9104

.441 .427 yioi 29 10.08
.442 .428 2735 0007 24 32 r?.75
-17,1 J7.15
-443 429 1830 9093 35 25-35
444 474 "M,
-430 0921 -M 38 32-87

0-445 0.431 0009 24 41 40..1I

.446 !75 0410
9092 24 44 47. ')7
!/(' H.iti
447 -433 8172 -M 47 54-!/>
.448 433 7248 24 5f 02.16
449 434 6320 2.-| 54 09.29
 The Gudermannian,

8MITH90HIAN TAB 1-KB

The Gudermannian.

282
 The Gudermannian.

8MITHBONIAH TAIIUCO
283
 The Giulci'iuniminn.

0(1 U (]<l 11

0.726 20. 7-17 4> 30 3<>.5

747 41 39 4.' 154.1:! .85
7-7 (*)i 74* 4' 4' 3^-7 -85
-7-'K445 -M 4-1 i-'-y 15.1.0..' -85
.7jy i
745 41 46 40'.; 153.81

0.729 037 745 41 40 30.. 153.71

744 4' 51 54-" I53.<" .85
7-14 I" 51 '? 153.51 .8.S

.733 i?o 7-13 ,|r 57 (ii, n '53.4" .

85.
.73- yi.| 7-13 4i 59 3.1-3' .85

o.8r 0.733 f>57' 74:1 \j o.j 07.6

7-1-3. .|3 1)4 40-7 .7/0 WW i

!HI 735 141. 7-1 1. |3 t>7 13.8 ,8t>

.7.15 88.'< 741. .(3 (Y) 4(1."

740: IS-'- 70

0.81. 0.737 3f>4- 740 (2 [4 52.3. 't-773 7533

.HK .738 104. 73<V 13 17 3.|

.81? .738 R|3< |i'

iy
57-5< -775 8.' 1

.818 730 582* .775 8</ f

.Bit .740 331. 73*. |.l 25 OJ.J] .770 (no

o.Sar 0.747 059- 13 37,T|-|H 15.1. 17 0.870 .777 3-M 47- tu

741 7<Xi< .871 .7/8 OitM I --,i >i-i ,u 'i
,n -iiis '
'(,'!
j
i-i'-.'j.;

743 533!, I5L07 .>; 748. 7H8 44 ,(? i..(J| l,|fi.Kj

,8*3 3 ,15 ''111 II t ' IW. I 111. !
.743 270/1 1
H>, 'M.I 14 ,1'J
r h'"

,1.1- ("I
,8.'. .744 (Xjfl.i 7358 |J 37 43, 14 4-' "./'.'!

0.825 0.744 7420

.8*
735. |3 40 T4.05 0,87; I.J'Nt) ,'tfli. M 4| .'M..!!
74S 4771 7.14* .87* .781 sji. II 4<- .14. 77
.827 .746 2115 734< a 45 7-17 51.45 .877 ,?S.! ,VK)H 4-1 -19 A\ t \A
.828 74'' 9455 2 47 4H-5x 51.35 ./.M.I OtH]8 11 ,'i' -lX-.t7
.747 6700 7333 2 SO 10.87 II ,M '.I- M
0.8.10 ,74# 4120 |3 S3 .'it- o.88f -14 .V .t'J-S''
.749 14.(<> 73-?3 |2 55 j. .881
Xl3 .749 87(16 7318 i-
1
57 53.15 .883 XII<>H'.' ,|fi ut ,u,,
,750 0081 7313 .88,1 ;
(
irfi l
r .[; ti,( 57.1
.'834 .75 i '339 i
7308 3 02 54 .
5C.7.1 .787 Jsyi

0.835 7303 3 05 25.50 '-7H7 O.WI

.836 75-i 7007 3 07 5d.oM 50.53 .788 (fi,i.! ff! ( I
I.I.I <
4.1., 17
37 753 53JW 3 JO 2(1.5(1 50- M .887 .?8-> 3(187
.8,18 .75-1 358a 3 u r

5< '.')3 50- 33 .HHH

I
-IS. J?

.754 oKM 3 IS 27.20 7X 7763

0.840 755, 7MR 3 17 57-37 IK -*-!
|i|-,lf M4.ty>
.841 ,750 4*123 727.1 3 20 27.43 50.01 .8-jl
.757 3 23 37.39 iy.*>i -S
ytilHI.!!! .(-I. M^ MhXf.
757 . 7Jf>3 3 as 27.. 15 W.HI ."U3 58 /if, /ni3i 4S .-H nM.jttl i.n.r.S
,75 ta 3 a? 57-01 -7oi .Wi.n 7("8:4S ,Wi .M.,{ti 144.55'
0.845 759 3475 7^53 1 i!0 sfi.f'fi 10/JO .701 '1871 /:"> ;-is ^J .17.85 MI. 45
,.|6 760 0725 3 3^ 56. a i l'J-50 .705 (1871 '-18 .l.'i.iS
K.I7 760 7070 35 35.65 I'J-.W
' ^.^|I44.,H
4-i .(>' .|
(
'-5l HI-J4
.848 7<i
t
52 it 37 55-00
2446
,707 11857 J,*l ,|* l.? h t 144.1-1
yCta 3 40 34.24 797
^50 762 7228 49.09 0.900 15 41 SH.0 143-W

