PASCAL

Elgin
[COMPANY NAME] [Company address]
List of mathematical symbols
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Table of mathematical symbols)
Jump to: navigation, search
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

This is a list of symbols found within all branches of mathematics to express a formula or to
represent a constant.

When reading the list, it is important to recognize that a mathematical concept is independent of
the symbol chosen to represent it. For many of the symbols below, the symbol is usually
synonymous with the corresponding concept (ultimately an arbitrary choice made as a result of
the cumulative history of mathematics), but in some situations a different convention may be
used. For example, depending on context, the triple bar "" may represent congruence or a
definition. Further, in mathematical logic, numerical equality is sometimes represented by ""
instead of "=", with the latter representing equality of well-formed formulas. In short, convention
dictates the meaning.

Each symbol is shown both in HTML, whose display depends on the browser's access to an
appropriate font installed on the particular device, and typeset as an image using TeX.

Contents
[hide]

1 Guide
2 Basic symbols
3 Symbols based on equality
4 Symbols that point left or right
5 Brackets
6 Other non-letter symbols
7 Letter-based symbols
o 7.1 Letter modifiers
o 7.2 Symbols based on Latin letters
o 7.3 Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek letters
8 Variations
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Guide[edit]
This list is organized by symbol type and is intended to facilitate finding an unfamiliar symbol
by its visual appearance. For a related list organized by mathematical topic, see List of
mathematical symbols by subject. That list also includes LaTeX and HTML markup and
Unicode code points for each symbol.

Basic symbols: Symbols widely used in mathematics, roughly through first-year

calculus. More advanced meanings are included with some symbols listed here.
Symbols based on equality "=": Symbols derived from or similar to the equal sign,
including double-headed arrows. Not surprisingly these symbols are often associated with
an equivalence relation.
Symbols that point left or right: Symbols, such as < and >, that appear to point to one
side or another.
Brackets: Symbols that are placed on either side of a variable or expression, such as |x|.
Other non-letter symbols: Symbols that do not fall in any of the other categories.
Letter-based symbols: Many mathematical symbols are based on, or closely resemble, a
letter in some alphabet. This section includes such symbols, including symbols that
resemble upside-down letters. Many letters have conventional meanings in various
branches of mathematics and physics. These are not listed here. The See also section,
below, has several lists of such usages.
o Letter modifiers: Symbols that can be placed on or next to any letter to modify
the letter's meaning.
o Symbols based on Latin letters, including those symbols that resemble or
contain an X
o Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek letters e.g. . , , , , , , ,,
Note: symbols resembling are grouped with "V" under Latin letters.
Variations: Usage in languages written right-to-left

Basic symbols[edit]
Symbol Name
Symbol Read as Explanation Examples
in
in TeX
HTML Category
addition

plus; 4 + 6 means the sum of 4 and

add
2+7=9
6.
arithmetic
+ disjoint union A1 = {3, 4, 5,
6} A2 = {7,
the disjoint A1 + A2 means the disjoint
union of ... and union of sets A1 and A2. 8, 9, 10}
... A1 + A2 = {(3,
1), (4, 1), (5,
 set theory 1), (6, 1), (7,
2), (8, 2), (9,
2), (10, 2)}
subtraction

minus;
36 11 means the subtraction
take; 36 11 = 25
subtract of 11 from 36.

arithmetic
negative sign

negative;
3 means the additive inverse
(5) = 5
minus;
the opposite of of the number 3.

arithmetic
set-theoretic A B means the set that
complement contains all the elements of A
that are not in B. {1, 2, 4} {1,
minus;
3, 4} = {2}
without ( can also be used for set-
theoretic complement as
set theory described below.)
plus-minus The equation x
6 3 means both 6 + 3 and 6 = 5 4 , has
plus or minus
3. two solutions, x
arithmetic = 7 and x = 3.
\pm plus-minus If a = 100 1
10 2 or equivalently 10
mm, then a
plus or minus 20% means the range from 10
99 mm and a
2 to 10 + 2.
measurement 101 mm.
minus-plus cos(x y) =
6 (3 5) means 6 + (3 cos(x) cos(y)
\mp
minus or plus
5) and 6 (3 + 5). sin(x)
arithmetic sin(y).
multiplication 3 4 or 3 4 means the
7 8 = 56
multiplication of 3 by 4.
 times;
multiplied by

