2.3.

6 Unit 6:
We are going to give you some suggestions in this section on how to deal with portions of Unit-6. We
would be focusing on the following questions which generally one has in his/her mind when one thinks
about the easiest way to prepare for Unit-6.

Is this topic important keeping in mind CSIR-NET is in 2 months?

Which books to follow?

How many questions can I expect from this topic?

How to prepare in less time?

Topic-wise suggestion:

Is this topic important?

This Unit is based on almost all the vital concepts of Plant Physiology. Needless to less there are
various topics in this Unit that needs to be handled carefully if intended to cover up in such a
short time. Every year, a maximum of 3-4 questions can be expected from this Unit in Part-B
alone. In Part-C, you can expect around 2 questions related mostly to the topics and sub-topics
of Nitrogen metabolism from this Unit.

How shall I start?

The easiest way to start with this Unit is to concentrate more on the topics related to
Photosynthesis. This being the very basic concept to be followed in this unit makes it easier to
understand the following topics more easily.
Which books to follow?
You can follow any standard Book for this Unit. For Additional reference, I will suggest the following
books:

Plant Physiology by Lincoln Taiz:

o You can expect almost all the topics of Unit 6 from this book. It provides in depth
illustrations regarding all the topics such as Signal Transduction to Photosynthesis.
Biochemistry by Lehneninger:
o This book can be referred for guidance regarding the topics and sub-topics related
to Photosynthesis specially.

Time for this Unit:

As we know that this Unit is important to the core and huge too, we need to spend time
carefully in this one while preparing in such a brief period of time. I would suggest spending 2-3
hrs each day for the next 60 days will be suitable enough to know this Unit thoroughly.

Prioritize the subtopics:

The most optimized approach to prioritize topics in this Unit is to start with Photosynthesis, as I
mentioned earlier. Then follow it up with the subsequent topics as given in the syllabus, i.e.:
Photosynthesis--Respiration & Photorespiration--Nitrogen Metabolism--Plant Hormones.etc.

Suggestions:
Like most other Units of CSIR-NET exam, this Unit too doesnt have much scope of skipping
topics.
The topics are inter-related.
So Do Not miss any topics.
 Topic-wise suggestion:
Photosynthesis:

The entire topic along with all its sub-topics is of utmost importance. So being
thorough with this chapter is really very important for scoring well.

Respiration & Photorespiration:

These topics can be studied along with Unit 1 for better understanding. The
topics are almost the same and are related. So being thorough with these topics
will work as an addition to the concepts of Unit 1 too.
Nitrogen Metabolism:
I would suggest going through these topics and sub-topics along with microbial
physiology. This will give you a better idea of the mechanisms involved.
Plant Hormones:
Among these topics, you need to be very thorough with the different Experiments done,
Signal Transduction pathways involved with Plant Hormones.
Sensory Photobiology:
Structures of the different Phytohormones are very important topics to be
followed from this section. You should also take a good look at the Signal
transduction pathways and the Experiments worked on.
Solute Transport & Photo assimilates:
Topics important from this section are mainly the parts regarding mechanism of
loading and unloading of photo assimilates.
Secondary Metabolites:
Go through the different Pathways from this section. These topics are actually
fact based and straight forward questions can be expected from this section.
Stress Physiology:
These topics are inter-related to other units of Plant Physiology. You can follow protein
folding mechanisms to better understand these topics and sub-topics.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

PART B
1. What will happen to the rate of photosynthesis if sodium bicarbonate is added in the water
having hydrilla plant in a beaker
a. It will remain normal
b. It will be decreased
c. It will be stopped
d. It will be accelerated

2. In the calvin cycle, the assimilatory power is used during

a. Formation of PGA
b. Conversion of PGA to PGAL
c. Formation of fructose 1-6 diphsophate from PGAL
d. Formation of glucose from fructose di- phosphate

3. In C3 pathway, out of 12 molecules of 3-PGAL, how many are used for regeneration of RUDP?
a. 12
b. 8
c. 10
d. 6

4. For synthesis of a molecule of glucose, the requirement of ATP and NADPH is respectively
a. 15 and 10
b. 33 and 22
c. 12 and 8
d. 18 and 12

5. Photosystem II functions as light dependent water-plastoquinone oxido-reductase. What are the

names of 2 reaction center proteins that bind electron transfer prosthetic groups, such as P680,
pheophytin and plastoquinone?
a. CP43 and CP47
b. D1 and D2
c. 33 kDa and 23 kDa
d. FA and FB

6. Quantum requirement of photosynthesis is ______.

a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8

7. Quantum yield of photosynthesis is ______.

a. 13.5 %
b. 8 %
c. 13%
d. 12.5%

8. RuBp carboxylase acts as RuBp carboxygenase at ______ CO2 conc. And ______ O2 conc.
a. low, low
b. low, high
 c. high, high
d. high, low

9. Photo-oxidation of chlorophyll and cell contents as a result of high light intensity is known as
a. Solarization
b. Photolysis
c. Photperiodism
d. Photorespiration

10. Unidirectional flow of e- in non-cyclic photophosphorylation is

a. PS II -- e- ---> PS I -- e- ---> NADP -- e- ---> water
b. Water -- e- ---> PSII -- e- ---> PS I -- e- ---> NADP
c. PS I -- e- ---> NADP -- e- ---> water -- e- ---> PS II
d. Water -- e- ---> PS I -- e- ---> PS II -- e- ---> NADP

11. Which is sensitive to longer wavelength of light?

a. Photolysis
b. PSI
c. PS II
d. Photophosphorylation

12. In C4 plants, synthesis of glucose occurs in

a. Spongy cells
b. Bundle sheath cells
c. Mesophyll cells
d. Palisade cells

13. The number of photons needed for the evolution of one molecule of oxygen is
a. 8
b. 2
c. 12
d. 18

14. The rate of photosynthesis is maximum in

a. Blue light
b. Red light
c. Green light
d. Violet light

15. To produce 3 glucose molecules ______ ATP and ______ NADPH2 molecules are required.
a. 54, 36
b. 54, 30
c. 36, 60
d. 18, 12

16. C4 plants can perform photosynthesis

a. Even in low light intensity
b. Even in low CO2 concentration
 c. Both (A) and (B)
d. Only in high intensity of light and high CO2

17. All plastids have essentially same structure because

a. They have to perform same function
b. They are localized in aerial parts of plants
c. All plastids store starch, lipid and proteins
d. One type of plastid can be differentiated into another type of plastid depending on cell
requirements

18. Greatest producers of organic matter are

a. Crop plants
b. Forests
c. Plants of the land area
d. Phytoplankton of oceans

19. C3 and C4 plants differ in their photosynthesis, how?

a. C4 plants can separate CO2fixation and Calvin cycle temporally or spatially
b. C4 plants can perform the light dependent reactions at night
c. C4 plants require less energy for their carbon acquisition and are, therefore, more efficient
d. C3 plants perform the light independent reactions in the vascular bundles

20. Methyl viologens are commonly used herbicides, which interfere photosynthesis of higher plants.
They are responsible for
a. Evolution of more oxygen
b. Dissipation of proton gradient across thylakoid membrane
c. Inhibition of flow of electron from PSII to PSI
d. Transfer of electrons from PSI to molecular oxygen

21. The organelle of C3 plants where glyoxylate is formed is

a. Chloroplast
b. Peroxisome
c. Mitochondria
d. Cytosol

22. Photosynthesis is
a. Oxidative, exergonic, catabolic
b. Reductive, endergonic, anabolic
c. Reductive, exergonic, anabolic
d. Reductive, endergonic, catabolic

23. Which of the following protist is a photoautotroph

a. Thiobacillus
b. Ferrobacillus
c. Diatoms
d. Chlorobium

24. RUBISCO enzyme is also called as ______.

 a. carboxytetra mutase
b. carboxydismutase
c. carboxytrimutase
d. carboxyunimutase

25. Glycolytic reversal is a part of ______.

a. aerobic respiration
b. anaerobic respiration
c. light phase of photosynthesis
d. dark phase of photosynthesis

26. Agranal chloroplast is seen in

a. Bundle sheath cells
b. Mesophyll cells
c. Both (A) and (B)
d. Epidermal cell

27. Erythrose monophosphate (4C) is formed during

a. CAM pathway
b. C4 pathway
c. Conversion of fructose to glucose
d. Regeneration of RUDP

28. How many Calvin cycles form one hexose molecule

a. 2
b. 6
c. 4
d. 8

29. In bacterial photosynthesis, the hydrogen donor is

a. H2O
b. H2SO4
c. NH3
d. H2S

30. Photorespiration occurs in

a. Mitochondria
b. All living cells
c. Green photosynthesis parts
d. Root

31. Isotopes employed to study photosynthesis are

a. 11C and 32P
b. 15C and 32P
c. 16C and 15O
d. 14C and 18O

32. The brown colour of some algae is due to the presence of pigments (Delhi PMT 1991)
 a. Chlorophyll
b. Phycocyanin
c. Carotene
d. Fucoxanthin

33. At low O2 concentration, CO2 compensation point

a. In C3 is lower
b. In C4 is lower
c. In CAM is lower
d. CO2 compensation point is independent of O2 concentration

34. Which is not a strategy for adaptation to dry environment?

a. C4/CAM cycle
b. Low Stomatal conductance
c. High Hydraulic conductance
d. High Root to Shoot ratio

35. The role of carrier shuttle protein (Plastocyanin) in light reaction is

a. To transfer energetic electrons from PSI to PSII
b. Pumping of protons
c. Formation of ATP
d. Transferring of high energy electrons from PSII to PSI

36. Among the following which mineral plays an important role in photolysis
a. Mg++
b. Ca++
c. Na+
d. Mn++

37. Chlorosis in young leaves is generally due to deficiency of

a. Mg++
b. Ca++
c. Na+
d. Mn++

38. Which of the following does NOT occur during the dark reaction of photosynthesis?
a. Utilization of NADPH
b. Utilization of ATP
c. Reduction of oxygen to produce water
d. Synthesis of glucose

39. What is not true of chlorophyll and other accessory pigments in plants?
a. Plant pigments absorb solar energy.
b. Chlorophyll provides electrons that will be used to produce ATP.
c. Chlorophyll provides the enzymes needed to produce carbohydrates.
d. Chlorophyll absorbs light of specific wavelengths.
e. Chlorophyll is packed in thylakoid membranes.
40. Which of the following statements about the concentration of CO2 in the Earths atmosphere is
true?
a. It was the highest in the very early atmosphere of the Earth
b. It has steadily decreased since the formation of the Earths atmosphere
c. It has steadily increased since the formation of the Earths atmosphere
d. Its levels today are the highest in the Earths history

41. If the Calvin cycle uses three molecules of CO2 to produce six molecules of G3P (glyceraldehydes-3-
phosphate), but only one G3P molecule is used to form a carbohydrate molecule, what happens to
the other carbons that were taken in?
a. Any unused CO2 is released into the environment.
b. The other five G3P molecules are used to regenerate more RuBP.
c. Any unused G3P molecule is converted and stored as starch.
d. The remaining five G3P molecules are used to reduce CO2.
e. The remaining carbon is used to make more sugars.

42. Which of these is most closely associated with the process of electron transport?
a. the double membrane of the chloroplast
b. a flattened disk or sac in the chloroplast
c. a stack of thylakoid membrane structures
d. the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast
e. the pigment complex in the membranes of the thylakoids

43. Although it is not possible to be exact about when cyanobacteria first appeared on earth, most
scientists agree that about two billion years ago, they expanded rapidly and raised the oxygen in the
earth's atmosphere to present levels in about 500 million years. This appearance of oxygen and the
beginning of aerobic life was made possible by the appearance of
a. fermentation.
b. Photosystem I.
c. Photosystem II.
d. ATP hydrolysis.
e. the nucleus.

44. Which statement is NOT true about photosystems?

a. Photosystem I passes electrons on to Photosystem II.
b. Each photosystem contains numerous pigment molecules that act as antennas to capture light.
c. Photosystem II contains a reaction center molecule that loses electrons which are then replaced
by electrons from water.
d. Electrons in the reaction center molecule are excited by absorbed solar energy and are passed
along to an acceptor molecule.
e. Photosystem I receives electrons from photosystem II

45. Protons (H+) accumulate in the thylakoid space during electron transport between photosystems I
and II. The excess of protons in the thylakoid space
a. enters the photorespiration pathway.
b. converts NADP to NADPH and generates ATP in the process.
c. is small enough to diffuse back out through the lipid bilayer.
d. raises the pH of the space until the processes stop.
 e. moves from the thylakoid space to the stroma through an ATP synthase complex channel
that generates ATP.

46. Which statement is NOT true about the cyclic electron pathway?
a. It produces ATP.
b. It involves Photosystem I.
c. It produces NADPH.
d. Electrons lost from Photosystem I eventually return to Photosystem I.
e. Electrons from Photosystem I go through an electron transport chain.

47. Which statement is NOT true about the noncyclic electron pathway?
a. Electrons are boosted to higher energy level in Photosystem I.
b. Sunlight excites electrons in Photosystem II.
c. It produces ATP.
d. It produces NADPH.
e. It produces carbohydrates through carbon dioxide fixation.

48. Which is NOT true about photosynthesis?

a. In noncyclic photophosphorylation, water is split and oxygen is released.
b. Photosystem II makes noncyclic photophosphorylation more efficient than does cyclic
photophosphorylation.
c. The cyclic system is used when there is insufficient NADP+ present to absorb electrons in plant
cells.
d. More carbohydrate is produced during cyclic photophosphorylation than during noncyclic
photophosphorylation.
e. Both cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation involve and electron transport chain.

49. Which statement is NOT true about C3 and C4 plants?

a. C3 plants are more successful in mild climates than C4 plants.
b. C4 plants contain chloroplasts in their mesophyll cells.
c. C3 plants fix CO2 in the mesophyll cells.
d. C3 plants make glucose in the bundle sheath cells.
e. The first CO2 fixation product in a C4 plant is oxaloacetate

50. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer
List I List II
A. Richmond Lang Effect 1. Reversal of Red drop
B. Emerson Effect 2. Inhibition of glycolysis by oxygen
C. Pasteur Effect 3. Inhibition of photosynthesis by oxygen
4. Senscescence retardation in detached
D. Warburg Effect
leaves

a. A B C D
b. 1 4 2 3
c. 4 1 3 2
d. 1 4 3 2
e. 4 1 2 3
51. Which range of wavelength (in nm) is called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)?
a. 100 390
b. 390 430
c. 400 700
d. 760 1000

52. To plot an action spectra what is plotted on X axis against what on Y axis?
a. Absorption of light on X axis against Rate of photosynthesis on Y axis
b. Absorption of light on X axis against Wavelength of light on Y axis
c. Rate of photosynthesis on X axis against Absorption of light on Y axis
d. Rate of photosynthesis on X axis against Wavelength of light on Y axis

53. Antenna pigments transfer light energy to a reaction center

a. By means of a process known as fluorescence
b. By means of a process known as inductive resonance
c. By conduction of heat
d. All of the above

54. Starch and sucrose are competing processes for triose-phosphate. Sucrose formation is favoured
when
a. Cytosolic Pi is high and Pi is exported to chloroplast in exchange for triose phosphate
b. Cytosolic Pi is high and triso-phosphate is retained within the chloroplast
c. Cytosolic Pi is low and Pi is exported using ATP synthase complex
d. Cytosolic Pi is low and Pi is exported to chloroplast in exchange for triose-phosphate

55. The known mechanisms of activation of rubisco or of other enzymes of the Calvin cycle during
illumination include all of the following except:
a. increased stromal pH.
b. light-driven entry of Mg 2+ into the stroma.
c. phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
d. phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.
e. reduction of a disulfide bridge by thioredoxin

56. Which of these chloroplast enzymes is not regulated by light?

a. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
b. Glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase
c. Ribulose 5-phosphate kinase
d. Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase
e. All of the above are regulated by light.

57. The glycine decarboxylase complex in the leaves of pea or spinach plants is localized mainly in the:
a. chloroplast.
b. endoplasmic reticulum.
c. mitochondrion.
d. cell membrane.
e. peroxisome.
58. The synthesis of starch and sucrose in plants uses _________ as the substrate, rather than
_________, which is used in the synthesis of glycogen in animal cells.
a. ADP-fructose; UDP-glucose
b. ADP-glucose; UDP-glucose
c. fructose 1-phosphate; glucose 1-phosphate
d. glucose 1-phosphate; glucose 6-phosphate
e. UDP-glucose; ADP-glucose

59. Which one of the following sugar phosphates is not part of the pool of readily interconvertible
metabolites used by the plant cell?
a. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
b. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
c. Glucose 1-phosphate
d. 6-phosphogluconate
e. Xylulose 5-phosphate

60. When glycerol is converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis in germinating seeds, the first glycolytic
intermediate formed is:

a. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
b. dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
c. glycerol 1,3-bisphosphate.
d. glycerol 3-phosphate.
e. ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.