SOCf] [J
air'fo'O-DO BQQlllI lan-'to") DfJCllU

284
 The Guclermanntan.

U'l U ad u 1.1
Fu' Q(l U

0.001) 45 44 58.8o 13-93 .050 832 7479 7 42 46.58 38.78

(073 15 47 n.M>7 13.83 833 4 JOS 6723 7 45 05.31 38.68
.00-! .700 87(10 -15 -10 46.45 13- 7 -i .834 01)26 6710 7 47 23.04 38.58
.003 .800 5734 45 5-! 10.1.! 13. (3 OS3 .N.}]7642 6714 7 49 42-47 38-48
.801 .i(Hj;i IS 54 33-6!.) 43-5-! 835 4353 7 52 00.89 38.37

i.Hoi i)6;io 45 56 57."' '1.1- '13 .836 TO1J9 6704 7 54 19-23 38.27
,0<>6 .80.1 (1601 15 50 30.5.! 43.31 .83*) 7 56 37-44 38.17
.803 3516 1.1.31 057 7 58 55-55 38.07
!ooH .811.1 0187 .838 U47 8 oi 13,57
,8114 7.|.M 46 (Xi 30.01) 950 838 7833 8 03 31.48 37^86

o.o'O n,8o<; 4353 fH)2 |'i 08 5-S.95 |3.90 0.839 45ii] 6670 8 05 49.29 37.76
.Oil Id ll 15.79 .8,|(1 ] IOT H oH 07.00 37.66
.1)1:1 .ttid 8108 .8,10 78da H 10 24.60 37-55
.913 .807 si i.l l6 in oi, 18 .841 4528 8 12 .|2.io \17.45
91-1 .808 ;HU.| |6 18 23,7-: ,8,] 2 I tOO 8 14 59-50 37-3-5

i.JVH 8030 I3.3K 8 17 16.80 .17.25

.Koo .'1830 .(/if) 8 19 33-09 37-14
.1117 .Hit) -!7.!6 |8 2T 51.09 37-04
.018 .HiO oi'i'p !i)fi8 .HI. . 66.10 |8 24 08.08 36.04
.HI i (iijuj (KH3 .8|5 44^2 (1634 [8 26 24,9(1 136.84

>.8u .1.183 0-070 1053

i.8.|6 6629 |8 ^8 41-75 136.73
.813 u.i,<i8 .071 .846 7680 |8 30 58.43 136.63
.813 7 MO |6 37 -Ht.33 .07-i 6fm |8 33 15-01 1.16,53
.8 1,
1 3< ]d 30 .|l .0] 073 .848 OOlf
1

(Alt 18 35 31.49 136.43

.8iji <* |6 ,|,i 0.1,4!) 074 .848 7s.y |H 37 47.87 136.32

i.8i<; 7; T-li.35 ("rfift (8 40 04.1, 136.22

.816 45(1! 46 46 4' -" 1 850 o; ,|8 42 20.3;
'
136.12
.817 1. l'i 40 07.3' 850 733f 44 36.38 136.02
|6 51 28,4; I
(I. Of 851 303? 48 46 53.3- 1,15.92
'.8iH $$. I" 5.1 ,10-15 I10.9- .07* .852 051. 658: 48 40 08.2 I35.8I

>.8io 1013 [.io.fl 0.852 7<xX 48 51 23.07 I35-7E

140.7. 853 307, 657. -|8 53 39-6, 135-61
47 <>o 140.61 .85-1 024. 6571 4 55 55- 1< M5.5I
47 "3 ii!.,i( I40.5," .854 6fil 656. 48 58 10.6. 135.40
47 OS l-IO-i; ,8.S5 .137- 49 oi) 26.00 135 -.JO

17 07 5.1. 2f 140.3; 0,855 !J0.1 655 40 02 41.2,

47 H> U.S. 1
I4".3 .856 (148 655C 49 04 56. 4C
.17 1-1 33-7* .857 303 40 07 r i, 4 135-

17 M 53.7/ .08. .857 057, 6S.K 49 09 26.30 134.80

47 17 13.7- 139-0 .858 (nit 65.1 49 II 41.2 1.14-70
,11(1.

