RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Animal Structure practicum with title Gametogenesis that arranged
by:
Name : Andi Nurhidayah
ID : 1114040171
Class : ICP of Biology A
Group : III (three)
After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report was accepted.
Makassar, December 03rd 2012
Asistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Sygit Frank Sananta Nurfahmi Utami

ID. 081404022 ID. 101404155
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
One of the characteristic of living thing is has ability to form new individual or new
generation so that can maintain species of eternity. It is called as reproduction and this
process is genetys materials reduced by one generation to the next generation. On the animals
with the high level as in mamalia, the reproduction system is usually specialized and
completed by outher sexual.
Reproduction or breeding is a process where organism produces individuals of the
same species. Proliferation in the organism have aim to retain its kind so thatreproduction is a
way for organisms to their offspring not become extinct. How to reproduce the organism
divided into two namely, sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Generally reproduce
vertebrates animal is mating (generative).
As we know that reproduction is an important component for living thing to
reproduce offspring. But to do reproduction needed reproduction organ and must involve
gametes (male and female gamete). To resulting of forming gamete involve gametogenesis.
What is gametogenesis? Gametogenesis is formation process of gametes (sperm and ovum).
Gametogenesis has two types, namely (i) Spermatogenesis which take place in male gonad
(testis) and the result is sperm. (ii) Oogenesis which take place in female gonad and the result
is ovum.
B. Purpose
To learning and understand formation process of male genital cell and female by
histology preparation.
C. Benefit
Student can learning, know and understand formation process of male and female
(Specially for Mus musculus) from forthcoming genital cell changed become genital cell
that very specialized.

II. PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Gametogenesis is a process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell
division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. Depending on the biological life
cycle of the organism, gametogenesis occurs by meiotic division of diploid gametocytes into
various gametes or by mitotic division of haploid gametogenous cells. For example, plants
produce gametes through mitosis in gametophytes. The gametophytes grow from haploid
spores after sporic meiosis. The existence of a multicellular, haploid phase in the life cycle
between meiosis and gametogenesis is also referred to as alternation of generations
(Anonym a, 2012).
Spermatogenesis is an important step that determines the ability and reproductive
function of all living species that live in this world, especially male genital. This process
starts from the development of germ cells in the basal tubular seminiferus which will slowly
move towards the lumen of the seminiferous tubules into mature sperm cells are ready for
ejaculation and fertilize ovum from female. Spermatogenesis in mice resembles the
process that occurs in humans and other animalsand takes place in three stages.
Starting phase of spermatogenesis from spermatogonia divisionthat occurs several times so
as to produce spermatogonia type A2, A3 and A4. Spermiogenesis in mice consist of 16
levels which are generally classified into four phase, namely the golgi phase, cap phase,
acrosome phase and maturation phase (Subratha, 1998).
According to Adnan (2008), oogenesis take place on the ovary, especially on the
cortex part and continued in oviduct if there is penetration spermatozoid. In oogenesis, gem
cell develop in egg follicle, with the stage as follows:
1. Primordial follicle: primary follicles contained before birth, consists of an oocyte I
iscoated by a layer of follicle cells shaped flat.
2. Grow follicle, consist of:
a. Primary follicle: consist of oocyte I is coated by a layer follicle cell (granulose cell)
formed cube. Between oocyte and granulose cells separated by pellucida zone.
b. Secondary follicle: consist of oocyte I that coated by several layer of granulose cell.
c. Tertiary follicle: volume of granulose stratum that layering oocyte I increase in
size/lot. There are several cleft (antrum) between granulose cells. Connective tissue
stroma that located in outer granulose stratum arranging self forming internal and
external theca.
d. Mature follicle (de graaf follicle): the most large-size, antrum become a big cavity,
contain follicle liquid. Oocyte rounded by granulose cell that called radiate corona,
connected with edge granulose cells by the connecting rod.
In animals and humans, male gametogenesis is referred to as spermatogenesis that
takes place in the gonads, the testes. In humans sperm production begins at puberty at
continues throughout life. In the testicles spermatogonia are produced through mitosis that
then undergo meiosis producing four sperm each. After meiosis the products of meiosis
differentiate into functional sperm. Several hundred million (200 000 000) sperm are
produced each day. Once sperm form they move into the epididymis, where they mature and
are stored (Anonym b, 2012).
In females oogenesis is the process of forming ova (eggs) through meiosis in the
gonads known as ovaries. An ovary contains many follicles composed of developing eggs
surrounded by an outer layer of follicle cells. Diploid stem cells called oogonia divide by
mitosis to produce more oogonia and primary oocytes. Each egg begins oogenesis as a
primary oocyte. At birth each female carries a lifetime supply of developing oocytes, a total
of 400-500 eggs, each of which is in prophase I. A developing egg (secondary oocytes) is
released each month from puberty until menopause. Secondary oocytes only complete
meiosis once it is fertilized. In contrast to spermatogenesis where all four products of meiosis
develop into gametes, only one of the four products of oogenesis becomes an egg. Most of
the cytoplasm is placed in one cell, the egg, the other three do not develop and are much
smaller than the egg and are called polar bodies (Carlson, 1996).
III. OBSERVATION METHOD
A. Time and Place
1. Day/Date : Tuesday/December 4st 2012
2. Time : 13.00 untill 15.00 p.m
3. Place : Laboratory of Biology on 3rd floor east of FMIPA UNM
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
Microscope
2. Materials
a. Histology preparation of testes mice (Mus musculus).
b. Histology preparation of ovary mice (Mus musculus).
C. Work Procedure
1. Observed testes preparation in microscope with using weak magnification and
strong magnification.
2. Drew a tubulus seminiferus, germ cells, and interstitial cells (leydig cell) that
present in room between tubulus.
3. Observed ovary preparation in microscope with using weak magnification and
strong magnification.
4. Drew each egg follicle that develop in and mentioned each parts completely.
IV.RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result of Experiment
1. Observation I : Spermatogenesis
The Comparison Picture Picture Notes