61. Which of the following is mismatched?

a. Photosystem I - uses the P700 molecule in its photocenter
b. PGA - a 3-carbon compound
c. Antenna complex - contains hundreds of pigment molecules
d. CAM plants - open their stomata during the day and close them at night to avoid
photorespiration

62. Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is true?

a. The light-dependent reactions can occur only in the light, the light-independent reactions only
in the dark
b. Photorespiration is more efficient at producing glucose than is photosynthesis
c. The light-dependent reactions produce the energy-rich compounds that are used to run the
light-independent reactions
d. All of the above are true

63. To reduce six molecules of carbon dioxide to glucose via photosynthesis, how many molecules of
NADPH and ATP are required?
a. 6 NADPH and 6 ATP
b. 12 NADPH and 12 ATP
c. 12 NADPH and 18 ATP
d. 18 NADPH and 12 ATP
64. Carbon fixation, or the formation of new C-C bonds, is involved in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates
in plants. Which of the following statements are true of this process?
a. It requires light energy
b. It requires H2O
c. CO2 combines with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to produce two 3-carbon molecules
d. It is also called photorespiration

65. In which type of reactions related to plant photosynthesis peroxisomes are involved?
a. Glycolate cycle
b. Calvin cycle
c. Bacterial photosynthesis
d. Glyoxylate cycle

66. Plastocyanin transfers electrons between which photosynthetic complexes?

a. Cytbf to PSI
b. PSII to Cytbf
c. Cytbf to PSII
d. PSI to PSII

67. Where do the dark reactions in photosynthesis take place?

a. Thylakoid lumen
b. Stroma
c. Granal lamellae
d. Stromal lamellae

68. The wide variety of accessory pigments in photosynthetic membranes

a. Broadens the range of wavelengths of light that can be absorbed
b. Increases membrane permeability to ions
c. Allows them to strongly absorb red light
d. Allows them to strongly abosrb violet light

69. Which of the following proteins in the photosynthetic electron-transport chain is not a
transmembrane protein?
a. PSI
b. Ferrodoxin
c. PSII
d. ATP synthase

70. What is the step in photosynthesis that contributes the greatest number of protons to the
generation of a concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane?
a. Reduction of NADP+ to NADPH
b. The Q cycle
c. Oxidation of water to O2
d. None of the above contribute to the proton concentration gradient

71. The reactions catalyzed by Rubisco can be summarized schematically as

a. C6 -> 2 C2 + CO2
b. 3 C5 -> C3 + 2 C6
 c. C6 + 3 C3 -> 3 C5
d. CO2 + C5 -> 2 C3

72. C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation to hot, dry conditions in which

a. CO2 is fixed and stored in the leaf
b. Water is stored in the stem
c. Oxygen is stored in the root
d. Light energy is stored in chloroplasts

73. Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis when

a. The carbon is removed from carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates
b. Hydrogen from water is added to carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates
c. Water molecules are split to provide electrons for photosystem I
d. Water molecules are split to provide electrons for photosystem II

74. Which photosystem is believed to have evolved first?

a. Photosystem I
b. Photosystem II
c. Cyclic photophosphorylation
d. All photosystems evolved at the same time, but in different organisms

75. A photosystem consists of

a. A group of chlorophyll molecules, all of which contribute excited electrons to the synthesis of
ATP
b. A pair of chlorophyll a molecules
c. A group of chlorophyll molecules held together by proteins
d. A group of chlorophyll molecules that funnels light energy toward a single chlorophyll b
molecule

76. Role of NADP+ during photosynthesis is to

a. dislodge electron from chlorophyll
b. accepts electron from water
c. catalyze the combination of carbondioxide and water
d. carry out photolysis

77. The water soluble pigments phycoerythrin and phycocyanin are found in
a. Green algae
b. Brown algae
c. Diactoms
d. Red algae

78. Which of the following enzymes fix carbondioxide in the calvin cycle of photosynthesis and also play
a role in photorespiration in C3 plant?
a. Pyruvate carboxylase
b. Isomerase
c. Ribulose 1,5 -bisphosphate carboxylase
d. Phosphoribulokinase
79. Which of the following statements about cyclic photophosphorylation is not correct?
a. It does not lead to synthesis of NADPH
b. Uses electron supplied by PSII
c. Does not generate oxygen
d. Leads to pumping of proton via cytochrome b6f complex

80. What percentage of incident solar energy do plants typically harvest during photosynthesis?
a. 1-5%
b. 5-10%
c. 10-20%
d. 20-50%

81. The energy content of a photon of light depends upon

a. wavelength.
b. temperature.
c. the excited state.
d. whether or not it is emitted in a vacuum.

82. In photosystem II, P680 is oxidized to P680+ and pheophytin is reduced to Pheo-. What prevents
Pheo- from reducing P680+ back to P680?
a. They are not a compatible redox pair.
b. The opposite charges are moved to different sides of the thylakoid membrane.
c. The redox potentials of P680+ and Pheo- make it thermodynamically unfavorable.
d. None of the above.

83. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase?
a. It links CO2 to a two-carbon acceptor, resulting in the synthesis of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.
b. It is the most abundant protein on Earth.
c. It catalyzes both carbon fixation and photorespiration.
d. It is soluble in the stroma of the chloroplast
84. Which of the following does not directly contribute to the proton gradient across the thylakoid
membrane?
a. Photolysis
b. ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase
c. cytochrome b6f complex
d. plastocyanin

85. What are the most likely products of the reaction catalyzed by Rubisco under normal atmospheric
conditions, where O2 is abundant and CO2 is low?
a. 3-phosphoglycerate
b. RuBP
c. glycine and serine
d. 2-phosphoglycolate

86. If you wanted to isolate the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, where would you look?
a. bundle sheath cells of C4 plants
b. mesophyll cells of C4 plants
c. chloroplasts of C3 plants
 d. mitochondria of CAM plants

87. If you wanted to isolate large quantities of malate from CAM plants, when would you look?
a. early morning
b. midday on a sunny day
c. midnight
d. time of day wouldn't matter

88. In non cyclic light reactions of photosynthesis, electrons from chlorophyll molecules in photosystem
I are used in the formation of NADPH. What is the source of such electrons?
a. From light, which is converted directly into an electron
b. From ferrodoxin
c. From mitochondria, which release the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
d. From photosystem II, which splits water molecules.

89. At low CO2 concentration, photosynthesis is limited by

a. Light
b. CO2 concentration
c. Both light and CO2 concentration
d. Either by light or by CO2

90. A C3 mustard plant, was grown at 300ppm of CO2 , in 14 hr light/ 10 hr dark cycle, it was
transferred to 1000 ppm CO2. This will lead to ( other environment parameters remaining identical)
a. Increase in photosynthetic rate
b. Decrease in photosynthetic rate
c. Increase in respiration rate
d. No change

91. In CAM , Co2 acceptor in the night is

a. RUBP
b. PEP
c. OAA
d. PGA

92. If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 labelled with an isotope of oxygen O18 ,
later analysis will show that all of the following compounds produced by the algae contain the O18
label except
a. PGA
b. RuBP
c. Glucose
d. O2

93. In what respects are the photosynthetic adaptations of C4 plants and CAM plants similar?
a. In both cases, the stomata normally close during the day.
b. Both types of plants make their sugar without the Calvin-Benson cycle.
c. In both cases, an enzyme other than rubisco carries out the first step in carbon fixation.
d. Both types of plants make most of their sugar in the dark.
e. Neither C4 plants nor CAM plants have grana in their chloroplasts
94. Which statement about the light reactions of photosynthesis is FALSE?
a. Photosystems I and II are located in the stroma of the chloroplast.
b. Photosystems I and II are linked by a chain of electron carriers that is similar to that found in
mitochondria.
c. During photophosphorylation, water is oixidized to form H+ and O2, yielding electrons to
Photosystem II.
d. Chlorophyll pigments have an absorption spectrum with pronounced peaks in the red and blue
wavelengths.
e. Protons diffuse through protein channels which are ATP-synthase molecules

95. Some bacteria contain extensive internal membranes that are involved with specific functions. One
example of such membranes is chromatophores, which are
a. photosynthetic membranes where light is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP
b. convolutions of the inner membrane that extend into the interior of the mitochondrion
c. Internal membranes where inorganic nitrogen containing compounds oxidize to generate ATP
d. Interior compartment of chloroplast where fixation of CO2 occurs

96. Which statement about light reactions of photosynthesis is false?

a. Electrons from Chlorophyll a are boosted to a higher energy level
b. As electrons are lost from Chlorophyll a, they are replaced through the oxygen evolving complex
c. The oxygen evolving complex releases protons into the interior of the chloroplast membrane
sacs (thylakoids), thus generating a proton gradient that can drive ATP synthesis
d. Photophosphorylation results in the oxidation of NADP+ to NADPH

PART C

97. Atmospheric CO2 contains the naturally occurring stable carbon isotopes 12 C and 13C in the
proportion of 98.9% and 1.1%, respectively. Following are some of the statements regarding CO2
assimilation:
A) Both C3 and C4 plants assimilate less 13 CO2 than 12 CO2.
B) Both C3 and C4 plants assimilate less 12 CO2 than 13 CO2.
C) C3 plants assimilate lesser 13 CO2 than 12 CO2 as compared to C4 plants.
D) C4 plants assimilate lesser 13 CO2 than 12 CO2 as compared to C3 plants.
Which one of the following combinations of above statements is true?
a. A and B
b. A and C
c. C and D
d. A and D

98. Following are some facts regarding localization of photosynthetic supramolecular complexes on
plastid lamellae:
A) PSII is preferentially located on granal lamellae
B) ATP synthase and PSI are preferentially located on stromal lamellae
 C) PSI and PSII are located adjacent to each other on stromal lamellae
D) Cyt b6/f is not a membrane bound complex
Which of the following combination of statements is true?
a. A and B
b. C and D
c. B and D
d. B and C

99. Upon absorption of a photon, a chlorophyll molecule gets converted to its excited state when the
energy of the photon is
a. more than that of the ground state of the pigment molecule
b. equal to that of the pigment molecules excited state
c. more than that of the ground state but less than that of the excited state of the pigment
molecule
d. equal to the energy gap between ground state energy and excited state energy

100. In which molecule would the radiolabel appear the earliest when wheat and sugarcane leaves
are fed with 14CO2?
a. Wheat malate, Sugarcane 3-phosphoglycerate
b. Wheat aspartate, Sugarcane malate
c. Wheat 3-phosphoglycerate, Sugarcane - 3-phosphoglycerate
d. Wheat 3-phosphoglycerate, Sugarcane - malate

101. Which of the following statements are associated with the process of photorespiration in plants?
A) Photorespiration takes place in only C3 plants
B) Photorespiration takes place in only C4 plants
C) Photorespiration takes place in both C3 and C4 plants
D) Glycolate is oxidized to Glyoxylate in the peroxisome
E) Glycolate is oxidized to Glyoxylate in the mitochondria
a. A and D
b. C and D
c. B and E
d. C and E

102. The quantum yield of photosynthetic Carbon fixation in C3 and C4 plant is studied as a function
of leaf temperature. Following are some statements based on this study.
A) At lower temp. the quantum yield of C3 is lower than C4 plants.
B) In C4 plants Quantum yield does not show a temp. dependence.
C) Since photorespiration is low in C4 plants because of CO2 concentration, quantum yield
is not affected.
D) At high temp. Quantum yield of C3 is lower than C4 plants
a. A, B and D
b. B, C and D
c. A, B and C
d. A, C and D

103. A researcher collected information from four forest areas using a sensor to assess their green
cover. Observed average spectral values for each of the forests are given in the table below:
 Spectral Value
Forest NIR Vis
A 0.50 0.08
B 0.40 0.30
C 0.50 0.20
D 0.60 0.20
The forest green cover in the order of highest to lowest is
a. A>C>B>D
b. A>D>C>B
c. B>C>D>A
d. D>A>B>C

104. Light Compensation point in photosynthesis is the light intensity when rate of respiration and
rate of photosynthesis exactly balance each other. Consider the following statements.
A) A terrestrial plant will have higher light compensation point than an aquatic plant
B) An aquatic plant will have higher light compensation point than a terrestrial plant
C) A terrestrial plant and an aqueous plant will have equal light compensation points
D) Continuous high intensity light increases the rate of photosynthesis
E) Aquatic plants have low light compensation points and low saturation levels
Which of the following statements are true?
a. A and D
b. B and D
c. C and E
d. A and E

105. CO2 compensation point in photosynthesis is CO2 concentration at which net gaseous exchange
is zero for a given light intensity. For most temperate plants CO2 compensation point is 50-100 ppm.
Consider the following statements.
A) If atmospheric CO2 concentration is 300 ppm, respiration exceeds photosynthesis
B) If atmospheric CO2 concentration is 300 ppm, photosynthesis exceeds respiration
C) CO2 compensation point for C3 is less than that for C4
D) CO2 compensation point for C4 is less than that of C3
Which of the following statements are correct?
a. A and C
b. A and D
c. B and C
d. B and D

106. Which of the following statement is true?

a. C4 plants generally respond less to elevated CO2 levels than C3 plants
b. C3 plants generally respond less to elevated CO2 levels than C4 plants
c. Long term exposure of high levels of CO2 increases photosynthesis in CAM plants
d. Long term exposure of high levels of CO2 has generally an excitatory effect on
photosynthesis

107. The specific energy source for the reaction ADP + phosphate ATP by the enzyme ATP synthetase
(CF1 Coupling Factor) in thylakoid membranes is:
 a. Movement of electrons between Photosystem I and Photosystem II
b. Oxidation of Water
c. Oxidation of NADPH
d. Absorption of photons by chloroplast pigments
e. Higher concentration of H+ inside versus outside the thylakoid membranes

108. Nitric Oxide is capable of regulating the activity of photophosphorylation in chloroplasts. Nitrites
and Nitrates do not show any inhibitory effects however Nitric Oxide shows inhibitory effects on
photosynthesis which are reversible. Which of the following steps are inhibited by NO in
photosynthesis?
a. Photolysis of water via oxygen evolving complex
b. Generation of Light induced pH gradient
c. Exciton transfer from LHCs to reaction center
d. Reduction of NADP to NADPH and simultaneous oxidation of Ferredoxin

109. The action spectrum of photosynthesis shows a high light absorption for violet/blue and
orange/red and a low absorption for green/yellow. If we were to set up an experiment where narrow
bands of unicolored light were shown on an aquatic plant such as Elodea, and we counted the
number of bubbles of oxygen produced as an indicator of photosynthetic rate, how would the graph
appear?
a. just like the action spectrum with peaks at violet/blue and orange/red and a trough at
yellow/green
b. exactly inverted from the action spectrum with a peak for yellow/green
c. perfectly flat because many wavelengths are used by chlorophyll
d. a descending line because ultra-violet has more energy than infra-red
e. There is no way to guess without actually running the experiment.

110. When an electron has been excited to a higher energy state, it can then drop back to the original
level, re-emitting the light as fluorescence. When chlorophyll is extracted in solution, and a bright
red or blue light is shown on it, the chlorophyll fluoresces brightly. However, when the chlorophyll is
packaged inside chloroplasts and the red or blue light is turned on, there is no fluorescence. This
most likely indicates that
a. the red and blue light waves are reflected by the chlorophyll membrane.
b. chlorophyll in solution is a different molecule than chlorophyll in a chloroplast.
c. excited electrons are transferred to electron acceptors in the chloroplast.
d. fluorescence does not work in living cells.
e. green light must be used to make living cells fluoresce.

111. Which statement about the two pathways of photosynthesis is FALSE?

a. The first pathway (the light reactions) captures light energy and produces ATP and NADPH+
H+.
b. The second pathway (the Calvin-Benson cycle) uses the products of the first pathway and
CO2 to produce sugars.
c. The second pathway is also known as the dark reactions because none of its reactions uses
light directly.
d. The light reactions occur within chloroplasts; the Calvin-Benson cycle takes place in the
cytosol.
e. Both pathways stop in the dark.
112. The graph below shows the relationship between photosynthetic rate and temperature. Based
on these results, which species is best adapted to arctic conditions where the mean temperature
does not exceed 8C during the growing season?

a. Species A
b. Species B
c. Species C
d. Species D
e. All species are equally well adapted.

