Jn M,Ziolkowshi, General Eleor Alice Mary Tbs, Byzantine Geek Editor Byzantine Greck Eitoral Board Alexander Alexis Charles Buber Joha Duty Niels Gaul Richard Greenfield ‘Anthony Kaldlis Derek Kroeger Bustratios Papsioannoe ‘Chadia Rapp Byzantine Greck Advisory Baar ‘Wolfram Brandes Anthony Littlewood Albrecht Berger ‘Margaret Mallett lizabethA. Fisher Jan Olof Rosenqvist lve Foss ‘Jonathan Shepard Joba Halon Denis Sulvan| Robert Jordan| Jota Wortley The History MicuHaerL ATTALEIATES & ‘Translated by ANTHONY KALDELLIS and DIMITRIS KRALLIS DUMBARTON OAKS JCEDIEVAL LUPRARY Hasvano Univensiry PassCopyright © 2orby he Presiden and Fellow of Harvard College Printed the United State of America Library of Congr tls Pabiction Date ‘Aveleites, Michael, ch cen. {Corps septoram histrae brani gh Geek) ‘Thehistory Michael Avaleites;tranadated by Anthony Kallis Dimicis Kral, ‘pem.— (Dunbarton Oaks medina library, DOML19) ‘Greek wth Engh translation on aig pages. Tacludsbiiographia references ad index ISBN 978-0-674-05799-9 (ik pape) ‘-Bpantine Empie—Hitory I Keldelis, Anthony. I. Krlis Diaiss UL Tite DFjo3C8x 2082 sygs'or—deay—_rorzco7op. Coves~ Romep Contents Introduction vif ‘Tur History 1 Noteon he Text 589 Notesto the Test 593 Notesto the Translation 595 Byzantine Emperors and Pariarchs 611 Glossary of Offices, Tits, ond Technical Terms 613 Maps 619 Bibliography 624 Subject Indes 626 Indevof Terms and Offices 635Introduction ‘Tue Lire of Micnant Artatniares ‘Michael Attaleiates was born in or near Artaleis (on the southern coast of Asia Minor) sometime around 102s. Upon ‘completion of his early education, which he credits to his ‘pious parents, he left his hometown and moved to the cap- ital in order ta pursue more advanced studies. As the empire ‘was lavishing social and economic advantages upon the members ofits civilian administration, Attaleiates sought to join the expanding ranks of functionaries. He studied law in ‘Constantinople’s vibrant intellectual scene ata time when the stimulating lectures of Michael Psells were attracting ‘youths born into families of means. Between his arrival in the city, i the late 10305, and the closing years of the r06os, when he assumed a prominent role in Constantinople: public life, Artaleiates completed his studies inlaw (probably before Konstantinos IX's cor ganization of legal education in 1047), obtained postin the legal bureaueracy, and wed his frst wife, Sophia, and then, after her death, his second wife, irene, who gave him son, ‘Theodoros. He rose steadily in the system of justice, but not too fast and without much by way of provincial appoint- ments.’ In 1063, when a great earthquake struck Thrace,causing serious damage to property he owned ia Raidestos, hhe was still on the threshold of his carcer? Under Konstantinos X Doukas (1059-1067), Attaleiates entered the Senate as a ranking member of the Constanti- nopolitan law courts. Soon after that emperor's death, he at tained a modicum of notoriety by sitting on the court that tried the conspieator and future emperor Romanos IV Diog- ‘nes? In the following months, Romanos moved from the docket to the throne (. 1067-1071) and Attaleiates entered his close circle, promoted tothe previously unattested posi- tion of tjudge of the army” This was the beginning of four ‘years of intense miliary activity that the judge personally ‘experienced by accompanying three long campaigns along, the eastern frontier. His presence in the field as well a his involvement in the planning and execution of Romanos’ ambitious attempt to push back the Turks turned Attleiates into a supporter of, and eventual apologist for, that em- peror. ‘Annew phase of his career began after the Byzantine de- feat by the Sljuks at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, when, Romano's efforts came to a crushing end, possibly a are- sult of treason orchestrated by members ofthe Doukas fam- ily Ie is a testament to Attaleiates' political acumen and his connections that he was able to sail straight back to the cap- ital and claim a position at the new imperial court. A timely dedication of a treatise on law, the Ponema Nomikon, to the ‘emperor Michael VII Doukas (1071-1078) and loyal ser- vice in the face of personal sacrifice ensured his continued rise in the social and politcal scene.‘ In this period of impe- ral retrenchment and political chaos, Attaleiates kept scour ing the empire's political horizons for the man who would best engineer the Roman comeback. This agonizing search is reflected in the History, a narrative ofthe imperial decline of his times, which he eventually dedicated to Nikephoros TL Botaneiates (1078-1081), the elderly general who top- pled Michael VIL. At the end of that narrative, sometime in| the second year of Botaneiates reign, we lose track of Arta Ieiates, who must not have long outlived the rise of Alexios I ‘Komnenos, given that he had no opportunity to rededicate the History to the young aristocrat who figures in his work as the only truly effective leader of men in the field. ‘Tus Powasea Nowsxow ax rte Drsraxt ‘Though mostly known forthe History, Ataleiates offers his readers a glimpse int his personal ite, career, profesional ‘expertise, socal outlook, and nancial interests in two very ifferent texts penned in the 1070s. The Ponema Nomikon is a synopsis of Roman aw and was dedicated to Michael VII in 0725 while the istais isa monastic foundation docs- sment compiled in 1077 that offers information on the hold- ings and organization ofa monastery and poochouse inthe author's possession. Both teats canbe readin tandem with the History to complement is patchy portrait ofthe author's career and offer valuable insights into his outlook. “The Pema appears to have become quite a popular text. 1 was frequently recopied—it is found today in some ‘swenty-four manuscripts and was used by Armenopoulos ‘in his monumental work on Roman lave Modera legal schol- ars ave teated i asthe work of sober legal mind and have compared it favorably to Michael Psellos’s verse Symp of the Laws The Ponemai basically a summary of the massiveBast, the Greek translation and adaptation of Justinia’s Corpus and the empire's foundational body of lw Stil, ¢ displays the author's personal understanding of lav. ts re- arrangement of the book order of the Basta and its em- phasis in the introduction on the Republican origins of ‘Roman law fame the ideological significance of lw by fo- using on personal rights and on republican historial prec- «dentin ways that complement the Republican digressions inthe History? ‘The Dictavis offers a counterpoint to Attaleates’ more secular writings while highlighting the author's nancial concerns. Tivo copes ofthis document survive: an original cone beating his astograph signature, which i housed in the ‘National Library in Athens, and an eighteenth-cencury copy in che patriarchal library in Istanbul. The Diatexis estab- lishes a monastery in Constantinople conjoined toa poor house in the city of Raidestos. t provides forthe support of up to seven monks, preferably eunuchs- It refers the reader to anow lost pion fora detailed discussion ofthe monas- tery spiritual life while delving extensively into the fscal ature ofthe founders pious investments. The western git a Raidestos and Constantinople’ southwestern neighbor hood of Psamathia emerge a the foci ofthese investments? Tn those areas the judge and his son, Theodoros, became no- table figures asthe Dates allocated funds forthe eelebra tion of their memory during services conducted ina number oflocal churches and monasteries Analysis has assessed At- taeiates!net worth (bth liquid assets and real estate) at oughly 350 pounds of gold: hardy impressive by the stan- dards ofthe Byzantine aristocracy" The Ditaxi *iasured” this foreane by associating a notable portion of Ataleiats! annual revenues with an ostensibly inviolable pious founda- tion protected by twa imperial decrees." ‘The Diataxis contains reflections on the founder's past, his origins in the city of Artaleia, and the roots that he put down in Constantinople, Raidestos, and the port city of Se- Iymbria. The self made high judge deploys the language of reciprocity and presents himself asa patron of other men, local benefactor, and adept economic agent as well as loyal subject and himselfa recipient of imperial benefaction. The language ofthe ebrsoboull imperial grants or decisions thenticated by “gold seals" attached to the end of the docu- ment bears witness to the personal nature of the interaction between subject and emperor and attests Atraleiats’ prox: imity to two consecutive administrations (of Michael VIT sand Nikephoros TID and his ability to maneuver his self successfully through palace revolutions. Notes on this document made by members of the monastery after the founder's death provide a terminus past quem for Theodoros's death and for the extinction of Attaleates’ line sometime around 1085. Brzasrtvat 13 ra Euavnnrit Century ‘The period of Attaleiates' life, which largely coincides with that of his History, witnessed the turbulent transition be- ‘ween the long carcer of the Macedonian dynasty and the rise ofthe Komnenoi. The sisters Zoe and Theodora daugh- ters of Konstantinos VIII, provided the long coda to the Macedonian dynasty: they mostly legitimated emperors fcom other families rather than ruling in their own right. oe married Romanos III Argyros (¢ 1028-1034) and thenher lover Michael IV (t. 1034-1041), adopted the latter's nephew Michael V 1041-1042), and finally married Kon- stantinos IX Monomachos (1042-1055). Her sister Theo- dora then reigned in her own name for about a year (1055 10s). After the brief and weak reign of a senior palace official, Michael VI, who was called “the Old Man,” the first ‘emperor to bear the name Komnenos seized the throne fol- Iowinga major civil war: ssakios I (1057-1059), But before he could establish his family he was displaced by the Dow: kas dynasty (Konstantinos X, x 1059-1067, and Michael VII, « 1071-1078). The Doulkai, in their own moment of ‘weakness, had to accept the martial rule of Romanos IV Di- ‘genes (1067-1071), which ended in catastrophe and be- ‘raya. The incompetent Michael VII resumed the throne bat eventually lost it to an eldenly general, Nikephoros III Botaneiates (1. 1078-1081), under whom Alexios, soon to be the real founder of the Komnenoi dynasty, rose to promi- ‘There was, then, considerable instability in the imperial suecession during cis period. Michael V was destroyed by a popular uprising: Michael VI had to step down after he lost acivilwar; Isaakios I was probably forced out by a coup; Ro- manos IV Diogenes was a resented interloper in the Doukas dynasty and was renounced and defeated ina civil war after ‘Mantzikere; and Michael VII was deposed by Nikephoros TIL, who was himself to be deposed by his general, the fu- ture Alexios I Komnenos (¢ 1081-1118). One ofthe main fea- ‘ures and structural problems of imperial history in this pe- riod, therefore, and one to which Attaleiates devotes considerable attention in the History, was rebellion and civil ‘war. The powerful armies by which the emperor-generals Nikephoros IT Phokas ( 963-969), Ioannes Teimiskes (: 9969-978) and Basileis IT (976-1028) had restored the strength of the empire and expanded its boundaries on all sides were now pitted against each other, asthe ambitious and capable generals produced by this mliaristc regime turned their eyes to che ultimate prize, the imperial throne In che fist period of ehe History, when the empire was not yet losing ground to it foreign enemies, Araeiates re counts, among others, the revolts of Georgios Maniakes (4043), Leon Toraikes (1047), and Isaakios Komnenos Gos?) ‘The frequency of plots, conspiracies, and rebellions seems to have increased afer that point, and during the reign of “Michael VIT chere were often many in pay atthe same time in diferent regions (or even in the same region) Alexios Komnenos managed to restore stability eventually but when -Ataleiaes was writing, che political scene ofthe Byzantine [Empire was in chaos: Romans seemed to be more intent on fighting other Romans than the barbarians who were now attacking them fromallsies. “That brings us tothe hird major Feature ofthis peviod, Fora generation after the death of Basleios 1 in 102, the empize was mostly at peace and expanding its reach, espe- cially in Sicily and the Caucasus region, by (econquering tervtories or annexing principalities into the 10408. But ‘when it began to experience che political and dynastic insta- bility desribed above, i faced sustained attack onal sides by new enemics, including some ithad not known before or hhad not faced along its borders. By 107i had lost its Telin possessions toa new power, the Normans, The Danube be- came unstable after the arcval of groups of Pechenegs, whom che Byzantines had long known but never faced.