0,040 17 10 33-6'< 0,850 2 653C 49 13 5S.9; 134-60

17 ai 53-3' 130-7 .09 .850 y 652 49 16 10.6 134-59
.04 1

47 34 M.O, i,iy.'>
,860 5(J 49 18 25.1, i3'l-4 (.
.0-1
.17 * .13.57 1,19. 5f
.861 2 651 49 20 39-5 I34-3J
.0-1
47 ^8 l,J9"|0 .99 ,8!ii 872 65 " 49 23 53-0 134.^8

47 31 n.3 130.30 0.862 5^3< 650, 49 25 08. 1. I34.I!

0.94. 0.820 ,177, ^'753
47 .13 30.(> 0<> .863 173 49 27 22.. 2: 1.15.0!
.0-1' .830 (t,^ 67-lH
.863 823 49 29 36-3' 1.13-98
17 35 'l >.?f
(
O-i; ('7-1.1
0.Ho 00 .864 /( 72 49 ,11 50.2 133.87
138.0
-17 40 138. By .865 in 648 49 3-104.0 M3.77
1141

I. OCX 0.865 7 648 49 36 17-7 133.67

0.950 17 ^6.58 138.7'

BtnrrKo 11
) wgootl waech
U

8MITHBQNIAN TAHLKB
285
The Gudermannian.

286
 The Glide rmannian.

SMITHBONIAN TABLCB
287
The Giidcrmamrian.

288
 The Guclc rmnnnian.

TAB (.KB
289
 The Gudermannian.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
29O
 The Gudcrmannian.

8 M mi UQ HI AN TAtliCB
 The Guilci nmnnian.

ad n (Jtl U U'l I'

i . 600 I.d.'iO
. iDi <My.'.

.6o,i
, }>-'. '<><'
.60.]

1.605 ;;;;.<>

.607
.fioS
.tox)

i .
1

Hi. ; im i-'

.i'j|i .1710
.i<>.'; 7.t7.^
, HX' 10.17
.(CM . H/i .!'":!

o.|/N

-1"
M -I'l '"J..'i;l

,i"l,M'' ; 1
1'f '!-'"<
.(Uo '^ ;;' .(.,>;7

('7 .|<) -l-l. .U 7 7- "I

(17 ;>i o.:. 1,1 77.77
77.'") .IS-' 1

.<b;i
77 5,'i

77-lH
Xi<>

.t&U
Aw ,187 UJl;

I.'XJCt
!rt!n '*) UP ,|o.,|.'i
'" 1*7 !'.{.</>i

7".IS
\(t.\,\ <*> III ,,'H.f?il

'"j n .(.i. n
'"> i,' 17. ,U 7,1-.!*'

7.1- '.I

.^>S 7.1 -'>7

100 -6j-j 7,j.ixi

<jf{ 15 ^>.'/(i 76. ' ,700 v'(VJ ,il,|; <*> r/ .VJ.'V)

a o IHI m- Ho") Off m- '()- ! mi Vi| (B ;

'l UCf' 10(1 11 11

BMITHBONIAN TAMUEB
 The Gudcrmaniiian,

BMITH80NIAN TANLKS
293
 The Glide rmannian.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
294
 The Glide rmannian.

SMITHSONIAN
295
 The Gudormannian.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
296
 The Giidcrraamilan.

SMITHSONIAN
297
 The Gwlcnmmninn.

u u
Hdu 11(1 II ti<i nil

1.350 (X)03 15.1" l-3''0 7733

-15-11 .J(X) (jfft/
..](n ir'-to
-35" 5J77 15-07
35" ?.|0i .IS-!'-!

-350 <XM3 77 -M K>..l8 ..I'll U>;i*l

I Hi.| r;
2170 77 -'5 ni..i.| ..I'll

77 -'5 .l<...'5
351 "'75 77 -*> 3 1. 1.; M.5
77 J7 15-05 -H-Ko
35H 0519 77 ;:S oo,73

2.^1O I ,
^fi-! lHh\S 77 .! .15-17 1.7-: 1,3"..! )-i.|H
..'II 35J .1^55 77 -!0 30. 10 ..I'M 051,

77 3<> i.|.8.! MM ..CM -:V

"
.31,1 77 30 50.. I-
1
3'M .I'
1

77 31 .13- '") 1 51 -.("3 <>/-;

1 .
353 350.! 1 50
-353 5<58
,.!17 353 78U!
,;nH 353 O'X'l
35-1 --'".I

a. 3.10 i-35-l -I -to 77 3'' io.,|d

. ^-*t 77 30 5I-7-'
35'l 855:! 77 37 38-0.1
77 38 -M.II
.355 -'H.13 77 ,10 07..!.]