113. Which of the following statements in photosynthesis are correct?

P. The absorption maxima for PSI and PSII are 680nm and 700 nm, respectively.
Q. Photosynthetic reaction centers contain 300 chlorophyll molecules and the release of 1
molecule of O2 requires a minimum of 8 photons.
R. The non-photochemical quenching of excitation energy is enhanced by the presence of
Zeaxanthin
S. Photochemical splitting of water occurs in PSI
a. P, Q
b. R, S
c. P, S
d. Q, R

114. Identify the correct statements from the following

P. Lenticels are the small pores present on the surface of the stem or branches of woody plants
Q. Glyoxysomes contains chlorophyll molecules in their thylakoid membranes
R. The enzyme ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase is otherwise known as carboxydehydratase
S. 18 ATP and 12 NADPH are utilized for fixing 6 molecules of CO2 in the dark reaction of
photosynthesis
a. P, Q
b. P, R
c. Q, R
d. P, S
ANSWER KEYS:

Part B
1.d
2.b
3.c
4.d
5.b
6.d
7.d
8.b
9.a
10.b
11.c
12.b
13.a
14.a
15.a
16.b
17.d
18.d
19.a
20.d
21.b
22.b
23.c
24.b
25.d
26.a
27.d
28.b
29.d
30.c
31.d
32.d
33.a
34.c
35.d
36.d
37.a
38.c
39.c
40.a
41.b
42.e
43.c
44.a
45.e
46.c
47.e
48.d
49.d
50.e
51.c
52.d
53.b
54.a
55.c
56.e
57.c
58.b
59.b
60.b
61.d
62.c
63.c
64.c
65.a
66.a
67.b
68.a
69.b
70.b
71.d
72.a
73.d
74.c
75.c
76.b
77.d
78.c
79.b
80.a
81.a
82.c
83.a
84.d
85.d
86.b
87.c
88.d
89.b
90.a
91.b
92.d
93.c
94.a
95.a
96.d

Part C
97.b
98.a
99.d
100.d
101.b
102.b
103.c
104.d
105.d
106.a
107.e
108.b
109.a
110.c
111.d
112.d
113.d
114.d

Respiration, Photorespiration, Nitrogen metabolism:

Part B

1. Which of the following is not a prosthetic group of nitrate reductase?

a. FAD
b. Heme
c. Mo
 d. Pterin

2. In transverse sections of a young stem, if vallecular canals and carinal canals are present, then
the plant belongs to
a. Lycopodiales
b. Isoetales
c. Selaginellales
d. Equisetales

3. Three sunflower plants were placed in conditions as indicated below

i. Plant A: still air
ii. Plant B: moderately turbulent air
iii. Plant C: still air in dark
Which of the following statements is correct?
b. Transpiration rate of plant B > that of plant A
c. Transpiration rate of plant A > that of plant B
d. Transpiration rate of plant C = that of plant A
e. Transpiration rate of plant C > that of plant A > that of plant B

4. Match the following

A. Azolla 1. Nostoc
B. Casurina 2. Bradyrhyzobium
C. Guneria 3. Anabena
D. Soyabean 4. Frankia
a. A-3, B-2, C-3, D-1
b. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
c. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
d. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

5. Which of the following statements with respect to alternate oxidase activity in cyanide- resistant
respiration in plants, is not correct?
a. Alternate oxidase accepts electrons directly from cytochrome C.
b. Some plants exhibit thermogenesis during inflorescence development.
c. Transcription of alternate oxidase gene is often induced by various abiotic stresses.
d. When electrons pass to alternate oxidase, two sites of proton pumping are bypassed.

6. Photorespiration is a form of
a. fixation of carbon dioxide in C4 plants.
b. fixation of carbon dioxide in C3 plants.
c. release of carbon dioxide in C4 plants.
d. release of carbon dioxide in C3 plants.
e. None of the above

7. What part of the nitrogen cycle deals with the conversion of nitrogen in waste products (urea in
urine) into ammonia?
a. Nitrification
b. ammonification
c. assimilation
 d. denitrification
e. nitrogen fixation

8. Choose the correct option mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of funguswith root system which
helps in
A. Absorption of water
B.Mineral nutrition
C.Translocation
D. Gaseous exchange
a. Only A
b. Only B
c. both A and B
d. both B and C

9. Mark the mismatched pair.

a. Amyloplast i.store protein granule
b. Elaioplast ii.store oils or fats
c. Chloroplasts iii.contain chlorophyll pigments
d. Chromoplasts iv.contain coloured pigments other than chlorophyll
e. Leucoplast v.contains colourless pigments

10. A fellow student brought in a leaf to be examined. The leaf was dark green, thin, had stomata on
the lower surface only and had a surface area of 100 sq. meters. Where is the most likely
environment where this leaf was growing?
a. A dry sandy region
b. A large, still pond
c. A tropical rain forest
d. An oasis within a grassland
e. The floor of a deciduous forest

11. Which of the following statements are true regarding photorespiration?

a. Doubling the atmospheric CO2 concentration will decrease photorespiration
b. Decreasing air temperature will increase photorespiration
c. Photorespiration serves no useful purpose in plants
d. Photorespiration occurs only in C4 plants

12. Death by cyanide poisoning is due to the inhibition of

a. Cytochrome P450
b. Cytochrome C oxidase
c. Cytochrome b
d. Cytochrome C reductase

13. Which of the following is a common compound shared by the TCA cycle and the Urea cycle?
a. Keto glutarate
b. Succinyl coA
c. Oxalo acetate
d. Fumarate
14. The nitrogenase complex converts N2 into NH4+ by the addition of electrons. Which of the
following is not true of this complex?
a. It requires Fe-S protein
b. Pyruvate is always the source of electrons
c. It requires ATP
d. It requires Mo-Fe protein

15. N2 makes up about 80% of the atmosphere. This is the source of nitrogen for all living things.
The nitrogen cycle describes the movement of N2 from the atmosphere to living things. Which
of the following statements are true?
a. Bacteria reduce N2 to NH3
b. Bacteria oxidize N2 to 2 NO3-
c. All bacteria carry out nitrogen fixation
d. N=N is highly reactive

16. The citric acid cycle is amphibolic, that is it functions in both catabolism and anabolism. Certain
intermediates are used to make other biomolecules including amino acids, nucleotide bases,
fatty acids, and glucose. Several reactions replenish these intermediates for use in the citric acid
cycle. These reactions are called:
a. Parasynthetic
b. Amphipathic
c. Anaplerotic
d. Amphibolic

17. Which of the following is not true of the citric acid cycle:
a. Most intermediates are activated by phosphorylation
b. It takes place in the mitochondria
c. Many of the reactions are oxidation-reduction reactions
d. It generates ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

18. In the absence of transpiration water moves into and up xylem because of
a. Root pressure
b. Turgor pressure
c. Evaporation
d. High soil mineral concentration

19. What is the general effect of calcium on the regulation of the citric-acid cycle?
a. Calcium increases the flux through the citric-acid cycle
b. Calcium decreases the flux through the citric-acid cycle
c. Calcium has no effect on the flux through the citric-acid cycle
d. Calcium increases the flux from oxaloacetate through isocitrate, but decreases the flux
following isocitrate

20. Which of the following enzymes carries out an anaplerotic (replenishing) reaction that produces
citric-acid cycle intermediates?
a. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
b. Malate synthase
 c. Acetate thiokinase
d. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase

21. What is the redox reaction that is ultimately the source of electrons for the production of NADH
by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
a. The loss of CO2 from pyruvate
b. The oxidation of HETPP to acetyl-TPP
c. The transfer of an acetyl group from TPP to dihydrolipoamide
d. The production of acetyl-CoA from acetyl-dihydrolipoamide and CoA

22. The chief source of nitrogen for green plants are

a. Atmospheric nitrogen
b. Nitrates
c. Ammonium salts
d. Low molecular weight-organic nitrogenous compound

23. Which of the following is correct about nitrogen reductase?

a. FAD, Mo and Heme act as prosthetic group
b. Catalyzes conversion of NO3- to NH4+
c. FADH2 acts as electron donor
d. Very sensitive to O2

24. Which of the following is not correct about nitrogen fixation?

a. It requires metabolic energy
b. Carried out only by few prokaryotic organisms termed Diazotrophs
c. Enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of N2 is called "Nitrogenase complex"
d. None

25. The growth of plant differs from growth of animals in being

a. Diffused
b. Localised
c. Localised and diffused
d. Uniform

26. Quiescence means-

a. Dormancy due to genetic reasons
b. Dormancy due to internal conditions
c. Dormancy due to external unfavourable conditions
d. Dormancy due to immature embryo

27. Dormancy in seeds of xanthium is due to

a. Seed coat imperable to water
b. Seed coat imperable to gases
c. Need for after ripening period
d. Mechanically resistant seed coat

28. Softening or rupturing of hard seed coat for breaking dormancy is called
 a. Villing
b. Vernalization
c. Stratification
d. Scarification

29. The seeds which can not germinate in absence of light is called
a. Positively photoblastic seed
b. Negatively photpblastic seed
c. Photoblastic seed
d. Photoperiodic seeds

30. Germination inhibitors leached out by one plant may inhibit germination of seeds of other plants
is called as
a. Allopathy
b. Allelopathy
c. Competitive absorption
d. Aromapathy

31. By which method testa is made permeable to water?

a. Vernalization
b. Scarification
c. Stratification
d. Impaction

32. The type of germination shown by plants of marshy land is

a. Hypogeal
b. Epigeal
c. Viviparous
d. None of these

33. Plant growth can be measured by

a. Horizontal microscope
b. Crescograph
c. Auxanometer
d. All the above

34. Growth can be measured in terms of

a. Fresh or fry weight increase
b. Increase in girth of stem
c. Increase is surface area of leaf
d. All the above

35. Longevity of seeds of lotus is

a. 1year
b. 10 years
c. 100 years
d. 1000 years
36. Seed are subjected to hydraulic pressure at 2000 atm to
a. Increase permeability of seed coat to water
b. Break seed coat
c. Completion of after ripening period
d. Leach out the germination inhibitors

37. Main function of leghemoglobin is to

a. Promote oxygen availability to nodules
b. Generate ATP for nitrogen fixation
c. Generate hydrogen ions for ammonia formation
d. Scavenge oxygen

38. Nitrifying bacteria

a. Reduce nitrates to free nitrogen
b. Oxidize ammonia to nitrates
c. Convert free nitrogen to nitrogen compounds
d. Convert proteins into ammonia

39. Most plants obtain their nitrogen from the soil in the form of
a. Nitric acid
b. Nitrates
c. Free nitrogen gas
d. Nitrogen oxide

40. Nitrogen fixing bacteria were discovered by

a. Koch
b. Winogradsky
c. Pasteur
d. Lister

41. Non-legume nitrogen fixing organisms belongs to genus

a. Rhizobium
b. Franken
c. Clostridium
d. Azotobacter

42. Phytotron is meant for

a. Controlled humidity
b. Induction of mutations
c. Controlled irradiation
d. Growing plants under controlled environment

43. Pigment leghemoglobin is present in roots of

a. Maize
b. Rice
c. Soybean
d. Potato
44. Chlorosis occurs when plants are grown in
a. Dark
b. Shade
c. Strong light
d. Fe free medium

45. Deficiency of mineral nutrients is not responsible for

a. Shortening of internodes
b. Necrosis
c. Chlorosis
d. Etiolation

46. Exanthema is due to deficiency of

a. B
b. Mo
c. Mn
d. Cu

47. Hydroponics are

a. Growing of aquatic plants
b. Growing of floating aquatic plants
c. Growing of plants in sand
d. Growing of plants aqueous balanced nutrient

48. Death by cyanide poisoning is due to the inhibition of

a. Cytochrome P450
b. Cytochrome C oxidase
c. Cytochrome b
d. Cytochrome C reductase

49. Photorespiratory pathway in plants involve close co-operation of chloroplast, mitochondria and
a. Glyoxysomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Golgi bodies
d. Endoplasmic reticulum

50. Phototrophs trap sunlight whereas chemotrophs derive energy from the oxidation of a fuel. On
this basis, which among the following observation is true?
a. Spirulina sp. are chemotrophs whereas hydrogen bacteria are phototrophs
b. Both spirulina sp. and hydrogen bacteria are phototrophs
c. Both spirulina sp. and hydrogen bacteria are chemotrophs
d. Spirulina sp. is a phototroph while hydrogen bacteria are chemotrophs.

51. The most striking difference between tropical rain forest and temperate forests is that
a. The tropical rain forests have preponderance of angiosperms while temperate ones have
preponderance of gymnosperms
b. The trees of temperate forests are taller than those of tropical rain forests
c. Plants of temperate forests are comparatively more mesophysm
 d. Tropical forests are comparatively homogenous

52. During photorespiration the reactive oxygen species H2O2 is produced in

a. Glyoxysome
b. Lysosome
c. Peroxisome
d. Dictyosome

Part C

53. In the global nitrogen cycle, the following microbial organisms are involved in three important
process denitrification, nitrification and nitrogen fixation. Which of the following is the
correctly matched pair of process and its causative species?
A) Rhizobium B) Nitrosomonas C) Nitrobacter D) Pseudomonas E) Azotobacter

a. Denitrification b ; Nitrogen fixation c and e ; Nitrification d

b. Denitrification d ; Nitrogen fixation a and e ; Nitrification d
c. Denitrification e ; Nitrogen fixation a and d ; Nitrification d
d. Denitrification b ; Nitrogen fixation a and d ; Nitrification d

54. During episodes of anoxia in plants, pyruvate produced in glycolysis is initially fermented to
lactate. During later stage, there is an increase in the fermentation to ethanol and decrease
in the fermentation to lactate, a phenomena which helps plants survive anoxia. Which of the
following statements is correct about this change of fermentation flux from lactate towards
ethanol?
a. The cytosolic pH increases, thus activating both lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate
decarboxylase activity.
b. The cytosolic pH increases, thus inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase activity and activating
pyruvate decarboxylase activity.
c. The cytosolic pH decreases, thus activating both lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate
decarboxylase activity.
d. The cytosolic pH decreases, thus inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase and activating
pyruvate decarboxylase activity.

55. Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between
photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
a. Photosynthesis occurs only in autotrophs; cellular respiration occurs only in
heterotrophs
b. Photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics;
respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ATP
c. Photosynthesis involves the oxidation of glucose; respiration involves the reduction of
CO2
 d. The primary function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to synthesize ATP; the
primary function of cellular respiration is to break down ATP and release energy

56. The chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis of oxidative phosphorylation proposes that adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) is formed because
a. There is a change in the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane toward
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
b. High energy bonds are formed in mitochondrial proteins
c. ADP is pumped out of the matrix into the intermembrane space
d. A proton gradient forms across the inner membrane

57. One of the amino groups of urea comes from carbamoyl phosphate; the other comes from
aspartate. Both are ultimately derived from glutamate. How does the amino group make its way
from glutamate to aspartate?
a. Glutamate dehydrogenase generates a free amine from glutamate, and the free amine
reacts with oxaloacetate to aspartate
b. Glutamate is converted to glutamine by glutamine synthase, and glutamine reacts with
oxaloacetate to make aspartate
c. Glutamine and asparagine freely exchange amino groups, resulting in the production of
aspartate
d. A transamination reaction between glutamate and oxaloacetate results in the
production of aspartate

58. In an attempt to create a nitrogen fixing bioreactor, you set out to culture Rhizobium from the
root nodules of pea plants. After months of work, you are still having trouble getting the
Rhizobium to grow alone and fix nitrogen. What might explain this failure?
a. Rhizobium only grows in association with plant root hairs
b. Rhizobium from root nodules lacks a cell wall, so it will not grow in culture
c. You accidentally put a fungicide in your growth medium that kills all of the Rhizobium
d. Rhizobium from root nodules lack chromosomal DNA, so it will not grow in culture
59. The graphs below show the relationship between the rate of water loss by transpiration and leaf
temperature. Based on these results, which plant is best adapted for conserving water in a hot
dry environment?

a. Sunflower
b. Maple
c. Creosote
d. Grass
e. Pine
 60. Which of the following statements in plant respiration are correct?
P. The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway can accomplish the oxidation of glucose in
the stroma of mitochondria
Q. ATP is produced in the reaction step of TCA cycle catalyzed by succinyl CoA synthetase
R. In addition to Cytochrome C oxidase, an alternative oxidase enzyme resistant to
cyanide reduces O2 molecule in the electron transport system
S. In glyoxylate cycle acetyl CoA reacts with citrate to form keto glutarate
a. P, R, S
b. P, Q, R
c. Q and R only
d. Q and S only

61. In context of plant development which of the following statements are correct?
P. Cell migration is absent
Q. Apoptosis plays a major role in plant development
R. Pattern formation continues throughout life
S. Homeotic changes are caused by changes in non-homeodomain proteins
a. P, Q, R
b. Q, R, S
c. P, Q, S
d. P, R, S

ANSWER KEYS:
Respiration, Photorespiration, Nitrogen metabolism

Part B

1.c
2.d
3.b
4.c
5.a
6.d
7.b
8.c
9.a
10.c
11.a
12.b
13.d
14.b
15.a
16.c
17.a
18.a
19.a
20.b
21.b
22.b
23.a
24.d
25.b
26.c
27.b
28.d
29.a
30.b
31.c
32.c
33.d
34.d
35.d
36.a
37.d
38.b
39.b
40.b
41.b
42.d
43.c
44.d
45.d
46.d
47.d
48.b
49.b
50.d
51.a
52.c