‘Mijor incursions began in the 1040s. More importantly most of Asia Minor was overrun by the Turks, including, ‘groups that were affiliated with the Seljuk sultan and others that seem to have been acting independently: Major incur sions on that front began in the 1060s, culminated in the catastrophic defeat in ro7r at Mantzikert, and led to the permanent loss of most of central Anatolia and the Cayca~ sian territories, When Alexios became emperor, these threats came to a head in the Norman and then Pecheneg- ‘Cuman invasions ofthe Balkans, and it was his achievement tw steer the empire safely throvgh that danger. But the task of Attaleiates was to record and, if possible, explain how ie hhad come to that point, starting in the 10303, when the em= pire could see no major threats to its interests arising from, any direction, ‘The Byzantine eleventh century witnessed many other changes as well— intellectual (especially Michael Psellos), spiritual (for example, Symeon the New Theologian), eco- nomic and social (especially the consolidation of power by the leading familie), and administrative—but except for the last «wo, these changes do not feature prominently in the History compared to the political and military disinte- _gration of what was by then the world’s oldest state. ‘Taw Lirenany Gent or te Hesrorr Byzantine historiography of this period—say, che tenth, through twelfth centuries—is difficule to classify by sub- ‘genre, as each author produced a unique type of narrative that promoted his particular goals and literary objectives. All were in some way structured around the sequence of ‘imperial reigns, yet here Attaleiates is most idiosyncratic in ‘elation to his peers. For starters, his narrative, which is 322 pages inthe Bonn edition, is not subdivided by reign or any ‘other principle; itis a single continuous text. While Attale ates does usually indicate the length of each emperor’ reign after recounting his or hee death, thus providing breaks of a sort, the intervening sections do not always focus on the emperor's activities, and there is much intermediate mater that does not fll neatly under a reign. Some stretches are basically accounts ofa single reign—for example, the cover. age of Romanos IV—while others focus more on the rebels who tried to topple the emperor and sometimes did for ex ample, inthe cases of Michael VI and Michael VID. ‘The History covers reigns that encompass the years from 1034 t0about 1079, but the coverage isuneven in many ways First—and chis was typical the coverage of recent history is far more detailed than that of the earlier reigns. The seven-year reign of Michael IV at the start of the work is covered in only two pages, while the four years of Romanos 1V, including his downfall, receive over eighty. Second, the ‘geographical focus is uneven. Sicily and the west appear at the very beginning and disappear thereafter. The Danube frontier figures prominently in the account of the reign of Konstantinos IX but then gradually fades from view. The ‘main focus ofthe work overall appears to be the eas, espe- cially che warfare against the Seljuks under Romanos IV. This distribution was not just a resule of following the ac- tion, for Attaeiates omits events that were transpiring in places outside his moving spotlight. The one theme that ‘runs throughout the work is the growing political instability of the empire and the incompetence and disloyalty ofpolitcal and military clases. Ataleiates includes some strongly worded criticisms of his contemporaries, and his cffort to explain the decline during the eleventh century centered lesson tracking broad geostrategic changes os for that mater, social and economic developments and more on the mora fillures and apssin leadership ofthe Roman elite, which he castigates. ‘The narrative is dominated by war and political civalry By contrast, there is little discussion of administrative re- forms (e.g,55 under Konstantinos IX), only one, extremely garbled geographical digression (712), afew digrssios on serange natural phenomena and almost no ethnography of foreign nations. Speeches are few and usually short. The ma- terial on Nikephoros Botaniats isles historical and more ppancgyrical, and its relationship to the rest of the text is complex. Boraneates was the dedicatee of the Hitory and someone from whom Artaliates was probably seeking fa- vorsand ofices. Thus, whereas the zest of the teats critica, all discussions of Botancates are positive. His heroic ap- pearances prior tothe 1070s are obvious ater additions to the narative (4g, 713-16 and 1.6), suggesting chat Ata axeshad been working on the Hizory before Botaneiaes ac cession, which required retroactive insertions. The account of his reign in che Hitory is in form a pancgyric, which be- «gins by praising his ancestor, virtues, and so on, according to the uml formula. But this begins inthe mile ofthe narration ofthe reign of Michael VI, when Bocanciatesre- belled, compromising the integrity ofthe reign both in real ity and textually: the usurper overshadows the emperor he replaced, The grim and typically extical narrative of Mi- chaels eignis thus punctuated by praises of Botaneiates, an ‘odd contrast. After Botanciates takes the throne, the pane pric focuses on his egal initiatives @6.11-16), reflecting the author's own interest and expertise in this area. The sincer- ity ofall this praise, however is doubtful a change in regime ‘would have relegated Botaneiates to the heap of imperial failure where he belonged. There are signs in the text that Attaleiates was critical of his excessive generosity, the alli- ‘ances that he made with the Turks against his domestic op- ‘ponents, and his failure to turn back the barbarian assaults Nore on site Teansiarion Arraleiates’ style is not the most flowing, It is sometimes slow. going or obscure, and while it can be startlingly direct at times, it can also hide a specific sense behind abstract, even vague terminology. This translation aims, in principle, to be a literal rendition of the Greek while recovering the specific sense behind the allusve text and remaining faith- ful to the texture of the historian’ prose. It is, inevitably, a balancing act, though meant primarily for use by historians. For example, Attaleiates normally specifies the names of his protagonists, but in the final section of the History, which becomes a panegyric on Botaneiates, he adopts the conceit of that genre to avoid proper names and refers to “the one ‘man? and “the other man’ or “the current emperor” and “the previous emperor.” Ta signal this switch of genre, we follow this convention when it is clear from the context who is rmeant (though in some places we have supplied the specific ames). ‘This three-hundred-page narrative seems never to have been divided formally into books or sections of any kind.Conventionally scholars cite it by referring to the page ‘numbers of the Bonn edition, which we have included in bold brackets throughout. We have also divided the text {nto sections, ranging from two to fifteen pages long, based ‘on narrative coherence. These visions and thei tiles, are ‘our own. Inaccordance with the guidelines ofthe series, we hhave restricted the notes to a minimum, covering mostly prosopographial and chronological issues forthe location ‘of most places mentioned in the tex, the reader should con sule che maps we have provided. ‘Aceaeiates was sensitive to rank, asthe court hierarchy -was the structure of his own life. Unlike many Byzantine a- thors, he explicitly names the dignties and offices of his protagonists, which we have transliterated dicts ital ied, and explained in the glossary It would be misleading to translate some ofthese (2, a dows was nota dul), and ‘many cannot be tanslared meaningflly (cg, vate). High- lighting these term inthis way reveals how enmeshed this istry was inthe institutions ofthe Byzantine state. As for the speling of Byzantine names, we believe that Anglicizing and Latiniing them isa practice that ought to stop, asitisa formof distortion andinsensitivity that iscurrentlyinficted ‘on virtually no other pastor present foreign culture (except ancient Greece, of couse. Still, no system can be applied wih fall consistency. “We wish to acknowledge our debe to the late George Den- nis, who before his death made available to us his draft translation of the section on the reign of Romanos IV. He ‘was possibly the frst to attempe to translate chat part of the History into a modern language. We corrected his draft in ‘many places and standardized its prose to match our own, but tried to preserve his wording where possible. “The only reason this translation exists is that Alice-Mary ‘Talbot asked us todo it, kept us on schedule after we agreed, and played a leading role in creating the series in which it appears. And not only that: she and Stratis Pepaioannou then carefully checked the first draft of the translation against the original, saving us from many errors and improw- ing the English style throughout. Ths is often a tricky text, and a close review by such eminently qualified colleagues proved to be invaluable. We are extremely grateful to both and can take credit only forthe remaining errors. Our deep- test thanks go also to Inmaculada Pérez Martin, both for preparing an excellent critical edition of the text, with help- ful notes and a Spanish translation, and for graciously giving ‘us the electronic text of her edition to accompany our trans> lation, Charis Messis and Stephanos Efthymiades offered sound advice on some difficult passages, while Mark Bartu- sis and John Haldon advised us on certain technical terms scal and military, respectively). The Open University of ‘Cyprus provided technical assistance by scanning the type- script of George Dennis's translation of the reign of Roma- ros TV. As always, we have Ian Mladjov to thank for the wonderful maps + Dine 9330-8, 2 Die 350-54 5 Hier 1610. 