1. Mammal testes (Seminiferus 1. Spermatozoa

tubules) 2. Spermatid
3. Secondary
spermatocyte
4. Primary
spermatocyte
5. Sertoli cell
6. Spermatogonium
2. Stucture of sperm 1. Head
2. Neck
3. Tail

2. Observation II : Follicle in ovary

The Comparison Picture Picture Notes

1. Primordial follicle 1. Primary oocyte

2. Flattened
epithelial cell
3. Flattened
epithelial core

2. Primary follicle 1. Cuboidal

epithelial cell
2. Pellucida zone
3. Connective
tissue (antrum)
4. Primary oocyte

3. Secondary Follicle 1. Cuboidal

epithelial cell
2. Pellucida zone
3. Connective
tissue (antrum)
4. Primary oocyte
 4. Tertiary Follicle 1. Follicle cavity
(antrum folicle)
2. Primary oocyte
3. Pellucida zone

5. De Graaf Follicle 1. Follicle cavity

(antrum)
2. Pellucida zone
3. Cumulus
oophorus
4. Theca externa
5. Basal lamina
6. Corona radiata
7. Theca interna

B. Discussion
1. First bservation : Spermatogenesis
Based on the observations of gametogenesis is known that the formation of
gametes, the sperm and egg cells. Gametogenesis takes place in the gonads (testes) of
animals that will produce sperm is called spermatogenesis and oogenesis took place
while the female animal ovaries and produce ova or eggs.
a. Mammal testes (seminiferus tubules)
According to Adnan (2011) in his handbook, tubulus seminiferus consist of
two main component, one of them is somatic cell such as certoly and germ cell.
Development stage of germ cell namely:
1) Spermatogonium: Size is relative small, rather oval, core colored less brightly,
located line or attack on membrane basal.
2) Primary spermatocyte: the size is biggest, oval-shaped, core colored solid, location
is rather far from membrane basal.
3) Secondary spermatocyte: the size rather small (a half from primary spermatocyte),
oval-shaped, core colored solid, location approach lumen.
4) Spermatid: the size is small, oval-shaped, approach lumen.
5) Spermatozoid: attack clustered on the certoly cell, present in lumen.
Based on observation that we have done with used preparation histology of
testes viewed parts from tubulus seminiferus namely, lamina basal, spermatogonium,
 sertoly cell, secondary spermaticyte, spermatid, spermatozoa, primary spermatocyte in
prophase.
b. Structure of sperm
According to Adnan (2008) handbooks. Sperm consist of three part namely:
1) Head: for mice form of mice is hook-shaped and slightly flattened, generally
consist of mass DNA-protein, covered by acrosom. Acrosom contain several
enzyme namely, hydrolytic enzyme, hialuridinase, proteinase, and neurominidase.
2) Neck: contain mitochondria.
3) Tail: consist of two center microtubule rounded by 9 microtubule. The structure
named axonema. Axonema rounded by 9 line outer dense fiber that parallel with
pair axonema. The dense fiber has function to braze tail of sperm.
On this observation about sperm we dont observe it caused there isnt sperm.
So, we just see in our bokk or literature abuot the picture .
2. Second Observation : Follicles in oogenesis
Oogenesis take place in the ovary, especially in the cortex and continued in
the oviduct case spermatozoid penetration. In oogenesis, Germa cells develop in the
egg follicles. On the observation with used histology preparation viewed there are