Part C

53.b
54.d
55.b
56.d
57.d
58.a
59.c
60.b
61.a

Sensory Photobiology
Part B

1. Chloroplast distribution in a photosynthesizing cell is governed by blue light sensing phototropin

2 (PHOT2). When the cells are irradiated with high intensity blue light, the chloroplasts
a. Move to the side walls
b. Aggregate in the middle of the cell
c. Are sparsely distributed
d. Aggregate in small clusters
2. Plants have evolved with multiple photoreceptors which can perceive specific wavelength of
light. Which one of the following statements is correct about the photoreceptors?
a. Phytochrome A can perceive far red and blue light
b. Phytochrome C can perceive far red light
 c. Cryptochrome I and Phytochrome B are responsible for perceiving blue light
d. Phytochrome B can predominantly perceive far red light
3. The transition to flowering in plants requires
a. growth of plants under long- day conditions
b. growth of plants under short- day conditions
c. reprogramming of the shoot apical meristem
d. synthesis of the flowering hormone florigen
4. The photoreceptor commonly involved in light entrainment of the biological clock in flies,
moulds and plants is
a. Phytochrome
b. Rhodopsin
c. Carotenoid
d. Cryptochrome
5. Most angiosperms have alternate phyllotaxy. What allows each leaf to get the maximum
exposure to light and reduces shading of lower leaves?
a. A leaf area index above 8
b. Self pruning
c. One leaf only per node
d. Leaf emergence at an angle of 137.5 from the site of previous leaves
e. Both A and D
6. The prayer plant, Maranta leuconeura, folds up its leaves each night in accordance with a
circadian rhythm. If we were to ship this plant halfway around the world to a location where it is
daytime there when it is night here, the plant will
a. slowly adjust to synchronize with the new day-night cycle.
b. immediately switch to a new cycle and begin to open leaves in day and close them at
night.
c. detect the change but remain on its original cycle and therefore still fold leaves in day
and open them at night.
d. not detect the change and therefore remain on its original cycle.
e. cease to exhibit the behavior at all.
7. Which statement is NOT correct about a circadian rhythm?
a. These rhythms tend to persist even in the absence of daily light cues.
b. An example is the opening of stomata in the morning and their closing at night.
c. If plants are maintained in total darkness or total light, their circadian rhythm acts on a
faster time scale.
d. The primary usefulness of circadian rhythms seems to be to measure day-length changes
so plants respond appropriately to seasonal environmental changes.
e. All of these are correct statements.
8. Which statement is NOT true about photoperiodism?
a. A short-day plant flowers when the day length is shorter than some critical length.
b. A day-neutral plant flowers according to some form of regulation other than
photoperiodism.
c. A long-day plant will flower even when the day period is not long enough if there is a
short period of light during the dark period.
d. The phytochrome form Pfr is converted to Pr in daylight, producing the active form that
induces flowering in long-day plants.
e. All of these statements are true.
9. To brighten her home in the winter a woman decides to force an iris to bloom. To achieve this
she should
a. Expose the plant to long periods of darkness
b. Expose the plant to short periods of darkness
c. Interrupt a long period of darkness with a flash of light
d. Water it generously
e. Both B and C
10. A flash of red light followed by a flash of far red light given during the middle of the night to a
short day plant will likely
a. cause increased flower production.
b. have no effect upon flowering.
c. inhibit flowering.
d. stimulate flowering.
e. convert florigen to the active form
11. Many plants flower in response to day length cues. Which statement concerning flowering is
false
a. As a rule, short day plants flower in the spring or fall.
b. As a rule, long day plants flower in the summer.
c. Long day plants flower in response to long days, not short nights.
d. Flowering in day-neutral plants is not influenced by day length.
e. Flowering in short-day plants is controlled by photochrome
12. Which of the following does not reduce the level of the Pfr form of phytochrome?
a. exposure to far-red light
b. exposure to red light
c. long dark period
d. destruction of phytochrome
e. synthesis of phosphorylating
13. Most plants close their stomata at night. What color of light would be most effective in
promoting stomatal opening in the middle of the night?
a. red
b. far-red
c. blue
d. red followed by far-red
e. far-red followed by blue
14. The houseplants in a windowless room with only fluorescent lights begin to grow tall and leggy.
Which of the following treatments would promote more normal growth?
a. Leave the lights on at night as well as during the day.
b. Add additional fluorescent tubes to increase the light output.
c. Add some incandescent bulbs to increase the amount of red light.
d. Set a timer to turn on the lights for 5 minutes during the night.
e. Turn off the lights for 5 minutes during the day
15. Biological clocks cause organisms to perform daily activities on a regular basis. Which of the
following is a false statement about this kind of circadian rhythm ?
a. It may have the same signal transduction pathway in all organisms.
b. It must be reset on a daily basis.
c. It may help to cause photoperiodic responses.
d. Once set, it is independent external signals.
e. The exact mechanism of biological clocks remains unknown
16. Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and
flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes
a. are more predictable than air temperature changes.
b. alter the amount of energy available to the plant.
c. are modified by soil temperature changes.
d. can reset the biological clock.
e. are correlated with moisture availability
17. If a short day plant has a critical night length of 15 hours, then which of the following 24 hour
cycles will prevent flowering?
a. 8 hours light/16 hours dark
b. 4 hours light/20 hours dark
c. 6 hours light/2 hours dark/light flash/16 hours dark
d. 8 hours light/8 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark
e. 2 hours light/20 hours dark/2 hours light

18. Classic experiments suggested that a floral stimulus Florigen could move across a graft from an
induced plant to a noninduced plant and trigger flowering. Recent evidence using Arabidopsis
has recently shown that florigen is probably
a. a phytochrome molecule that is activated by red light.
b. a protein that is synthesized in leaves and travels to the shoot apical meristem and
initiates flowering.
c. a membrane signal that travels through the symplast from leaves to buds.
d. a second messenger that induces Ca ++ ions to change membrane potential.
e. a transcription factor that controls the activation of florigen specific genes

19. A botanist discovers a plant that lacks the ability to form starch grains in root cells, yet the roots
still grow downward. This evidence refutes the long standing hypothesis that
a. falling statoliths trigger gravitropism.
b. starch accumulation triggers the negative phototropic response of roots.
c. starch grains block the acid growth response in roots.
d. starch is converted to auxin, which causes the downward bending in roots.
e. starch and downward movement are necessary for thigmotropism

20. You are part of a desert plant research team trying to discover crops that will be productive in
arid climates. You discover a plant that produces a guard cell hormone under water deficit
conditions. Most likely the hormone is
a. ABA.
b. GA.
c. IAA.
d. 2,4-D.
e. salicylic acid

21. Light that passes through leaves of a tree inhibits seed germination because chlorophyll
a. Absorbs red and far-red light
b. Passes both red and far-red light
c. Absorbs far-red light but passes red
d. Absorbs red light, but passes far-red
22. Plants growing in a partially dark environment will grow toward light in a response called
phototropism. Choose the incorrect statement regarding phototropism
a. It is caused by a chemical signal
b. One chemical involved is auxin
c. Auxin causes a growth increase on one side of the stem
d. Auxin causes a decrease in growth on the side of the stem exposed to light

23. A plant seedling bends toward sunlight because

a. Auxin migrates tot the lower part of the stem due to gravity
b. There is more auxin on the light side of the stem
c. Auxin is destroyed more quickly on the dark side of the stem
d. Auxin is found in greatest abundance on the dark side of stem

24. A short-day plant will flower only when

a. Nights are longer than a certain critical value
b. Days are shorter than nights
c. Days are shorter than a certain critical value
d. Nights are shorter than a certain critical value

25. Most plants close their stomata at night. What colour of light would be most effective in
promoting stomatal opening in the middle of the night?
a. Red
b. Far Red
c. Blue
d. Far Red followed by Blue

26. In legumes, it has been shown that "Sleep" movements are correlated with
a. Positive thigmotropisms
b. Rhythmic opening and closing of K+ channels in motor cell membranes
c. Senescence
d. Flowering and Fruit development

27. Biological clocks cause organisms to perform daily activities on a regular basis. Which of the
following is a false statement about this kind of "circadian rhythm"
a. It may have the same signal transduction pathway in all organisms
b. It must be reset on a daily basis
c. It may help to cause photoperiodic response
d. Once set, it is independent of external signals

28. The biological clock controlling circadian rhythms must ultimately

a. Depend on environmental clues
b. Affect gene transcription
c. Stabilize on a 24 hour cycle
d. All the above

29. Cryptochrome is the pigment that absorbs

 a. Red Light
b. Green Light
c. Blue Light
d. Yellow Light

30. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

a. Nutation : Movement due to injury
b. Traumatotropism : Movement due to change in turgor pressure
c. Thigmotropism : Movement of tendrils due to contact
d. Seismonasty : Movement of stem tips of twining plants

31. Which of the following is false about phytochrome?

a. Phytochrome pigment present in two photo reversible forms Pfr and Pr
b. Phytochrome in all plants is synthesized entirely as Pr
c. Chromophore present in phytochrome is an open chain tetra pyrole ring
d. Phytochrome is involved in light energy transfer

32. Which statement about photomorphogenesis is false?

a. Involves the protein pigment phytochrome
b. Is only important at the seedling stage of plant development
c. Is affected by red, far red and blue light
d. Can be defined as light dependent changes in plant growth, development and
metabolism

33. The geotropic response in roots

a. Involves the redistribution of calcium ions
b. Primarily involves the basipetal transport of ABA in the root cortex
c. Can be abolished by the removal of the root cap
d. All of these

34. Garner and Allard are credited for discovery of

a. Phototropism
b. Photoperiodism
c. Photorespiraton
d. Photomorphogenesis

35. The photoperiodic stimulus perceived by

a. Leaves
b. Buds
c. Meristem
d. Flowers

36. Which of the following can stop flowering in short day plants
a. Longer but discontinuous dark period
b. Photoperiod longer than critical duration
c. Very short period
d. Any of these
37. Who classified the plants into different categories on the basis of photoperiodic responses
a. Benthem and Hooker
b. Cajlachjan
c. Garner and Allard
d. Linneus

38. When a short day plant and a long day plant, both kept under favourable conditions for
flowering are exposed to a short flash of red light in the middle of the dark period
a. Both SD and LD plants will flower
b. Both SD and LD plants will remain vegetative
c. SD plant will remain vegetative and LD plant will flower
d. SD plant will flower and LD plant will remain vegetative

39. What happens each day when the leaf of a plant is first exposed to light?
a. The epidermal cells on the upper surface of the leaf begin to photosynthesize.
b. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the leaf.
c. The cells of the spongy mesophyll begin to take up carbon dioxide, and are the only cells
that are able to do so.
d. The concentration of oxygen in the intercellular spaces of the leaf decreases.
e. The guard cells become more turgid and the stomatal apertures open

40. All of the following may function in signal transduction in plants except
a. calcium ions.
b. nonrandom mutations.
c. receptor proteins.
d. phytochrome.
e. secondary messengers.

41. The detector of light during de-etiolation (greening) of a tomato plant is (are)
a. carotenoids.
b. xanthophylls.
c. phytochrome.
d. chlorophyll.
e. auxin.

Part C

42. Red and far-red lights are perceived by plants through various photoreceptors including
phytochromes. The activation of phytochrome is caused by:
a. Conversion of Pr to Pfr form through the effect of red light
 b. Repression of Pr form through the effect of far red light
c. Equal proportion of red and far red lights at same fluence rates
d. Presence of red and far red light at different fluence rates

43. Fill in the blanks (a, b, c and d) in the following statements with a proper combination of m, n, 0
and p. Where in
1) m represents longer
2) n represents - shorter
3) 0 represents -prevents
4) p represents - induces
Short day (SD) plants flower when night lengths are _____a____ than a critical dark period.
Interruption of the dark period by a brief light treatment ______b_____ flowering in SD plants.
Long day (LD) plants flower when night length is ______c_____ than a critical period.
Shortening of the night with a brief light treatment _______d_____ flowering in LD plants.
a. a b c d
b. m o n p
c. n p m o
d. n o m p
e. m p n o

44. In nature, poinsettias bloom in early March. Research has shown that the flowering process is
triggered three months before blooming occurs. In order to make poinsettias bloom in
December, florists change the length of the light-dark cycle in September. Given the information
and clues above, which of the following is a false statement about poinsettias?
a. They are short day plants.
b. They require a light period shorter than some set maximum.
c. They require a longer dark period than is available in September.
d. The dark period can be interrupted without affecting flowering.
e. They will flower even if there are brief periods of dark during the daytime

45. A botanist exposed two groups of the same plant species to two photoperiodsone with 14
hours of light and10 hours of dark and the other with 10 hours of light and 14 hours of dark.
Under the first set of conditions, the plants flowered, but they failed to flower under the
second set of conditions. Which of the following conclusions would be consistent with these
results?
a. The critical night length is 14 hours.
b. The plants are short-day plants.
c. The critical day length is 10 hours.
d. The plants can convert phytochrome to florigen.
e. The plants flower in the spring

46. Experiments were carried out on plants living in different environments to measure the size of
leaf stomata. Which of the following graphs best represents a plant living in a dry environment?
 a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D

47. Which of the following statements provides a true example of both photomorphogenesis and
phototropism?

a. Phototropism is growth toward blue light, and photomorphogenesis is growth toward

red light
b. Phototropism is growth toward blue light, and photomorphogenesis is germination
triggered by near-red light
c. Phototropism is growth toward red light, and photomorphogenesis is germination
triggered by blue light
d. Phototropism is movement toward blue light, that does not involve growth;
photomorphogenesis is movement toward red light that does involve growth

48. Which of the following are incorrect about nastic movement?

P.It is a paratonic movement
Q.It occurs due to change in turgor pressure as well as differential growth
R.Nyctinasty is an example of nastic movement
S.It is induced by endogenous stimulus
a. P
b. S
c. P and Q
d. P and R

49. Vasudev illuminated a filament of algae with light that passed through a prism, thus exposing
different segments of the algal filament to different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic
bacteria and found that these bacteria congregated in the areas illuminated by red and blue
 light. If you ran the same experiment without passing light through a prism, what would you
predict?

a. There would be no difference in results

b. The no. of bacteria would decrease along the entire length of the filament
c. The bacteria would be relatively evenly distributed along the length of the filament
d. The no. of bacteria would increase along the entire length of the filament.

50. Gravisensing (the mechanism by which plant tissues sense gravity)

1. Is thought to involve statoliths, starch grains inside of cells which fall to the
lower side of the cell
2. Is thought to involve pressure-sensitive channels at the top and bottom of cells
3. Leads to a redistribution of auxin in stems and roots, causing differential growth
4. In roots, it relies on the presence of a root cap
a. 1 and 2 are correct
b. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
c. Only 1 is correct
d. All 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

51. What would happen if the secondary messenger cGMP was blocked in the de-etiolation
pathway?
a. Specific protein kinase 1 would be activated, and greening would occur.
b. Ca2+ channels would not open, and no greening would occur.
c. Ca2+ channels could open, and specific protein kinase 2 could still be produced.
d. No transcription of genes that function in de-etiolation would occur.
e. Transcription of de-etiolation genes in the nucleus would not be affected.

52. If protein synthesis was blocked in etiolated cells, what would be necessary for the "greening" of
these cells?
a. reception of light by phytochrome
b. activation of protein kinase 1 by cAMP
c. activation of protein kinase 2 by Ca2+
d. post-translational modification of existing proteins
e. 100-fold decrease in cytosolic Ca2+ levels

53. The houseplants in a windowless room with only fluorescent lights begin to grow tall and leggy.
Which of the following treatments would promote more normal growth?
a. Leave the lights on at night as well as during the day.
b. Add additional fluorescent tubes to increase the light output.
c. Add some incandescent bulbs to increase the amount of red light.
d. Set a timer to turn on the lights for 5 minutes during the night.
e. Turn off the lights for 5 minutes during the day.

54. Classic experiments suggested that a floral stimulus, florigen, could move across a graft from an
induced plant to a noninduced plant and trigger flowering. Recent evidence using Arabidopsis
has recently shown that florigen is probably
a. a phytochrome molecule that is activated by red light.
 b. a protein that is synthesized in leaves, travels to the shoot apical meristems, and initiates
flowering.
c. a membrane signal that travels through the symplast from leaves to buds.
d. a second messenger that induces Ca++ ions to change membrane potential.
a transcription factor that controls the activation of florigen-specific genes.

ANSWER KEYS:

Respiration, Photorespiration, Nitrogen metabolism

Part B
1.c

2.d

3.b

4.c

5.a

6.d

7.b

8.c

9.a

10.c

11.a

12.b

13.d

14.b

15.a

16.c

17.a

18.a

19.a

20.b

21.b

22.b

23.a

24.d

25.b
26.c

27.b

28.d

29.a

30.b

31.c

32.c

33.d

34.d

35.d

36.a

37.d

38.bANSWER KEYS:

PART b

1.A

2.C

3.C

4.D

5.D

6.A

7.C

8.D
9.E

10.B

11.C

12.B

13.C

14.C

15.D

16.A

17.E

18.B

19.A

20.A

21.D

22.D

23.D

24.A

25.C

26.B

27.D

28.B

29.C

30.C

31.D

32.B

33.C
34.B

35.A

36.D

37.C

38.C

39.E

40.B

41.C

PART c

42.a

43. b

44.d

45.e

46.d

47.b

48.b

49.c

50.d

51.c

52.d
53.c

39.b

40.b

41.b

42.d

43.c

44.d

45.d

46.d

47.d

48.b

49.b

50.d

51.a

52.c

Part C

53.b

54.d

55.b

56.d

57.d
58.a

59.c

60.b

61.a

Solute Transport and Photo-assimilate Translocation

Part B

1. Which one of the following statement describes the process of phloem loading?
a. Triose phosphate is transported from the chloroplast to cytosol
b. Sugars are transported into the sieve elements and companion cells
c. Sugars are transported from producing cells in the mesophyll to cells in the vicinity of
the sieve elements
d. Solutes are transported from roots to the shoots
2. Which of the following statements does not apply to reverse osmosis?
a. it is used for water purification.
b. In this technique, pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied to the system
c. It is a passive process
d. It is an active process

3. What is the main cause of guttation in plants?

a. transpiration
b. root pressure
c. pressure flow in phloem
d. condensation of atmospheric water

4. The process of guttation takes place

a. when the root pressure is high and the rate of transpiration is low.
b. when the root pressure is low and the rate of transpiration is high
c. when the root pressure equals the rate of transpiration
d. when the root pressure as well as rate of transpiration are high.