4 Hlnrys.4 on supporting the Dovka during Bryeanow’ sebelion;Hitry 38 on dmage thie property ia Reidestos at acontequenc of his lepay othe siting emperoe 5 The text sin. and P Zepos, Ju Groroman (Athens, 39,748" 6 See the introduction by J Thomas and tration by AM, bot, “Rule of Michal Atallates fr His Alsou ia Rhaidstor and fo the Monastery of Chie aitnne in Constantino" in) Thoma nd. Constantinides Hero, ede, Byantine Monacic Famdton Docent 4 Compl Transaton fe Saevng Bander pia and Titan (Wah ington, DG, 3000) 326-76 7 See Kialla, Mie Ataiee, Intodaetion fr thi ais. 8 Dine 39-40,346 9 Ataliates alto pssst rental property at Thracian Selymbria Di stax) and eaten te thine of Macedonia 61-59). {0 C. Mocrnon and J-C. Cheynet, “Prices and Wages the Byzantine ‘Worl A Lal, Boman Hier of Bantu (Washing, DC, 3003), 3 66, 1 Lema, Cin tad 1,00 Atala thetori of pity | THE HISTORYAéyos mpoopemerxds expurnels api Maxaih yayiospow Béovou all xpreo8 08 Arrahevérov pds zbv Baoidta ry Boravetdoqy Doe pn, Oana fie doar malay Eve mp -wwewolg Sis Kal yas Kal expan avo, eal dvBpayadlays Kal xpd ig BaciAlas tEnorrxig a ‘pMbvOpwnog nox wal yedsy0¢ eal aaveds 900 yeNGHE- vos BYMAEzepe6, noBerdraro¢ Boy Kal is xpdms veal rotons Bla Enifios, Bamdeboas Bt yg? Qcod seal xcatg adver 8p00 xa cov soy sh ot yoy -ov imeppof mporephutea, roy OGY fis og dy a86- “mmt0s Ext pidov ois naw eeyeas ApBovdrara, Sow Ka “Thy sy Saepctpay | mepuliaw al mivrwy Efoutépar “208 xparovs brepoxt, zonhaus yp Kal avrolag als xa Soporg Kai A—BSo1gyaployaar rai Soois obS zivres ol mpd 008 Bamheboartes sobs by Toi¢ XPV, axa dvOpizousfuetyavto,xarehéyespuvas zd bmiooy Chapter x Dedication [g) Dedicatory address declaimed by Michael Artaleiates, magisros, vests, and bites, ‘to the emperor Botaneiates "Yoru, 0 mos vn emperor, were conidered the mor ese and worthy nano thighs oes, Lean the {mprial ne, because oen before you cet the sone york bined comprehensive raising tary sme, Teed swage fees pe andre deed a a enue you ere compaiont to eveyone, get, ad shove avait Ascending tthe one yt wllof God tod the umeinens pleading and consent ofall vho ae tare of our exrscrdinay advantages you Bee poured tur tal pope he wealth of our goodness even more ‘Dunant than before, seta sou ve idl youl Sraighr oc ta preinent soveal che oth- Trin th spent ft power Yu hae ade your ab jer shine wth he ter of aide ay of rey pe of ‘ic, gif and ample favor, so many of them in ft hal theenperor together who ever eige before you didnt reward the men of heir ine 0 ih You hae becomeal yéyovas x9 Sve. mpd 008 PaoiAdy Baordesrepo05 s xal zoaobrovs oheyous ea Tupévvors KaDurordfas al Ploy dx naiSiv fyov xOv dvSpayanuaetov <0 yeyer 0s, "OBev nal Ayovow buSeens peyiomy yyovas Tog nepl Abyovs LoxovBaxdow els xd evrypageny ray amy Karop- wdc x9 xepiotnoy. Exel Se, Goxep ng Shoytavis, eau h moyen aBomtrafasdxpifids kal OBS dra by Exawoupéva ty xboue dxcarbpQieedv ze xa dvued- -zaxroy, elex al mpd Tiy év zaig Abyo1s kal bvOIG SYM Aezdroig oxouBiy Shov Espey ceawrby dpas yy Ohaus xal org cov mpayyarov Byhoxs ROWE Kal THIS ezluois kal xoowuaréris Snynyoplas Kal zols Koon Siardyyaer Kal Sraxoopsuacy, vinrep 88 ris MoyOIs gt Romoviy Kal KAos dysiyevov Exong upalnoy es E85 xéoyon f, 28 ye AyPéorepor elxdy, omeproowlon S4¥ns eupmhjpoo. ‘AnovpyiSa te kal evkpavo ot noxpiven Hs Bor elas fyrow zapdomua, ecepaveV 8 yaplrwv xa ARoup- 7a fevonpent 8 eboeBelas xalgidaveprona kal dperis Bianavids emScizvvont eal x6 ovéyavti ot Oc@ kart Soverbv &vOpoay yeréo8a Spotos xepianoiSactoy Ep- ‘yov nenoinoat, Os Kal =f] vay vden kal Koxtet TOV Nb- yaw Sixdlew dpinpents kal vous wal mpacree | & xpi real nd tmoBexcveww bjevSts odyBolov xh xv vores: prvav oop Aéyey oxovSdopera. Kal dg rhs BiBAovs dn 8g mepuéers al oStay émuEhisdxpod, ueifova Rorxdy truly more imperial than all previous emperors, given the sheer number of enemies and usurpers that you have sub- ddued and also given that ever since childhood you have made i your lif’s work to accomplish noble deeds. For this reason, you have become a great cause for com- petition among those who strive to compose accounts of| ‘your noble achievements: Like an Olympic victor? you have become a consummate master ofall things, for nothing that is praised in this world have you left unaceomplished or be- yond the reach of your power. Then you devoted yourself entirely to zeal for both letters and labors ofthe most lofty kind, so that your days are busy with feats, the multitude of| labors that come from public affairs, public speaking that ‘grants honor and brings order, and edicts and regulations for this world, while at night you enjoy the labor of letters, weaving in yourself an irresistible beauty that leads to the completion of one ordered world of, to put it more truth- fally.a glory that transcends the world. ‘You did not think that a crown and imperial mantle were adequate insignia of kingship, so you always reveal yourself as crowned instead by grace and as wearing the unconven- tional mantles of piety, compassion, and virtue. You have made it your most zealous endeavor to be as similar to the God who crowned you as is possible for a human being, so that through your general reading and practice with leters ‘you may judge cases lawfally and with distinction, and do Isl whats necessary and thus manifest to everyone the ire- futable proof of your nocturnal study of letters. And because you treat books with the care they deserve and pay lose at- tention to what they sayyou have made our taskall the more‘hv bv yy eal xyaubcepow éOenas, Gove npopépery 1120 ody rovEwvi ReyiKiy onovbaoysry éxAio. ‘Avi 8: rabea eal eva BOkzov euvedfas & tiv poo 95 7015 fuertpoigxpsvors yeyemmpevov xpaeuy Bye ohdpots xa yas Kal vas eal Frans wal woes aropBdyow f Aruxtysor, xpooBdls St xal zig alias ard 0 Suvardy xy otra terdheouevey, cea napareivas abv Abo fal Haprbous, ds EmSiouaat i, oI6 ap yrircovw dxpodmss omusits, Aperés xe kal xaxlas _v dpe xl ffyquovens onapSaveey dverabaevos, rovemnddfag 58 wal goog was TepvOROyAs Kal Zewy IBéag dvaparveions rolg xe Kaipls Kal dAas nowKDAY -avh BiPloy, doep RayiGva rors &vBen Fpsovodn, axo- -epyarioas tn Upyrjoe tbr daxkvewy. Kal yp ea rep sv fv Eyvooueway QEyyera, AN’ Ha KaIvo- _mpexty mpayyscwy xbors ob foPderatrabra orf Aapeh- at Kal lg MAQhv zobraV rods dvOpdonous ABA. Tab- “ay, Gonep 7 wadhupnya eal SeElopa Souduxsy, = Of qAavBpurlg Kal goxploxy oxov84 évagépw Kal éva- Gnu, dg vf ams xplow xal weyeRopeel Sayvioe, BrareBaot xk xahis| yore al ly AAD, <8 ye mp Ooyow xs bis Sovddiuds ve Kal alovens ebmpsoSecrov AoyoOh Sopiaua =f of Bada Kal gaVOpEmy veredadaye yerpety Bolg yh ah Allg rod SWoptvoo BRA sf SiaBlees wal nlower TOO SiBEvt0s xo Avra. Soya. difficult and challenging, if we are to offer you something. ‘worthy ofthese intelleceual labors of yours. For this reason I have written a book containing an ac- ‘count of the deeds that took place during our time in wars and battles, both the victories and the defeats, the military ‘accomplishments and the reversals, and I have added the ‘causes why they happened the way they did, co the best of sy ability; then I extended my account, one might say sea- soneditasifwith delicacies, withvarious signs that occurred ‘unexpectedly and by setting out the virtues and vices of the rulers and the other men in power, weaving in also certain scientific matters concerning natural phenomena and the appearance of animals we saw in those times’ in shore, T have completed a book with diverse contents, ikea meadow teeming with flowers, in order to describe all these matters. And if T have spoken of events I witnessed myself, that is because the abundance of paradoxical developments does not want them to be passed by in silence and so forgotten among men. Therefore, I deliver and dedicate this book to the zeal with which you show compassion to men and devo- tion to Christ, s a product and pledge of my service to you, so that you may, by your judgment and noble power of dis- crimination, discern what is good {on it; at the very leas, the eagerness of my service and devotion to you should make for an acceptable offering to your most imperial and ‘compassionate majesty which knows that such favors should be rewarded not by the measure of the worth ofthe gift but by the disposition and devotion ofthe donor.Moropla éxreSeion ‘napa Miya mpotSpov xptvoo Ext 100 inxoBppow al 108 Bifhov +109 Arraexérov “Tirisiorpias iy torrie copy ono Sao ob napépyes xpfiewow &¢ 7H dora Karey 6 Big, rg tS dpioTuy eal yh ToLobeWV lous dvaKa- isrrov xal xpdfes émpavels EE dventhiprrov Bouse onov8iis Siaypapov Kai aSotias ai nthuy éx SvoPornlag 4 Skyupias tov xpocoriwwy cols Rpdyuaar, Haiperiog Be sav dpyaniy uertovey afi, Sig AXLon ey & Exipe- ods expamnyiag apopavels xivSévous xampwviaavto xal Sas Exepor, vis viens Bn xpooyeBiav Exeryoyevns airois, SgGeipay is én xb xpefrrov EdelSas, yh ov» exis xpnospevor rots kyteroven, Taba rolvey Bik is loroplas dxoyoproseva, xoAhjy, Os | Epayer, elaevqve- ira civ xonowdrnre, SSaoxahia ougiis xpnuaritorea el fu ud wav uerénerea, mpds plymow dey vas Dxoves ‘ov eb Biaxexpiutver xa dxorperiy ray dovyfothg ai Boones nexpayyivo bv xodEyors nal ayats eal ownois dovayeatorsrors Exyeiphyser xa mpoBhiyac. 8 Chapter 2 Preface fo) History set forth by the proedrot Michael, rites of the hippodrome and the vlon, sumamed Artaleates aorte primary preoceupaton of many wie menot the ps a proven be excedngly fl for ia ‘eve the leaf hue who were its ad hse who ‘ev not, dcrbesasiow ees bor of eve lan ning and lr awl ingoco aeons cme by te fly plnningo eclience of hoe governing bla fis Aor clswsaout thse who bald highs offic, how soe of ther sucess veeame cet and procne dangers toga tle igen lly soe, Whe chen ren when victory wi abou oe pon them sumed eveyone hopes or app ote by at Inking proden we of th opportuni gene tem A these tgs resp be by tse and we sd there mach wily in thom, Gey corey ces tration ad et patern forthe fre Ty spied Ustoimitat what ws dcened welland to veil adied tod shame dads in way, bars, snd inal ober mor power ffs ventures and changes of dese.Aid 8h ESoke xayot, xatzor wopiais AoyeNlats Adore, ‘raph xb axparézeSov ral Sueaoviats SidSyo1s dh ep Sovoupéwy xa Sou Gpat wis && adeav ovyypayuaer duvovn, xpooDieqy lymovfoat rors xSvoIs Kal [IKpa arva SiadaBely Bpayst Te pyar xal dmhoud, Kai poariKet tog irvoplas ovyyphpovr, Sn jh dytoviorinds 6 Aby05 Ral Biaro6ro yeBSSov xpodSedyevos TEAMS, 2A teropinds xal Sixhéns Adams a deaupoRoyiag doei- xpos, mepl Gv oBx dof ai uOBors Extpwy napEdaBoy, AX Gy adzds adrérrms Kal Bears éxpnutiriog, Ive i) Aris Bobors Sia xh x08 xpdvov xapappors cA AJyOU kal Abia ovyqwoOetev AAAK spy wip” ABvaroV Eywor. Apr xt Popaion oxtnpa Stnovg 108 fy sb. Bods Mies Baathdios Maat, @ marpls A dy Tlagha- -yovev Lyvopitizo lnapyla, xarerohepOn 18 xay Aya prvav gihov mpds éonépay év EmceAlq vawrwcais te xa efixals Paaliy | Buvdyeor. Kate yh BiaByQelsnepl -ropavibos & vy oxpamyiay xov Shvw dumrev8els cuarrer 3 Hence I too decided, though Iam busy with thousands of 2 responsibilities in the army, am continually whirled about by legal disputes, and spend hours working away on the docu- ‘ments that result from them,’ to add to my labors and set forth a few matters in simple and concise terms, as befits those who compose histories, given that my narrative is not part of a competition and so does not require a specialized rhetorical technique. Ie isa history superior to all disingen- ‘uousness and untimely rambling, about events that I wit- nested mytelf firsthand, not what I learned by hearsay and the unreliable reports of others. My purpose is to prevent noteworthy matters from slipping into the depths of obliv- jon through the passage of time, and to grant them immor talremembrance# Chapter 3 Military operations under Michael IV Paphlagon (1034-1041) Wiehe scepter of the Romans were sl held by the blessed emperor Michael, whose homeland was the prow ince of the Paphlagonians, the race of the Agarenes in the ‘west,’ in Sicily, was pressed hard by Roman forces, both at sea and on land. (9) And had Georgios Maniakes, who had been entrusted with the overall military command, ot beenTedpytastxeivos 6 Mavidsns, x yéaoo yéyove Kal ANOS diverdOn xk 108 moAduow, nav ind Paopalons ExEhe. ort swjo0s ori peythy nal nepiorcO5 Kall éAeon-mepefir sue weyiorats Kal xv BRov xonovav obSevds dxoBl- ‘ovga, Nv 88 8 g865v0s xal rbv dopa ral wg mpaes al oo0dtey xareipytaro Epoy, aloxpas yp Kal yews ouhevoaény xiv Sorepov axpaemyy, abv axa 9 aeiorov 708 oxparetyaros Axohéher Papaiors. O8 piv Se AANA wal of nove cbypayor Kal wg looxoRtelas Hiv coopuertyovres, i xa ads Ts Opnercias, AGaver ea Aarivor oot Kad iy éexeplay ‘Payny og Feahixols Ranorifover épea, xohéyuor napcdeyeoraror Exner ev, tuexapiormrros els bv Apyovea sosTAY TO8 fade xpocttvn, pas tie vote ps EontpayeP- Bie eal eat cg PasBuow06, 25g BE abc apshios wg Tlpoxowoo dxtvavn, mavespang wppijearo, wsyn ‘rp arm xav yaceBovexov ob ovaniy@n sob, Kal wvvegpévmee oxeBuv eaaxpros Ede thy 20M Kal BY adtas xaranhiga code evtiBalvovtas. Tpospayeis 8& og ween wal umpanis émerjoag aro%s, cov ESov eipaorws drrayuntopévey, axpaxtos axyihsy, ynBby awp xing dvaep Bivofoaro "EE éxeivoo solvey ray napeypodiy 8 0% yeaoyso paBtev0s, txapaBéns 7 yEhov. Hpfavso 8 wal amd Ta as Hag zeal mpd iy BaciAebovoay Empey, -zaveayYpouudney éngormoavasy Baothxiy, Kal xpo- iovzes rods drooniSec rovro nav meeopevo ApS “is napeyBois | eal hs dyoplismeptéxonov al dy expoBohious a Ts whens Erivero, Mixpdv Bt Barepov “Oy Aad ai bag enparenuday AacveyEnaveRB6vEOY rai os Bovigeus ASpas By yevouems x9 Baoret, x api bv xbheuow Bsiprbovee. Ka ol uty be rg Baris ach tov dvanihow