1037 PROSPER

Select | Main to return to the main menu of PROSPER.

This completes this tutorial.

3.1.20 Tutorial 20: Matching a naturally flowing oil well test

File: ~/samples/PROSPER/T20_MatchingAnOilWellTest.OUT

The main objectives of this example are to show:

How to match a PROSPER naturally flowing oil well model to well test data
How to use the calibrated model to perform sensitivity runs on various variables:
tubing size and reservoir pressure

3.1.20.1Statement Of The Problem

A model for a naturally flowing oil well was built in tutorial 2.
After some production, the well has been tested and lab PVT data have been made
available.

It is required to:
- Calibrate the PVT model against the lab data,
- Analyse the well test results

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- Calibrate the model to reproduce the well test results

- Use the calibrated model to study the impact of tubing size and reservoir pressure on
the well performance.

3.1.20.2PVT Lab data & Well Test data

PVT Data

Parameter Value
Solution GOR: 400 scf/stb
Oil Gravity: 30 API
Gas gravity: 0.75 (Air =1)
Water salinity: 80000 ppm
Impurities (CO2, N2, H2S): None
Bubble point pressure: 2500 psig at 200 degF

Further PVT data are given in tabular form below at 200 degF:

Pressure in psig Gas Oil Ratio in scf/ Oil FVF in rb/stb Oil Viscosity in
stb centipoises
1500 237 1.138 1.34
2000 324 1.178 1.15
2500 400 1.214 1.01
3000 400 1.207 1.05
4000 400 1.198 1.11

Well test data

Parameter Value
Test date (optional): 01/01/2010
Test Comment (optional): Main Flow Test
Well Head Flowing Pressure: 250 psig
Flowing Tubing Head Temperature: 158.5 degF
Water Cut: 30%
Liquid Rate: 8290 stb/d
Measured Gauge depth: 7000 ft
Measured Gauge pressure: 2335 psig
Static Reservoir Pressure @ top 3800 psig
perforation:
Produced Gas-Oil Ratio: 600 scf/stb

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3.1.20.3Step by Step
The following pages provide a step-by-step procedure that will lead to the solution of the
problem:
- recall the PROSPER model for the naturally producing oil well (see example 2)
- Review the PROSPER model
- Calibrate the black oil correlation against the lab PVT data and select the most
suitable correlations for this crude
- Quality-check and calibrate the PROSPER model against the well test data
- Select the appropriate VLP correlation
- Superimpose the IPR curve
- Use the model to run sensitivity on tubing size and reservoir pressure.

3.1.20.3.1 Open the PROSPER file

Select | File | Open, locate and open the file "Tutorial_02.OUT" in the sample directory.

3.1.20.3.2 Resetting any previous VLP matching

This step is optional but might need consideration in cases where an inherited
PROSPER file contains multiphase correlations that already have been calibrated.
In order to reset the calibration parameters (Parameter 1 & Parameter 2), select |
Matching | Correlation Parameters | Tubing and here one select | Reset All.

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Select | Done to complete this step.

3.1.20.3.3 PVT matching
The PVT data accounts for more than 80% of the quality of a well model. Therefore, the
PVT data need careful calibration.
For this select | PVT | Input Data and here are the original surface data in the model:

PVT Data

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Parameter Value
Solution GOR: 400 scf/stb
Oil Gravity: 30 API
Gas gravity: 0.75 (Air =1)
Water salinity: 80000 ppm
Impurities (CO2, N2, H2S): None
Bubble point pressure: 2500 psig at 200 degF

In order to calibrate the black oil correlations, one needs first to enter the PVT lab data.
This is done with | Match Data and here one shall populate the screen as below:

PVT Lab Data

Further PVT data are given in tabular form below at 200 degF:

Pressure in psig Gas Oil Ratio in scf/ Oil FVF in rb/stb Oil Viscosity in
stb centipoises

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1500 237 1.138 1.34

2000 324 1.178 1.15
2500 400 1.214 1.01
3000 400 1.207 1.05
4000 400 1.198 1.11

Notes:
- up to 50 tables with different temperatures can be entered here.
- It is recommended to match the PVT at least at the the bubble point pressure with the
corresponding oil formation volume factor and viscosity.

PVT matching

Select | Done to return to the PVT entry screen.

Now select | Regression | Match All and then | OK | Parameters to view the results of the
regression:

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Parameter 1 is a multiplier whereas Parameter 2 is a shift. Therefore the best

correlation is the one with a parameter 1 equal to unity and parameter 2 equal to zero.
For the oil FVF matching, Parameter 3 is the multiplier above the bubble point pressure
whereas Parameter 4 is the shift above the bubble point pressure.

Looking at the statistics above, we will select the Glaso black oil correlation for the
bubble point calculation, solution GOR and oil formation volume.
For the viscosity, the Petrosky correlation will be selected.

Select | Done and | Done again to return to the PVT entry screen where the appropriate
black correlations are selected:

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Now select | Done and save the file to secure all the changes made.