1-355 -lOJ'O
77 35-!l8 7/1 Id -',(.'11
!
,)| ,i|,t
-355 7H''' -T3-I 'lo .'it,l,J |

-355 0-MO 77 -II I'l-.t^ .'u;< I 7.M i/ n;;.i;i I -U .Wt

350' 1370 77 .M <M..M .(vi;-n ( .i;'.. i; ,tt,M|
'

35'' 3.10') 77 !! .17--J5 .(i.:f /M iM .-(}. lo

1 .
35(> 5 ('>~o'
1.1.85
35" 775' 1.1.81
-35" f)87'l 1.1-77
357 ^005 .13.7-!
-357 -|H.| .1.1. (-8

77 .|7 IHJ.HS
-357 83.1;; 77 -17 53-17 ,(.1. (xt

.337 .358 0-157 77 -l8 37-o| 13-55

.338 .358 as/fl 77 '!') 20.57 .13-51 ,MIH) ;
;; .!.j .i,(,;,',s

.358 -'I070 -13-17 .'txv

;
;.'' >> ,;;. i-i

i. 3580783 77 .W -17-51
.358 HHy 77 M30.1)1
35O oijHi) 77 5J I.M7 3'*' 35-"
-

-350 3oH<) 77 :<' 57-5'J .3'^J .'i.'i''" f> \

f'ti /M !..(
3!>!) 5187 77 53 -10. M; 3**J 7.'il8

l
a. -MS 1-350 7- 8.1 77 5-1 -M-io .11.1,1
350 IJ377 77 55 07..:<j -11.11
':''!'
,#M> i,|f) 77 55 !iO-|.| ;-H 30 .';.j.'^
;i|8 ,,l(k) 3550 77 P" 33.S. ! 1
.Jt, 03
77 57 KMu ^7 I ;."-H .1,! 17. MI

7733 77 57 5f).ftl
'V
'

-H sj tM

it! nh n 2 Inn Cll It

TAnt.cn
 The Gwlcrmannian.

8MIYHBUMIAM TABUB
299
The Gndcrmannian.

300
 The Gwlcrmannian.

32.02
1551 - 31-98
1349 81 05 18.19 31-95
15.18 81 os 50.13

1545 81 06 53-91
15-13 81 07 25.7S
1341 8r 07 57-56
1540 81 08 20-31
1538 8 1 oy oi.o()

1537 81 09 32.80 31.70

1535 81 10 04.49 31.67
13 oi. US 33--!7| -5<>i
108 7777 81 10 3<i.i4 .11.64
1534
)H 0380
It
1332 81 ii 07,77 31.61
HXH) n
1531 81 39-36 31.58
4 40.92 33- 17 |
-5<>-l
100

33.14 1529 Hi is 10.92

IS 1.1.0*1
33-H 1528 Si 12 4^-45
33- 1526 8t 13 13-95
1525 I
81 13 4S-4~I I
,11-45
132381 14 16.85 31.42

J. 132281 14 48.25 31-39

17 S9-38 33.98 |
570
1520 Hi 15 I9.<>3 31. 3<

1519 8l 15 50-97 31-3

It)0<i..i7 33.9,1
Sl-'.'i
1317 81 16 22.28 31.3
/<),
1516 81 16 33.56 31-2
410 H6i,t
782. 1514 i
17 24.81
9334 1513 81 17 56.03
08-17 81 18 J7-22
fil 40-43 32.7.1 |
.577
^357 81 18 58.38
1508 8 1 1929.50

537-1 1,507 8l 2000.60 31-08

im\ 1305 81 20 31.67 31.05
Hi 31 02.70 31-02
.4198.18.1
.419 <l88H 1503 81 21 33-70 30.09
.420 1389 1501 8t 22 04-68 30.06

'
30.93
!'!"o 4388 30.00
5885 1496 Hi 23 37-41 30-87
-4-to
1R7J Ho 57 15-33 '<- ! "'- i
.420 1495 8 1 2408.26 30.8-
R7 47-75 3J-to
iia^-13 ^-37 .420 887S

30.7
1491 8r 25 40.63 30-7
,

3349 30-7
S/M Ho s; 57.oH 30.68
421 48.17
30-6
421

30-6
1483 81 28 13.98 30-5
.431 9303
30-5
.422 0770
30.5
""'* i*
,432 2257
I t i 1
* ' ' " '*'
1479 81 2045.62 30-5
.422 3730
I

1554 Bl 03 4J.ty 33.03

1477 Si 30 i6.n
 The Gudermatmian.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
302
 The Gude rmannian.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
303
 The GuSermannian.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
34
 The Gudermannian,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
305
 The Gudermannian.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
306
 The Gudcrmnnnian.

