Close 1

Humans are commonly believed to be __ 1 __ animals that can consume both

plantand animal products. Evidence suggests that early Homo Sapiens
employedHunter-gatherer as their primary means of __ 2 __ collection.
Thisinvolves combining stationary plant and fungal food sources (such asfruits,
grains, roots, and mushrooms) with mobile animals, which mustbe __ 3 __ and
killed in order to be consumed.

Atleast ten thousand years __ 4 __, humans developed agriculture, whichhas

altered the kind of food people eat. This has led to a variety ofimportant historical
consequences, such as increased population, thedevelopment of cities, and the
wider spread of infectious diseases.

Aportion of food or the act of eating a portion of food is considered ameal. Often
named and patterned, meals play a role in an importantsocial occasion, such as
the celebration of many key cultural andreligious festivals. A __ 5 __ can be used
as means for feeding a single individual or shared and eaten simultaneously by
two or more people.
Thenumber of meals consumed by __ 6 __ in a day, their size, composition,when
and how they are prepared and eaten varies __ 7 __ around theworld. This __ 8
__ can be attributed to a number of local factors,including climate, ecology,
economy, cultural traditions andindustrialisation.

In societies where the availability of food has __ 9 __ above subsistencelevels

and beyond staple foods, meals are also sold pre-prepared for __ 10 __
consumption in restaurants and other similar retail premises.

1. carnivorous omnivorous herbivorous social

2. nutrient vitamin food meat

3. hunted captured captivated tracked

4. ago later after before

5. food vitamins meat meal

6. humans individuals persons people

7. all over huge greatly almost

8. diversity bewilderment variety kind

9. arose aroused risen raised

10. quick immediate synchronous fast

1
Answers 1

1. omnivorous
2. food
3. hunted
4. ago
5. meal
6. individuals
7. greatly
8. diversity
9. risen
10. immediate

Cloze Test Practice 2

Vaccination is a term coined by Edward Jenner for the __ 1 __ of administering

live, albeit weakened, microbes to patients, with the intent of conferring
immunity against a targeted form of a related __ 2 __ agent. Vaccination (Latin:
vaccacow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus
affecting cows: the cowpox virus, a relatively benign virus that, in its __ 3 __
form, provides a degree of immunity to smallpox, a contagious and __ 4 __
disease. In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally have the
same colloquial meaning.

Vaccination efforts were initially met with some resistance before early success
brought widespread acceptance and mass vaccination campaigns were
undertaken. The eradication of smallpox is considered the most spectacular
success of vaccination. The last natural case of smallpox was discovered on
October 26, 1977 in Somalia. This date is considered the anniversary of the __ 5
__ of smallpox.

Modern-day critics of vaccination are concerned that __ 6 __ vaccination plays a

role in autoimmune disease and autism, though large-scale scientific studies have
failed to find a link.

In the generic sense, the process of triggering immune response, in an effort to

protect against infectious disease, works by 'priming' the immune system with an
'immunogen'. Stimulating immune response, via use of an infectious agent, is
known as immunization. Vaccinations __ 7 __ the administration of one or more
immunogens, in the form of live, but weakened (attenuated) infectious agents,
which __ 8 __ are either weaker, but closely-related species (as with smallpox
and cowpox), or strains weakened by some process. In such cases, an
immunogen is called a vaccine.

Some modern vaccines are administered after the patient already has contracted
a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease
vaccines. Vaccinia given after exposure to smallpox, within the first four days, is
reported to __ 9 __ the disease considerably, as vaccination within the first week
is thought to be beneficial to a degree. The essential theory behind such
immunizations is that the vaccine triggers __ 10 __ immune response than the
natural infection itself.

1. process transmission procedure growing

2
2. sick unhealthy disease sickness

3. healthy demi sick weakened

4. deathable dead deadly deathly

5. eradication existence killing terminate

6. childhood adulthood childish children

7. produce involve need acquaint

8. virtually normally usually always

9. attenuate diminish eradicate disappear

10. super huge enormous superior

answers 2

1. process
2. disease
3. weakened
4. deadly
5. eradication
6. childhood
7. involve
8. normally
9. eradicate
10. superior