arithmetic
dot product
scalar product

dot
u v means the dot product of (1, 2, 5) (3,
vectors u and v 4, 1) = 6
linear algebra
vector algebra
\times (1, 2, 5) (3,
cross product
vector product
4, 1) =

u v means the cross product i j k

\cdot cross
of vectors u and v 1 2 5
linear algebra 3 4 1
vector algebra
= (22, 16, 2)
placeholder A means a placeholder for an
argument of a function.
(silent) Indicates the functional nature
||
of an expression without
functional assigning a specific symbol for
analysis an argument.
division
(Obelus)
6 3 or 6 3 means the 2 4 = 0.5
divided by;
division of 6 by 3.
over 12 4 = 3
arithmetic
quotient group {0, a, 2a, b, b
\div G / H means the quotient of + a, b + 2a} /
mod group G modulo its subgroup {0, b} = {{0,
H. b}, {a, b + a},
group theory {2a, b + 2a}}
quotient set If we define ~
A/~ means the set of all ~ by x ~ y x
mod
equivalence classes in A. y , then
set theory /~ = {x + n :
 n , x
[0,1)}.
square root
(radical
symbol)
x means the nonnegative
the (principal) number whose square is x.
4 = 2
square root of

real numbers
\surd
complex square
root
\sqrt{x} If z = r exp(i) is represented
the (complex) in polar coordinates with <
square root of , then z = r
1 = i
exp(i/2).
complex
numbers
summation

\sum
sum over ...
from ... to ... of means .

calculus
indefinite
integral or
antiderivative

indefinite
integral of
- OR -
f(x) dx means a function whose
the derivative is f.
antiderivative
\int
of

calculus
definite integral
b
integral from ... a f(x) dx means the signed area b
to ... of ... with between the x-axis and the a x2 dx = b3
respect to graph of the function f between a3/3
x = a and x = b.
calculus

line integral C f ds means the integral of f
along the curve C, b
line/ path/
curve/ integral a f(r(t)) |r'(t)| dt, where r is a
of ... along ... parametrization of C. (If the
curve is closed, the symbol
calculus may be used instead, as
described below.)
Similar to the integral, but used
to denote a single integration
over a closed curve or loop. It is
sometimes used in physics texts
involving equations regarding
Gauss's Law, and while these
formulas involve a closed
surface integral, the
representations describe only
the first integration of the
volume over the enclosing
surface. Instances where the
latter requires simultaneous
Contour
double integration, the symbol
integral;
closed line
would be more appropriate. A If C is a Jordan
integral
third related symbol is the curve about 0,
\oint contour integral closed volume integral, denoted then
of by the symbol C 1/z dz = 2i.

.
calculus
The contour integral can also
frequently be found with a
subscript capital letter C,
C, denoting that a closed loop
integral is, in fact, around a
contour C, or sometimes dually
appropriately, a circle C. In
representations of Gauss's Law,
a subscript capital S,
S, is used to denote that the
integration is over a closed
surface.

\ldots

ellipsis
\cdots
and so forth
Indicates omitted values from a 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8
pattern. + 1/16 + = 1
everywhere
\vdots

\ddots

therefore
All humans are
therefore; mortal. Socrates

Sometimes used in proofs

so; is a human.
\therefore before logical consequences.
hence Socrates is
mortal.
everywhere
because
11 is prime it
has no positive

because; Sometimes used in proofs

integer factors
\because since before reasoning.
other than itself
and one.
everywhere
factorial
n! means the product 1 2 ...
factorial
n.
combinatorics
The statement !A is true if and
only if A is false.
! logical negation
A slash placed through another
operator is the same as "!"
not !(!A) A
placed in front.
x y !(x = y)
propositional
(The symbol ! is primarily from
logic
computer science. It is avoided
in mathematical texts, where
the notation A is preferred.)
 The statement A is true if and
only if A is false.

A slash placed through another

logical negation
operator is the same as ""
placed in front.
\neg not (A) A
x y (x = y)
(The symbol ~ has many other
propositional
logic
uses, so or the slash notation
is preferred. Computer
scientists will often use ! but
this is avoided in mathematical
texts.)
proportionality

is proportional
y x means that y = kx for

if y = 2x, then y
to;
\propto some constant k. x.
varies as

everywhere
infinity
is an element of the extended

\infty
infinity
number line that is greater than
all real numbers; it often occurs
in limits.
numbers

\blacksquare
end of proof

QED; Used to mark the end of a

tombstone; proof.
Halmos finality
\Box
symbol (May also be written Q.E.D.)