5. Which of the following is an example of imbibitions

a. uptake of water by root hair
b. exchange of gases in stomata
c. swelling of seed when put in soild
d. opening of stomata

6. Water potential of pure water at standard temperature is equal to

a. 10
b. 20
c. Zero
d. None of the above

7. Match the followings and choose the correct option

A. leaves i. Anti-transpirant
B. seed ii. Transpiration
C. Roots iii. Negative osmotic potential
D. Aspirin iv. Imbibition
E. Plasmolyzed cell v. Absorbtion
a. A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii
b. A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
c. A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i
d. A-iii, B-ii, C-i, D-iv

8. The ancestors of land plants were aquatic algae. Which of the following is not an evolutionary
adaptation to life on land?
a. C3 photosynthesis
b. a waxy cuticle
c. root hairs
d. xylem and phloem
 e. guard cells

9. A plant developed mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most
probable cause of the deficiency?
a. Mineral receptor proteins in the plant membrane were not functioning
b. Mycorrhizal fungi were killed
c. Active transport of minerals was inhibited
d. The genes for the synthesis of transport proteins were destroyed
e. Proton pumps reversed the membrane potential

10. If you were to prune the shoot tips of a plant, what would be the effect on the plant and the leaf
area index?
a. Bushier plants lower leaf area index
b. Tall plants lower leaf area index
c. Tall plants higher leaf area index
d. Short plants lower leaf area index
e. Bushier plants higher leaf area indexes

11. Which structure or compartment is not part of the plants apoplast?

a. The lumen of a xylem vessel
b. The lumen of sieve tube
c. The cell wall of a mesophyll cell
d. The cell wall of a transfer cell
e. The cell wall of a root hair

12. Which of the following is least likely to affect osmosis in plants?

a. Proton pumps in the membrane
b. A difference in solute concentration
c. Receptor proteins in the membrane
d. Aquaporins
e. A difference in water potential

13. Which of the following is not the function of a plasma membrane proton pump?
a. Hydrolyzes ATP
b. Produces a proton gradient
c. Generates a membrane potential
d. Equalizes the charge on each side of a membrane
e. Stores potential energy on one side of a membrane

14. The amount and direction of movement of water in plants can always be predicted by measuring
which of the following?
a. Pressure potential
b. Number of Aquaporins
c. Proton gradients
d. Dissolved solutes
e. Water potential ()

15. If P = 0.3 MPa and S = -0.45 MPa, the resulting is

 a. +0.75 MPa
b. -0.75 MPa
c. -0.15 MPa
d. +0.15 MPa
e. -0.42 MPa

16. The value for in root tissues was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it
in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose ( = -0.23), net water flow would
a. Be from the tissue into the sucrose solution
b. Be from the sucrose solution into the tissue
c. Be in both directions and the concentrations would remain equal
d. Occur only as ATP was hydrolyzed in the tissue
e. Be impossible to determine from the values given here

17. In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following?
a. It is located in the walls between endodermal cells and cortex cells
b. It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex
c. It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts
d. It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane
before entering the stele
e. It provides increased surface area for the absorption of mineral nutrients

18. A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass
through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure?
a. The Casparian strip
b. The guard cell
c. The root epidermis
d. The endodermis
e. The root cortex

19. The following factors may sometimes play a role in the movement of sap through xylem. Which
one depends on the direct expenditure of ATP by the plant?
a. Capillarity of water within the xylem
b. Evaporation of water from leaves
c. Cohesion among water molecules
d. Concentration of ions in the symplast
e. Bulk flow of water in the root apoplast

20. In which plant cell or tissue would the pressure component of water potential most often be
negative?
a. Leaf mesophyll cell
b. Stem xylem
c. Stem phloem
d. Root cortex cell
e. Root epidermis

21. Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following parts of a plant?
a. Mesophyll cells of the leaves
 b. Xylem vessels in leaves
c. Xylem vessels in roots
d. Cells of the root cortex
e. Root hairs

22. Which of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential?
a. Soil
b. Root xylem
c. Trunk xylem
d. Leaf cell walls
e. Leaf air spaces

23. Which of the following si responsible for cohesion of water molecules?

a. Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of a water molecule and cellulose in a
vessel cell
b. Covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules
c. Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of 1 water molecule and a hydrogen atom of
another water molecule
d. Covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom
of another water molecule
e. Cohesion has nothing to do with the bonding but is the result of the tight packing of the
water molecules in the xylem column

24. Water rises in plants primarily by the cohesion-tension model. Which of the following is not true
about this model?
a. Water loss (transpiration) is the driving force for water movement
b. The tension of this model represents the excitability of the xylem cells
c. Cohesion represents the tendency of water molecules to stick together by hydrogen
bonds
d. The physical forces in the capillary-sized xylem cells make it easier to overcome gravity.
e. The water potential of the air is more negative than the xylem

25. Guard cells do which of the following functions?

a. Protect the endodermis
b. Accumulate K+ and close the stomata
c. Contain chloroplasts that import K+ directly into the cells
d. Guard against mineral loss through the stomata
e. Help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise

26. Water lost during transpiration is an unfortunate side effect of the plants exchange of gases.
However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of
a. Evaporative cooling
b. Mineral transport
c. Increased turgor
d. A and B only
e. A, B and C
27. If the guard cells and surrounding epidermal cells in a plant are deficient in K+ ions, all of the
following would occur except
a. Photosynthesis would decrease
b. Roots would take up less water
c. Phloem transport rates would decrease
d. Leaf temperatures would decrease
e. Stomata would be closed

28. The opening of stomata is thought to involve

a. An increase in the osmotic concentration of the guard cells
b. A decrease in the osmotic concentration of the stoma
c. Active transport of water out of the guard cells
d. Decreased turgor pressure in guard cells
e. Movement of K+ from the guard cells.

29. Guard cells are the only cells in the epidermis that contain chloroplasts and can undergo
photosynthesis . This is important because
a. Chloroplasts sense when light is available so that guard cells will open
b. Photosynthesis provides the energy necessary for contractile proteins to flex and open
the guard cells
c. Guard cells will produce the O2 necessary to power active transport
d. ATP is required to power proton pumps in the guard cell membranes
e. Both A and C options are correct

30. Which of the following explains why CAM plants are not tall?
a. They would be unable to move water and minerals to the top of the plant during the
day.
b. They would be unable to supply sufficient sucrose for active transport of minerals into
the roots during the day or night
c. Transpiration occurs only at night, and this would cause a highly negative in the roots
of a tall plant during the day
d. Since the stomata are closed in the leaves, the Casparian strip is closed in the
endodermis of the root
e. With the stomata open at night, the transpiration rate would limit plant height.

31. Phloem transport is described as being from source to sink. Which of the following would most
accurately complete this statement about phloem transport as applied to most plants in the late
spring? Phloem transports _____ from the _____ source to the _____ sink.
a. Amino acids; roots; mycorrhizae
b. Sugars; leaf; apical meristem
c. Nucleic acid; flower; root
d. Proteins; root; leaf
e. Sugars; stem; root

32. Arrange the following 5 events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the
phloem.
1.Water diffuses into the sieve tubes
2.Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis
 3.Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes
4.Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf
5.Sugar moves down the stem
a. 2, 1, 4, 3, 5
b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
c. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5
d. 4, 2, 1, 3, 5
e. 2, 4, 1, 3, 5

33. Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because
a. Sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic
b. Sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic
c. Water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in water
d. The companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps in water.
e. Sucrose has been dumped from the sieve tube by active transport

34. Which one of the following statements about transport of nutrients in phloem is false?
a. Solute particles can be actively transported into phloem at the source
b. Companion cells control the rate and direction of movement of phloem sap.
c. Differences in osmotic concentration at the source and the sink cause a hydrostatic
pressure gradient to be formed
d. A sink is that part of the plant where a particular solute is consumed or stored
e. A sink may be located anywhere in the plant

35. According to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport,

a. Solute moves from a higher concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the
sink.
b. Water is actively transported into the source region of the phloem to create the turgor
pressure needed
c. The combination of a high turgor pressure in the source and transpiration water loss
from the sink moves solutes through the phloem conduits
d. The formation of starch from sugar in the sink increases the osmotic concentration
e. The pressure in the phloem of a root is normally greater than the pressure in the phloem
of a leaf

36. Long distance electrical signaling in the phloem has been shown to elicit a change in all of the
following except
a. A rapid leaf movement
b. Gene transcription
c. A switch from C4 to C3 photosynthesis
d. Gene transcription
e. Phloem unloading

37. Which of the following does not affect self-shading?

a. Leaf area index
b. Phyllotaxy
c. Self-pruning
d. Stem thickness
 e. Leaf orientation

38. A plant cell with a S of -0.65 MPa maintains a constant volume when bathed in a solution that
has a S of -0.30 MPa and is in an open container. The cell has a
a. P of +0.65 MPa
b. of -0.65 MPa
c. P of +0.35 MPa
d. P of +0.30 MPa
e. of 0 MPa

39. When any plant part undergoes senescence nutrients in that part
a. generally are lost with that part
b. are withdrawn from such regions and moved to the growing parts
c. vapourise and are reabsorbed through stomata
d. are localized to the abscision zones
e. None of these

40. Which of the following plays no role in movement of water through xylem?
a. Capillary movement
b. Root pressure
c. H+/ATPase pump at the xylem element membrane
d. Transpirational pull

41. Which of the following are not matched correctly:

a. Potassium-macronutrient and involved in operation of stomata
b. Chlorine-micronutrient and is a major component of organic molecules
c. Nitrogen-macronutrient and component of amino acids
d. Phosphorus-macronutrient and component of phospholipids

42. Which element is incorrectly matched with its function in the plant?
a. Calcium - formation of cell walls; maintenance of membrane integrity
b. Iron - a cofactor for an enzyme in chlorophyll biosynthesis; constituent of the heme group of
cytochromes
c. Magnesium - component of chlorophyll
d. Molybdenum - cofactor; principal divalent cation of cytosol; important in osmotic
regulations

43. Guttation is:

a. Movement of soluble organic materials through plants
b. Movement of water through the apoplast
c. Evidence of root pressure
d. Negative pressure created by transpiration

44. The smallest amount of pressure needed to stop fluid from moving by osmosis is referred to as
the
a. Turgor pressure
b. Water potential
 c. Pressure potential
d. Solute potential

45. Water potential is the

a. Combination of turgor pressure and pressure potential
b. Difference between pressure potential and osmotic potential
c. Combination of pressure potential and solute potential
d. Product of pressure potential and osmotic potential

46. The reason that a column of water in a tall tree does not sink because of its weight is
a. The tensile strength of a column of water The formation of hydrogen bonds with the plants
vessels
b. Bubbles form that are too large to be transported
c. The presence of strong ion concentrations near the top of the tree
d. The venturi effect of air flowing through stomata

47. Elements such as calcium, potassium, and phosphorus, needed by the plant in fairly large
amounts are called:
a. Fertilizers
b. Coenzymes
c. Macronutrients
d. Enzyme activators

48. If you could connect and active xylem vessel from a shoot to an active phloem sieve-tube
member from a leaf using a "micropipe," which way would the solution flow between the two?
a. The solution would flow from xylem to phloem
b. The solution would flow from phloem to xylem
c. The solution would flow back and forth from one to another
d. The solution would not flow between the two

49. If a cell with a solute potential of - 0.2 MPa and a pressure potential of 0.4 MPa is placed in a
chamber filled with pure water that is pressurized with 0.5 MPa, what will happen?
a. Water will flow out of the cell
b. Water will flow into the cell
c. The cell will be crushed
d. The cell will explode

50. If you wanted to force stomata to open, which of the following would work?
a. Treat the plant with abscisic acid
b. Stimulate water movement out of the guard cells
c. Stimulate water movement into the guard cells
d. Force the dermal cells around the stomata to dehydrate, thereby pulling the guard cells
apart

51. A widely accepted explanation for transport of sugar in phloem is called

 a. Root pressure theory
b. Transpiration
c. Pressure flow hypothesis
d. Cytoplasmic streaming

52. Phloem is composed of

a. Vessel elements and companion cells
b. Tracheids and vessel elements
c. Sieve-tube elements and companion cells
d. Tracheids and sieve-tube elements

53. The cohesion-tension theory of water movement helps to explain how water moves from soil
into root?
a. Through the phloem
b. From leaf to root
c. Through the xylem
d. Into the guard cells

54. How would phototropism be beneficial to plants?

a. By keeping the leaves oriented perpendicularly to light, the plant can increase water loss
b. By keeping the leaves oriented parallel to light, the plant can increase water loss
c. By keeping the leaves oriented perpendicularly to light, the plant can increase the
photosynthesis rate
d. By keeping the leaves oriented parallel to light, the plant can decrease the photosynthesis
rate

55. The guard cells not only regulate water loss by opening and closing the stomata, but also affect
the diffusion of which photosynthetically important gas?
a. Oxygen
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Carbon monoxide
d. Nitrogen

56. What effect will adding 10% NaCl to a plant have?

a. The stomata will open causing the plant to lose water
b. The stomata will close starving the plant of carbon dioxide
c. The stomata will close starving the plant of oxygen
d. The plant cells will fill with water from osmosis causing the plant to become turgid

57. In plants a common symptom caused by deficiency of P, K, Ca and Mg is the

a. Poor development of vasculature
b. Formation of anthocyanin
c. Bending of leaf tip
d. Appearance of dead necrotic areas

58. Active transport of ions across the membrane of a root hair cell can be assumed to be taking
place if
 a. The cell produces more glutathione
b. The cell has mitochondria
c. The uptake of ions stop when cyanide is added
d. The uptake of ions is against the concentration gradient

59. Which statement about phloem transport is correct?

a. Gravity influence phloem transport
b. Phloem transport occurs undirectionally
c. Sugar transported in phloem as non-reducing sugar
d. Ca2+ is most abundant cation in phloem sap

60. Water potential

a. Of a solution is always greater than for pure water
b. Is the potential energy of water in a system
c. Is a measure of the level of the active movement of water through a system
d. Is never zero

61. Water cohesion

a. Creates the pulling force which pulls water upward in the xylem
b. Causes water to move from the xylem into the phloem in response to differences in water
concentraion
c. Is an energy requiring process
d. Is responsible for making the column water

62. Halophytes such as Mangroves meet high osmotic pressures in the soil. They overcome the
problem of water uptake by
a. Increase in the root to shoot ratio
b. Reduction in the number of stomata to reduce transpiration
c. Accumulation of electrolytes in the vacuoles
d. Growth at relatively high humidity to reduce transpiration

63. The source of energy driving the transport of water through the xylem is
a. ATP produced by photosynthesis
b. ATP generated by respiration
c. The Sun
d. Transpiration

64. Which of the following properties of water is most directly related to its ability to rise in the
capillary spaces of plants?
a. Neutral pH
b. High Density
c. Low compressibility
d. High surface tension

65. Which statement about the function of the casparian strip is correct?
a. It prevents excess transpiration from leaves
b. It regulates ions movement into the root vascular cylinder
 c. It prevents disease causing organisms from invading the plant
d. It is the pathway for nutrient transfer from xylem to phloem

66. Which statement concerning stomatal function is false

a. To close stomata, potassium ion diffuse passively out of the guard cells
b. When stomata are about to open,potassium ions are actively transported into the guard
cells from the surrounding cells of the epidermis
c. Stomata are open when the turgor pressure of the guard cells decreases
d. Low levels of carbon dioxide stimulate the opening of stomata

67. What is the primary route of mineral absorption by roots?

a. cortex of the root
b. root hairs
c. epidermis of the root
d. Casparian strips

68. What is the function of the Casparian strip in a plant root?

a. This strip of cells functions to keep mycorrhizae from entering the root past the cortex.
b. These cells regulate the force of transpiration.
c. These cells control the flow of water and ions between the cortex and the xylem.
d. All of these are correct.

69. How are sugars transported throughout the plant in the conducting cells of the phloem?
a. mass flow
b. active transport
c. diffusion
d. facilitated diffusion

70. What forces combine to move water from the roots to the tops of trees?
a. capillarity
b. cohesion
c. evaporation
d. both "A" and "B"
e. All of these are correct.