follicle in the several stage. Every follicle have form one of each.
According to Adnan (2008), oogenesis take place on the ovary, especially on
the cortex part and continued in oviduct if there is penetration spermatozoid. In
oogenesis, gem cell develop in egg follicle, with the stage as follows:
a. Primordial follicle: Primary follicles contained before birth, consists of an oocyte I
iscoated by a layer of follicle cells shaped flat.
b. Grow follicle, consist of:
1) Primary follicle: consist of oocyte I is coated by a layer follicle cell (granulose
cell) formed cube. Between oocyte and granulose cells separated by pellucida
zone.
2) Secondary follicle: consist of oocyte I that coated by several layer of granulose
cell.
3) Tertiary follicle: volume of granulose stratum that layering oocyte I increase in
size/lot. There are several cleft (antrum) between granulose cells. Connective
tissue stroma that located in outer granulose stratum arranging self forming
internal and external theca.
4) Mature follicle (de graaf follicle): the most large-size, antrum become a big
cavity, contain follicle liquid. Oocyte rounded by granulose cell that called
radiate corona, connected with edge granulose cells by the connecting stalk.

V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Gametogenesis is formation process gamete that consist of spermatogenesis and
oogenesis. Gametogenesis is a process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells
 undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes.
Spermatogenesis take place in tubulus seminiferus.
Spermatogenesis consist of several stage such as, spermatogonium, primary
spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, and spermatozoa. And the final
result is four sperm cell that functional.
Oogenesis take place in ovary with several stage namely, formation oogenia and
then grow become primary oocyte, and experience meiosis I forming secondary oocyte
and polar bodies. Secondary oocyte then experience meiosis II forming ovum and polar
bodies experience degeneration. The final result 1 ovum that functional.
B. Suggestion
1. Before doing this experiment we have to checked out all of the tools and materials
that we would used and in doing this experiment we should have enough time so
we could observed with accurate observation.
2. For the assistant should give explanation or give the apprentices some guide about
what they should do in observation and making of complete report of experiment.
3. For the apprentice should take attention for the instruction of assistant while doing
experiment and be more patient to the assistant.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonyma. 2011. Gametogenesis. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametogenesis.
Accessed December 8th 2012.

Anonymb. 2011. Spermatogenesis pada Mencit. http://pramareola14.wordpress.com.

Accessed December 18th 2011.
Adnan, M.Si. 2010. Buku Ajar Perrkembangan Hewan. Makassar: UNM
Carlson, Bruce M. 1996. Pattens Foundations of Embryology. New York: The
McGraw-Hill Companies
Subratha, I.M. 1998. Spermatogenesis, Kontrol Endokrin dan Struktur Spermatozoa. Denpasar:
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana.