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TRAFFICFLOWBEHAVIOURS
SHOCKWAVESINTRAFFICSTREAMS
QUEUESINTRAFFICSTREAMS
GAPSINTRAFFICSTREAMS
TRAFFICCONGESTIONS
TRAFFIC CONGESTIONS
MODULE03 TEM620S TRAFFICENGINEERING TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
FLOW DENSITY(q k)DIAGRAM
q)
Flow (q
qcap
q2 2
1
q1
k1 km k2 kj Density (k)
Whenthecapacityoftheweiropeningissmallerthantheupstreamflow.
Backwater is created
Backwateriscreated.
Thisislikeaqueuecreatedupstreamofabottleneck.
Thetailofthequeuemovesupstreamuntiltheupstreamin
The tail of the queue moves upstream until the upstream in
flowandtheoutflowfromtheopeningbecomeequal.
Thisphenomenoniscalledshockwave.
So,theformationofqueueupstreamofabottleneckislikethe
formationofbackwatercausedbyaweir.
MODULE03 TEM620S TRAFFICENGINEERING TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
FUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAM OF TRAFFIC AND SHOCK WAVES
q 2 q1
4
u
Thequeueformsontheupstreamofthebottleneck;
q (veh/h)
w
k 2 k1
wethereforeusethediagramoftheupstreamflowdiagram.
W k
Workarea (C t
(CreatesaBottleneck)
B ttl k)
qcap,u
qmax
3
UpstreamFlow
p
1
q1 Slopegivesvelocityuw
of shock wave for q1
ofshockwaveforq
BottleneckEntry
4 qcap,b 2
2 q2
3
BottleneckFlow
Upstream
q3
Speeddecreasesand
1
densityincreasesbut
noqueue.
k1 km k2 kj k (veh/km)
MODULE03 TEM620S TRAFFICENGINEERING TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
FUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAM OF TRAFFIC AND SHOCK WAVES
q (veh/h)
3 Velocityuw oftheformedshockwave
1400
isgivenbytheslopeofline1 2
1200 2
1
1000
25 70 120 k (veh/km)
MODULE03 TEM620S TRAFFICENGINEERING TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
ENTRANCEOFSLOWMOVINGTRUCKINASTREAMOFFASTMOVINGVEHICLES
Vehicle that p
passed d0 jjust before the truck entered
Distance
e SPACING
A
h2
B
s1 s2
A
d1
B
h1
d HEADWAY
ZONEOFFLOWCONDITION1(FREEFLOW)
t t1 Time
Vehicle that came just after the truck entered
3 JAMMED(STOPPED) 3 4 BACKWARDRECOVERY 34
4 SATURATED FLOW
SATURATEDFLOW 2 4
2 FORWARD MOVING
FORWARDMOVING 24
1 4 FORWARDRECOVERY 14
EndofOurStudy
ownstreamSide
1
2 4 2
Do
INTERSECTION 23 12 23
GREEN RED GREEN RED Etc.
UpstreamSSide
E Q S
3 3
L
T 1
1
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
MODULE03 TEM620S TRAFFICENGINEERING Time
TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
SHOCKWAVESCLASSIFICATION
FRONTALSTATIONARY
Distance
LowerDensities
Lower Densities LowerDensities
Lower Densities
D
ToTheLeft ToTheRight
AREAOFHIGHDENSITY
LowerDensities LowerDensities
ToTheLeft ToTheRight
REARSTATIONARY
LowerDensities
FartherUpstream
QUEUINGTHEORYINTRAFFICFLOW
ArrivingCustomers ServedCustomers
QUEUE SERVER
NumberofCustomersinqueuesystem Spendtimew
Queueshavesomedisciplinesthattheyfollowandcanbemodelled
Queuingmodelsaredefinedandusedto;
Describethebehaviourofqueuingsystems
Describe the behaviour of queuing systems
Evaluatesystemperformance
MODULE03 TEM620S TRAFFICENGINEERING TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
QUEUELENGTHSANDQUEUEDESCIPLINES
AQueueLengthcanbe
A Queue Length can be either;
QueueDiscipline(rulesbywhichthenextcustomertobeservedis
Queue Discipline (rules by which the next customer to be served is
selected)
Thesebehavioursaredeterminedbythreefactors;
Vehiclearrivals Deterministic(D)orStochastic(M)
Serveroperations
Server operations Number of Servers
NumberofServers
Vehicledepartures Deterministic(D)orStochastic(M)
Queuemodelsarethereforedescribedbythreecharacters
Assumptionsmadeonarrivals
p LetterD orM
Assumptionsmadeondepartures LetterDorM
NumberofServes Number/IntegerN
MODULE03 TEM620S TRAFFICENGINEERING TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
Examplesofqueuemodelscommonlyusedintrafficengineering;
D/D/1
/ / Deterministicmodel
M/D/1 Stochastic model
M/M/1 Stochastic
S h i model
M/M/N Stochastic model
Numberofavailableservers
Departureassumptions
Arrivalassumptions
D/D/1isasimplemodelthatcanbesolvedmathematicallyor
graphically
hi ll
140 AND
Therewasatotalofnd vehiclesdeparted
80 na
QUEEUE
Point of Queue Dissipation
PointofQueueDissipation
60
DepartureFunctionD(t)
nd
40 n DELAY Thenth vehiclearrivedatt1
AND
Departedatt2.