éexeoaoyivos éffeamy, Bothyapix, Beas Bivas dfs Eemipas peraneigScow ak wiroo 8 cuaprer 6 later” After pacing the circuit ofthe walls several times, he ‘beought forth the prisoners and threatened to kill them if those inside id not allow him to enter. But when he real- {zed as the proverb say, that he was knocking on the doors in vain, or playing the Cretan to the Cretans:" he withdrew his army. "After encamping for some more days at Thermopolis ® huis army began co drift away and go over to the emperor. He departed from theze at night and marched with al is forces to the west against Raidestos, which isa coastal city across from Prokonnesos. This was the only city of Macedonia that hhad not joined his sie, and his incention was to take it sud- «denly by storm and in so doing terrify bis opponents. He at- tacked the walls and broughe siege engines against i, but the inhabitants resisted him valiantly, so he left empty- hhanded, without having accomplished aay of his goals. ‘Thereupon he encamped in the interior, waiting on events. Meanwhile, reinforcements began to reach the Reigning City from the east in great number, as imperial or ders had been dispatched everywhere. Units were detached and sent ahead to engage with those who were sent out from ‘the camp, 29] to cut off their supplies, and so the struggle had turned to skicmishing. Shortly thereafter, when all the ‘eastern armies had assernbled and the emperor now had a powerful force, preparations were made for war. The one side marched out fully prepared from the Queen of Cities agtinse the enemy and a Bulgarian force was dispatched fromthe west to take aposition behind che rebel. Asa result, °‘ois nepl tv Axor Eylvero, 88ry kal yolpa 0105, ode Baylomyy Anoreusuevos, Lene hy fyeuovlay aieiig 1 ovyyevel abro’ otpamnyS 7 Bardttn, évSpi “yen xai over xa pis nou roheuncy Gencpiay decadaupény. Kal ooypadiry 0705 T0is Ensproutvors Bovhyipos xepl mv sav Koyo nepixopoy, Ay ue {dy Toiney Kpavel kal moRobs aveAGy, baw Ge = mporephuan: ceywoviuves, eBpe 88 sv Axootefaves -oOroy dons EYDapEvoY loxsos, of yp oxpaToraL xarahinivees andy, ARog adayoo Sieontpnaty. 1SS¥- ‘5 82 eal ol xept bv Barty 75 7eyOWs, 4OpO¥ xa abroi guyaSela txpioavre. Eavievres obv obror Sat Tox5 shal Kat nowy &o- _yubvees owmplas 685y, 19 Ey Bovhyapop iy ong xara a sudo” Alona RevKval 15 Enid erau a wp pg Kal zomnpdv ebepyerely ‘Suo10v, wal 068° Beorow roOrEN f x8pis ortere elo Bev eivoxan. Kar yp 8 olay éOvo5 yevsyevo,xavea pare Sox 30 Eos aSrois xaptvet xa SinpéBKLev ox dxcyoveo, covets éxSpouts Epyatoyevorxal hagopaye- _yoovees vs xy xa nav 7 xpoaTyyby AyiSyev0t Kal “iy panlay yay 20 alyacs tov AboSwey maivovEes Ab rat covnvaryedo8y hiv 6 Baordeds art wav Bap- Bipuy doar oxpariv a8iSuayov: Kal cvveRBOGMS a tig xa wolg dvaetow dveunaparaayéwns, ya | ove eqs xa! txdorny Urtvovr0, ost yb robwy, xoRt 8! xeivov mpoapaatéveer Thy veqy. Enel 8 looney i85- ai, u@RAav 8° xv 2o5v éxpopl xporepotoa, xupis fhrens Oacpov vay dreeexayytvey dx” AXAIRAY £8966, Gosep And ewvOiarres ve Buy HOb kal Uys dan ‘rem 4 carer 7 nature. Their leaders were sent to che emperor while the rest remained in their encampments unharmed. “When the pestilence abated, like snakes warmed up by the heat they began to move again with vigor and gave the appearance of possessing a strengch that could not easly be subdued. The emperors plan was to send their leaders back in ehe hope that they might bring their people to their senses. He had honored them withthe rebirth of holy bap tism and the greatest gifts, and hoping to use them to avert war, of 30 he thought, he spared their lives and restored them to their own clans. But he cedized then that i is ut- terly pointless to “try to paine the Fehiopian white” and that “to henefic a bad man is like feding a snake” Grace is unlikely to engender goodwill from either one. For once they returned to their own peopl, they behaved again in ac- cordance with its customs, and would not cease their provo- cations, They made continual raids and ravaged the lands all around, plundering everything in their path and drenching ‘Roman land with the blood of the Ausones." So the em- peror was yet again forced to send a formidable army against the barbarians. When it was mustered and arrayed against ‘che enemy, battles {33} began to take place on a daily basis, and viewory would go alternately to ene side and then to the ‘other. As they seemed to be evenly matched, or rather the ‘Skythians seemed to have the advantage, both sides with- ‘drow as if by some arrangement, though neither had been defeated, nor was there rout and parsuit 8“Bywo toivey 6 fraodeds mpoodieny eurowjou xh expand Sit ay buy cayyrov kal obra sy xoBoxy sareprtoaatar navaexyian, AahiBates rolvoy els Eps sv be 1s Aotag 205 etparevoudvons naava8ig Kal mch- Ramdaordous x AABos vols ExiBats Exagriser, 5p08 pga ails Emons civodysy T9a 1a lspeyeve, 2b 08 palerwpos hous adrdv Afidyart, Bg ras Suva tei dvedaBiv each vay dvavele Oudoe yup. Kal apd 208 yspana Baheiv wai oxparoneSeiasoQat xsl Boohis exparyinds apocaBelv al ovyBahely xX xpearoves, rare plswx0v tors avo ds de géprow xa ovexeTs éyopacricis tmgaivera, oneiBwv aids ve xa ol ody abe xarahafelv tabs avriexayutvous xpd 108 guyety al naweGpiar roby spydonoBat. Os 5 éxtvor apr -erenioyevot sls pias vy EqoBov aay eeSéxovr0, Spd al ofl 01h zapeyPoNh rotruy xv fps inv gahyyov sts poatBahov, of BE BeAcow Exnf- ows xpneipevor xal tods txnovs airav alas Bo- pupoarzes, | aloxpas sobro0s quyely cumsyxacay, thaBooyevow roSnur Exderov Tue uh rev Blov dno, AYA Axpodzey xal ova ralg avyepexova. e- ‘ipas 88 eoyBods yevouéms ds ty dua dxxpomy ok “Paaot mexévOao, eds gevysveuy of Ex60at roy eprto- wal rf drakla 106 aAAGovs tv oxparwtiiy euuyévsw, sav ve ais tomtpas expan pAS" ele _eipas Get xa hy rey vay ooo Evaayoutnay doaadeouotar Bi xd maperSoxyinOhiva nepl acy “iy fépaw is xpoxaripfews, mavcehi spon xov 56 cmarren 7 “The emperor then decided to reinforce the army from 4 che eastern units and in this way to suppress the Skythian army. He quickly transported soldiers from Asia to Furope ro augment his host and sent it against the Skythians. As its ‘commander he appointed a eunuch priest" honoring him swith the rank of raion The larter gathered his forces and marched against che enemy Yet before establishing & perim- eter teench anda proper cump, or forming war strategy and arranging what was necessary, he simply charged the enemy head-on, his soldiers burdened stil with their gear and sup- plies. He and his advisers were in a hurry to overtake the en- temiy before they had the chance to flee and thereby wreak hhavoc upon them. As the Skythians received the artack be hind a wall of their wagoas, some of the Roman phalanes charged their camp at a run and with a great roar. But the enemy took aim with theie bows and wounded the Roman horses, [gl which caused them to panic and flee shamefully, as each man was taking care not to lose his life to an attack shat came out of the blue or be trampled by those fleeing beside him. A second clash ensued and the Romans suffered the same reversal as before, with the Skyehians pursuing them as soon as they fled, In all the chaos of so many sol- diers jostling together, the soldiers of the west dared not to close with the enemy and prevent che defeat of their com- rades because they had been slighted on the day when the battle had begun. And othe Roman army was utterly routedpoytieay Soviyewy rivera kai gév05 TOO TUY 5006 dy Ontos. OL Be zepiowBéves wks naverMag ExBveeg ak arafvees xv bara ig Bas ve Baas ead xpryvois tavroig cvvsSihoaves, uéic els vit vray dveadBnea. Toadeys 88 reroyybres of ExiBer vis ebroxlas kal ZrakRv ow Kat xonprar Yewsycvot Nps xa a ‘isos weychov spares avrobs, os ey AROO- aw eis tty MaxsBouniy xa xererplyove doay Syos ral mndviov xvpusdoares happuy ig ns Emary om vis mepipawis dvadtovia, Todt 88 Big xal xpiodxts enomnsves, auagoy Exe ty loxby el dxarayomeroy Bokav [ABOis SE sept ASplavotoky evvedyyers eye apahapiiv & xv Paalay fyeuiey Kisvoravsivos pat borr0s 6 ebvotye6, els | sbnov ikarby kal eppog adrby ‘Sxnpsas taoPnuosdvass Maga Beoripyeu 708 Boxer av08, fv Exeenpiy Ty av ExvOSv BpoSov. Ar’ éAlyou BE eae bo, oxy 0 Kah mpwOY MEBLOY EI poooay xat els riyy xav Paualay napeyBodity Exopedovro, Qos Byres ts dr/8g SvoapiOynroy. Btzep oby zpoo- toxoy vhre =} 100 yayloxpov 700 Appuaviton ox xal epiepiatay EvBov avrobs of Paouaon kav’ éxeioy Ty pan, ce’ éxaobor 101g ExiBans bx raBd$ ovveBlanoy, 8m ayoson xai xexynedor fects xa xaig epSpé- 101s 108 xipanos, xiv eipytoaved 1 dlishoyev épyow. [Noy Be dxavdabiaaDévres xa mpd rhs méhews duo +5, abroig bv rOz01gfiporplaayvors wal dyenehaor ai epaypos xaeoniAuévos, EXlyov EBéqouy éxoBahely 2 caarreR 7 and irs soldiers massacredin numbers beyond counting The ‘survivors shed their armor, dismounted, and forced their ‘way into deep forests andsteep gullies, and barely managed 1 reach safety. Such was the victory of the Skythians, who stherchy acquired many prisoners, booty, and a great source ofpride. They thus invaded Macedonia and raided the whole fof it at once, acquiring much plunder with which they re- turned gloriously co thei tents. Ths they repeated a second and thea a third time, giving the impression that their ‘strength was invincible ard irepressible. “The leader of the Romans, the eunuch Konstantinos the praipeites, again took con:mand of large musters of the units ‘near Adrianople, assembling them in {341 suitable location which he fortified with tuenches, following the recommen- dation of the vearcher Michael Dokeianos, and there he ‘watched for the next rsdof the Skythians. Not long ates ‘yard they arsived, filling up the entire field that faced the Romans and moving tovard their camp in numbers that ‘were truly beyond counting. And if the Romans had then paid heed to the advice of the magictros Arrinites® and ‘guarded themselves inside their camp at that moment and pursued the Skythians closely from behind when they were fm their eeturn journey and already tied and weary from standing at their position and circumventing the trench, then they might have accomplished something noteworthy. Asitwas, however, they rcklesely attacked them before the city in cultivated fields broken up by vineyards and fences. ‘They came close to losing their very encampment, for they 9ral by pip, fronSévees Spay =f nov Evavety em (9098, “Exeoov 58 xal of wav fyeyéway émpavéorarot, abd 18 6 Appuavims xal 8 owas, 84 6008 fy es, Be Garpela ng deis,AxSels Se xpd By Tay ExvBGv apy, yb Saomcifas dpmites Kigos Sy;00 ov xiuvov xl zale s06z0v Ka 700 rpayiflov kal vga petra th apa, Abas vig al ards Buouevods go- bg yevtoOat ob BtBouxar, Ol Bt EniOa. Cou Loaves, Buaczapérrover zoOroy- kal hy yuottpa weyveES th Eyxara toirov éaupoton xal xararepdvees abt06 xeipas xa 605 avreotyovow Er abn wal Ovex homby xy yen Sévarov, Th txabpiov ovypadsyees | DOR, east ca pn Bibobn vara ol Exiat nal, neabvewy ‘wy, ol Nownol nepl x8 opérepa Siasistovea. “Hioyade woivey 6 Bearded eal pngaviy eifee 8 fs y droxpotaacdar Suvjcatso 4 aveinahey, aitds uy ‘yap 8¥ Favtod vy fyyquovlay avaé§aaBai 109 roKeuOD al BorAduevos oi Sivaro, voor moBaypixfh nepl xk Expat xads Staxcluevos wal naveehsg dmpSiros dv kal deel noBids expnulyos 70 Sippy, tov SE oxpamnyov dovanSplav xarayvioxiey kal ep] ry tay Bedvewy Bea fe avoua, Miav aby efpiexey dvacrohy rig ouvexots xy Bap- Bapuy émBpours, thy ey toIs gpovpions Savoyiy ay expanwordv, Kal oftw kaospopvAaxobvas énoSeifas a ‘robs eal va Aaivo &vSpa, yevvatoy &¢ re ptRiera Kat _Elpa Kal vorjoat 1 Séoy oBSevds sfrrova, ToETOIS dp- enrd émeriioas, tals rOv Evavlay bp6Bo.; bpeSpeser 60 cuapren7 ‘were roundly defeated by the enemy charge. The most vent men among the leaders were kill, including Ar nites himself and Dokeianas, the frst struck by a javelin while the second was captured. When he wasled before the Jeader of the Skythians, without the slightest hesitation he _gabbed asword that was lying nearby and struck the Skythi an’s neck, severing his hand as well, saying, “I too am not afraid to ill one ofthe enemy mysel£” The Skythians then ‘ere inflamed with wrath and cut him to pieces. Slicing ‘open his belly they pulled out his guts and replaced them with his hands and feet, which they cutoff forthe purpose Hie, then, died a noble death. Oa the following day they joined battle (gs) against cach other and the Skythians fetreated at certain points in the lin: a few of them were killed and the rest returned for safecy to ther camp. ‘The emperor was distressed and sought a way to repel this enemy. He could not personally rake charge ofthe war, ven had he wanted to, for he was grievously afflicted with ‘govt in his extremities and thus entirely unable to walk; he ‘sed a carriage instead of his feet. He did, however, blame te generals for cowardice and their inability finda proper remedy forthe situation. He could find only one way to counter the barbarians? continual riding and this was to distribute the soldiers to the various forts. He thus rurned them into fortress guards and appointed as their commander a certain Latin, who was ‘extremely brave in battle and second to none in understand- ing what had to be done He ordered them to watch 6rolex. Emtenpotives ofvoy aio ty al Spout, al ris Bigprayats xav Emap, xan poipa eBbvres 2®pbov xov xSewy ral o6T005 onopABag”xaTiAae Bavovres, zy re helav Agiipavy xsl z0\Aods dfipovy xa Yoypela Edypiavev. Tobrov 5¢ yevopvov xal Boo xa- aoxivr05 00s bvavelovs, dvaarohiy Bape sd Serv fi EmBpouiig xal ol Eyed zig ZiSnpas Aeyousns Aveo rig rovezods xeradpous ciseSéyovre. Ev rosabxy SE r08 SipaBey Auprouveos waynowos, | Aveddppnce xd Pedal voy, Kal 6 Baoiheds ay Ext aig aids be exparmyoy Avabebens, wey Ths Lanepious Bove «805 éve- yelpuse ral 85 Kant xd gpoipiow wis Xepiowns eas yeyo- vig, bends exis Oy xdpana riBerat, Mado oby as Bos od ebapiO prov Bev0Gv pr xpoafiv aime iy XadxiSa al ApraSioémohw al Sow Svopnsisepa -obrwy Myers, épas bese naverpaig Tl; Bap ipois eeranemnds éripaiverat al whe gédayyas bexdag woken Kal Qappetv napeyronodieros rao, dd po. “Fipos Mawve ear’ aby. O15 apds xaipb avaySveES xa sy uy Emouvajavses nal els dy BuepeBfoavees tavreis, av Popa Exiceyséver xa hod apo say ds purr wal Bxoves Evevoa al sg Bus én Xb yevoutrns, aval xv sev0Gy Eo Ee al NS 301 ToS" AOpoy rors Ext cig opus EmyuBEes, xa advo 7h gop zy Eawbvrow frciOqoay cal navees 400 owveBidn@Byeav Apt 708 Peveakiov Bovved rat el ti) ote Spopots al vals vinals Karkpuroy, nav Exeveo ares is Pout uayaipas yevdyevor napavihouc & omarren 7 vigilantly against ehe enemy's raids, So they monitored the ‘Skythians raids and plundesing expeditions against the vari- ‘ous localities and, when they saw them dispersed in small groups, they would suddenly rush out ofthe cities in forma tion, retrieve the loo, kill many of them, and take others soner. This tactic caused the enemy to be filled with fear land o the terrible raiding was suspended and the people iv- ing inside the so-called Iron Gates received some relief from, the continual attacks.° The foreign war subsided to such a degree (36) that the Roman world regained its spirit. The ‘emperor appointed a general from among his courtiers, en- ‘rusting the western armies to him. “This man went to the fort of Charioupolis and made his camp outside of it. Learn ing that a prodigionsly large host of Skychians ad just invaded the region of Chalkis and Arkadioupolis and was, plunderingit along with the districts to its west, he departed from there with his entire army and suddenly fell upon the barbarians. He arrayed his phalanxes for battle, exhorting hhis men to be brave, and charged the enemy at fall gallop, For a while they held cheir ground and joined bate, work ‘ng up a ferce resistance. But the Romans pressed hard and killed many of them, and s the Skythians turned to light, much aguinst their will. The pursuit stretched out and the Skythians fein droves. Moreover, some of their bands that suddenly fell upon the Roman rear guard were also defeated by the momentum of that Roman offensive, and onal ides they were driven together to Mount Rentakios” Had they rot fled into the forests and vals, they might al have been butchered by the Roman swords. %‘Tottov 8 xby spony aporeppotivsy xiv Paton, usr gpovov rnd pun is Empe ods Bas Move er Bdge ica nape Bakery Toney, 2 206, BE obras od uxpay Brotey Tis, ABpuavourdheas cluevos.|Einayartiy By da x aspariarcxdy 6 Bh Oaks oxparnyds, xy anyelov apQbreu, qupet xpd hy var al meperogty eareorparonsBenutvor abrois ea covey Exper xa bv Syorov ~pSnoYaToRg Babes, 06-2 xeobveas doteuce Kal yer’ émvila e “hy apettpay éyxareoxtvoae, ToNAots Bt s1obroig dy viguac babs is E8npas bnlp repos aw Evrae dexo- Ben(Gelg, ntony ci éxelor iv cis BapBapwxys bpdSov Befais éDnper. “Enaptelg oby & fatheds rls Evee00ev yeviopal se al mporepfyan, Boyya te zaverpang sodt0y als THY ay Evavriey yeverOar napeuohy, Exépe Suvi éa ‘iy expand éfoyious,"Exrepéne BE wal iv sv Boohe ‘poy easy fv Be oF:05 Tas wow by Eyres Aeyubves txoplas, Bok BE Buentonyévos x Burro poor uysos Tors ph mpoorxovsr, oovépalas TTY ‘Tod pos tots Evavtlovs RoAEuoV, Eovaynoxios ody o6t0s wis Bows, ABpG Svvduer BiPaive wv taepaverrera Bowvoy Kal ofov peBpiv Keluevoy age MaxeBowetc xa Gv mpi by “Toxpov yop, 8 xal Zoya Siarooe0 ols tarpoping xarovouieray, cal oxen Bye, wale ots, 0 & BqpdBns Nbyog KAetsospag xav napEhape, xal mipt tiv Mey@iqy Tipao@\dBav Smuepeions, wa 64 cuarren 7 ‘Some time after the Romans had prevailed in this way a. § seport arrived tha the Skythians had encamped with large force at Toplitzos, «place not far from Adrianople. (37) The aforementioned general assembled the entire army, raised the standards, and set out to confront chem. He found them in their camp, defeated them too in battle, and treatd them in the seme way. He despoiled the dead and returned to his ‘own camp, his men singing victory songs. During the course cof many similar operations within the Iron Gates, he man- aged t0 prevail over the enemy, ridding that entire area of barbarian raids and making it secure.*” ‘The emperoe grew confident from all these battles and 9 victories and sent the man orders to attack the enemy's ‘camp with the entie army, after augmenting it with addi- ‘ional forces from the east. He also instructed the governor ‘of Bulgaria—wwho wat a eunuch enrolled among the monks but was governed by vainglory and for this reason insisted on alivays making the wrong decision””—to assist him in the ‘war against the enemy. So he gathered all his men and, with 4 powerful force, crossed the mountain range that rises up on the border between Macedonia and the Danubian lands and is therefore called Zygos by ehe locals” it has many pastes, which the popular tongue calls bejiaura, Hebs TB adeyow mbrpenitere, BovRevripiov xaBioas Ka ‘replay elke Snumyopsv, '0 Be Bacideds ny TOO yéARovTOs ePhaposycvos xa aw, eee xal ovpovkats Erépwy eiaBeis, Bid ypayusrov aptivet c@ avBpl inh ovuBadely mSkepor, el oldv ze kort, apirrua Svophyavoy ain? ixodkis, dyO6poe Yip =i, dys xaQearioms, aBivarov fy Ayoyms Kal wpls xv Bévow dnaidRayivan ExeiBev. Kal & yy 1b ffrcov Kady sipospevos, f uaMoy eneiv aygiBoRov npg ware dpa ‘ai Bhos fy not roto oxonGy Kal Biavoorpevog 6 Bt tov Bovlyipuy omxpins 985g xareorparnyuévos ai Séhy, xal yp Aeyerat pers TOV SNAWV Kal odtO 15 2x8005 t00s mAelovas tev extol dg extzav zapevo- IAdly, spopdceins bx TOR Baduxod Spaksevos SproyoD, o8k dvi thy guytiy dowveaxroy xporpendyev0¢ ‘al 73 uvoiao sols aiot 1) EavTo0 mpor®éuevos ROB ya, ta ti, grow, Exe piBipige yp mpds robs xapdveas hapa, wig Shows Tig éav708 Hyepovlag yes 8-mapd PaorhEng Bon neupbels xxl zooodzOY Epyoy KamupBion Expy io€h al xaxaydyot rv Bplayov. "Eade 8 1 «figs RG Us 8 26705 wxad" EaveOds Kal cipBe cy Yau AAnBilouemy Sexvis 5m «pbvos od olBe pony 33 cvugépor, oxoxOv yp Brug éxépov Thy viky dap ‘hon, ntpl ais Eavro® ewmpias Apodreus 06 Sieaxémy- Ds rp expdrmee fy yiyn tobroW xey nAAyoV dma vanoueven, nept Abgwoy pag al te cxpyal nepinpoovTo ‘al avexevaasievos txaavos as clk | gepotions fez. 66 enareer 7 stationed for a day at Great Preslv to prepare for war and convened a council to debate what needed to be done, But the emperor now {38} began to fear the outcome, or was persuaded by the advice of others, and sent leters ex: hhorting the man not to engage in battle, ifehat were at all ible, But this injunetion was diffcue for him to imple- ment, for battle was imminent and it would have been im- possible to extricate himself from these without effort and ‘ange. He chose the lesser evil, or rather accepted the un: ‘certainty and looked to the battle, making it clear ro every (one that thie was his plan and intention. But the governor of the Bulgarians, who was already conquered by envious re- sentment and deceit—for itis ssid chat most eunuchs are especially afflicted by this vce, along with the others —using the imperial missive as a pretext, he did not relent in his ad- vocacy of precipitous retreat, arguing that his plan was in the common interest. He secretly whispered to those who were present thatthe emperor's delegate should not acquire a reputation for greatness in a battle won by his own author- ity and, having accomplished such feat, be acclaimed and triumph. It did not occur to him that he was, asthe saying has it, turning a sword against himself" proving that the provetb is truc which says that “envious resentment doesn't even know its own good.” For in trying to deprive another ‘man of victory with ack of foresight he took no thought for his own safery ‘As the opinion of the ane who wanted to avoid the battle prevailed, the cents were taken down at dusk, each man ‘packed his gear, and they took the road [39] that would lead0188 Bilas speeywonéres sy 1a Poakor apoaipe cv xapi- ry shiny abslg, nponeahayavover vig SSovg xal tobtovs dovvriixrovs ebpovrec, TOAdY gdvOY bray eipysoe. Kal eazapios adrods xerayenad- novo Kal HEYpL ZOMDOB OWVSiOEaveEs Kal Tog roraY vexpods oman es, 08s BE xal Gag Brees, sv “portpay say EvexsgoarTo Kal mpd elemplay bao- obs venue, 10 88 36% Bovhypuy dpxmrd, 6 sy allay 700 wh xpomBivar bv nSheuov cvveceveyxiy Kal @B6ng = i oxauwprs ts yahendenr05, pepe Kal Opa ctxreroyateos fee Kal rts roo soa usharos dlvat Boppy, zpreyyioe Binoy xa 400 fxnov ak AcpoBarva clove BookyBevros, txxpénera xs ESpas aids xal au 7} 7A axapépera Sbomyvoy. Kal noes ray Bao Emaerahaovres eb, AST 000 Sia aeipllovia, xéyanoy pm yaBrea ds & gOdv05 Hay 05 euromby giana epi iy ypapiy xa vow ye xd ee 109 yeiopos i éxkpuv oovernveyHEv xp xaBéerse Tic i rena ry wien ig dowveisow guys ‘ig karnoxon 6 Bormveing xb mparcéysvov aig ai xi nap! Biber Popatay Buofoihig omens Ceiyevos, diag 1 maki txts na cg xaxovelas sobs obtw ovyforheiomriag éxahdmory, Ela wos dug’ abrby | napershesoaro 4 Sic apofiicoy dx” AXA SuoneBucPva, caBig of hoot oxpariamn xowdes rvorra, xa ra Soda ois ZOyMoig xsl oxo 6 cuavrer 7 them home, The Skythians knew ofthe Romans’ intentions from theie prisoners and had alcady seize the passes. Find {ng ther marching in disorder, they wreaked a great slaugh- ter upon them. They defeated them utterly, pursued them fora long distance, and stripped their dead, though some they captured alive. In this way they redeemed their previe ous defeat and revived thei spirits “The leader ofthe Bulgarians, whe bore the blame for the fact that battle had not been joined and whose envious re sentment had maliciously devised every part of the disaster, rode away on a spirited and bold horse, believing that its speed would keep him safe. He came toaditeh and when his horse decided to Ay across it he himself lost his seat and the ‘wretch hit the ground hard, Some of the Skychians caught ‘up with him and killed him with a lance. Thus, at the very ‘end he learned that envious resentment is always cut short, asthe proverb has i, andit engenders the destruction either fof the one who has engendered itor of those who accompa: ried him. Te was then, O then!—during the night of that precipi- ous fight, thar Botanelates* observing the unfolding ca- tastrophe from his vantage point and seeing what was un- expectedly befalling the Romans because of cheir bad judgment, was filled with sorrow and cursed those who had recommended this bad plan. He then {40} instructed his men not to seater like sheep, as he saw the rest ofthe sol- diecy doing, nor to turn theis back to the enemy which 69tavrods Olodar rv oxvOuxdy rofempruy, LAN aap ait@ paver xal oyoalos ExeoPau werd Kapped To8 evrhyyer0s ds Svaytvoorosro9 tis évavelosleyepSg drayivaoBat, OF $i xal ewpypovhoarzes ys at fh o8pig o6zov Sapprhoavees, iy Eavray ourmplay robe ral thy ebBvaplay dvéBevro. “Emopesero yiv obv yer’ adzGv § Boraverdmys, of St Debian why ive WSSvees yep aves Kal xowS poBatroveay, én’ adshy axparas Facey al aa%Ad epuinmeicavees roizovs wal mpabas Thuy abrols Ex eayavres, 0s auigavey Eyvev sy roszey aapAdver, tavr0ds avehaBov Buo8ev.'0 8 Bozavedens zbv xapap- piovea noroydy éxrrequout nomaéqieveg al Tas exo: rds dd yépovs drip adrod apoBahiueres, ds A uh veh gro napa xy dvaveloy xa nave delp yor Hs 880 xa wéooyyopelas AnmipoxAn Oy xeReylov Eaxorro, -pofBaive uty mepl s 68as 709 mozeod, Ot 8é Tack ix niluy éxeioneadvees aie, 5! Shs EzoREYOVYHae- pas, tv vod S&-xAey nara BiaSoyRs Erepo, KaxarpoRd- eaoBat 8 rebr00 xa ods nel abo kal refoat xaraBeTvaL 18 67a oiSayts ASwviOnony. Exondy Be yeherhoarees wbro0s doiezous novjoa, B14 RORAGY BAAGY pape | rexeyopevov robs txaovs ainiy xarsbvriewy, yet pas abrotsEABetv uh Sovdyevor, Somydouves yap mpd pov sobco mokAéas malodg tay (Biay antPaoy zap x08 208 Bozaveudcow kal xiv oy inp Suayeipiblvees ‘1 Se sav temwv abods ol Bépapordeoréproay ca ‘ov sShay mya, fuera wey xefol uerd rv puts 0 cmarreny would make them easy targets forthe Skythian arrows, but to stay by hie side and follow him slowly asa group, keeping their regiment in order and formation soa to defend them- selves vigorously against the enemy. They unanimously ‘agreed with this, taking heart from his very manliness, and entrusted their salvation to him and their hopes fer the ‘most direct extrication from that predicament. So Botanciates marched with them, but the Skythians oticed this small unit advancing in an orderly formation and attacked i violently They ode circles around the group fon theirhorses and fred swarms of arrows ito it, but when they realized that they could not break it up they turned beck. Botanciates used the river flowing through that area asadefensive bulwark and advanced along its banks, pacing scouts above on the opposite side so that he would rot be encircled by the enemy; have his path entirely blocked off, and be caught in a swirling maelstrom of the enemy's sheer numbers, The Pechenegs again fell upon him and they fought throughout the entire day, and then at night more ‘came agaist him in succession, but they were utterly unable to break him and the men with him or persuade them co lay ‘down theiz arms, The Pechenegs then devised a plan to un- horse them by firing many arcows from a distance [4 at heir horses, as they were unable to fight them at close quar- ters—for they had tried to do so easier many times oaly to lose many of their men atthe hands of Botaneiates and his men. As the barbarians now deprived them of their borses by wounding them with arrows, they became infantrymen ”xpnaifion, rabras 8 dnoreysvres év EuBASwy rife ci scénw dpm xarédinov. O py he dorifas Kal x8 Bg éxthenoy, MAE Thy exparwruchy SrDiow Eovres, ob iv 88Sv kal sby ze LOY Fvov,o8 yp KarBhizay arog dvaxurgiy of xohiquot, AXA ear SiaBoyts modeyosvees ‘hudpas te xa voxtds Buttons gidoripls ASpo0, Gore raat zpbz0g Snip fxav 9 exparéneBov adz00s napACTH- aoa. AAX ol ye pds Ty BpATYDY abrSv BopveEs val mpd 1 BapoaAéoy adzo0 Kal iyeuovindy dxxhred- vos, évovs éxhnpodve al roo dchtrov wdyo0 xl ‘rob owveyo6s noMyov mapmyopiay ob yuKpaY Exop four “Tpicyy ody hutpa obzoat Siaviaavees ty netonapig al xy oheyley wos els yxlpas ABBvEUs wONAOds de: Awoavees, temww xpiov évplevouy Xai woSroVs ang postiveyxay Svownoivees Eroyn Divas uévor yerk S60 ‘traoniotay ka roig roelv bx mirredont py away ss0705.'0 8¢ ynBiy ro.wbrov KaraBeEsuev0s, unt pir com tavtdy droBetfa uexpis dos daa yevos,xr)po- ope ye | abrois i alperiorepoy Exe Baecoy dxtvtey dxoQavely f YeboasOas Thy Suoloylay sig per’ aby reppag Biauovhs Kal A@Doews, Olxeais Be xepol wods Bag drordyver sav Carty xal péxpi wavs dyvione ax vov nepl Yoxis Aya ation xaremyyetAaco Kal ros rodeywordro1s Sysvo8at Kal Yh SiappayIaL MIS co Bias adra8. O1 88 x8 Ospa0s aiz09 xa xd is ebyEv055 anBplas oneppvis dyaodevres xal vy rhs ywauns e688 capsa al sy Byav ebrolglay xl oveppesieyy slo p cnarren7 in their Roman boots, which they now cut down for march ing, keeping only their lower portions. They did not discard their shields and swords but kept all their miltaryissue “weapons, and continued on with the marching andthe ght ing. For the enemy gave them no respite but came against them in successive waves both day and night, trying ear- snestly and in every way to defeat them more than the entire rest of the army. But those men looked up to their com: ‘mandet and were amazed at is valor and leadership, draw: ing strength from it and no small reli in the midst ofall that immense tol and continuous fighting, ‘After marching for three days on foot under these condi- tions, they killed many ofthe enemy who engaged in close ‘combat and captured three horses. These they led to him and implored him to mount one himself, give the others co two bodyguards, and entrust theie salvation to their swift hooves. But he absolutely rejected this and refused toeven listen tothe notion that he might show himsefto be craven inbatte; in fet, he informed [3] them that he would ather die before any of his men than break his promise to firmly stand by thei side and fight. Wich his own hands he then ‘cut off the horses feet, and exhorted all ehe men to ight to the very end for the sake of their souls, co repel the enemy, and not to break from the formation he was leading. They admired his boldness and in awe praised the magnificence ‘of his noble valor, the frankness of his characte, his greatespns Exarvloavees,ebBhanSes bas yeySvaet 208 ev mabey Evcoroy, rl0Bo¥ kprtyBv Kexeevo1 xa 208 zahijon kal ig 6808 npoarkApyovra “Exove ody Ent via ugpas wal roambras vezas 08 Sidunoy of zOAEyou nepuresovees abrods Kel xau\e- xrotivees xai rokois PéMovees, of Sé tis doniBas xpo- -elvovtes, Heqavro yy Tabu x BA eal dmcxposovee, Exbuevor Be ig 8500, ef zoas ebpoy Ey-pora rosros napanehitovias, ctepporépais xivy Katenvouv xhn- is, Kal neputory 19 Bovavesdcy perk xiv dup’ abs 8 08 rohiuov Kal 3800 nauaros es Shas hudpas Sex ral wins fous, xpi pie ois namie Exstors xa GBouévors els do Sing Entraor» wie veo Eve" Papalons xa Tépouis kat Rownoig EBven xarvop@w8v ze kal coh 840.0 yp nhzpos Kal Flsoyoy fsdpa voi mpooyers- eves napahiaw olBcy abzdv kat évihusSa i8coBay, | xa asta lazy Bvea wal 0%g noc sh dvdorea, x SE 8k ovosray hep meth Raifery xal mokepety val ynBE ‘verde fpenlay dyer, o88els mio za dendvewy dicoals Eha- Bes, et uh Ext roRBe 700 dvSpds tinepgnds Haouarovp- TiRr, (Ds 8 Anéeayov ol mahéqior xa fh ABpuavounsher agente txtyvoy, aniow tavrods AveAduBavey, Batya xl 8:01 shy xapreplay adro8 al dvSpaw dg AvexSoy- ov Loyifauevo, Se» xa zARoDs ovvefin Tov geUyS -twy Psy dx og rota tv Bopper ayois is cosa ipa Sings “Exrore tolvey o0Seulay A&Sdoyor Sovayty 8 Baor Debs Eye xa way dvavela emdyneny, 8s yey To¥s ” charren7 daring, and his unshakeable faith, and began to believe that they mighe just eseape unscathed, having such a captain in war and leader on the march. ‘From that point on and for nine days and as many nights the enemy cavalry did not cease to ride in circles arouné them, barking at them like dogs and shooting them with bows. Bur they held up shields to defend against the arrows and deflect chem. Keeping to the road, when they founé some of the enemy drawing neas, they struck them dowr with devastating wounds. So the whole ordeal of marching and fighting on the road for Botaneiates and his men laste the whole of eleven days and nights, something never before accomplished oF even attempted, neither among those an- cients, 0 renowned in song for the intensity of their bra: eng nor among the moderas, whether Romans, Persians, 0: aay other nation. For battle, even when it lasts for only hal? a day, exhausts the warvior and makes him weak, (43) and that when he is mounted and does not have to rest his legs. Bat to walk on foot for so many days while fighting and not have any rest at night, well, no one would have ever heard of such a feat ifit had not been accomplished inthe case of this man through supernatural assistance. When the enemy grew tized and realized that they were nearing Adrianople, they turned back, and they too came to the conclusion that that man's endurance and manliness were an indescribable ‘miracle; and because the barbarians eased up in this was, ‘many fleeing Romans escaped falling into their hands. ‘After this the emperor decided to send no more substan tal forces against the enemy, as his soul was pierced by thesesrapaSetyeaon BadRSuEWOG cy YoRty, Sys BE Kal AbyeN @puddosyevoy xpoaisuevos ds tay obx Eves xb £8105 B80 Keraxereva Kal 7OowRY play GY dempi®unuévov ayehdant. Tpochoyeviy 8 iy ep adn, npoaterm so6r00s 8 Baordeds al omovSals =O éheyov xaraBéyevos, ovdaywyelv fipkaro wis ebvolas adsGv wal toig ropxols Sopos xal Afar xara craw xd Bapaptsbv abrOv kal drdoahov F005 Koa ssi airis spines Otro: Negara, Tepes Suopon, obs ws MepatBos 8 Pérns éxoveter ora, | slowapr xp0s 79 He ules 18 ebpos dx0- _erev05, fy rig ew po45 abn00 Baya Bianepa bres ray mocap, FreSvos adrots doeiarros Ty 884, 8s apoenyytvos xa rat} hyn syuzexopioyé- - kal Boudin, uerd-ehevtiy 79 xparoiveos BeoxSeOU _igTepoucs reyover eysparis. Kal dxanayiryrov 08 - “vos ofov rois éxefoe nitoww EvanoBelkavres xpds dvioxovea. ‘how, sos KPrpeRois Spls posifyy.9ay eal xaraSpa- vets elem Sony ABivave, dpyeyov TEV Puyaiay 6 nts and atthe same time he took to heart the saying {hat i bandied about, that God would not allow this nation to be cut to pieces from its youth up, nor any of the lan fguages of this world to become extinct. And when they hose to make peace, the emperor agreed and ended the sexe with teaties. He began to try to wia their favor and to soften theit barbaric and insolent character by bestowing Roman gifts and titles upon them. Chapter 8 The rise of the Seljuks (after 1045) Ding toe same years the Nepal Hans, nigh bors ofthe Persians, who are separated from the land of Pes- sia by the Ganges River. [44] which is four and half miles wide, crossed the river tits narrowest crossing point, when their leader showed them the way This man, though he had previously been a captive and came from a humble and sex- vile origin, became the lord of Persia after the death ofits ruling despot." Making a display of theic unconquerable strength to all the people in that part ofthe east, they ap- proached the borders of Iberia." They raided as much of the territory there as chey could and captured the local RomanGrpeig cov, sip dpxiy xepretwoyevov av ss Eopias, Asno6Sny émadosyevor, Kai ouvewtis exSpoyis éxe- -elous 18 U8vos xoLoduewor"obk Sia Thy Poway ear (Barve yi. Avexapararréyevot §2 totTo15 of TY axpov Emozarobvees Papa, thy frm ms depépov +, rdlay o eiSSrav xOv Evavelay kal Kart oxonDY Bad- Abvew ody’ xiora Kal Twos dvrtrerayylvons ExBea: robvawy tals dxnBShous myyais, Bd ai dvevSérus xextzpeyov doa Thy ‘IBnpoxfy, TAKE al Koya Spnifovtes nal ueylovas dvarplzovres noditlas Kal xo. as dvacrednovs owscvor. EoyveyOn 88 rare Sa ty ‘106 Bacrang Borepoy eovedlay, oxparesyaros yep Ak oudyou iy Bnprsy xeprézovees Kal Byowov Fyovtds -zvas 70 napaxeisdvey Snpootew wpa, dgethero zai as 6 Paoideis. Kal napehivv zooadeny loxty, 08 wove rods (Siovg axéBane ooypixous aXA& wal xoeplovs rods loxvpois | Epyacdycves xpoo®xny Bik osTwy dxareaygrrov xpoekEmet rors evaviots "Ev ad 7p wows Kat Baowdaciyy Ywpy espa 108 owvadpotodlvr én av Kar’ TBplav dplay avy rayaripyey éxlonpoy Eyovras 8s Arxaptans Emwvoyie ero, aoyBolh yerakd roSwy Kal rav byway Kaprept _yivera a expr n0AKOO Hs wens xaDlorayevys ioora- oss, whos of dverrerayyvor zd xpos iveyavee all 05 Poyaiovs vexioavees, Cove tov Araplmy Kar- toxov rail p85 wv Ovipyny airov ws Spay xOv peyloney dnyayoy, xaheita 8° bros ooundvos Th ep org Stahdxrp, AAN'6 ye roGoy Si nal 7 yes TOHTOD 8 ‘commander, who was entrusted with