71. Which one of the following is used for measuring the rate of transpiration?
a. Ganongs potometer
b. Moll's experiment
c. Auxanometer
d. Respirometer

72. Pulsation theory to explain ascent of sap was proposed by

a. Dixon and Jolly
b. J .C. Bose
c. Curtis and Clark
 d. None of the above

73. 0.1 M solution of a solute has a water potential of

a. -2.3 bars
b. 0 bar
c. 22.4 bars
d. +2.3 bars

74. A cell placed in hypertonic solution plasmolysis; the space between the cell wall and
plasmolysed contents is filled with
a. Water
b. Cell sap
c. Hypertonic solution
d. Hypotonic solution

75. A cell when placed in solution gets plasmolysed. What is largely present in between the cell wall
and the plasmolysed contents?
a. Water
b. Cell sap
c. Hypotonic solution
d. Hypertonic solution

76. When a cell is fully turgid, which one of the following is zero?
a. Turgor pressure
b. Wall pressure
c. Diffusion pressure deficit
d. Osmotic pressure

77. The sap of the plant cell has an osmotic potential of -10 bars and there is a wall pressure of 2
bars. When this cell is placed in a solution with an osmotic potential of -3 bars the force causing
water to enter the cell is
a. -8 bar
b. -7 bar
c. -5 bar
d. -3 bar

78. Which of the following would be maximum when water absorption is high and transpiration is
low
a. Osmotic pressure
b. Diffusion pressure
c. Root pressure
d. Turgor pressure

79. Most of the water taken up by the plant is

a. Split during photosynthesis as a source of electron and hydrogen
b. Lost by transpiration through stomata
 c. Absorbed by cells during their elongation
d. Incorporated directly into the organic material

80. Osmosis is a form of diffusion in which

a. The solute moves freely from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration
through semipermeable membrane
b. The solvent moves through a semipermeable membrane from a region where a solute is in
higher concentration to region of lower concentration
c. The solvent moves through a semipermeable membrane from a region where there is a
solute in lower concentration to region of higher concentration
d. None of these

81. In plant roots, the casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following?
a. It is located in the walls between endodermal cells and cortex cells
b. It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the vascular bundle from the
cortex
c. It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts
d. It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell before entering
the vascular bundle

82. Which of the following is not a difference between sugar translocation in phloem (sieve tubes)
and Water movement in the xylem (vessels or tracheids)?
a. Sugar translocation is a metabolically active process while water movement is entirely
passive
b. Pressure is positive in sieve tubes, while xylem is usually under tension
c. Sieve tubes are living cells while mature xylem is dead.
d. All of these are correct

83. Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system?

a. root hair-dermal tissue
b. palisade parenchyma-ground tissue
c. guard cell-dermal tissue
d. companion cell-ground tissue
e. tracheid-vascular tissue

84. Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system?
a. root hair
b. cuticle
c. periderm
d. pith
e. phloem

85. Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?
a. taproots
b. root hairs
c. the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem
d. storage roots
 e. sections of the root that have secondary xylem

86. Land plants are composed of all of the following tissue types except
a. mesodermal.
b. epidermal.
c. meristematic.
d. vascular.
e. ground tissue.

87. Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except
a. vessel elements.
b. sieve cells.
c. tracheids.
d. companion cells.
e. cambium cells.

88. When you eat Brussels sprouts, what are you eating?
a. immature flowers
b. large axillary buds
c. petioles
d. storage leaves
e. storage roots

89. Which cells are no longer capable of carrying out the process of DNA transcription?
a. tracheids
b. mature mesophyll cells
c. companion cells
d. meristematic cells
e. glandular cells

90. ________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem.

a. Sclerenchyma cell; collenchyma cell
b. Apical meristem; vascular cambium
c. Vessel element; sieve-tube member
d. Cortex; pith
e. Vascular cambium; cork cambium

91. CO2 enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the
a. cuticle.
b. epidermal trichomes.
c. stoma.
d. phloem.
e. walls of guard cells.

92. Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?
a. parenchyma cells
b. collenchyma cells
c. sclerenchyma cells
 d. tracheids and vessel elements
e. sieve-tube elements

93. Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts
of the plant?
a. parenchyma cells
b. collenchyma cells
c. sclerenchyma cells
d. tracheids and vessel elements
e. sieve-tube elements

94. Which of the following are most responsible for supporting mature, nongrowing parts of the
plant?
a. parenchyma cells
b. collenchyma cells
c. trichomes
d. tracheids and vessel elements
e. sieve-tube elements

95. The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the
a. cortex.
b. stele.
c. endodermis.
d. periderm.
e. pith.

96. One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that
a. only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem.
b. root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not.
c. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots.
d. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves.
e. leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not.

97. A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with
relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?
a. parenchyma
b. xylem
c. endodermis
d. collenchyma
e. sclerenchyma

98. Compared to most animals, the growth of most plants is best described as
a. perennial.
b. weedy.
c. indeterminate.
d. derivative.
e. primary.
99. A vessel element would likely lose its protoplast in which section of a root?
a. zone of cell division
b. zone of elongation
c. zone of maturation
d. root cap
e. apical meristem

100. Gas exchange, which is necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf
tissue?
a. epidermis
b. palisade mesophyll
c. spongy mesophyll
d. vascular tissue
e. bundle sheath

101. Which of the following best describes advantages conferred by compound leaves versus
simple leaves?
a. There's a greater chance of capturing photons in intermittently shady areas.
b. There is less chance of damage in high-wind areas.
c. There's a reduced chance of herbivory.
d. There is less surface area for water loss.
e. There's a greater chance of capturing photons in intermittently shady areas and less
chance of damage in high-wind areas.

102. Water is most likely to enter a mesophyll cell

a. as a gas.
b. as a liquid.
c. covalently bound to sugars.
d. coupled to ion transport.
e. via endocytosis.

103. Plants contain meristems whose major function is to

a. attract pollinators.
b. absorb ions.
c. photosynthesize.
d. produce more cells.
e. produce flowers.

104. A cell that is most likely to retain the ability to divide, perform metabolic functions, and
store photosynthate would be a
a. parenchyma cell in a leaf.
b. vessel element in the vascular system.
c. endodermal cell in a root.
d. bark cell.
e. fiber cell.

105. Which of the following cell types is least likely to be capable of cell division?
 a. mesophyll cell in a developing leaf
b. parenchyma cell 2 mm from the tip of a root
c. parenchyma cell in a dormant axillary bud
d. functional tracheid cell in a stem

106. The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily
a. continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root.
b. continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the center of the apical meristem.
c. elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem.
d. the elongation of root hairs.
e. continuous cell division of root cap cells.

107. Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to

a. cell division at the shoot apical meristem.
b. cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem.
c. cell division localized in each internode.
d. cell elongation localized in each internode.
e. cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot
apical meristem.

108. Axillary buds

a. are initiated by the cork cambium.
b. have dormant meristematic cells.
c. are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes.
d. grow immediately into shoot branches.
e. do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot.

109. The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root.

I. root cap
II. zone of elongation
III. zone of cell division
IV. zone of cell maturation
V. apical meristem

Which of the following is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward?
a. I, II, V, III, IV
b. III, V, I, II, IV
c. II, IV, I, V, III
d. IV, II, III, I, V
e. I, V, III, II, IV

110. Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function?
a. Sclerenchyma-supporting cells with thick secondary walls
b. Periderm-protective coat of woody stems and roots
c. Pericycle-waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots
d. Mesophyll-parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves
 e. ground meristem-primary meristem that produces the ground tissue system

111. Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?
a. endodermis
b. phloem
c. cortex
d. epidermis
e. pericycle

112. A leaf primordium is initiated as a small mound of tissue on the flank of a dome-shaped
shoot apical meristem. The earliest physical evidence of the site of a newly forming leaf
primordium would be
a. development of chloroplasts in a surface cell of the shoot apical meristem.
b. cell division in the shoot apical meristem with the newly forming walls perpendicular to
the surface of the meristem.
c. preprophase bands parallel to the surface of the meristem in subsurface cells of the
shoot apical meristem.
d. elongation of epidermal cells perpendicular to the surface of the shoot apical meristem.
e. formation of stomata in the epidermal layer of the shoot apical meristem.

113. Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called
a. hairs.
b. xylem cells.
c. phloem cells.
d. stomata.
e. sclereids.

114. Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants?

a. Only primary growth is localized at meristems.
b. Some plants lack secondary growth.
c. Only stems have secondary growth.
d. Only secondary growth produces reproductive structures.
e. Monocots have only primary growth, and eudicots have only secondary growth.

115. All of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions except
a. mesophyllphotosynthesis.
b. guard cellregulation of transpiration.
c. sieve-tube membertranslocation.
d. vessel elementwater transport.
e. companion cellformation of secondary xylem and phloem.

116. What would be a plant adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense
forest?
a. closing of the stomata
b. lateral buds
c. apical dominance
d. absence of petioles
 e. intercalary meristems

117. A person working with plants may reduce the inhibition of apical dominance by auxin
via which of the following?
a. pruning shoot tips
b. deep watering of the roots
c. fertilizing
d. treating the plants with auxins
e. feeding the plants nutrients

118. Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?
a. secondary xylem
b. leaves
c. trichomes
d. tubers
e. cortex

119. Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as

a. dermal and ground tissue.
b. lateral tissues.
c. pith.
d. secondary tissues.
e. shoots and roots.

120. Which of the following is a true statement?

a. Flowers may have secondary growth.
b. Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves.
c. Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.
d. Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant.
e. Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.

121. What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?

a. primary xylem
b. secondary xylem
c. secondary phloem
d. mesophyll cells
e. vascular cambium

122. Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which
cells?
a. vascular cambium
b. apical meristem
c. endodermis
d. phloem
e. xylem

123. The following questions are based on the drawing of root or stem cross sections shown
in Figure 35.2.
 Figure 35.2

I) A monocot stem is represented by

a. I only.
b. II only.
c. III only.
d. IV only.
e. both I and III.

II) A plant that is at least 3 years old is represented by

a. I only.
b. II only.
c. III only.
d. IV only.
e. both I and III.

III) A woody eudicot is represented by

a. I only.
b. II only.
c. III only.
d. IV only.
e. both I and III.

124. Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry
tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal
appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional
was/were the
a. phloem.
b. xylem.
c. cork cambium.
d. cortex.
e. companion and sieve-tube members.
125. The innermost layer of the root cortex is the
a. core.
b. pericycle.
c. endodermis.
d. pith.
e. vascular cambium.

126. Heartwood and sapwood consist of

a. bark.
b. periderm.
c. secondary xylem.
d. secondary phloem.
e. cork.

127. Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?
a. secondary xylem
b. leaves
c. dermal tissue
d. tubers
e. secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

128. Which of the following would not be seen in a cross-section through the woody part of a root?
a. sclerenchyma cells
b. parenchyma cells
c. sieve-tube elements
d. root hairs
e. vessel elements

129. All of the following are plant adaptations to life on land except
a. tracheids and vessels.
b. root hairs.
c. cuticle.
d. the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.
e. collenchyma.

130. The ancestors of land plants were aquatic algae. Which of the following is not an evolutionary
adaptation to life on land?
a.C3 photosynthesis
b.a waxy cuticle
c. root hairs
d.xylem and phloem
e.guard cells

131. Most angiosperms have alternate phyllotaxy. What allows each leaf to get the maximum
exposure to light and reduces shading of lower leaves?
a. a leaf area index above 8
b. self-pruning
c. one leaf only per node
 d. leaf emergence at an angle of 137.5F from the site of previous leaves
e. a leaf area index above 8 and leaf emergence at an angle of 137.5F from the site of
previous leaves

132. A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most
probable cause of the deficiency?
a. Mineral receptor proteins in the plant membrane were not functioning.
b. Mycorrhizal fungi were killed.
c. Active transport of minerals was inhibited.
d. The genes for the synthesis of transport proteins were destroyed.
e. Proton pumps reversed the membrane potential.

133. If you were to prune the shoot tips of a plant, what would be the effect on the plant and the leaf
area index?
a. bushier plants; lower leaf area index
b. tall plants; lower leaf area index
c. tall plants; higher leaf area index
d. short plants; lower leaf area index
e. bushier plants; higher leaf area indexes

134. Which structure or compartment is not part of the plant's apoplast?

a. the lumen of a xylem vessel
b. the lumen of a sieve tube
c. [the cell wall of a mesophyll cell
d. the cell wall of a transfer cell
e. the cell wall of a root hair

135. Which of the following would be least likely to affect osmosis in plants?
a. proton pumps in the membrane
b. a difference in solute concentrations
c. receptor proteins in the membrane
d. aquaporins
e. a difference in water potential

136. Active transport involves all of the following except the

a. diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane.
b. pumping of solutes across the membrane.
c. hydrolysis of ATP.
d. transport of solute against a concentration gradient.
e. specific transport protein in the membrane.

137. Active transport of various materials in plants at the cellular level requires all of the following
except
a. a proton gradient.
b. ATP.
c. membrane potential.
d. transport proteins
e. xylem membranes.
138. Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane proton pump?
a. hydrolyzes ATP
b. produces a proton gradient
c. generates a membrane potential
d. equalizes the charge on each side of a membrane
e. stores potential energy on one side of a membrane

139. Given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the earliest
land plants were most likely
a. nonvascular plants that grew leafless photosynthetic shoots above the shallow fresh
water in which they lived.
b. species that did not exhibit alternation of generations.
c. vascular plants with well-defined root systems.
d. plants with well-developed leaves.
e. species with a well-developed, thick cuticle.

140. The movement of water across biological membranes can best be predicted by
a. negative charges in the cell wall.
b. prevailing weather conditions.
c. aquaporins.
d. level of active transport.
e. water potential.

141. An open beaker of pure water has a water potential () of

a. -0.23 MPa.
b. +0.23 MPa.
c. +0.07 MPa.
d. -0.0000001 MPa.
e. 0.0 (zero).

142. All of the following have an effect on water potential () in plants except
a. physical pressure.
b. water-attracting matrices.
c. dissolved solutes.
d. osmosis.
e. DNA structure.

143. Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will
a. have a faster rate of osmosis.
b. have a lower water potential.
c. have a higher water potential.
d. have a faster rate of active transport.
e. be flaccid.

144. Some botanists argue that the entire plant should be considered as a single unit rather than a
composite of many individual cells. Which of the following cellular structures cannot be used to
support this view?
 a. cell wall
b. cell membrane
c. cytosol
d. tonoplast
e. symplast

145. Which of the following statements is false about bulk flow?

a. It is driven primarily by pressure potential.
b. It is more effective than diffusion over distances greater than 100 m.
c. It depends on a difference in pressure potential at the source and sink.
d. It depends on the force of gravity on a column of water.
e. It may be the result of either positive or negative pressure potential.

146. Which of the following would likely not contribute to the surface area available for water
absorption from the soil by a plant root system?
a. root hairs
b. endodermis
c. mycorrhizae
d. fungi associated with the roots
e. fibrous arrangement of the roots

147. Root hairs are most important to a plant because they

a. anchor a plant in the soil.
b. store starches.
c. increase the surface area for absorption.
d. provide a habitat for nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
e. contain xylem tissue.

148. A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass
through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure?
a. the Casparian strip
b. a guard cell
c. the root epidermis
d. the endodermis
e. the root cortex

149. All of the following involve active transport across membranes except
a. the movement of mineral nutrients from the apoplast to the symplast.
b. the movement of sugar from mesophyll cells into sieve-tube elements.
c. the movement of sugar from one sieve-tube element to the next.
d. the movement of K+ across guard cell membranes during stomatal opening.
e. the movement of mineral nutrients into cells of the root cortex.

150. Which of the following statements about xylem is incorrect?

a. It conducts material from root tips to leaves.
b. The conducting cells are part of the apoplast.
c. It transports mainly sugars and amino acids.
d. It typically has a lower water potential than is found in soil.
 e. No energy input is required for transport.

151. What is the role of proton pumps in root hair cells?

a. establish ATP gradients
b. maintain the H+ gradient
c. pressurize xylem transport
d. eliminate excess electrons
e. assist in active uptake of water molecules

152. In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following?
a. It aids in the uptake of nutrients.
b. It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex.
c. It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts.
d. It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane
before entering the stele.
e. It provides increased surface area for the absorption of mineral nutrients.

153. Which of the following is not an important component of the long-distance transport process in
plants?
a. the cohesion of water molecules
b. a negative water potential
c. the root parenchyma
d. the active transport of solutes
e. bulk flow from source to sink

154. Pine seedlings grown in sterile potting soil grow much slower than seedlings grown in soil from
the area where the seeds were collected. This is most likely because
a. the sterilization process kills the root hairs as they emerge from the seedling.
b. the normal symbiotic fungi are not present in the sterilized soil.
c. sterilization removes essential nutrients from the soil.
d. water and mineral uptake is faster when mycorrhizae are present.
e. B and D.

155. The following factors may sometimes play a role in the movement of sap through xylem. Which
one depends on the direct expenditure of ATP by the plant?
a. capillarity of water within the xylem
b. evaporation of water from leaves
c. cohesion among water molecules
d. concentration of ions in the symplast
e. bulk flow of water in the root apoplast

156. One is most likely to see guttation in small plants when the
a. transpiration rates are high.
b. root pressure exceeds transpiration pull.
c. preceding evening was hot, windy, and dry.
d. water potential in the stele of the root is high.
e. roots are not absorbing minerals from the soil.
157. One would expect to find the highest density of aquaporins in which of the following?
a. the plasma membrane of guard cells
b. the pits of a tracheid
c. the plasma membrane of parenchyma cells in a ripe fruit
d. the plasma membrane of a mature mesophyll cell in a leaf
e. the membrane lining plasmodesmata

158. If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a
water potential of -0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome?
a. The pressure potential of the cells would increase.
b. Water would move out of the cells.
c. The cell walls would rupture, killing the cells.
d. Solutes would move out of the cells.
e. The osmotic pressure of the cells would decrease.