everywhere
\blacktriangleright

Symbols based on equality[edit]
Symbol Symbol Name
in Read as Explanation Examples
in TeX
HTML Category
equality
means and
is equal to;
= equals
represent the same math object
(Both symbols have the same
value).
everywhere

means that and

do not represent the same math
inequality
object (Both symbols do not
have the same value).
\ne
is not equal to;
does not equal
(The forms !=, /= or <> are
generally used in programming
everywhere
languages where ease of typing
and use of ASCII text is
preferred.)
approximately
equal x y means x is approximately
equal to y.
is approximately 3.14159
equal to This may also be written , ,
~, (Libra Symbol), or .
everywhere
\approx G H means that group G is
isomorphism isomorphic (structurally
identical) to group H.
is isomorphic to Q8 / C2 V
( can also be used for
group theory isomorphic, as described
below.)
probability
distribution
X ~ D, means the random X ~ N(0,1), the
variable X has the probability standard normal
has distribution
distribution D. distribution
~ \sim statistics
A ~ B means that B can be
row equivalence
generated by using a series of
elementary row operations on A
 is row equivalent
to

matrix theory
same order of
magnitude
m ~ n means the quantities m
and n have the same order of 2~5
roughly similar;
magnitude, or general size.
poorly
8 9 ~ 100
approximates;
(Note that ~ is used for an
is on the order of
approximation that is poor, but 2 10
otherwise use .)
approximation
theory
similarity
ABC ~ DEF means triangle
is similar to[1] ABC is similar to (has the same
shape) triangle DEF.
geometry
asymptotically
equivalent

is asymptotically
x ~ x+1
equivalent to f ~ g means .

asymptotic
analysis
equivalence
relation
a ~ b means (and
are in the same 1 ~ 5 mod 4
equivalence class equivalently ).
everywhere
x := y, y =: x or x y means x is
=: definition
defined to be another name for
y, under certain assumptions
taken in context.
is defined as;
:= is equal by
(Some writers use to mean
definition to
congruence).
everywhere
P Q means P is defined to be
logically equivalent to Q.
:

congruence
ABC DEF means triangle
ABC is congruent to (has the
is congruent to
same measurements as) triangle
DEF.
geometry
G H means that group G is
\cong isomorphic isomorphic (structurally
identical) to group H.
is isomorphic to V C2 C2
( can also be used for
abstract algebra isomorphic, as described
above.)
congruence
relation

... is congruent to a b (mod n) means a b is

\equiv ... modulo ... divisible by n
5 2 (mod 3)

modular
arithmetic
material
equivalence
\Leftrightarrow
if and only if; A B means A is true if B is x+5=y+2x
iff true and A is false if B is false. +3=y
propositional
\leftrightarrow
logic
Assignment
:=
A := b means A is defined to Let a := 3, then...
is defined to be
have the value b. f(x) := x + 3
=: everywhere
Symbols that point left or right[edit]
Name
Symbol Symbol Read as Explanation Examples
in HTML in TeX
Category
strict inequality
means x is less than y.
is less than,
is greater than
< means x is greater
order theory than y.
proper subgroup
>
is a proper means H is a proper
subgroup of
subgroup of G.
group theory
significant
(strict) inequality
x y means x is much
is much less less than y.
than, 0.003 1000000
is much greater x y means x is much
than greater than y.

order theory
asymptotic
comparison f g means the growth of
f is asymptotically bounded
is of smaller by g.
order than,
is of greater (This is I. M. Vinogradov's
x ex
\ll order than notation. Another notation
\gg is the Big O notation,
analytic number which looks like f = O(g).)
theory
absolute
continuity If is the
counting measure on
means that is
is absolutely
absolutely continuous with
continuous with and is the
respect to Lebesgue measure,
respect to , i.e.,
measure theory then .
 whenever , we have

.
x y means x is less than
or equal to y.

x y means x is greater
than or equal to y.
inequality
(The forms <= and >= are
is less than or generally used in
equal to, programming languages, 3 4 and 5 5
is greater than or where ease of typing and 5 4 and 5 5
equal to use of ASCII text is
preferred.)
order theory
( and are also used by
some writers to mean the
same thing as and , but
this usage seems to be less
\le common.)
\ge subgroup
H G means H is a ZZ
is a subgroup of
subgroup of G. A3 S3
group theory
If
reduction
A B means the problem
is reducible to A can be reduced to the
problem B. Subscripts can
computational be added to the to then
complexity indicate what kind of
theory reduction.