the governorship of | Syria, a man named Leichoudes.” That nation then made ‘continual raids on an annual basis, doing no small damage to Roman territory: The Romansin charge of the borders tried to resist them but were defeated because the enemy knew ‘well how to use the bow end hit targecs accurately which rade their opponents fea: the wounds inficeed by bows. ‘And so without any restraint the Huns raided throughout Iberia, capturing towns and villages, overturning large states, and spreading turmoil throughout the land. These things took place because cf the emperors later avarice. For a formidable army used tobe stationed in Iberia and drew its support and supplies from the neighboring public lands, ut the emperor deprived them of this means of suppos, and by taking away such a great power, not only did he lose his own allies but he turned them into powerful [4s] ene- ies, granting them tothe enemy asan invincible addition.” ‘Atone poiat, a large army was assembled by imperial or ern the border of Thera, having sits joint commander a famous man named Lipantes” A fierce battle was joined ‘erween it and the Huns and for a while che outcome hung in the balance, but in the end the opposing side prevailed and defeated the Romans, -apturing Liparite alive and take ing him, like some kind of splendid prey, to theitethnarch, He is called sultan in the Persian language.” Bue when he sawhim and learned of his family—for the fame ofthe man's caeyaOnes, xpoxarthaBe yp abeby 1 ger fis x00 doSps yevvauienT0s,Fpeto wbToY Buus Sh xpneelov adn, 65 Pade Eon. Kai aria wg Soorve0 Ts soirov 6 aovheivos EhevBepot kal advewy dy Kant hy Oyo drofeBjKeL xaRharaolova iy Sveti Soig, sv xpds"Pouaons of vexpnoevEfo80v, Oa>- tudo iy 100 dS pg ebyuxlay Kal x9 300 eponjuaros horas al Dshoas i Seiepos aod perkoBa spl x8 7s mpAktos ebyevts xa Agdoxpryaroy, Tobroy roi 4 rav Pasion Sehayeros Bactdets nals e Sryostas adrbv earehiynpove xa Spars at Mbyous avenge Exon +8 Naypiv xaexdopnary i Untp Ths pails Baorclas shy yoxty dBiordieas mpotyevov. "EE bxevoe oivy apy 8 209 oovkrévou uerk +00 ‘Payal Boor Mug xapAafe ovieyog xa xap' teacipwv xptofs ‘apds A ovg exfnoveo Kal Sehiwous woatTws Ty elev évaveasyerat, TO && Aowpusdy sav Obvwav ob. ayes éxi8po ys kal h yas =08 covdedvoo Set zHts sy én ig Aorta 098" air PorwaRdyevor shy Egosoy ay eyplay hy enone pa 88 ai t08 Paorhtag seReveig adds 6 aovev05 rd is mapas dros ag rakes uy, Eye sv nOkw thy MansSinlepe nohéqe xaBehetv ve xal napa: rv}oaaBax Kal xpooBos Evepyels Kah V Tv HO asevos, Sky Gv Aatcey pacey 6 yp xv Payal thyeudy Baotreros obras & émxerdyuévos Aroxtns tppwyewug avrrrabiyevos ths pnyavac anexposouro. Mag 8€ wot roizuy moXLots avSpton Sovayéon NBO¥ cuapren 8 bravery had preceded him—be asked him how he thought the should be treated. And he said, “Royall” Whereupon ‘he sultan freed him from his wretched condition, compen- ‘sated him many times over forall chat he had lost inthe war, ‘and allowed him to take the path of return back to the Ro- ‘ans, fore admired the maris valor and the firmness of his ‘character, and did not want to appear tobe second to him in the nobility of his deeds and his indifference to money. The ‘emperor ofthe Romans received Liparites and adorned him ‘with public honors, gifts, and words of praise splendid in ev ‘ery way as he had unhesieacingly cisked his life on behalf of ‘he Roman Empire. [4] It was from that moment on that formal :elations began between the sultan and the emperor of the Romans: they exchanged embassies and gifts and so renewed their friendship. But the raiding did not stop be- cause of the Huns’ rapacious nature, though the sultan ex: cused himself by saying that not even he knew the identity of these plunderers who, like wild wolves, were making the said, Defore the death of the emperor, the sultan set outwith a fally equipped army as he had decided to attack and seize the city of Mantrikert by force! He made vigorous assaults against che wall, but accomplished nothing of what he had hoped, for the commander of the Romans, Basileios, who ‘was surnamed Apokapes, resisted him energetically and re- pelled the siege engines. But one of those engines was capa- ble of launching « huge rock at a group of many men anderapprniw SnepyeytOn xal ner vos Sexoptrois aby éxpoousrertov, SvoyEep is Eyer dura kal Spare: xirpov aay dveteyvéowoBal, oBte yap doris oBte dhe ofr Eads obs creppbans rexSy TH ply 708 -rusropévou Nov naps zoO yngaviyarrog dere Ovat ‘iSbvaro. AND 6 navea Suvipeves xal exaoxesdti mpg +30 ovgépov @ebs, 8 xpiemeaixdy gov nepténar det, sol tv Aavivey lax'y xal Boukhy éxeprépay Evotas erence. Kal RaBOv 0605 By 706 11 gepav ExSov 705 nixod mpg evaxenfy, xg 798 | does mins Spo- uaiog fave wal xadies éavedy el yoons sobs évar- “lous, ap tex onder TOD éryous Evarepetons, xoPrO ovvipiBexp35 28 umgdompa. Kal abvica mp dvapéey day take eal xareveysjoaro, ovniprvto yep ain xal ra ézha r ed 29 tes axorenovea spoof. Ms. Kal zaNvopoos & Aactvog pbs 28 dor» yevd4e.05, A®iyhs epptoth iis Tov dvavriay xeipds Kal KaraSud- us. TEx rosrow Sooyepioas § nodewhup val nay ebjBeiy rev kar’ abby xareywoxds bx xan Papalioy evenSplaw xareyngitevrat tooabre Symay Ty peri, 800s pas éxeTBev éxl chy Siav yerersparonsBeboato vw me cuarren § one of ts targets could do anything to defend against it. Te ‘as dificult for him to:devise a stratagem by which to cope ‘with this problem, for shield, screen, or bttiement could ‘withstand the impact o che rock hurled by that engine, not leven the mass ofthe walls themselves. But God, who holds the power to do all chings and turns everything to our bene- fi, he who always protects the Christian race, inspired in ‘one of the Latins a powerful plan of superior conception, ‘He took a jar containing the concoction of Median fire" Ia7iran out ofthe gatesof the city into the very midst ofthe ‘enemy, affixed a lame to the mouth of the ja, and smashed it upon the engine. A fire immediately was kindled, ignited, and engulfed the entire engine, burning it up, for certain fabrics had also been hung from it to deflect the missiles of ‘the defenders on the walls. The Latin returned to the city, ‘escaping unharmed from the hands ofthe enemies who pur sued him, Theit leader was now furious and aecused his sub- ‘ordinates of much foolishness for having thought that the Romans were cowards, when plainly they were exception ally brave. He immediately departed from there and ‘marched back to his own land."Eos soy x teat flo 0 Papa netorpote mAzis Kwvoravtivos 0670; 6 Movopaxos, év iSioxTH TOG ofeoig xa) nog dvaerdpong Suakeny Ces iis Yunis al “TO mag’ airod aveyepOkvn va tov vexpdv xaraBeyevos, vip molurusds xal yévous Emoruow yevsuevos, Swpmuar- xs 38 xal Bards ebeprenay émrxdueros, gpoveitev by cal xv Ev noktuots porepnpray kal og Evavsiis log evdv dverxaBioruevos, melow SE pox THs *pYOAS yteyouevos xal rv dppodioliy pi émeyouevos, Euedre 8 ad ral doesioua kal xO Ey plots Yehoiaapr Kal ‘rg Exvealpou pwns sat ols Gorn Yoxh covéZen- sera we xal evveppltszet 6 | iy AAS eal earns obec Ey Buagspois x5 ois nari Exexotyro cal AvowcoBopds ovvegels ERY Ev rabeats ppovriSag xavecdvov ouxvas. TO St zav Shey Amdvray Gaeplyov al mponpipevor and =O gpor “urfiploy Hye 8 al xd epuwahtstepdv dvrytp On Ex” Sydyan 105 Ey kdpruet zepusviyon dyiow Teuprion, oheoBoyats teépais. aodeal; BAAayxpvopEvoY ‘al sods Exov shy repr 0g mepubyoust rata yor veal alg Eaprats nba, dg dv BayDABOBat wis olxoSopds a Chapter 9 Evaluating Konstantinos IX Monomachos Teves inthis year eat the emperor ofthe Romans Kon- stantinos Monomachos died, his sul departing while he “was in his private house and notin the palace. His body was buried in the church that he himself had buile™ Te came fom famous family and bis background wasn the civilian Mlninistation. He knew how to lestow gilts and benefit others in ways befiting an emperor, While he was con- ‘cerned to secure victories in war and resist the enemy as such as possible, he much prefered the lie of hoary and Aid noe abseain fom sexual raifcaion. He iked jokes, the slapstick of the mimes, and the indulgences of the moment, in ocher words things that ae separable from, in fact rooted, the lower, corporeal partof the soul. Moreover, [48 he erected new buildings in varions places, ‘was continuously involved in restontion activities, and cou. sumed himself with such preoccupations His favorite ro ccttha surpassed all the rest was the monastery in which an ‘exquisite church was erected and dedicated tothe famous smarty saint Georgjos. The briliance ofthis monastery was cahanced by other imperial constructions and provided much delight also with the gardens that enclosed it and its spring Bowers. Ie was as if the buildings andthe landscape 550g Smaipors ra Sik xv dugorépay Apyoviay ASOvs Beara zepryiveoBar. Evwiye 88 06201; kal vooeRo- tslov EmyeAelas doayeorov. ioe Sé peysdoupyds dy xai Baorwy yaplawy dvd: cu, Kal Yow ovr; 1SEa5 Tis SamKdors & EAO- Saxiis napecrijoaro iis, uO" Gv xai tov ueporov by sexpansSous Adégavea, &; Batya rots Bofavciorg xal rolg DAo15 Papaiors, Gv els Hav EniPeGe Siepysyeros Expr udsoey. “Eon yap yeylBa ulyiores, rods n68as fur eugepets aehavricts xioow, dra ynBtv doniSog nea orig axoSéoven, xiomow dovaroy Sianavads xpopadhs- eva, of averting yévror, AXA gdBy x08 KowIROS, rndvruy ip wav peyiorwy Onplioy xpavdv Ey toni xa AxiySeHEY, ZapH wSYOD 0 Kerww0s feroBat Spodoyet ai dg Qipaxa thy xiv Gru xlnow dveendyet abe, Thy -mpooBodiyy zo8x00 yaxpé0ey dmooopiay, el yp hadiiv Kowoy Eve | oft THs axors abro8, rypiay aiep teyioeny al Gavarov éxriOqow. Kéxpnrat Sé-xh ivi Soa al epi, Eon yp 7 os ade} xara otAmyya Kal Bi ainiis dav tvepyet 1 SSipevov: xa rois ear wore KanuevosHvoxobaw adriv dvaSiSir eal hy spopity xapanéynes 1@ ovbyam xai Sov xa Ly@piv xe wai dyoveipioy Stoyaxor. Adpors 88 maveoio.g f yadois ody’ dacixes LAN’ 1 atoOnarg ab@ tod xosely bx, ‘ols fnoxoter PeBosAevrat, néhexis tors Kar xpaviow epSysv0s. Xpévors S% moAAois Kvogoposyevas, Séxa ap Enavtols +H) umpOE MBE KaAmrera, vy xy Sowdy dpuoviay oxAnpity Kai Azeyitoy mpds oiynrefry 86 cuaprer 9 ere rivals in beauty ard the harmony of the two elements ‘xeated much pleasure in chose who beheld them. To these ‘he added a hospital on which he lavished his attention By nature he liked grand gestures and overflowed with imperial grace. For the benefit of his subjects he brought serange animals from foreign lands, among them an ele phant, greatest ofall eurlegged creatures and an amazing sight (0 the Byzantines and all other Romans who hap- ‘pened to see him as he paraded by. For he is the greatest in size, is legs are like the pillars of Adlas, his ears are not smaller than a fight infancry shield and they are always in constant motion, and not without reason, but out of fear of the mosquito. For the elephant may be the most powerful sand strongest among th: largest beasts, but aguinst the mos- quito alone he will admit defeat and uses the motion of his cars as protection against it, repelling its attack from afar But if it should happer chat a mosquito manages to sneak inside his ear, (4 he exacts the greatest revenge by killing him. He uses his nose as a hand, Its length is that of trum. pet and through it he secomplishes all of his tasks: he ex- tends it to the men riding upon his back, uses it to move food to his mouth, and fight his enemies, for i provides a formidable defense. Hewill not tolerate any sort of straps oF abit, but his narual awareness of what his riders want him ‘© dois like an ax broughe down on his skull! The years of an clephant’s pregnancy are many—for ten years he is en- closed in the maternal womb-—and so his bones are fitted sogether in a rm union and inflexible when it comes to 8dxoScevvo,Siarobc0 wal es yy Kara Oi at dBovere oligo Gv xk Sippy mov als Spyovlans own al nepuayayaly, vel 88 xaraxhlowos chy els B6s5pov fy uposointoy EPhov f rolyov kar ylav ahevpay aout xiao, Sp0t05 robroIs ExepeiSSpevos sro. "Ea cobey x6 fd wal nhy Meyouemy xoynRontpSah & Alyénrov meygBtiony adep, ros oMraAg b Paordeds xaQuéSeifey. Eon St xai airy xark 7 Svopa cbverDs, GoNiSas uty xapSAreas Exovew, Kowfow 8 ueyeBos ody 1 xepadxal x9 droverayevy