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Exploration and
Development
Presented By: Justin Brady, Laura Kerr,
Mike Potts
1. Feng H.Y. Rates Of Pyrolysis Of Colorado shale oil. p. 732. American Institute Of Chemical Engineers Journal . Vol. 31 No. 5. 1985.
Shale Oil: History in the US
Office of Naval
Petroleum and Shale
Oil Reserves formed
in 1912
First Demonstration
mine opened outside
of Rifle, Colorado
just after World War
II
Shale Oil: History in the US
TOSCO opened an experimental mine and
production plant near Parachute, Colorado in
1960s
environmental impact
In-Situ Process Overview
Step 3: Production
Products from kerogen
conversion
Ea
( )
t 2t Ate RT
Ck (H rx )
Ti |t + t Ti |t = 2 (Ti +1 |t +Ti 1 |t ) Ti |t
x x 2
C p
1200.0
1000.0
800.0 Takes 3.1 years to start production of the well in
600.0 the center of the heaters.
400.0
200.0
0.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Distance (ft)
3.5yr 21 months 3 year Beginning of heating 10.5 months
Reservoir Temperature Profile:
No Heat from Reaction
Temperature vs. Reservoir Distance
1600.0
1400.0
Temperature (F)
1200.0
1000.0
Takes 3.3 years to start production of the well in
800.0
the center of the heaters.
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
Distance (ft)
3.5yr 21 months 3 year Beginning of heating 10.5 months
Reservoir Temperature Profile:
Heater to Freeze Wall
Temperature vs. Reservoir Distance:
Heater to Freeze Wall
1600
1400
1200
Temperature (F)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Distance (ft)
0 hrs 10 months 24 months
48 months 72 Months 130 months
2D Reservoir Temperature
Profile
Developed using
ANSYS
Initial reservoir
temperature 150oF
30 ft 30 ft 30 ft 30 ft
Freeze walls
included as
boundary condition.
Heater Production well
Shale Oil:
Subsurface Operations
Drilling costs
Refrigeration costs
Pumping costs
Heating costs
Drilling Costs
Consists of wells for heaters and
producers
250 wells for heaters per 10 acre plot
80 producer wells
Total well costs of $26.4 million.
$80,0002 per well.
Q = 5 . 0 * 10 6 K W
During production:
Q = k T
z
Q = 8 . 7 KW
Purchase cost for 5.0*106 KW of refrigeration1: $12.5 million
Operating Cost2: $3.2 million per day
1. Peters et al p.894 fig. B-7
2. Peters et al p.898 table B-1
Producing well
Pumping
Ground water
Ground water trapped within
Heaters
Pumping Costs
A pump is needed to remove water
from within the freeze wall.
2 barrels of water for every barrel of oil6
Pumps must handle 1.6 million gallons per
hour to remove the water in 2 weeks.
Centrifugal pumps
80 pumps, $23,000 per pump7
$120,000 electricity needed per day
6. Bartis et. al. Oil Shale Development in the United States. p. 50. Rand Santa Monica, California: 2005
7. Peters et. al. Plant Design And Economics For Chemical Engineers. P. 516, Mcgraw-Hill: New York 2003.
Heating: Challenges
Challenges
Regulated at a constant temperature
Must operate at high temperatures
Must have a large power output.
Heating: Solution
Electric heaters
Supporting lowered to the bottom
casing 2000 ft of well hole
Overburden
Extends the entire
length of the shale
layer
Shale 500 ft
Heaters
Heating Element
Chromel AA* heating
element
68% nickel
20% chromium
8% iron
Self regulating:
1500 oF
element suspended
in the center.
Heating
Element
Spaced from the
casing by electrical
insulators Electrical
.5 Insulator
6
Heater Design
Heating
Element
Ceramic
Insulator
Steel
Casing
.5
6.625
Heating Costs
Electrical Materials
165 KW per heater Steel Casing
Operating at 480 V AC $10 per foot
and 350 amps Heater element
Electrical costs heating: $20 per foot
$.08 per KW-hr4 $80,000 Porcelain insulator
per day total $14 each, 250 per
heater
Total material cost:
$80,000 per heater
Reservoir Composition Study
Heating process causes
cracking of kerogen.
Estimation of composition
of products in reservoir
needed.
A temperature profile is
necessary for composition
computation
Ultimately, reservoir
characteristics will allow
design of processing
facilities.