20
Resultingadelayoft2 t1 minutes
0
0 2 t1 4 6 t2 8 t 10 12 14 ... Time(min)
MODULE03 TEM620S TRAFFICENGINEERING TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
APPLICATIONOFD/D/1MODEL
EXAMPLE02:
Thetrafficpolicetake15secondstocheckthevehiclestravelling
fromOkahandja toWindhoekduringthemorningpeakhouratthe
Roadblock.Thevehicleswereobservedtoarriveattherateof420
veh/hat07:00,droppingto150veh/hat07:30,whichdropped
further to 90 veh/h at 08:00. Calculate;
furtherto90veh/hat08:00.Calculate;
a. Themaximumtimeneededtoclearthequeuethatwasformed.
b. Themaximumqueuelength.
q g
c. Theaveragedelaypervehicle.
d. Theaveragequeuelength.
45veh
250 A3
(60,240)
No.ofA
(30,210) A2
200
A1 90veh
150
(30,120)
100
Time(min)
MODULE03 TEM620S
30 60
TRAFFICENGINEERING
90 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
THEPOISSONDISTRIBUTION
The Poisson distrib tion is defined b
ThePoissondistributionisdefinedby:
x
e
f( )
f(x)
x!
Where:
f(x) istheprobabilityofxoccurrencesinaninterval
istheexpectedvalueormeanvalueofoccurrenceswithinan
interval
e isaconstantorEuler'snumber(baseofnaturallogarithm).
e = 2 71828
e=2.71828
t
n t
e
P(n)
n!
Where:
P( )
P(n) i th
istheprobabilityofnvehiclesarrivinginanintervalt
b bilit f hi l i i i i t lt
isthemeanarrivalrateintimeintervalt
t isthetimeintervaloverwhichvehiclesareobserved
n isthenumberofincidentvehicles
e isthemathematicalconstant(orEuler'snumber)
e=2.71828
2 2 P0N1 1
Q = 2
2(1) (1) N!N 1 N
Averagequeuesize(innumberofvehicles)
+Q 1
w = =
2(1)
2 (1 ) (1)
(1 ) ()
( )
Averagewaitingtimepervehicles
2 1 1 +Q
t = =
2(1) (1)
Average queuing time per vehicle (total delay)
Averagequeuingtimepervehicle(totaldelay)
x n
P(0)x
P(0)
For nN
n!
P(n) =
P(0)xn
For nN
N!xNnN
P(0)xN+1
P(n>N) =
N!xNnN 1 N
MODULE03 TEM620S TRAFFICENGINEERING TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
Where:
P(0) = Probabilityofhavingnovehicleinthesystem
P(n) = Probabilityofhavingnvehiclesinthesystem
P(n>N) = Probabilitythatthenumberofvehiclesinthesystem
isgreaterthanthenumberofdeparturechannel
(i.e.theprobabilityofwaitinginaqueue)
n = Numberofvehiclesinthesystem
N = Numberofdeparturechannels
nc = Departurechannelnumber
= Trafficintensity
T ffi i t it
EachvehicleexitingfromtheWernhill parkmallspends24sfor
payment.Vehiclesarriveatanaveragerateof2vehicleseveryminute.
If only one exit outlet is open;
Ifonlyoneexitoutletisopen;
i. UsingtheM/M/1modelcalculate;
a TheaveragequeuesizeQ
a. The average queue size Q
b. Theaveragewaitingtimew
c. Theaveragetotaldelayt
d. Theprobabilityofhaving4vehiclesinthequeue.
ii. UsingtheM/D/1modelcalculate;
a. TheaveragequeuesizeQ
b. Theaveragewaitingtimew
c Theaveragetotaldelayt
c. The average total delay t
a. Arampcanhold40vehiclesbeforespillingover.Duringnonpeak
periods,thearrivalrateontherampwas240vehiclesperhour.
The entry of the vehicle on the high speed highway from the ramp
Theentryofthevehicleonthehighspeedhighwayfromtheramp
allows250vehiclesperhour.Determine;
ii. Theprobabilityoftheramptobeempty,halffullandfull.