159. What drives the flow of water through the xylem?

a. passive transport by the endodermis
b. the number of companion cells in the phloem
c. the evaporation of water from the leaves
d. active transport by sieve-tube elements
e. active transport by tracheid and vessel elements

160. What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of
a tree?
a. active transport of ions into the stele
b. atmospheric pressure on roots
c. evaporation of water through stoma
d. the force of root pressure
e. osmosis in the root

161. In which plant cell or tissue would the pressure component of water potential most often be
negative?
a. leaf mesophyll cell
b. stem xylem
c. stem phloem
d. root cortex cell
e. root epidermis

162. Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following parts of a plant?
a. mesophyll cells of the leaf
b. xylem vessels in leaves
c. xylem vessels in roots
d. cells of the root cortex
e. root hairs

163. Which of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential?
a. root cortical cells
 b. root xylem
c. trunk xylem
d. leaf cell walls
e. leaf air spaces

164. Which of the following is responsible for the cohesion of water molecules?
a. hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of a water molecule and cellulose in a
vessel cell
b. covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules
c. hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom
of another water molecule
d. covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom
of another water molecule
e. low concentrations of charged solutes in the fluid

165. Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except

a. adhesion of water molecules to cellulose.
b. cohesion between water molecules.
c. evaporation of water molecules.
d. active transport through xylem cells.
e. transport through tracheids.

166. Which of the following statements about transport in plants is false?

a. Weak bonding between water molecules and the walls of xylem vessels or tracheids
helps support the columns of water in the xylem.
b. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules, which results in the high cohesion of the
water, is essential for the rise of water in tall trees.
c. Although some angiosperm plants develop considerable root pressure, this is not
sufficient to raise water to the tops of tall trees.
d. Most plant physiologists now agree that the pull from the top of the plant resulting
from transpiration is sufficient, when combined with the cohesion of water, to explain
the rise of water in the xylem in even the tallest trees.
e. Gymnosperms can sometimes develop especially high root pressure, which may
account for the rise of water in tall pine trees without transpiration pull.

167. Active transport would be least important in the normal functioning of which of the following
plant tissue types?
a. leaf transfer cells
b. stem tracheary elements
c. root endodermal cells
d. leaf mesophyll cells
e. root sieve-tube elements

168. Which of the following statements is false concerning the xylem?

a. Xylem tracheids and vessels fulfill their vital function only after their death.
b. The cell walls of the tracheids are greatly strengthened with cellulose fibrils forming
thickened rings or spirals.
c. Water molecules are transpired from the cells of the leaves, and replaced by water
 molecules in the xylem pulled up from the roots due to the cohesion of water
molecules.
d. Movement of materials is by mass flow; solutes in xylary sap move due to a positive
turgor pressure gradient from source to sink.
e. In the morning, sap in the xylem begins to move first in the twigs of the upper portion
of the tree, and later in the lower trunk.

169. Xylem vessels, found in angiosperms, have a much greater internal diameter than tracheids, the
only xylem-conducting cells found in gymnosperms. The tallest living trees, redwoods, are
gymnosperms. Which of the following is an advantage of tracheids over vessels for long-distance
transport to great heights?
a. Adhesive forces are proportionally greater in narrower cylinders than in wider cylinders.
b. The smaller the diameter of the xylem, the more likely cavitation will occur.
c. Cohesive forces are greater in narrow tubes than in wide tubes of the same height.
d. Adhesive forces are proportionally greater in narrower cylinders than in wider cylinders,
and cohesive forces are greater in narrow tubes than in wide tubes of the same height.
e. Adhesive forces are proportionally greater in narrower cylinders than in wider cylinders,
and the smaller the diameter of the xylem, the more likely cavitation will occur.

170. Water rises in plants primarily by cohesion-tension. Which of the following is not true about the
cohesion-tension model?
a. Water loss (transpiration) is the driving force for water movement.
b. The "tension" of this model represents the excitability of the xylem cells.
c. Cohesion represents the tendency for water molecules to stick together by hydrogen
bonds.
d. The physical forces in the capillary-sized xylem cells make it easier to overcome gravity.
e. The water potential of the air is more negative than the xylem.

171. Assume that a particular chemical interferes with the establishment and maintenance of proton
gradients across the membranes of plant cells. All of the following processes would be directly
affected by this chemical except
a. photosynthesis.
b. phloem loading.
c. xylem transport.
d. cellular respiration.
e. stomatal opening.

172. Which cells in a root form a protective barrier to the vascular system where all materials must
move through the symplast?
a. pericycle
b. cortex
c. epidermis
d. endodermis
e. exodermis

173. Guard cells do which of the following?

a. protect the endodermis
b. accumulate K+ and close the stomata
 c. contain chloroplasts that import K+ directly into the cells
d. guard against mineral loss through the stomata
e. help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise

174. All of the following normally enter the plant through the roots except
a. carbon dioxide.
b. nitrogen.
c. potassium.
d. water.
e. calcium.

175. Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because

a. chloroplasts within wilted leaves are incapable of photosynthesis.
b. CO2 accumulates in the leaves and inhibits the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.
c. there is insufficient water for photolysis during the light reactions.
d. stomata close, restricting CO2 entry into the leaf.
e. wilted leaves cannot absorb the red and blue wavelengths of light.

176. The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the
plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of
a. evaporative cooling.
b. mineral transport.
c. increased turgor.
d. increased growth,
e. only evaporative cooling and mineral transport.

177. Ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and
minerals to the leaves of a tree?
a. cool, dry day
b. warm, dry day
c. warm, humid day
d. cool, humid day
e. very hot, dry, windy day

178. If the guard cells and surrounding epidermal cells in a plant are deficient in potassium ions, all of
the following would occur except
a. photosynthesis would decrease.
b. roots would take up less water.
c. phloem transport rates would decrease.
d. leaf temperatures would decrease.
e. stomata would be closed.

179. Which of the following experimental procedures would most likely reduce transpiration while
allowing the normal growth of a plant?
a. subjecting the leaves of the plant to a partial vacuum
b. increasing the level of carbon dioxide around the plant
 c. putting the plant in drier soil
d. decreasing the relative humidity around the plant
e. injecting potassium ions into the guard cells of the plant

180. All of the following are adaptations that help reduce water loss from a plant except
a. transpiration.
b. sunken stomata.
c. C4 photosynthesis.
d. small, thick leaves.
e. crassulacean acid metabolism.

181. A primary result for stomatal closure on a hot, dry day would be
a. release of K+ ions to the apoplast and subsidiary cells.
b. displacement of Ca++ ions from the thick inner walls of the guard cells.
c. disassembly of the microfibrils in the cell walls of the subsidiary cells.
d. upregulation of aquaporin synthesis.
e. downregulation of extension proteins.

182. What is the driving force for the movement of solutes in the phloem of plants?
a. gravity
b. a difference in water potential () between the source and the sink
c. root pressure
d. transpiration of water through the stomata
e. adhesion of water to phloem sieve tubes

183. Phloem transport of sucrose is often described as going from source to sink. Which of the
following would not normally function as a sink?
a. growing leaf
b. growing root
c. storage organ in summer
d. mature leaf
e. shoot tip

184. Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem?
a. Diffusion can account for the observed rates of transport.
b. Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant.
c. Sugar is translocated from sinks to sources.
d. Only phloem cells with nuclei can perform sugar movement.
e. Sugar transport does not require energy.

185. Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because
a. sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic.
b. sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic.
c. water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in water.
d. the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps in water.
 e. sucrose has been transported out of the sieve tube by active transport.

186. Which one of the following statements about transport of nutrients in phloem is false?
a. Solute particles can be actively transported into phloem at the source.
b. Companion cells control the rate and direction of movement of phloem sap.
c. Differences in osmotic concentration at the source and sink cause a hydrostatic
pressure gradient to be formed.
d. A sink is that part of the plant where a particular solute is consumed or stored.
e. A sink may be located anywhere in the plant.

187. According to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport,

a. solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the
sink.
b. water is actively transported into the source region of the phloem to create the turgor
pressure needed.
c. the combination of a high turgor pressure in the source and transpiration water loss
from the sink moves solutes through phloem conduits.
d. the formation of starch from sugar in the sink increases the osmotic concentration.
e. the pressure in the phloem of a root is normally greater than the pressure in the
phloem of a leaf.

188. Plants do not have a circulatory system like that of some animals. If a water molecule did
"circulate" (that is, go from one point in a plant to another and back in the same day), it would
require the activity of
a. only the xylem.
b. only the phloem.
c. only the endodermis.
d. both the xylem and the endodermis.
e. both the xylem and the phloem

189. Long-distance electrical signaling in the phloem has been shown to elicit a change in all of the
following except
a. rapid leaf movement.
b. gene transcription.
c. a switch from C4 to C3 photosynthesis.
d. gene transcription.
e. phloem unloading.

190. Plasmodesmata can change in number, and when dilated can provide a passageway for
a. macromolecules such as RNA and proteins.
b. ribosomes.
c. chloroplasts.
d. mitochondria.
e. cytoskeletal components.

191. The following photo shows a strawberry leaf displaying guttation. Answer the following question
regarding guttation.
 A fellow student brought in a leaf to be examined. The leaf was dark green, thin, had stoma
on the lower surface only, and had a total surface area of 10 square meters. Where is the
most likely environment where this leaf was growing?
a. a dry, sandy region
b. a large, still pond
c. a tropical rain forest
d. an oasis within a grassland
e. the floor of a deciduous forest

192. Several tomato plants are growing in a small garden plot. If soil water potential were to drop
significantly on a hot summer afternoon, which of the following would most likely occur?
a. Stomatal apertures would decrease.
b. Transpiration would increase.
c. The leaves would become more turgid.
d. The uptake of CO2 would be enhanced.
e. The proton gradient would dissipate.

193. The symplast transports all of the following except

a. sugars.
b. mRNA.
c. DNA.
d. proteins.
e. viruses.

194. Which of the following is an adaptation that enhances the uptake of water and minerals by
roots?
a. mycorrhizae
b. cavitation
c. active uptake by vessel elements
d. rhythmic contractions by cortical cells
e. pumping through plasmodesmata
195. Which structure or compartment is part of the symplast?
a. the interior of a vessel element
b. the interior of a sieve tube
c. the cell wall of a mesophyll cell
d. an extracellular air space
e. the cell wall of a root hair

196. Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink

a. occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements.
b. depends ultimately on the activity of proton pumps.
c. depends on tension, or negative pressure potential.
d. depends on pumping water into sieve tubes at the source.
e. results mainly from diffusion.

197. Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because

a. the chlorophyll in wilting leaves is degraded.
b. flaccid mesophyll cells are incapable of photosynthesis.
c. stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf.
d. photolysis, the water-splitting step of photosynthesis, cannot occur when there is a
water deficiency.
e. accumulation of CO2 in the leaf inhibits enzymes.

198. What would enhance water uptake by a plant cell?

a. decreasing the of the surrounding solution
b. increasing the pressure exerted by the cell wall
c. the loss of solutes from the cell
d. increasing the of the cytoplasm
e. positive pressure on the surrounding solution
199. Compared with a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins
will
a. have a faster rate of osmosis.
b. have a lower water potential.
c. have a higher water potential.
d. have a faster rate of active transport.
e. accumulate water by active transport.

200. Which of the following would tend to increase transpiration?

a. a rainstorm
b. sunken stomata
c. a thicker cuticle
d. higher stomatal density
e. spiny leaves

Part C

201. Which of the following statements about transport in plants is false?

a. Weak bonding between water molecules and the walls of xylem vessels for tracheids helps
support the columns of water in the xylem
b. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules, which results in the high cohesion of the
water, is essential for the rise of water in tall trees
c. Although some angiosperm plants develop considerable root pressure, this is not sufficient
to raise water to the tops of tall trees
d. Most plant physiologists now agree that the pull from the top of the plant resulting from
transpiration is sufficient, when combined with the cohesion of water, to explain the rise of
water in the xylem in even the tallest trees
e. Gymnosperms can sometimes develop especially high root pressure, which may account for
the rise of water in tall pine trees without transpiration pull

202. Xylem vessels, found in angiosperms, have a much greater internal diameter than tracheids, the
only xylem conducting cells found in gymnosperms. The tallest living trees, redwoods, are
gymnosperms. Which of the following is an advantage of tracheids over vessels for long distance
transport to great heights?
a. Adhesive forces are proportionally greater in narrower cylinders than in wider cylinders.
b. The smaller the diameter of the xylem, the more likely cavitation will occur.
c. Cohesive forces are greater in narrow tubes than in wide tubes of the same height.
d. Only A and C are correct.
e. A, B, and C are correct

203. Based on graphs I and II, which of the following is the best conclusion that can be reached?
 a. Decreases in leaf water
potential are caused by increased transpiration.
b. The increased rate of transpiration increase leaf water potential.
c. The flow of water through the stem has no effect on leaf water potential.
d. Leaf stomata are closed at 10 A.M.
e. Water is most likely to flow into the leaf at 4 A.M.

204. The pathway of water from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere is best represented by
which of the following sequences?
a. Endodermis- cortex - epidermis - vessel elements - intercellular spaces in mesophyll -
stomata
b. Epidermis - cortex - Casparian strip - endodermis - sieve cells - intercellular spaces in the
mesophyll - stomata
c. Casparian strip - root hairs - epidermis - cortex - xylem - endodermis - intercellular spaces in
mesophyll - stomata
d. Root hairs - cortex - endodermis - vessel elements - intercellular spaces in mesophyll -
stomata

205. Consider the following events involved in stomatal opening

P. turgor pressure of guard cell increases
Q. K+ ions move into guard cells
R. pH of guard cells decreases
S. water moves into guard cells
What is the correct sequence of these events leading to stomatal opening?
a. Q, S, R, P
b. R, Q, S, P
c. Q,R, S, P
d. R, P, Q, S

206. In the veins of a spinach leaf:

a. the water in the xylem vessels moves when the water potential of the atmosphere is less
negative than the water potential of the vessels themselves.
b. the water in the xylem vessels is under a positive hydrostatic pressure.
c. the water in the xylem vessels is attracted to nonpolar molecules within the cell walls.
d. the solution in the phloem sieve tubes is under a negative hydrostatic pressure (tension).
e. the water potential of the phloem sieve tube elements becomes more negative as
carbohydrates are "loaded" into the elements by active transport.
207. A plant cell was put into a solution of substance A at a concentration of 200 mmol/L. The rate of
uptake into the cell was measured as 5 mmol per minute. When the cell was placed in a solution of
substance A at a concentration of 400 mmol/L, the rate of uptake was 10 mmol per minute. When
the experiment was repeated with substance B, the rate of uptake was 10 mmol per minute at both
concentrations of the substance. Which of the following provides the best explanation of the
results?
a. Substance A appears to move into the cell by active transport, and B by diffusion.
b. Substances A and B appear to move into the cell by passive transport.
c. Substances A and B appear to move into the cell by active transport.
d. Substance A appears to move into the cell by diffusion, and B by active transport.
e. Substance A moves into the cell by active transport, and B by pinocytosis

208. Identify the correct statements

P. Specialized parenchymatous cells with tannins and crystals of Calcium oxalate are termed
as sclereids
Q. The sieve elements of angiosperms are surrounded by companion cells and are essential
component of phloem loading
R. The exudation of water by guttation occurs through trichomes
S. The bulliform cells control the unrolling and hygroscopic movement of grass leaves
a. P, Q
b. P, R
c. Q, S
d. P, S

209. The correct match is

1. Instrument used to measure transpirational pull
2. Instrument used to measure the size of stomata
3. Instrument used to measure the atmospheric pressure
4. Amount of osmosis per unit time
a. 1. Potometer 2. Monometer 3. Osmometer 4. Porometer
b. 1. Porometer 2. Monometer 3. Potometer 4. Osmometer
c. 1. Monometer 2. Potometer 3. Porometer 4. Osmometer
d. 1. Potometer 2. Porometer 3. Monometer 4. Osmometer

210. The casparian strip

P. limits the pathway available to water and solutes forcing them to enter the symplast
Q. Surrounds the root vascular tissue
R. Allows water to move up a water potential gradient
S. Is made up of suberin
Which of the above is correct statement
a. P, Q
b. R, S
c. P, R, S
 d. P, Q, R, S

