KKEK3159 Separation Processes II

Evaporation Tutorial 1

1. A single effect evaporator is used to concentrate 0.075kg/s of 10% caustic soda

liquor to 30%. The unit employs force circulation in which the liquor is pumped
through the vertical tubes of the calandria which are 32mm OD by 28mmID and 1.2m
long. Steam is supplied at 394K dry and saturated, and the boiling point rise of the
solution is 15K. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1.75kW/m2.K, how many
tubes are suggested should be used?
Assume the boiling point of the system is 373K and feed temperature = 373K.

2. A triple-effect evaporator is fed with 5kg/s of a liquor containing 15% solids. The
concentration in the last effect, which operates at 13.5kN/m2 is 60% solids. If the
overall heat transfer coefficients are 2.5, 2 and 1.1 kW/m2.K respectively, and the
steam is fed at 388K to the first effect, determine the temperature distribution and the
area of heating surface required in each effect. The calandria are to be identical. What
is the economy and what is the heat load on the condenser?
Feed temperature = 294K, Specific heat for all liquor = 4.18kJ/kg.K. If the unit is
running in backward system, the coefficients are 2.3, 2.0 and 1.6kW/m2.K. Under
these conditions determine the new temperatures, heat economy and heating surface
required.

3. 2.5kg/s of a solution at 288K containing 10% of dissolved solids is fed to a

forward-feed double effect evaporator operating at 14kN/m2 pressure in the last effect.
If the product is to consist of a liquid containing 50% by weight of dissolved solids
and dry saturated steam is fed to the coils, what should be the pressure of the steam?
The surface in each effect is 50m2 and the heat transfer coefficient in the first and
second effects are 2.8 and 1.7 kW/m2.K respectively. Assume that the concentrated
solution exhibits a boiling point rise of 5K, that the latent heat has a constant value of
2260kJ/kg, and specific heat of liquid is constant at 3.75kJ/kg.K

4. A double effect forward-feed evaporator is required to give a product consisting of

30% crystals and a mother liquor containing 40% by weight of dissolved solids.
Overall heat transfer coefficients are 2.8, and 1.7kW/m2.K in the first and second
effect respectively. Dry saturated steam is supplied at 375kN/m2 and the condenser
operates at 13.5kN/m2
a) What area of heating surface is required in each effect (both effects to be identical)
if the feed rate is 0.6kg/s of liquor containing 20% by weight of dissolved solids and
the feed temperature is 313K.
b) What is the pressure of the first effect? Assume there is no boiling point rise and
hydrostatic head.
KKEK3159 Separation Processes II
Evaporation Tutorial 2

1. 1.25kg/s of a solution is concentrated from 10% to 50% solids in a triple effect

evaporator using steam at 393K and a vacuum such that the boiling point in the last
effect is 325K.Overall heat transfer coefficients in the three effects are 2.5, 2.0 and
1.6kW/m2K, respectively. If the feed is initially at 297K and a backward feed is used,
what will be:
a) the steam consumption?
b) the temperature distribution in the systems?
c) the heat transfer area in each effect, each effect being identical?

2. A three-stage evaporator is fed with 1.25kg/s of liquor which is concentrated from

10% to 40% solids. The heat transfer coefficients may be taken as 3.1, 2.5, and
1.7kW/m2.K Calculate the steam at 170kN/m2 required per second and the
temperature distribution in the three effects if:
a) the feed is at 294K
b) the feed is at 355K
Forward feed is used in each instance, and the value of U may be considered the same
for two systems. Boiling point for the third effect is 325K and the liquor has no
boiling point rise.