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ANTIANGINAL DRUGS
‐ Anginal pectoris is a characteris=c chest pain causes by coronary blood flow that is insufficient to
meet the O₂ demands of the myocardium.
‐ The imbalance between O₂ delivery & u=liza=on may from a spasm of the vascular smooth muscle
or from obstruc=on of blood vessles caused by atherosclero=c lesion.
‐ Angina is characterized by a sudden, severe pressing substernal pain radia=ng to the leN arm.
‐ 3 classes of drug are effec=ve either alone or in combina=on in trea=ng pa=ent with stable angina. :
. nitrates
. β‐ blockers
. Ca²⁺ channel blockers
‐ Nitrates ↓ coronary vasoconstric=on or spasm & ↑ perfusion of the myocardium by coronary
arteries.
‐ β‐ blockers ↓ the O₂ demand of the heart.
‐ Ca²⁺ channel blockers ↓ the O₂ demands of the heart &↑ perfusion of the myocardium by
relaxing coronary arteries.
(1) Nitrates
‐ The organic nitrates :
.(A) isosorbide dinitrate
.(B) nitroglycerine
‐ Nitrates β‐ blockers & Ca²⁺ channel blockers are equally effec=ve for relief of angina symptoms.
‐ However, for prompt relief of an ongoing a[act of angina precipitated by exercise or emo=onal
stress, sublingual (or spray form) nitroglycerine is the drug of choice.
‐ Mechanism of ac3on :
. organic nitrates such as nitroglycerine are thought to relax vascular smooth muscle by their
intracellular conversion to nitrate ions & then to ni=te oxide (NO), which in turn ac=vate guanylate
cyclase & ↑ the cells cyclic GMP.
Elevated cGMP ul=mately lead to dephosphoryla=on of the myosin light chain, resul=ng in vascular
smooth muscles relaxa=on.
‐ Effect on CNS :
.at therapeu=cs dose, nitroglycerine has 2 major effects :
~ 1st ly is cause dila=on of the large veins. The diminished preload ( venous return to the heart ) &
reduce the work of heart ).
~ it dilates the coronary vasculature, providing ↑ blood supply to heart muscles.
‐ Nitroglycerin cause a ↓ in myocardial O₂ consump=on because of ↓ cardiac work.
‐ Adverse effect :
. headache (the most common)
. postural hypotension
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. facial flushing
. tachycardia
. tolerance
‐ The long acAng nitrates :
(A) Isosorbide dinitrate
(B) Isosorbide mononitrate
‐ This drug are not readily metabolized by the liver or smooth muscle & have a lower potency than
nitroglycerin in relaxing vascular smooth muscles.
(2) β‐ adrenergic blockers
a. propranolon (β₁ , β₂)
b. metoprolol – cardioselec=ve (only β₁‐ blockers)
c. atenolol – cardioselec=ve (only β₁‐ blockers)
‐ the β‐ adrenergic blockers suppress the ac=va=on of the heart by blocking β₁‐ receptors.
‐ They also reduce the work of the heart by ↓ cardiac output & causing a slight ↓ in blood pressure.
‐ The β‐ blockers can be used with nitrates to ↑ exercise dura=on & tolerance.
‐ Adverse effect :
. headache
. hypotension
. bradycardia
‐ May be :
. AV block
. acute heart failure
. bronchospam
.nausea, vomi=ng, diarrhea
(3) Ca²⁺ channel blockers
a. Verapamil
b. Dil=azem
c. Nifedipine
‐ They inhibit the entrance of Ca²⁺ into cardiac & smooth muscle cells of the coronary & systemic
arterial beds.
‐ They ↓ the work of the heart & ↓ in myocardial O₂ consump=on.
‐ In other hand, they cause an ↑ O₂ supply to the heart muscle because of arterial dila=on &↑ blood
supply ) to the heart muscle.
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‐ Adverse effect :
. bradycardia
. hypotension
. AV block
. Headache
. vomi=ng & nausea
‐ Not only verapamil & dil=azem slow cardiac conduc=on directly & ↓ heart rate & O₂ demand
(cause bradycardia & AV blocks )
‐ Nifepine has minimal effect in cardiac conduc=on & heart rate. It may cause reflex tachycardia if
peripheral vasodila=on is marked resul=ng in substan=al ↓ of blood pressure.
Principle cause of angina pectoris
‐ The imbalance between O₂ delivery (or supply) & u=liza=on (or demand) may result a spasm or
obstruc=on of blood vessles caused by atherosclerosis & lesion.
‐ (1) Nitrate : ‐nitroglycerin
‐isosorbide dinitrate
~↓ coronary vasoconstric=on or spasm
~↑O₂ delivery & perfusion of the myocardium by relaxing coronary artery.
(2) β‐ blockers : ‐propanolol
‐atenolol
‐matapronolol
~↓ O₂ demand of the heart.
(3) Ca²⁺ channel blockers : ‐ verapamil
‐dil=azem
~↓ the O₂ demands of the heart
~↑ perfusion of the myocardium by relaxing coronary artery
Dipyridamole
‐ It blocks adenosideaminase & ↑ adenosine in cardiac muscle.
‐ Adenosine cause dila=on of smaller blood vessels & ↑ perfusion of the myocardium & O₂ delivery.
‐ But,dipiridamol doesn’t ↓ cardiac work & O₂ consump=on.
‐ Dipiridamol inhibits platelet aggrega=on & has an=aggregatory influence.
‐ It can be used to prophylac=cally treat angina pectoris.
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