ANSWER KEYS:
1.b

2.c

3.b

4.a

5.c

6.c

7.b

8.a

9.b

10.e

11.b

12.c

13.d

14.e

15.c

16.a

17.e

18.d

19.d

20.b

21.a

22.e

23.c

24.b

25.e
26.d

27.d

28.a

29.d

30.a

31.b

32.c

33.b

34.b

35.a

36.c

37.d

38.c

39.b

40.c

41.b

42.d

43.c

44.d

45.c

46.a

47.c

48.b

49.b

50.c
51.c

52.c

53.c

54.c

55.b

56.b

57.d

58.d

59.c

60.b

61.d

62.c

63.c

64.d

65.b

66.c

67.b

68.c

69.a

70.e

71.a

72.b

73.a

74.c

75.d
76.c

77.c

78.c

79.b

80.c

81.d

82.d

83.d

84.d

85.b

86.a

87.e

88.b

89.a

90.c

91.c

92.e

93.b

94.d

95.b

96.c

97.a

98.c

99.c

100.c
101.e

102.b

103.d

104.a

105.d

106.c

107.d

108.b

109.e

110.c

111.e

112.c

113.d

114.b

115.e

116.c

117.a

118.a

119.d

120.c

121.b

122.a

123.I b

II d

III d
124.b

125.c

126.c

127.e

128.d

129.d

130.a

131.d

132.b

133.e

134.b

135.c

136.a

137.e

138.d

139.a

140.e

141.e

142.e

143.a

144.d

145.d

146.b

147.c

148.d
149.c

150.c

151.b

152.d

153.c

154.e

155.d

156.b

157.a

158.a

159.c

160.c

161.b

162.a

163.e

164.c

165.d

166.e

167.b

168.d

169.d

170.b

171.c

172.d

173.e
174.a

175.d

176.e

177.b

178.d

179.b

180.a

181.a

182.b

183.d

184.b

185.b

186.b

187.a

188.e

189.c

190.a

191.c

192.a

193.c

194.a

195.b

196.b

197.c

198.e
199.a

200.d

Part C

201.e

202.d

203.a

204.d

205.a

206.e

207.d

208.c

209.d

210.c

Secondary Metabolites

Part B
1. Which of the following acts as a branch point for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and
triterpenes?
a. Farnesyl pyrophosphate
b. Geranyl pyrophosphate
c. Isopentyl pyrophosphate
d. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA

2.Which of the following features is not shown by glyphosate, a broad spectrum herbicide?
a. Little residual soil activity
b. Ready translocation in phloem
c. Inhibition of a chloroplast enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of aromatic amino acids
d. Inhibition of early steps in the biosynthesis of branched chain amino acids

3. Which one of the following combinations of secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways result
in the biosynthesis of terpenes?
a. Mevalonic acid and MEP pathways
b. Malonic acid and MEP pathways
c. Shikimic acid and Malonic acid pathways
d. Shikimic acid and Mevalonic acid pathways

4. The natural rubber obtained as latex from Hevea resiliencies is a

a. Diterpene
b. Triterpene
c. Tetraterpene
d. Polyterpene

5. Squalene, the major constituent of shark liver oil, is a

a. Sesquiterpene
b. Sesterterpenes
c. Triterpenes
d. Tetraterpenes
e. Sesquarterpenes

6. In an experiment a plant was dried, crushed and heated strongly in a crucible for long. The
residue contained
a. Amides and carbonates of about ten elements
b. Oxides and carbonates of three elements
c. Carbon only
d. Starch and related compounds

7. Mescaline, an alkaloid is found in:

a. Laphphora williamsii
b. Claviceps purpurea
c. Psilocybe mexicana
d. Piptademia peregrine
8. The chemical substances like phenolics, caumarins, ferulic acid are
a. Growth harmones
b. Growth inhibitors
c. Germination inhibitors
d. Germination promoters

Part C

9. Biosynthesis of tyrosine is detailed below:

A B
Shikimic acid Shikimic acid-5-phosphate C Chorismic acid
Transaminase
Prephenic acid D Tyrosine

Identify A, B, C, D
a. ATP, phosphoenolpyruvic acid, 3-enolpyruvyl shikimic acid-5-phosphate, p-
hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
b. GTP, pyridoxal phosphate, 3-enolpyruvyl shikimic acid-5-phosphate, phenylpyruvic acid
c. NADP, 3-phosphohydroxypyruvic acid, 3-enolpyruvyl shikimic acid-5-phosphate, p-
hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
d. ATP, 3-phosphohydroxypyruvic acid, 3-enolpyruvyl shikimic acid-5-phosphate,
pyridoxylphosphate

10. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) are involved in biosynthesis of
phenolic compounds in plants. Following are some statements regarding the actions of PAL and
CHS:
i. Substrates for PAL and CHS are phenylalanine and chalcone, respectively.
ii. PAL converts phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid
iii. PAL converts phenylalanine to p-coumaric acid
iv. p-coumaroyl-CoA is converted to chalcones by CHS
Which one of the following combinations of the above statements is true?
a. A and B
b. A and C
c. B and C
d. B and D

11. Following are some statements for synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants.
A) Terpenes are synthesized by shikimic acid pathway and mevalonic acid pathway.
B) Alkaloids are nitrogen containing compounds and are synthesized by shikimic acid
pathway.
 C) Phenolic compounds are synthesized by shikimic acid pathway and malonic acid
pathway.
D) Both alkaloids and terpenes are synthesized by mevalonic acid pathway and MEP
pathway.
Which one of the following combinations of the above statement is true?
a. A and D
b. A and C
c. B and C
d. B and D

12. Match the following plant secondary compounds with their uses and source plants
Compounds Uses Plant Species
P. Guggulusterol 1. Anti-hypertensive i. Lithospermum erythrorhizon
Q. Shikonin 2. Anti-rheumatic ii. Catharanthus roseus
R. Ajmalicine 3. Dye iii. Glycyrrhiza glabra
S. Glycyrrhizin 4. Sweetner iv. Commiphora wightii
5. Anti-tumor v. Swertia chirata
6. Anti-plaque vi. Coptis japonica
a. P-2-iv; Q-3-i; R-1-ii; S-4-iii
b. P-3-iv; Q-1-i; R-5-ii; S-6-iii
c. P-4-iv; Q-3-i; R-1-v; S-2-vi
d. P-4-iii; Q-2-ii; R-5-i; S-6-iv

13. Match the following:

Organism Compound Nature of compound
P. Sorghum 1. Gossypol i. Protein
Q. Castor 2. Strychnine ii. Glycosidic conjugate
R. Mushroom 3. Dhurrine iii. Alkaloid
S. Cotton 4. Bungarotoxin iv. Polyphenol
5. Ricin v. Lipid
6. -Amanitin vi. Cyclic peptide
a. P-3-ii; Q-5-i; R-6-vi; S-1-iv
b. P-2-iii; Q-4-iv; R-1-ii; S-6-v
c. P-2-vi; Q-5-v; R-1-iv; S-6-ii
d. P-2-i; Q-3-iii; R-4-iv; S-1-v

ANSWER KEYS:
1. a
2. d
3. a
4. d
5. c
6. A
7. C
8. C

Part C
9. a
10. d
11. c
12. a
13. a

Stress Physiology

Part B
1. Which is one of the major step during programmed cell death in plants
 a. Systemic Acquired Resistance
b. Hypersensitivity
c. Cell lysis
d. Cell necrosis

2. Which of the following set of cell organelles are involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid
through octadecanoid signaling pathway?
a. Chloroplast and peroxisomes
b. Chloroplast and mitochondria
c. Mitochondria and peroxisomes
d. Golgi bodies and mitochondria

3. Which amino acid accumulates under water stress condition in plant

a. Asparagine
b. Valine
c. Proline
d. Isoleucine

4. All of the following may function in signal transduction in plants except

a. Ca+2 ions
b. Nonrandom mutations
c. Receptor proteins
d. Phytochrome
e. Secondary messengers

5. In extremely cold regions, woody species may survive freezing temperatures by

a. emptying water from the vacuoles to prevent freezing.
b. decreasing the numbers of phospholipids in cell membranes.
c. decreasing the fluidity of all cellular membranes.
d. producing canavanine as a natural antifreeze.
e. increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations, such as sugars

6. All of the following are responses of plants to cold stress except

a. the production of a specific solute plant antifreeze that reduces water loss.
b. excluding ice crystals from the interior walls.
c. conversion of the fluid mosaic cell membrane to a solid mosaic one.
d. an alteration of membrane lipids so that the membranes remain flexible.
e. increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the membranes

7. The initial response of the root cells of a tomato plant watered with seawater would be to
a. rapidly produce organic solutes in the cytoplasm.
b. rapidly expand until the cells burst.
 c. begin to plasmolyze as water is lost.
d. actively transport water from the cytoplasm into the vacuole.
e. actively absorb salts from the seawater

8. In general, which of the following is not a plant response to herbivores?

f. domestication, so that humans can protect the plant
g. attracting predatory animals, such as parasitoid wasps
h. chemical defenses, such as toxic compounds
i. physical defenses, such as thorns
j. production of volatile molecules

9. Plants are affected by an array of pathogens. Which of the following is not a plant defense
against disease?
a. cells near the point of infection destroying themselves to prevent the spread of the
infection
b. production of chemicals that kill pathogens
c. acquiring gene for gene recognition that allows specific proteins to interact so that
the plant can produce defenses against the pathogen
d. a waxy cuticle that pathogens have trouble penetrating
e. All of the above are plant defenses against disease

10. A pathogenic fungus invades a plant. What does the infected plant produce in response to the
attack?
a. antisense RNA
b. phytoalexins
c. phytochrome
d. statoliths
e. thickened cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall

11. Which of the following are defenses that some plants use against herbivory ?
a. production of the unusual amino acid canavanine
b. release of volatile compounds that attract parasitoid wasps
c. association of plant tissues with mycorrhizae
d. A and B only
e. A, B, and C

12. The transduction pathway that activates systemic acquired resistance in plants is initially
signaled by
a. antisense RNA.
b. Pfr phytochrome.
c. salicylic acid.
d. abscisic acid.
 e. red, but not far-red light

13. A plant will recognize a pathogenic invader

a. if it has many specific plant disease resistance (R) genes.
b. when the pathogen has an R gene complementary to the plants antivirulence (Avr) gene.
c. only if the pathogen and the plant have the same R enes.
d. if it has the specific R gene that corresponds to the pathogen molecule encoded by an
Avr gene.
e. when the pathogen secretes Avr protein

14. What is the probable role of salicylic acid in the defense responses of plants?
a. destroy pathogens directly
b. activate systemic acquired resistance of plants
c. close stomata, thus preventing the entry of pathogens
d. activate heat-shock proteins
e. sacrifice infected tissues by hydrolyzing cells

15. Plant cell begin synthesizing large quantities of heat shock proteins
a. After the induction of chaperon proteins
b. In response to the lack of CO2 following the closing of the stomata by ethylene
c. When desert plants are quickly removed from high temperatures
d. When the air around species from temperate region is above 40 degree

16. In extremely cold regions, woody species may survive freezing temperatures by
a. Emptying water from the vacuoles to prevent freezing
b. Increasing cytoplasmic levels of specific solute concentrations such as sugars
c. Descreasing the numbers of phospholipids iin cell membranes
d. Decreasing fluidity of all cellular membranes

17. All of the following are responses of plants to cold stress except
a. The production of a specific solute "Plant antifreeze" that reduces water loss
b. Excluding ice crystals from the interior walls
c. Conversion of the fluid mosaic cell membranes to a solid mosaic one
d. An alteration of membrane lipids so that the membranes remain flexible

18. One of the defense mechanisms adopted by plants for detoxification of heavy metals is the
synthesis of
a. Phytochelatin
b. Calmodulin
c. Tubulin
d. Systemin
19. Following are some statements for synthesis of jasmonic acid in plants
A. 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid is produced in chloroplast and transported to peroxisomes
B. Action of lipoxygenase, allene oxide synthase and allene oxide cyclase takes place in
peroxisome
C. 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid is first reduced and then converted to jasmonic acid by -
oxidation
D. Final production of jasmonic acid takes place in chloroplast
E. Action of Allene oxide synthase and allene oxide cyclase takes place in chloroplast
Which on of the following combination of statements is correct?
a. A, B and C
b. B, D and E
c. C, D and E
d. A, C and E

20. Following are some statements about low temperature stress in plants
i. Fatty acid composition of mitochondria isolated from chilling resistant and chilling
sensitive plants differs significantly
ii. Ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids is lower in chilling resistant
species
iii. The cellular water does not freeze even at -40 C, because of the presence of solutes
and other antifreeze proteins
iv. Heat shock proteins do not play any role during low temperature stress
Which of the following combination of above statement is correct?
a. A and B
b. A and C
c. B and C
d. B and D

21. While studying the primary effects of different abiotic stresses on plants, a researcher
observed water potential reduction and cellular dehydrations. Which of the following
combination of abiotic stresses may cause the observed effect?
a. Water deficit, salinity and chilling
b. Salinity, high temperature and flooding
c. Freezing, salinity and water deficit
d. Freezing, Chilling and flooding

22. If protein synthesis was blocked in etiolated cells, what would be necessary for the greening
of these cells?
a. Reception of light by Phytochrome
b. Activation of Protein kinase 1 by cAMP
c. Activation of Protein kinase 2 by Ca+2
d. Post translational modification of existing proteins
 e. 100 fold increase in cytosolic Ca+2 levels

23. Most scientists agree that global warming is underway; thus, it is important to know how
plants respond to heat stress. Which of the following would be a useful line of inquiry to try
and improve plant response and survival to heat stress?
a. the production of heat-stable carbohydrates
b. increased production of heat-shock proteins
c. the opening of stomata to increase evaporational heat loss
d. protoplast fusion experiments with xerophytic plants
e. all of the above

24. Which of the following is a likely response of plants to cold stress?

a. the production of a specific solute "plant coagulant " that reduces water loss
b. reducing the size of ice crystals
c. conversion of the fluid mosaic cell membrane to a solid mosaic one
d. an increase in sterol concentration of membrane lipids so that the membranes remain
flexible
e. increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the membranes

25. Bald cypress and loblolly pine are both gymnosperm trees native to the southern United
States. The cypress grows in swamps; the pine grows in sandy soil. How do you think their
anatomies differ?
a. There are larger intercellular spaces in the roots of the cypress than in the roots of the
pine.
b. Water-conducting cells are larger in the stems of the cypress than in the stems of the
pine.
c. The springwood and summerwood are more distinct in the cypress.
d. There is less parenchyma in the roots of the cypress than in the pine roots.
e. There are no major anatomical differences between these species because they're both
gymnosperms.

26. The initial response of the root cells of a tomato plant watered with seawater would be to
a. rapidly produce organic solutes in the cytoplasm.
b. rapidly expand until the cells burst.
c. begin to plasmolyze as water is lost.
d. actively transport water from the cytoplasm into the vacuole.
e. actively absorb salts from the seawater.

27. Which of the following best explains both the growth of a vine up the trunk of a tree as well
as the directional growth of a houseplant toward a window?
a. nastic movement
b. taxic movement
c. tropism response
d. morphological response
e. acclimation

28. The rapid leaf movements resulting from a response to touch (thigmotropism) primarily
 involve
a. rapid growth response.
b. potassium channels.
c. nervous tissue.
d. aquaporins.
e. stress proteins.

29. In order for a plant to initiate chemical responses to herbivory,

a. the plant must be directly attacked by an herbivore.
b. volatile "signal" compounds must be perceived.
c. gene-for-gene recognition must occur.
d. phytoalexins must be released.
e. it must be past a certain developmental age.

30. Plants are affected by an array of pathogens. Which of the following is a likely plant
defense/response against disease?
a. cells near the point of infection destroying themselves to prevent the spread of the
infection
b. production of chemicals that repel pathogens
c. transcriptional level recognition followed by production of stress proteins
d. thickening the cuticle so that pathogens have trouble penetrating the tissues
e. stopping all xylem and phloem movement within infected tissues

31. Which of the following would be the most effective way to prevent herbivory in a non-woody
plant?
a. production of the amino acid analog canavanine
b. release of insect pheromones
c. production of foul-tasting compounds
d. thickened cuticle
e. enhanced levels of salicylic acid

32. The transduction pathway that activates systemic acquired resistance in plants is initially
signaled by
a. antisense RNA.
b. Pfr phytochrome.
c. salicylic acid.
d. abscisic acid.
e. red, but not far-red, light.

33. Which of the following would only be activated or upregulated after a plant has already been
infected by a pathogen?
a. phytochrome
b. salicylic acid
c. molecular chaperones
d. stress proteins
e. brassinosteroids

34. What is the probable role of salicylic acid in the defense responses of plants?
 a. to destroy pathogens directly
b. to activate systemic acquired resistance of plants
c. to close stomata, thus preventing the entry of pathogens
d. to activate heat-shock proteins
e. to sacrifice infected tissues by hydrolyzing cells

35. When an arborist prunes a limb off a valuable tree, he or she usually paints the cut surface.
The primary purpose of the paint is to
a. minimize water loss by evaporation from the cut surface.
b. improve the appearance of the cut surface.
c. stimulate growth of the cork cambium to "heal" the wound.
d. block entry of pathogens through the wound.
e. induce the production of phytoalexins.

ANSWER KEYS:

Part B
1. b

2. a

3. c

4. b

5. e

6. c

7. d

8. a

9. e

10. b

11. d

12. c

13. d

14. b

15. d

16. b

17. c

18. a

19. d

20. b

21. c

22. d

23. b

24. c
25. a

26. c

27. c

28. b

29. b

30. a

31. d

32. c

33. b

34. b

35. d