ml u Qitu a tin gdii

I! I II

(XI
.
87540S.10 XS-53 548 5793 2523 43 37.40 45.82
.01
X.l- 78
,OJ
.548 8003 2199 88 44 22.99 45-37
K.M 1*113 87 56 34.G7 X.I.G.I .549 0191 2178 45 08.13 44-9*
.0,1 .5.1S -i.ai MX 57 48.33 X3-30 -540 2358 2156 88 45 52.82 44-47
MS tio.'!|) N/ ;;<> 01.17 7J-57 549 4503 2134 88 46 37.07 44-03
.(.0.1 I-S.IS '1SS1 M (X> 13.48 .549 6627 47 20.88 43-59
.<'> MU Oi iM.fiy 71.1.1 549 8730 2092 88 48 04.25 43-15
.07 7M3 .550 08 i i 2071 4847.19 42-73
5 SO 1-873 2051 49 29-70 43.30
550 .
2030 50 11.79 41.88
4-lo I-S37 fyi-
.550 20I.O 50 5-3.46 41.46
.11 -MX KH 07 u.j)i -550 1990 88 51 34.7-2 41.05
.ID MS oft 19.25 67.00 .551 0(>T4 19X0 H8 52 15.56 40.64
5fil 1*874. 1951 52 5(1,00 40.24
88 io 31,01 -SSI 4815 1931 53 36.o,[ 39-84

4.1.1 551 6737 1912 88 54 15.68 30.44

.10 JW u 41.94 CM -37 193 54 54-92 39.05
M 13 .15.99 <M.X3 552 0523 88 55 33-77 38.66
HH 14 .19.40 63. 10 .552 3388 88 56 12.24 38.28
HH iij 5i!.iu .553 42.15 1837 88 56 50-33 37.89
M irt 5-1. .11 'i
i.Hs ,Sjj 6063 88 57 28.03 37.52
5S3 7873 ifioi88 58 05.36 37-14
(iO.03 1783 88 58 42.32
(ill. (I.!
.'553 M3 1765 H8 59 18.91 36>l
JIM !J'U MU .HI
-S53 3195 1748 HS 59 55.14 36.05

1X30 35.69
553 M'55 1713. ft> oi 06.52 35.33
553 83(10 ififXi ft) oi 41.68 34-98
551 0047 ft) 02 16.48 34-63
551 i?l8 166.2 ft) 02 50.94 34-20

MH ,'fi ,|.!,oi 554337-3 1646 ft) 03 25.06 33-95

H4 ,7 ,'iS.Oo 554 5010 1630 89 03 58-84 33.01
55-4,1
-Ml K>'<i .554 6031 ftj o.-i 32.28 33-28
..Ml l''-'
!l 51-3I 554 8-'30' 15*17 ft)05 05.39 32-94
lill >'-'IX S3- XX .5549825 89 os 38.17 32.62

MM 31 ifi.tyi 555 1399 8f) 06 10.63 32-29

55S 957 1550 ft) 06 4^.76 31.97
MM !n 01.27 5.!- "
555 44W 1535 ft) 07 14.57
15H) 89 07 46.07 31-34
M j'l i-V-W 51.15 555 7538 1S04 ft) 08 17.25

50,64 55'.' 8008 48.12. SO. 72

MK li'i iisltot 556 0516 1474 ft; oo 18.69 30.41
MM 3? i,'i.70 .556 ioS.1 ft) 09 ,[8.95 30.11
MS .lH (15.15 .556 3436 1445 ft) io 18.91
(W .tH 5.1.05 1431 89 to 48.57 29.51

flH 30 43.4^ 48.17 4-95 ft) n 17-93 29.22

40 .556 77^7 ft) n 47,01 28.93
8jt 3<>.j|0 .550 9i*>3 T389 ft) 12 13-79 28.6
.4
MX <,->,7 47.32
12
557 aiK| 1375 ft) 44-29 .36
28.3'
W* 4a 51.35 iiio S57 1852 ftj 13 I2.SI 28.07

4J 37-10 5.00 1.557 3206 I34S 89 13 40. -14 27.70

u BOG!) u 2tnn-'(B)-90 *> seeh u

i snoK ti SOIlll II
 The Gudermannian,

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
308
 TABLE VII

THE ANTI-flUDERMANNIAN

in cximiHMwl in miiuilcs In Uiriua of the Gudermmnilati,

tfd \\ t!Xi>i'CHHt>d in degrees and minutes.

i inlnutu o.ooo ayc>8 KHai ractinns,

1
o.ouo atjoH HHai in JoK.Um f -

w-h u radians.
^gd u)

In thin Uiltlu tho, muoiiil decimal jtlacu in soinatlmes erroneous by a unit.

309
 The Anti-Gudermannian.

IN TABLES
310
 The Anti-Gudcrmannian.

mi H" 13" .14 15"

yil.50
9 l a. 53
013-57
tf.17
>-j.iy

yiH.5i

HI 74-'-''i 7JS-M

670.3 7<w. in

IJ24.(J(>

947.03
yjti.u?
1
(sH.!,|4 921). 1

WtH.oH 1)311 , 1 5
Woy. 11 Uii.iW

747- H
y.M '-'!>

(rf,5(i 74'). H KM. 43

W74-7 93". 37
Km. 4!) W75. 3
1

1
<J.17.4<>
(M)l.(l.!