Th b bilit f th t b t h lf f ll d f ll
ii. Theexpectednumberofvehiclesontheramp.
b If
b. Ifthearrivalratereducesto200vehiclesperhour,calculatethe
h i l d 200 hi l h l l h
newvalues.
Theentrancetoastadiumhadfivepassageswherecontrolchecksare
The entrance to a stadium had five passages where control checks are
done.Inoneverycrucialmatchduringthefootballleaguespectators
arrivedattheentranceatarateof1420personsperhour.
On entering the stadium each person spent an average of 10 seconds
Onenteringthestadium,eachpersonspentanaverageof10seconds
forcontrolcheckatapassage.Experienceshowsthatthearrivaland
departureratesarebothexponentiallydistributed.Ifonlyfour
passageswereoperating,determine;
i. Theaveragequeuelength.
ii. Theaveragetimespentina(queue)system.
iii. Theprobabilitythatyouwillwaitinaqueuehavingbeing
informed of the situation while you were on your way to the
informedofthesituationwhileyouwereonyourwaytothe
stadium.
iv. Thechangestoeachvaluecalculatedaboveifthestadium
managerdecidestoopenthefifthpassage.
d id t th fifth
GAPSANDGAPACCEPTANCE
Merging Avehicleinonetrafficstreamjoinsanothertrafficstreammovinginthe
samedirection
Diverging Avehicleinatrafficstreamleavesthattrafficstream
Weaving Avehiclefirstmergesintoastreamoftrafficthenmergersintoasecond
stream,ORthemaneuverofdriverstakingplaceatthecloverleaf
interchange
g
Timelag T2 T1
T1 T2
Space lag
Spacelag At an instant T
AtaninstantT
d2
d2 d1
Greenshields Thegapacceptedby50%ofthedrivers
Thegapforwhichthenumberofaccepted
Raff gaps shorter than it is equal to the number
gapsshorterthanitisequaltothenumber
ofrejectedgapslongerthanit.
MERGINGVEHICLE
NCEALONM
DISTAN
TIME
MODULE03 TEM620S TRAFFICENGINEERING TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
CRITICALGAPASDEFINEDBYHCM2000
Thecriticalgap,tc,isdefinedastheminimumtimeintervalinthe
majorstreettrafficstreamthatallowsintersectionentryforone
minorstreetvehicle
tc,x =ttc,base +ttc,HV PHV +ttc,G G
G tc,T t3,LT (E
(Equation171)
i 17 1)
where
tc,x
cx = critical
criticalgapformovementx(s),
gap for movement x (s),
tc,base = basecriticalgapfromExhibit175(s),
tc,HV = adjustmentfactorforheavyvehicles(1.0fortwolanemajorstreets
and2.0forfourlanemajorstreets)(s),
PHV = proportionofheavyvehiclesforminormovement,
tc,G = adjustmentfactorforgrade(0.1forMovements9and12and0.2for
Movements7,8,10,and11)(s),
G = percentgradedividedby100,
tc,T = adjustmentfactorforeachpartofatwostagegapacceptance
process(1.0forfirstorsecondstage;0.0ifonlyonestage)(s),and
t3,LT = adjustmentfactorforintersectiongeometry(0.7forminorstreetleft
adjustment factor for intersection geometry (0 7 for minor street left
turnmovementatthreelegintersection;0.0otherwise)(s).
MODULE03 TEM620S TRAFFICENGINEERING TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
FOLLOWUPTIMEASDEFINEDBYHCM2000
Thecriticalgapistheminimumtimeintervalbetweenthefront
The critical gap is the minimum time interval between the front
bumpersoftwosuccessivevehiclesinthemajortrafficstreamthat
willallowtheentryofoneminorstreetvehicle.
Whenmorethanoneminorstreetvehicleusesonemajorstreet
gap,thetimeheadwaybetweenthetwominorstreetvehiclesis
calledfollowuptime.
tf,x
f x =t
tf,base
f base +t
tf,HV
f HV PHV ((Equation172)
q )
where
tf,x
fx = followuptimeforminormovementx(s),
p ()
tf,base = basefollowuptimefromExhibit175(s),
tf,HV = adjustmentfactorforheavyvehicles(0.9fortwolanemajorstreets
and1.0forfourlanemajorstreets),and
PHV = proportionofheavyvehiclesforminormovement.
EXAMPLE 07:
EXAMPLE07:
Heavytrafficflownearthemergingareaofahighwayflowsat2250veh/h.
The minimum gap in the main traffic stream is 0 5 seconds while the
Theminimumgapinthemaintrafficstreamis0.5secondswhilethe
criticalgapforthemergingvehiclesis3.5seconds.