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Introduction to Computer
Graphics
Dr. M. Munlin
Assistance Professor
Faculty of information Science and Technology
Mahanakorn University of Technology
Objectives
1
Computer Graphics
• Computer graphics deals with all aspects
of creating images with a computer
- Hardware
- Software
- Applications
Example
2
Preliminary Answer
Output device
Input devices
Image formed in FB
3
Output Device: CRT
4
Output Device: Projection TV
Color LCD
5
Computer Graphics: 1960-1970
• Wireframe graphics
- Draw only lines
• Sketchpad
• Display Processors
• Storage tube
wireframe representation
of sun object
Sketchpad
• Ivan Sutherland’s
Sutherland s PhD
thesis at MIT
- Recognized the potential of man-machine
interaction
- Loop
• Display
p y something g
• User moves light pen
• Computer generates new display
- Sutherland also created many of the now
common algorithms for computer graphics
IST, MUT Dr.M. Munlin : Computer Graphics
12
6
Display Processor
• Raster Graphics
• Beginning
B i i off graphics
hi standards
t d d
- IFIPS
• GKS: European effort
– Becomes ISO 2D standard
• Core: North American effort
– 3D but fails to become ISO standard
7
Raster Graphics
8
Computer Graphics: 1980-1990
• Industry-based standards
- PHIGS
• Networked graphics: X Window System
• Human-Computer Interface (HCI)
• OpenGL API
• Completely
C l t l computer-generated
t t d feature-
f t
length movies (Toy Story) are successful
• New hardware capabilities
- Texture mapping
g
- Blending
- Accumulation, stencil buffers
9
Computer Graphics: 2000-
• Photorealism
• Graphics
G hi cards d ffor PC
PCs d
dominate
i t market
k t
- Nvidia, ATI
• Game boxes and game players determine
direction of market
• Computer graphics routine in movie
industry: Maya, Lightwave
• Programmable pipelines
Graphics Applications
10
Graphics Applications
Games
Graphics Applications
Medical Imaging
11
Graphics Applications
Graphics Applications
Scientific Visualisation
12
Image Formation
• Objects
• Viewer
Vi
• Light source(s)
13
Light
• Light is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that
causes a reaction in our visual systems
y
• Generally these are wavelengths in the range of about
350-750 nm (nanometers)
• Long wavelengths appear as reds and short
wavelengths as blues
14
Additive and Subtractive Color
• Additive color
- Form a color by adding amounts of three
primaries
• CRTs, projection systems, positive film
- Primaries are Red (R), Green (G), Blue (B)
• Subtractive color
- Form a color by filtering white light with cyan
(C) M
(C), Magenta
t (M)
(M), and dY
Yellow
ll (Y) filt
filters
• Light-material interactions
• Printing
• Negative film
Graphics Pipeline
Architecture
• Process objects one at a time in the order
they are generated by the application
- Can consider only local lighting
• Pipeline architecture
application
pp display
program
• All steps can be implemented in hardware
on the graphics card
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30
15
Vertex Processing
Projection
16
Parallel and Perspective
Projection
Primitive Assembly
17
Clipping
Just as a real camera cannot “see” the
whole world,, the virtual camera can onlyy
see part of the world or object space
- Objects that are not within this volume are said
to be clipped out of the scene
Rasterization
18
Fragment Processing
19
Object Specification
20
Camera Specification
pprojector
j
p
image plane
projection of p
center off projection
j i
21
Example: Triangle
GLUT API
22
Example: Cube
Summary
• Elements of graphics consists of HW, SW and
applications.
pp
• Area of graphics applications are entertainment, industry,
medical, academic, etc.
• Image formation consists of object, light and viewer.
• Computer camera model is similar to real camera.
• Graphics pipeline architecture contains several stages to
produce a realistic graphics image
image.
• Application Programming Interface (API) helps
programmer to program graphics much easier.
23
Q&A
0. List 5 major elements of a graphics system
1. Give examples of Graphics HW, SW, and applications.
2. What does the display resolution 1280x800 mean ?
3. How does computer display and image ?
4. Why do we need clipping ?
5. Describe graphics pipelines.
6. How important is API?
7. Explain the camera model.
24