(;.!' 7S5.'" Hioisv K7!!l()

ij.Vi.5<J

757 -Of <). 1 2 . "if

(Ktf.yo
*

1 f

I
(H> (.'/(| y(K). !. K.ii.71 915-7"
H.w.7-1 884. do
/ui.Ko 8.M.77
WJ.J.KO

H?)lK! 050. i/j

.[!>

DS-!.^

P57-1J
77-'- -V 958.37
i/ XI,!. iM 77.1-1
774-4
K<XJ of .

WjK.ltt (XX) , Ii

777-5 ()0l 15 9fi3.3?

51
l(
77H.fi IJOJ.
f/iS.4'5

905- ^

(/>(), 6

971 X>
7-'5..V
910.4

TAIILCB
311
 The Anli-Gu<U:rmiumiiin,

Uil II

ml

!'),!.'','

l,|'/i. 1 1 ir.AS.7J
1, 107--'"
II
H,/ ,(M I

t /'', ii'
l/nl .';n

MW.57
1310. (>]
1
.11 1- 7-!

l.H-|-fM
1316.01 ISM. -17 (
i. ;/y.('.i

I.1J7.0H I57-M-73

IM'I.?*'
171". M 1-7^1.1*1

.1*
if. .U
.13

.1-1

i 3 <> 7B

37 37
&
Klttl . 10 -I"

I/.t'l.t^l

'HI Uii't.jV
133''. -M
1533-K' ifif/i.yo 11731.10
"H'M-.l.'i

W-<>7
iy.t7.j-N
I.I7J.OJ 17.^.7"
1-1117.77 1.17-3.1.!

iff |.07 l(ii 16., (

ISVJ.-7

M7H..9J .is

I/M7.^'

313
 The Anti-Gudermamuan,

40 nil u

3393.63 3468.26 25--I4-93 2622.69 of

2624.00 I

2(125.30 2
J.I-M.TO 2472.07 3
1 1 f <A . r i'i

2473-3-I 2550.08 2627.91 4

2474.01 5
!.
100.15 2630.53 6
MO/.H.S 2553.95 2631 .&|j 7
M0').o/ 8
2633.14
:i 10. ','.'f
2634-45 9
M I i
..](> -1105.17 10
2557.81 2635.76
-'559- 10 2637.07 II
2638.38 12
2561 !J 2639.69 13
2562.97 26,51.00 14
'5&1.27 26.12,31 IS
2565.56 16.13.62 16
17
2568;'l4: 18
2647.55
MUV-70 J 3 70. 73 20
JKX'l.S't 2494-97 21
2650. 17
W5.JS 7
3-;u 2651.40.
Hi.'i .1)11
|
a.t.(u 2652,80 23
75 ()o
.
2654.11 24
2577. 'i9 2655.43 25
2656.74 26'
2658.05 27
28
2505. 1
2(|(io.(i8 20
30
2507.7-1 >-$-\<<)7. 2663.31 3T
33
2665.1x1. 33
>6fi7.26 34
2668.58 35
36
2071.21 37
2(172.53
3517.07 L'673.85 39
2(/5 16.
40
2520,54 2676.48 41
82
.J5.il. 2677.80 4a
2679. 12 43-
44
,1 !.('/ 2681.76 45
46
47
-'";;i-"l
2685.72
1451 ..W 2608. 2/187.04 49
^455.'.^ 2688.36 So
2680. 6<j Si
26(JI ,01 52
'S'M'J 2613.56 26t>2.33' 53
2537." 2614. Wi 54
i. Hi 2538.50 2616,17 2694.98 55

2617.47 26(16.30 56
2541.07 2618.78 2^)97.63 S7t
2C..J2, if) 2(x)8.()5
2543 -fa 2621,38 2700.27 59
afiaa.fxj 2701,60 60
.iH .NHj").':!."

313
 The Anli-Giitlcrnianninn.

ad u

.781,71

.7o().ijo
3/08.33 ;.HH!,M

JM7I-3I
ii/miKi' -!/OI.I.|
J71-J.IM
30.|.!.(i}i

-usy.7-1
j'Xli. I.I

^8oi.!j.i

305.|.Oj
.887.77
3050-W
305H.3I
2720 .SO ,1050-73

117,1.1.50

,3736.16 i!8(j8. 77
11737-50 J*)0(), l,S

-73*. K.I HXH.53

27-10.17
1)087.70
lioft), 10 307.1. oft
-7-14.17 .1075-11
aT-lS.Si 307' i. 8 1
3078.. id
291 1 , ifi

'.17-10. 52
.750.85

2753-153
U754.H/ 300I-7'! ,ldH(i.8|

2756.21 3003.1-1
l
^7!)7-5, i

300^.77
3(>l(t. l8

3013, (xi 30<j<S.3*i

276/1.0.1
ii/6H.tJ.7 31115. 8J 3101,17
2760.62 20.13..13 3017. M3
,'031.7' .ll'M-01

.1773 .'M
..-y.jH.H7 30^3.87
3/76.3,1

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3M,|.1I
J7N1.71 2063.10

BMITHftONIAN TftOLKO
 The Anti-Gudermnnnian.

