-Not affected by acid rain: low population density / no permanent population; less demand for energy; less

vehicles / cars used; land used for agriculture and not industry; long distance from main producers of acid
rain;

-Explain how acid rain is formed: it is a global problem/ it affects more than one country / it is problem in
many countries; it is caused in one country and felt in another/ pollution crosses national boundaries;
because is blown/ carried by the wind; named example to support; solutions will not be effective unless all
countries agree to them; difficult for one country to solve on its own; some countries might need financial
help; technology required; it is costly to install alternative energy sources;

-Suggest reasons why clay soils are often used as grazing land rather than for growing crops: (ii) clay soils
retain water; so they give lush/ good pasture; clay soils can be waterlogged/ poorly aerated/ eq.; so would
be too wet for crops; clay soils are heavy; so are difficult to plough; clay soils are too cold for crop growth.

-Describe the advantages of the Green Revolution: increased food production/wider range of crops can be
grown; developed the use of high-yielding varieties; more mechanisation means less labour needed; reduced
food shortages; less reliant on imports / can export food; falling food prices; crops less prone to disease/
drought; crops more able to withstand wind and rain; some farmers became more wealthy

-Suggest strategies for sustainable agriculture: organic farming, mixed cropping, crop rotations, plant
breeding, trickle drip irrigation, integrated pest control/ biological control

-Suggest ways in which the problem of marine pollution could be managed to ensure our oceans are a
sustainable resource: preventing oil spills, dealing with oil spills, international co-operation and agreements
/legislation, managing raw sewage, controls on industry / mining, education, controls on dumping waste at
sea and management of waste plastics

-Explain how badly managed irrigation can cause damage to soil: (iii) irrigation can cause salinisation of the
soil; water lying on surface contains minerals; water evaporates; salt crystals are left behind; water moves
up from water table to replace evaporated water; this water also contains salts; soil erosion from excess
water; loss of soil structure (due to application of irrigation in large droplet size); leaching of nutrients from
excess wter

-Two sources of nitrogen in the North Sea from human activities: from synthetic fertilisers, sewage and
animal waste

-Most of the worlds rivers carry pollutants: Many people/settlements/industries are on sides of rivers/in
river valleys, elaboration of reasons for the attractions of river side locations for people, references to the
sources of pollution

-Some carry more than others: Some river drainage basins are more densely populated/have more industries
along them, some are longer (e.g. the Rhine) so have more chance of passing through populated areas,
presence of heavy industries (e.g. oil refining and chemicals) are particularly significant as some are
important for navigation/used by shipping/mouths used by ocean ships, others (e.g. the Amazon) flow
through sparsely populated regions, reference to different levels of pollution control,

-Why is plankton important in the North Sea food chains? Basic food upon which the rest of the food chains
depend however expressed
-Reasons for low population growth: Government implements population policy e.g. 1-child in China,
Increased use of family planning / provision of clinics in rural areas, Social changes e.g. improvements in
education of women, Economic development changes attitudes towards children, References to migration
or increased death rates (e.g. from AIDs) could also be relevant (since it is population growth, not just birth
rate)

-Reasons for higher population growth: in other countries are largely the opposites of those given above.
The emphasis should be on reasons why high birth rates persist, for which poverty and culture, (including
the role of women in society and religion), are very significant factors.

-How farming activities can lead to pollutants entering a river: Farmers put fertilisers/named fertiliser
(nitrates/pot./phosphate)/pesticides on their land; rain will take some down into the soil; where it moves
through the soil to rivers.

-Explain the biological effects of agricultural pollution on a river: Algae growth faster; block light; die;
bacteria in rivers break down dead algae; uses up large amounts of oxygen to break down pollutants; leaving
the river short of oxygen; causing damage to fish and other water life; reference to eutrophication; Animal
waste; (leading to eutrophication) points Animal waste; diseases (e.g. of fish/humans) Food chain
amplification effect described. Idea that pesticides poisonous worth one. (3)

-Why is it difficult to reduce river pollution in large rivers in developing countries? There is a wide variety of
points possible here, give full credit for developed points and examples. e.g: River Ganges is sacred to
Hindus; so river burial is a regular ritual; and would be hard to stop for the large Hindu population of India.
There are many other simpler points like developing countries will often lack the infrastructure; alternative
ways of disposing of waste; areas around major rivers are often densely populated; lack of education; lack of
Money

-Describe strategies that may help reduce high levels of population increase in developing countries: A larger
proportion will need looking after by a smaller proportion of the population; taxes may have to rise for care
for the elderly; ageing workforce may become less flexible and less ready to assimilate new ideas.
Government controls e.g. China: education of women; greater provision of information about or physical
manifestations of birth control etc.

-Why are (i) sunlight and (ii) rainfall essential to life on Earth?

Sunlight: Provides the energy used by plants in photosynthesis, plants are the primary producers which
support all animal life, provides warmth/heat that plants/animals need, supports the water cycle.

Rainfall: Allows transfer of nutrients from the roots, nutrients in solution enable plants to grow,
compensates for losses by transpiration, needed by crops/animals for food output.

-Explain why people find it more difficult to exploit the natural resources of seas and oceans than those of
the land: All resources are more difficult and expensive to obtain at or from under the sea; they have to be
transported back to land to be used; weather conditions are more of a problem e.g. average wind speeds are
higher at sea. Some resources are at depths beyond what current technology allows.

-Explain more fully why the scientist supports GM crops and the environmentalist opposes their use.
Scientist supporting use: Advantages for food output and nutrition. Less need for new farm land to be
cleared. Less pollution from chemical pesticides.

Environmentalist opposing their use : Using plants which are not naturally created. This is dangerous
because bio-diversity is likely to be reduced. Some of the claims made by those in favour such as less
environmental damage and more food output have not been met.

Life expenctacy: The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Infant mortality: The number of infants (per thousand) who die before their first birthday.