3.1.20.3.4 Matching - VLP /IPR Quality Check

The general procedure in matching a well test can be broken in four (4) sequential
steps:
- First, critically review the well test results: are there in line with previous results? how
reliable are the measurements?
- Second, quality-check and calibrate the PVT. For dry gas and retrograde condensate
wells, it is generally not required to perform any PVT matching.
- Third, quality-check, select, calibrate and validate the VLP correlation against the
actual tubing response
- Fourth, find the IPR model / parameters that will reasonably reproduce the well test
results.

After completing the first step, proceed with the well test data entry.

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3.1.20.3.4.1 Well Test Data Entry

In order to enter the well test data, simply select | Matching | Matching | VLP/IPR
(Quality-Check) and populate the screen as below:

The screen is divided into 3 sections: upper, middle and bottom.

The upper section of the screen contains different buttons that can be categorized in two
groups: the data processing button on the left and the task buttons
The middle section contains the well test data and the bottom section of the screen
contains in written form a well test matching procedure that has been successfully tested
over and over again. This is the recommended well test matching procedure.

One can enter up 1000 well tests in this screen.

After entering the well test data, one needs to select the test of interest for the analysis.
To select a test, click on the row number that starts at the beginning of each test entry,
left of the column " Test Point Date". The selected test number then turns blue.

Well test data

Parameter Value
Test date (optional): 01/01/2010
Test Comment (optional): Main Flow Test
Well Head Flowing Pressure: 250 psig
Flowing Tubing Head Temperature: 158.5 degF
Water Cut: 30%
Liquid Rate: 8290 stb/d
Measured Gauge depth: 7000 ft
Measured Gauge pressure: 2335 psig
Static Reservoir Pressure @ top 3800 psig
perforation:
Produced Gas-Oil Ratio: 600 scf/stb

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Notes:
- The approach to follow is documented at the bottom of the screen under"Matching
Procedure".
- For oil wells, always set the GOR free to 0 scf/stb and simply enter the total produced
GOR in the Gas Oil Ratio column. PROSPER will use the PVT model to work out how
much gas is free and how much gas is dissolved in the liquid phase at any P & T
conditions.
- We will use the Task buttons located on the top right corner of the screen, from the
left to the right to solve this well test matching exercise.

3.1.20.3.4.2 Estimate the U-value

In a design case, the U-value can be estimated using the full enthalpy balance model.
Because a well test is available, we will use the well test data to back calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient.This is what we are going to do next.
For this simply select the task button "Estimate U Value" and the following message
will appear:

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The program has estimated and displayed the heat transfer coefficient on the basis of
the well test data selected.

Under the assumption that the well test data are valid, select | OK and a message will
appear, proposing to replace the previous U-value in the model with this new one.

With YES, the new U-value is taken as input for the model. The previous value is in fact
overwritten.

Here we will select YES and then the U-value is then transferred:

Select | OK to continue with the next task button, the "Correlation Comparison".
3.1.20.3.4.3 Correlation Comparison
It is well known that there is no universal multiphase correlation. Therefore, whenever a
new well test is available for analysis, it is a good practice to perform a correlation
comparison.
The purposes of the correlation comparison are:
- identify without bias which best reproduce the well test to be analyse
- quality check the well test results. For instance if none of the correlation came close to

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the well test, it might be worth checking the reliability of the well test data themselves.

In most cases with oil wells, the Fancher-Brown correlation and the Duns & Ros
modified multiphase correlation define the operating envelope of a tubing. Therefore,
those 2 correlations will be selected along with a few generally reliable correlations like
Petroleum Experts 2.

To proceed, select the task button "Correlation Comparison" and then | OK | and
here select a few correlations for comparison.

Afterwards, select | Calculate | Calculate | Plot and this is what can be seen:

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Conclusion: One can see that the test point lies outside of the solution envelope. This
can happen for various reasons and it is the engineer's task to find out exactly what are
the possible reasons behind this behaviour.

In this particular case, we shall recall that the bubble pint pressure of the fluid at
reservoir temperature is 2500 psig.
The reservoir pressure is currently 3800 psig. This means that the oil is still under-
saturated at reservoir conditions. Therefore the produced GOR must be equal to initial
solution GOR of 400 scf/stb.

Let us return with | Finish | done and correct the GOR to 400 scf/stb:

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Changing (i.e. correcting) the produced GOR will change the mass flow rate in the
tubing and consequently change the heat loss in the surroundings of the well. Therefore,
the U-value need to re-estimated and updated with | Estimate U Value | OK | Yes | OK.

Now select | Correlation Comparison | OK | Calculate | Calculate | OK | Plot, this is how

the gradient now looks like:

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Now one can clearly see that the test point has moved inside the solution envelope:
between Fancher-Brown on the left and Duns & Ros on the right.
We can also see that the Petroleum Experts 2 correlation is very close to the test point.
On the basis of this observation, we will select the Petroleum Experts 2 correlation
moving forward.

Select | Main to return to the VLP/IPR Matching screen to fine-tune the Petroleum
Experts 2 correlation against the well test data. The emphasis here is fine-tune because
a heavy correction is not desired.
3.1.20.3.4.4 VLP matching
Now select | Match VLP and select only the correlation of interest to proceed.
Select | Match to trigger the non-linear regression that applies a gravity and a friction
correction coefficient to the selected multiphase correlation.