(Ill II
5.1
57 ...58 60
o' ._&!L_ ad i

4294.30 4409.14 4527-37 o'

I

4296. 19 4411.08 4529.37 i

4^)8,07 4413.03 453L.17 2

44'14.97 4533-37 3
.11189.07 4301.85 4535.38 4
4303.74 44i8!86 4537.38 5
,177,1-7-1
4305.61, 4539-39 6
.1775.. M 4-.307.53 4422.76 4541-39 7
4424,70 4643-40 8
4'iW-i? 4426.65 4545.4-1 9
4-'OI.OJ 4428, (b 4547-42 m
4202.87 43IS.H 4430.56 4549.43 n
|0<)5..|3 4317.01 44.12.51 4551-44 13
44.14.46 4553-45 13
|<W)9.OJ 4 3 JO. 80 45i55.47 M
4322.70 4438.37 4557.48 IS

4324.6t
4440.33 4559-50 16
4213.95 4442.29 4561.52 17
4444-24 4563,53 18
4217.66 43.10-31 4446.20 19
9-5i 4.132.22 4448.16 20
4221.36 4)50. 12 21
,1'K >.'..
II 1.1. 44 4336.03 44.92.09 4571 .01 22
4115.24 1225.07 43.17-04 4454-05 457.1-6) 23
1117.05 4456.01 4575-66 24
1118.85 4457- 98 4577-69 25
-1 230.fi:) 4,143-66 4459-94 4579-71 26
,(/<*>..!/ 4,145-57 4581.74 27
.t/lMJI 4S17-48 4583.77 28
,171-!. !i<' 4349-40 4465-85 4585.80 29
,1714.- :<> 4351-31 4467.82 4587.83 30
129,7.? 435.1.23 41)69.79 4589.86 31
i.J' >5.i 4.155-14 4471.76 4591.89 32
133-34 .12.13.67 -I.157.o6 4473-73 459.1-92 3'3
4358.97 4475-71 4595.96 M
4360.80 4477-68 4598.00 35
4,162,81 4600.03 36
436.1.. 73 4481 ,63 4602.07 37
4483.61 4604 i r.
38
4368,57 4485.59 4606,15 39
I" 4370.50 4487.57 4608.19 40
4372-42 4489.55 4610,23 41
,11,19,70 1-KHM7 4374..14 4491-53 4612.27 42
4376.27 4614.32 43
4495 -'50 4616.36 44
I047-17 '1 155. >7 4380. 12 4497.48 4618.41 45
4,182,05 4499-47 4620.45 46
4050.7-! 4209,84 4501.45 4622.50 47
450.1-44 4624 .'56 48
4'J -1273.5!) 4387.84 4505-4.1 4626.60 49
4<>flO.O() 4,189-77 4507.42 4628.65 So
4277.35 4391-70 4630.71 51
4-79-23 4393-64 4632.76 52
4I<>9.79 4281 1 4.195-57 45I3.39 4634-81
. 1 53
4,197-51' 4636.87 54
4.399-44 4'5I7'. 38 4638.93 55

4175,
'
4640.98
-1401.38 45i9.,l8 56
4403.32 4521.37 4643- CM 57
4405.26 4523.37 4645-10
4073. i a 4292.41 4407.20 4525..17 4647, 16 59
*IOM.0o 4294.30 4409. 14 4527.37 4649.23 60

TAflt,KN
315
 The Anti-Gmie rmannian.

68"
65*
1

178,81 5-17-1 .01 S6.10.8- 79.1.50

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14 104T .
70 5i8i.iS 335.97 5176.57 56.1.1-40
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4947-0-1 5083.01
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TAHLEB
 The Anti-Gudcrmamiinn.

till II
76" 77
7-167.21 '744-57 {0.15.71 8375.20
".W-K'i 7471,66 749-38 8050.95 1380. 96
.176.11 754-20 1056.20 8386.73
756.6,1, 480.57 759.02 1061.46 1392.52
763.86 1066.73 1398.31
.|8y.5o 768.70 8072.01 1/104,11
'193-98 '77,1.55 {077.29 ^100.92
778.40 {082.58 8415.74
502.95 783.26 8421.57
507,44 788.12 {093.10 4427.42 9
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793.00 098.51 8433.27 10
'013. 10 797.88 3439.13 II
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5-'5.47 807.66 8^50,88 13
530.00 7812.56 {119! 86 U56.77
5,14-5,1 817.46 15

