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DESIGN OF
GROUNDING GRIDS
8. INVESTIGATION OF TRANSFERRED
POTENTIALS AND SPECIAL DANGER POINTS
9. CORRECTION OR REFINEMENT OF
PRELIMINARY DESIGN AS INDICATED BY
6,7AND 8
UNIFORM SOIL
STRUCTURE
MESH
EVALUATION OF GROUND RESISTANCE:
I r.m.s current in KA
A Conductor cross section in mm2
Vm Maximum allowable temperature in oC
(250 oC)
Va Ambient temperature in oC (50 oC)
Vo Reference temperature for physical
constants in oC (20 oC)
o Thermal co-efficient of resistivity at Vo
oC
Ko 1/o
T Time of current flow, in seconds
TCAP Material constant
o material resistivity at Va in /cm3
1
= o 10 4
(K o + Vo )TCAP
Copper
Copper clad steel
Mild steel
COMPUTATION OF TOUCH/MESH VOLTAGES:
D2
(D + 2h)2
h 1 8
Emesh = Ki ln
+
+ ln
2L 16hd 8Dd 4d 1+ h / ho n(2N 1)
L = Lc + 1.15 Lr
Lc = Total length of horizontal grid
conductors
Lr = Total length for ground rods
Ki = Current irregularity factor
D = Distance between parallel conductors
d = Diameter of grid conductor
h= Depth of Burial of Grid
CONDUCTOR LENGTH REQUIRED FOR GRADIENT
CONTROL:
t D2
(D + 2h )
2
h
+
1 8
L = K i I n + n
2 (155 + 0 .2325 s ) 16 hd 8 Dd 4d 1 + h ho n ( 2 N 1)
1 N2
IK i 1 1 1
E step = + + 1 volts
L
2 h D + h D 2
2
R 1 . R 2 R 12
R =
R 1 + R 2 2 R 12
1 2 l1 l1
R 1
= ln 2 + K 1
K 2
l1 h 1 A
a 2 l1 l1
R 2 = ln
2 +
K 1 A K 2 + 1
2n l 2 l 2
h1 = d 1h
for conductors buried at depth r,
or
= 0.5d for conductors at h=0 (on earths surface)
A :covered by a grid of dimensions
n :number of ground rods placed in area A
K1, K2 :constants related to the geometry of the
system.
d1 :diameter of grid conductor, in meters
d2 :diameter of ground rods, in meters
KERCEKS COEFFICIENTS
K1 =
ab 1 a + a 2 + b2 1 b + a 2 + b2
(1.84) ln + ln +
a
+
b
a 2 + b2( ) 2
a +b
2
2 a b 2 2 3 a 2 b2
b a 3b 3a
2 b b 2
a + 2 + b
+ a +
2
a
4 (a + b ) (a + b ) 2 2 2
K 2 = ln + 2 K1 ln 1 2 ln
b ab b 2 2
b b
+ a2 +
2 2
MAXIMUM GRID POTENTIAL RISE:
GPR= Ig * Rg
CURRENT DIVERSION:
LIMITED ACCESS:
FLOW CHART
FOR DESIGN