xa hem 108 spayiov, Ay bo0v Br 8 spigeog abef SpOt05 dv, ob. Of aif xenoiyrar kaymudiraros, AX obte xepl xb | we- ov aig yes niprupa wt Avlarmocy, lmy BE cy _xGv wry xp x06 o6paloy e60elay Evia, oi Tow 88 19 Syoyar, 72 ubv yp apds vOrOV ToOBe Hs HYO5 xalpenay, rh BE pbs Spi satvoctpar Exe wal yaya Dweipay iy obvBeaw de toxxévas rady dvsgepel oxonig. bx Bayidod Apouevy To BF RABicya Bdgopor 0g ots fog ka Eevov Eyer navaaw, ob yp Gone xc ods SmBiovs n85as Eyelperxpdrepey elea robs umpoadions, AXX EvadAA€ roid TH pits hevpac Sibo mS Sag, alpet te xa vet Kal aBls dod ods THs éxkpas eps Bbo 26805 Ey lootahdvey wal xia xal Apc. Touairos 88 xa zs xporépovs xpSvo0s coy 8 Movousyos ft nohveiéow apSamot re xa Opsyeon, mpd ‘560 sis x00 Blov kaxaoxpophs EmaviGW Yexafchiy Tov Epywv dvonovinsov éxeBelbar, mpooreOels yp tors Ber vertpors sy gopodsyev AvGpiv, od$ expends 8 88 cuarren 9 bending, for which reason he is unable to lie down on che ‘ggoond or combine motions and swivel the joints in is legs. Instead of lying down, he leans one of his sides up against a tuec or a piece of wood carved for that very purpose or a ‘yall, and supports himself upright by this means alone. In addition to this animal, che emperor displayed before his people the so-called carel-leopard," which he had sent from Egypt. As its name indicates, it too isa compose ani- imal, having the spots ofa leopard but the size of a camel as ‘yell as the latter's head and thin, elongated neck, only its neck is upright and not curved ike acame!’s. Norisiso} there ‘hump in the middle of the back, which i straight all the ‘yayt the tal. Norisitall ofthe sameheight: ts back comes vp toa certain height, bur its loins ae lower down and loser to the ground. Its overall shape is like a hil ehat stares from below and rises up. Is gait is different from that of other animals and is altogether strange. For it does noe life the hind legs fist and then the front ones lke the other animals baat ffs and moves both legs of one side and then both legs of the other side together, in alternation, producing 2 bal- anced swaying motion, ‘Such was Monomachos in his earlier years, enjoying mul- tifarious delights and petty distractions, but two years be- fore his death he displayed an unexpected change in bchav- ior He employed the most oppressive tax collectors, whom administrative jargon calls seretto, and devised ingeniows 89adreuds hby0s olBe xadety, Ap Sry énavewy Squias expo- Srrous Kail hoendSas uspmjmlevas warecogioas9 al 1005 fous rv dmucosv ebuoposvewy ExueAiGov Ey e88eFy, Sika ABixovs éxdywy Kal KaWvopar rua xa poB\fyarca. Kal 6 arevayyis 800s viv of w tno Eve Kal KaBAAKopEvWY els Thy AxéBoan, ole gpoupal AiBovaa rev Evayousrev Kal xamwepNds SSUpUsS ‘iv St nepaBevruv 708 Akyous of rma | nexpaBEvees Ee evdrepor, nA To1s ploxoovAySpo%s bmDKATAKAMEUEVO, xal YoooBexis Svtes xai = Bigos HpmuEver uovovanx! xa fg Eavey eepali imoxredovees, Evionye Se 2d Bendy Kal Axpt TOV Agepioyevwr Tots Belo oMKoKs xa gpovnemplots ormpeatay, naveayos raw Exapyiov Sia- rayydewv neugGévewy dvepeovEaBar rept ToTEY Kal avaxpiveoBat robs Beparevtig 1Ov Lepav Kel tv 4 ee Aby9s ways Sop vay spy Séarw LexdrreeoGa, ‘Baal 82 mpd rig Touaiens Epedvys &90n x6 xpedv 8 aorheds Aerrovpyiious, éxpmnee ASyos & dnaow 6x cdpavia yh TodTeY & peoow exo‘, apSyEvoY dAouiioa ti kad SeSoyyeva xpd tip doef Siavign- aw. "Ey Sé 1 teAevedy HiBous}On xeporovivat Baowhéa 5¢ tavro0 Kal rob civ Poyalor éyyerpiom px Kal Sia ypayydcwv wd Tipwredovea kexAngévoy noXhj exovdi uerertuyaro, xpotqGace 88 i aod thers Tv exeivav oxoudiy. “Bhyoe 6° § Movoudos ty rh Baathelg _xpdvo0s S4Sexa al yivas era. 90 methods for fining everyone unexpectedly and collecting debts; he thus began to squeeze dry the rich, introducing unfair legal challenges against them based on newfangled clauses and headings. A lament rose up from all who were fined in this way and forced to pay up. The prisons became crowded with inmates and echoed with daly complaints. Bat those who had not yet experienced this grief [s} were even more pitiable than those who had, for they had to bend the knee to all the agents ofthe fs, jumped at every sound, and all but feared that a sword had been suspended above their heads. This horrible sieuation affected even properties thac had been set aside fr the support ofthe holy churches and monasteries, as imperial directives were sent out ev- cexywhere to the provinces that inquiries should be made concerning these matters and thatthe administrators of the sacred places should be interrogated, and this for the pur pose of canceling payments that were allegedly unjustified. ‘But when the emperor paid his mortal debt before this inquiry could be concladed, a belief prevailed among all people that a heavenly blow had removed him from the scene because he had attempted to change arrangements that had been made appropriately for the distribution of ‘wealth for religious purposes. Ashe lay dying, he wanted to appoint his successor and entrust the Roman Empire to him. In great haste he wrote letters summoning a certain Proteuon,® but he was not fast enough and death over took him. Monomachos reigned for twelve years and seven ‘months10 Kear aici sy apayutioy tnehfere eat og > -vapxias adris | xpopmpevendkion Oco8pa adyodors, xpoaneBla yp 4 zabms abraSOgr, wai ynSeri viv dnSpov WAjoaca ovfeoySvat we’ Ohws oop eset, adr dm Sik xOv SchaprAay etvotxwv oy hav dysenoujoar | xp¥s yp ee dveveyRodea toy ovine dpi wwe leper we xal owvboeus yEvorR al rolwneipias oi éxo8tovn, Akwv xpoonyopla x9 vp, sy Biikqow sv xpayydrioy Enrpeyer. Emer cody obo Ey Anaaw Evepyay Kal xarit AbyOV OIG map unirr000r ypGevos Kal zbv Wouoy xoIoduEv0s Botha, iioay einatlay Kal etvopir xexobnse xokrebe0at Kal dorastaotoy iy ob yévey xd Paals bmjeoov ANNE Kal aixd 1 @ASgUIOV,s08 Oeo# méves hapeaTonyevou A yaBoepyig TGv mpdewy vel a oxo ele eietar &o- uahifovsos. “Ths St wo1atns ParAloons pds sy ExeiBev aodsiav udosons yesavacriivas, owdpyyce yap xpEveN Eva ea yas dena, nepl Baring gpovels cassie robs bY ols Poles si =pOra gépoveas Kal di xb dxorEhcoya -zapeorsitzo, 06x tiv yevvals EvBeESuevor THs EOxts Aveeyopeboat zpocthoveo dX 65 Av YAAAOY Gi0s Loot 2 Chapter 10 ‘The sole reign of Theodora (1055-1056) A. that point the aforementored Theodora Angus cook over the governance of affairs and even the monarchy fesell for her sister had predeceased her and she did not want to marry any man nor in any otxer way to share power. She herself, acting alone through he- eunuch chamberlains, took charge of everything Ia fora bref time, but later she delegated the administration of public affairs to a reputable ‘man, a priest who was wise and experienced, named Leon." He behaved with moderation in all things and deal wisely with all egcumstances, making the law his will. Te was ce~ sponsible for ereating an orderly andlawul environment for political activity and there were no revolts, neither among the Roman subjects nor even among the foreigners, as God was altogether pleased with this virtuous governance and made srgh al hat was crobed ‘When the empress was about © depart to that other ‘Kingdom, having ruled for one year and eight months, the leading officials at the coure were concerned to find a suc- ‘cesar to the throne. When the farefl event happened,”* they decided to elevate not a man who would govern nobly but one who would bend over backward and exsily be led 2al adt0% Omoxeiyevos Kal fh digeAelg al Aueheig shy Bioienow yadov adroig dvaBetvas ti loyeploarco. 0 A eyopetous rive apeoiiony et bvuatiuevoy uty Maoh, zoho; 88 ouveeDpaypévoy Bete xa payyaor Kal 9 TO8 exparwKOd myyixatza SiapepovTa cxperov, &mhoty yy xa gedit 0 BSEay ads, mAciov BE x yiiper =prxsuevoY Kal Siarairo KoWwvorg abrols wig Baaielag | xal owvacriataly Barros xp povoy kal oIg dxety Rouhedyacr eal CeMjya Kara xpduevor. Tig obv eovotas els xoMoig Kai rouxovs SiapeBelons kal sav napaBvyaerevéviy Exdero aor 2azw yaupoopevor, zis yoryUads 06s te Apaoxpa ‘nixois kal 700g Syuorikods Sid ty Shyoxpariay Kaceiye xl oyun, dxtivay yp fy x8 ebmpayey 50s yep Bog suynavéveav ainay xa nav br906y xpoOMKSYTEY 18 Baorde, av ve oxouSaloy =f} rok dorpepeay KB te Seivdy fj Kal dxpaxroy, ta 5’ dAwy Adyos ovbeic, bu. 96 around by them, and who because of his naiveté and indif- erence could only delegate to them the governing power. Chapter 11 ‘The reign of Michael VI the Old (1056-1057) and the revolt of Isaakios Komnenos Accordingly, they elevated anol man named Micha, “whose habits and experience were those ofa civil bureaucrat and who happened at that time to be the director of the military sebreton, le seemed to them to be simple and naive, bur more importantly he was worn down by old age and therefore would have to share the imperial power with them, {G31 employ them as his aides in every mavter, and generally follow their wishes and plans. Power was accordingly di- vided up among many different types of people ancl each ‘one of these men behind che throne put on imperial airs. ‘There was much grumbling in aristocratic circles and among, the people concerning this extension and coarsening of im- perial power, and there was confusion too. For only those ‘who belonged to this faction and were close in some way to the emperor were benefiting from this situation, regardless ‘of whether they had done something good for the common interest, something bad, or nothing a all, and no attention *2 nal wav Aafoveas Désyoo nal xevod qvoriuaras Eylvorz0-xbpepyo%. TBE 08 xai ray eb yeyoudroy eal np Ea bv0- sor eal yewvatny, Toads Svoqa, Kopmyds aed x9 Exoroyov, SBpiodels napopdo wal xpomaruoddls AO eyots, weords dvias dgavn xal Thy eoppepiy Konno ral not xB erparwwrsv. HipockowSospeve 8 xa obo. 1H} XG yopevor dvouag eal Kim oer EATEyS HEV, -rapopycow els hy éxowaalay adaby: el xa upOv evuBothovs txavobs npockayvoves xa sy toateny edéeny xpd Kaipdv OSrrjoavees, werd-t Ts Baordibos dxipay, yrxpdy Booy Swxdvees bxphooover iy ASA xa t00 Kpar0Ov25 UErFpa KaTayeAyees, Lxalpovery dls So Kal potarz09 28 yeheriuevoy. po 88 xoSe0v, sav ApytooyBohiy els Bpvtrviog 708 soya ASplavoorchims | ewparnyis,xOv KarnaSoxsy aGloriyevos, karaSvvaerebons ua\oveinelvdrarhoas by Ex Baorhdas éroerahtvea xp ds Suave TOY eTpa- nuoruidy bfarier, Exper Tobrov Kal Scouts xal- aioe, Auavarcoreay Se eg ExSixnow Leépay expat coxa, x te Beoysy deity 080s eal ty BBeouebra rrepyaoiperes, xv b90adav dcoréproe. Défos ofy sauoyiy tos Tig abr mpl xrxonrnRras edéms sindyacey Apmton ti SrRa val zpoxnSvvebomt axbe5 eal yl onopdibas ovdAn@Orvat Kal aadely Th aovixeova Tevopems tolvwy ais ovyraviorws mpl vhs daprts sponis, mpoatlevro Tobrois edRol xe xa@quepwviy 96 _as paid to anyone else other than that chey were scored “vith pointless arrogance and vain conceit. ‘ence one of the notables, well known and highly re- in the east, Isaakios by name, whose surname was Komnenos, offended at this slight and insulted when he _was shoved aside, was furious and shared his grievance with some of the military men, They too were already inflamed by the ieregularity of the situation and fll of indignation, and they incited him to rebel, In stages they took on reliable collaborators as their plan gestated for a while, and then they left the Queen of Cities. They had not gone far before theylet che grievances bust fore: they heaped abuse upon ‘the emperor, and, with their spirits elated to the heights, set ‘their plan into motion, Before that, however, one ofthe chief conspirators named. ‘Beyennios, a man from Adtianople {54} who was serving as ‘general of the Kappadokians, used force—or rather more accurately deceit—to capture and imprison the man sent ‘out by the emperor to distribute military pay But other soldiers rose up to avenge this act) the man was freed from his shackles, and he overpowered Bryennios, whom he then blinded. Fear now gripped the mea who belonged to the same plot as the blinded man, and it forced them to take ‘up weapons earlier and bastily risk everything so that they ‘would not be captured sile they were stil seattered and suffer the worst. ‘The revolt, then, began on the spring equinox” and many joined its ranks. Every day che rebellion grew, its army ”