Reservoir Composition Model
Cracking process under
the earth
Kerogen:
MWavg.=3000
Approximate formula
C200H300SN5O11
Modeled using
visbreaking model
Using temperature
profile, predicts
concentrations of
Reaction depiction for thermal cracking1
hydrocarbons in
reservoir
1. Castellanos, Julian. Visbreaking Yields. Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design vol. 62. Marcel Dekker: New York. P411,
Composition Model
n i 2
dC Si
= K k ,i Cs k Cs i K i, j
dt k =i+ 2 j =1
Reservoir Composition
Weight Fractions of Hydrocarbons During Heating
In Reservoir
0.8
Weight Fraction
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
C1-C5 C6-C10 C11-C15 C16-C20 C30-C40 C50-C60 C70-C280
Carbon amount in Hydrocarbons
Oil Processing
Water processing
Oil Processing Facilities
Separates C1- C5 and
from heavier products
Sent to Denver
refinery for sale
Oil to Market
12 Schedule 80, Carbon
Steel
1 2
6
3
4
Production Schedule
$90.00
$80.00
$70.00
$60.00
Dollars
$30.00
$20.00
$10.00
$0.00
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
Natural Gas Price Forecast
Natural Gas Forecasted Prices
(Price per Thousand Cubic Feet, $US 2004)
$9.00
$8.00
$7.00
$6.00
Dollars
$3.00
$2.00
$1.00
$0.00
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Year
Pricing Estimations
Includes
Equipment costs
Heating
Cooling
Power Plant
Drilling
Production taxes
Operating costs
Excludes
Logistical costs
Extensive Road
building
Transporting materials
Relocating employees
Research costs
Reclamation costs
Processing Equipment Costs
Component Basis of Estimation Cost
a. Heat Exchangers 5 @ $15,867 $80,000
b. Distillation D=3m, H=6m, 10 trays $87,000
c. Mixer #2 D=.508 $16,000
d. Mixer #1 D=.4572m $14,000
e. Flash #1 D=1m, H=10m $15,000
f. Pump .0544 m3/s, 6800 kPa $40,000
g. Pumps (piping) 2 w/ .151 m3/s, 1035 kPa $32,000
h. Heat Exchangers 3 w/ SA= 100 ft2 $3,600
i. Expander P=1932 kW $235,000
j. Expander #2 P=552 kW $105,000
k. Compressor 5800 kW, centrifugal-rotary $1,100,000
Processing Equipment Costs $1,727,600
Extraction Equipment Costs
Basis of
Component Estimation Cost
25/acre @
a. Heaters $100,000 $25,000,000.00
b. Refrigeration plant 800 KW capacity $12,500,000.00
80, 1.6M gal/hr
c. Pump water, 2 weeks $1,840,000.00
Combined Cycle,
d. Power Plant $400/kWh $500,000,000.00
Extraction Equipment Costs $541,067,000
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Values in Billions
5% 90% 5%
-1.4391 4.3723
Risk Assessment
Distribution for Total / ROI/F29
1.000
Mean=0.9269187
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
5% 90% 5%
-.1468 1.9868
Future Work
Logistics
Transportation of materials
Drilling complications
Reclamation Process
Work Force
Optimizations
Heater to heater distances
Heater temperature
Heater material
Composition of reservoir
3D temperature profile
Detailed project risk assessment
Questions?
Net Present Values:
Varied Rates
Mean=8.349873E+08
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Values in Billions
4.99% 90.01% 5%
-1.4 3.0769
Risk Assessment:
NPV with Rate=12%
Distribution for NPV / Net Income/G30
1.000
Mean=3.687469E+08
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Values in Billions
5% 90% 5%
-1.3767 2.1075
Risk Assessment:
NPV with Rate=15%
Distribution for NPV / Net Income/G30
1.000
Mean=-1.012595E+08
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Values in Billions
5% 90% 5%
-1.3296 1.1296
Temperature Profile:
Affect of Thermal Diffusivity
Thermal Diffusivity vs. Time
100000
80000
Time
60000
(hrs)
40000
20000
0
0.003 0.008 0.013
Thermal Diffusivity (ft^2/hr)
40 ft 50 ft 60 ft 30 ft 70 ft
Temperature Profile:
Affect of Heater Distance
Heater Distance vs. Time
100000
80000
Time (hrs)
60000
40000
20000
0
25 35 45 55 65 75
Heater Distance (ft)
Water and
Sand
Heater Heater
Reservoir