7822.38 8130.58 8,168,58 16

5*1 3 .60 7&-7.30 {'35-95 8474-50 17
548.15 tMi-33 8480.43 18
7552.70 7837 '.16 {146.72 8-186.37 19
u|8..|7 557. 78.12.10 8152.12' 8492.32 20
-561.82 78.17.05 8157.53 8.198.28 21
((ill),. 17 7852-01 8162.95 8504.25 22
757<>. <X> 7856.97 {168,37 '0.23 33
7575- '54 7861 .9.] {173.80 24
7580.13 8179-24 {522.22 25
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787 I. 90 8184.60 {528.23 26
i
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t,l.l( 7886,80 {201 .09 8546.33 tap
X*3. 78yi.yi 8552.38 30
7607.78 7896.93 "212.06 8558.45
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(/i|i), 1 1
7617.0- 7906.98 ^223. 07 i570.6i 33
73 5.1. 76:; 1.68 7912.03 ^576.70 34
7357.71 762(1,3,; 7917-08 "J34.J2 8582.81 35
7112. j; 7362,10 76>>. 9< 7922.13 ^239,66 8588.93 36
711(1, j,7366.4 7927-19 ^595.o6 37
yiao.ai 7370.7 76.lo.3i 7932.26 8250.75 38
fp.:*.7.!ii (t'i,K( 7I-M-3 7375-0? 7937-34 8256.31 ^07.35 39
ti,(rVt.( 7U'8,;)S 7379 !< 79-12-43 8261.88 8613.51 40

7.lHl.7. 7634.3.' 7947.52 8267.46 8619.68 41

7136.4, 7659-0. 7952.62 8273.05 8625 .> 42
yi,|<Mt 7,192.4. 7957.72 8278.65 8632.05 43
82^.25 8638.26 44
7967.96 8289.87 8644.47 45

7405-5 7677.87 797)1-09 8295.49 8650.70 46

"J.l-' it 715(1.7 ,8f 768.!,'57978.23 8301.12 8656.94 47
tl,H/t,,'\ 7687.3- 7983.37 8306.77 8663.^9 48
?.| 1 8, 6. 7988.52 8312.42 8669,45 49
74A1.0, 7993-68 8318.08 8675.72 50

'',!".' H.I 71 7,1. o 7437-4: 7701.5. 7998.85 8323.75 8682.00 51

7.131. ft 77"6.3 800.1 .03 8329.4.1 8688.29 52

77"- o 8009. 'J i B6>|.6o 53

7440.6, 8014. 4( 8340.82 8700.92 54

7445-0 77,20. 6< 8019.60 83.16'. 52 8707.25 55

7725-3' 8024.81 8352.24 8713.50 56

7453 77.10. 1 8030.0; 8357. or 8710.0-1 57
77.14-9 8035.2.- 8363.70 8726,30 58
7158-3
7205.11 7463.7 7739.7 80.10.4? 8369.4 8732.68 59
8a(5.7i 8375.20 8739.06 60
4-j 73(0.0 7467. 774.1.5

TAD en
i.

317
 The Anti-Gudermaimian.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES * Prom 84. 3' onwnrda Interpolate by second dlfCcreuccu

318
 TAULK VIII

CONVERSION OF RADIANS INTO ANGULAR MEASURE AND VICE VERSA

3'9
 Conversion of Angular Measure into Radians.

SMITHSONIAN TABLES
320
 Conversion of Radians into Angular Measure.

I liut Inn s Anfllii Hail [in a

I
Allfllo

.i''.-|.SiK.! .17 O.OO(')

.i.!.i*nj4 04 .007
H)..|.|I7 .|l

i)-i.|).;.!4<) H8

o or 43,13:2.10 31
37

o 03 2(1,26.180 6'u5
00 OJ2. Of)26'4 806
(K.) 0:1. 125 JfJ 6l3

oo oS. 35059 '-'-5

o oo 10.31324 031
oo 12, 375^8 837
oo i-l.-l.l853 6.]4
oo 16. 50118 450
oo 18.56383 256

o oo

Numerical Ccmui

8 9S8.15 47756

.fii'/v .t. U ".I J.25331 4T373 15500

Kn.w ".'l
(
l'/l>l
1
V' '/-'' '.H'.Vl ,, 02865
I.14.1V-! 0' m H -I'M 1 * 1
V IT
}?*' .1

,140111 i riultan 206264. 80624 7o9 ri 4 seconds

= 3437 7'l
fi
77 7 y 49 uiiimles
= 57-29577 95131 degrees
.l. 80625 S. 3^43 51332

8MlT)l6l)HIAM TAHI.K0