The parameter 1 is the gravity term multiplier whereas the parameter 2 is the friction
term multiplier. Ideally, both should equal to unity and one can see here that both
multipliers are very close indeed to unity.

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We can see in this example that both parameters are very close to unity: this means that
the well test is consistent with model and that the selected multiphase correlation is
suitable for this particular well.
Now select | Done to return to the previous menu.
3.1.20.3.4.5 VLP / IPR matching

In order to perform the VLP/IPR matching, simply select the task button "VLP / IPR" and
then | Calculate:

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PROSPER computes VLP and IPR using the well test data as input.

On the bottom right of the screen, the simulated solution rate and solution BHFP are
displayed along with the test rate and test bottom hole flowing pressure.
Note that "Test BHP" is the gauge pressure corrected to the well datum depth using the
VLP correlation selected.

With | Plot, this is what can be seen:

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One can read that the difference between measured and simulated rate is only 0.2%,
and for this case it can be considered that the rate difference between the measured
and calculated rate is negligible.

For most cases, the difference between the measured and calculated rate can be quite
different. For those cases it will be necessary to change the IPR data i.e., reservoir
pressure, permeability, skin, etc., until a suitable match has been achieved.

To further illustrate the IPR tuning workflow, we shall consider the above match to be
invalid, hence a decision will be made regarding the IPR data.

Let us summarize:
A well model is the combination of PVT, VLP and IPR.
The PVT has been calibrated, The VLP also have been calibrated. Hence any error will
be confined to the IPR.
There are multiple IPR variables that can help conclude the exercise: reservoir pressure,
permeability, skin, ....
In the following, we will assume that the estimation of the reservoir pressure was not
reliable.
Hence, we will find the reservoir pressure required to match the well test. This can be
done manually in iterative fashion or automatically.

We will adjust the reservoir pressure automatically. For this, select | Finish | Done to get
back to the well test data entry screen.
Now select the task button "Adjust IPR" and the following screen will appear:

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Now select the well test of interest by checking "Test 1 on 01/01/2010 (Main Flow Test)"
in the first column.

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Afterwards, select the button | Adjust Pres to access a new screen:

Now select | OK and a search algorithm will compute the reservoir pressure that will
match the well test:

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One can read an adjusted reservoir pressure of 3726.56 psig.

Now we will select | Done and then replace the static reservoir pressure on the test row:

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Now with the task button "VLP / IPR", and then | Calculate and | Plot this is how the
match now looks like:

Clearly, we have achieve some improvements.

Note: Changing the reservoir pressure to match a well test is not a general
recommendation. The purpose of this example is to illustrate the use of this option. It is
the engineer's task to decide which parameter needs to be altered to match an well test
depending upon the specifics of the well test at hand.

Select | Main and save the file to secure all changes made.
3.1.20.3.4.6 Performing Sensitivity runs
The table below contains the cases to be evaluated:

Well head flowing pressure: 250 psig

water cut: 30%
GOR: 400 scf/stb
Reservoir pressure: 3000, 3500, 3800, 4000 & 4500 psig
Tubing ID: 2.441, 2.992, 3.992, 4.5 & 4.9 inches

In order to analyse the cases described above, one will perform sensitivity run on the
parameters listed above. For this, select | Calculation | System |3 Variable and make
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the following choice:

Note that the matched VLP correlation now appears with 2 numbers appended to it:
1.00 and 0.97 The first number (1.00) is the gravity multiplier whereas the second
number (0.97) is the friction multiplier.

Now select | Continue and select the remaining sensitivity variables of interest: reservoir
pressure and tubing ID

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One shall proceed with | Continue and a selection screen is displayed, which allows to
define the section of the well the diameter changes applies to:

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Please select | Continue and | Calculate | OK and then | Plot | System Plot:

An alternative way of plotting the results is now to select | Finish | Sensitivities and here
select the variables of interest:

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This is how the plot of the oil rate versus tubing internal diameter at various reservoir
pressure looks like:

Note that one can change the scale with |Scale.

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This completes this tutorial.

3.1.21 Tutorial 21: Matching a water injection well test

File: ~/samples/PROSPER/T21_MatchingAWaterInjectionWellTest.OUT

The main objectives of this example are to show:

How to match a PROSPER naturally flowing oil well model to well test data
How to use the calibrated model to perform sensitivity runs on various
variables

3.1.21.1Statement Of The Problem

A PROSPER model for a gas injection well was built in tutorial 10.
The injection well has been tested with surface pressure, injection rate and down hole
pressure measurement.

It is required to:
- Recall the Tutorial_10.out PROSPER file
- Analyse the well test results
- Calibrate the PROSPER model to reproduce the well test results
- Use the calibrated model to predict the injection rate when the reservoir pressure
drops to 3000 psig and the well head pressure is 3500 psig and a reservoir
temperature of 80 degF.

3.1.21.2Well Test data

PVT Data

For water injection well, the only PVT parameter required is simply the water salinity.
PROSPER will then use correlation to compute the required fluid properties at different
conditions.

Well test data

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