congruence
relation

... is less than ... 10a 5 (mod 5)

is greater than ... for 1 a 10
\leqq modular
\geqq arithmetic
 x y means that each
component of vector x is
less than or equal to each
corresponding component
of vector y.

vector inequality x y means that each

component of vector x is
... is less than or greater than or equal to
equal... is greater each corresponding
than or equal... component of vector y.

order theory It is important to note that

x y remains true if every
element is equal. However,
if the operator is changed,
x y is true if and only if x
y is also true.
Karp reduction

is Karp reducible
to;
is polynomial- L1 L2 means that the
If L1 L2 and L2
time many-one problem L1 is Karp
reducible to reducible to L2.[2] P, then L1 P.

computational
complexity
theory
\prec Nondominated
\succ order

is nondominated P Q means that the

by element P is nondominated If P1 Q2 then
by element Q.[3]
Multi-objective
optimization
normal subgroup
N G means that N is a
is a normal
subgroup of normal subgroup of group Z(G) G
G.
group theory
&#x25C5; \triangleleft ideal
\triangleright
is an ideal of I R means that I is an
&
(2) Z
#x25BB; ideal of ring R.
ring theory

antijoin R S means the antijoin of

the relations R and S, the
the antijoin of tuples in R for which there
is not a tuple in S that is
relational algebra equal on their common
attribute names.
A B means if A is true
then B is also true; if A is
false then nothing is said
material
implication
about B.
x = 6 x2 5 =
( may mean the same as 36 5 = 31 is true,
implies;
, or it may have the but x2 5 = 36 5
if ... then
meaning for functions given = 31 x = 6 is in
below.) general false (since x
propositional
could be 6).
\Rightarrow
\rightarrow
logic, Heyting
( may mean the same as
algebra [4]
, or it may have the
\supset meaning for superset given
below.)
(subset) A B means
every element of A is also
an element of B.[5] (A B) A
subset
(proper subset) A B
is a subset of
means A B but A B.
\subseteq set theory
(Some writers use the
\subset
symbol as if it were the
same as .)
A B means every
element of B is also an
superset element of A.
(A B) B
is a superset of
A B means A B but

\supseteq set theory A B.
\supset
(Some writers use the
 symbol as if it were the
same as .)
function arrow
f: X Y means the Let f: {0}
from ... to
function f maps the set X be defined by f(x) :=
\to set theory, type into the set Y. x2.
theory
function arrow
f: a b means the Let f: x x + 1
maps to function f maps the element (the successor
\mapsto a to the element b. function).
set theory
subtype
If S <: T and T <: U
is a subtype of
T 1 <: T2 means that T1 is a
then S <: U
subtype of T . 2
<: type theory
(transitivity).

cover {1, 8} < {1, 3, 8}

< is covered by
x < y means that x is
among the subsets of
covered by y.
{1, 2, ..., 10}
ordered by
order theory containment.
entailment A B means the sentence
A entails the sentence B,
entails that is in every model in A A A
\vDash which A is true, B is also
model theory true.
inference

infers;
is derived from x y means y is derivable A B B
from x. A
propositional
logic, predicate
logic
\vdash
partition

is a partition of
p n means that p is a
partition of n. (4,3,1,1) 9,
number theory
 bra vector
| means the dual of the
vector |, a linear
|
the bra ...;
functional which maps a
the dual of ...
\langle ket | onto the inner
product |.
Dirac notation
ket vector A qubit's state can be
| means the vector with represented as |0+
the ket ...;
| label , which is in a |1, where and
the vector ...
\rangle Hilbert space. are complex numbers
s.t. ||2 + ||2 = 1.
Dirac notation

Brackets[edit]
Symbol Symbol Name
in Read as Explanation Examples
in TeX
HTML Category

combination; means (in the case of n = positive

binomial integer) the number of combinations
coefficient of k elements drawn from a set of n
elements.
n choose k
(This may also be written as C(n, k),
combinatorics
C(n; k), nCk, nCk, or .)
multiset
coefficient

u multichoose k (when u is positive integer)

means reverse or rising binomial
combinatorics coefficient.
absolute value; |3| = 3
modulus
|x| means the distance along the real |5| = |5| = 5
absolute value line (or across the complex plane)
of; modulus of between x and zero. |i|=1
|...|
numbers | 3 + 4i | = 5
Euclidean norm |x| means the (Euclidean) length of For x = (3,4)
or Euclidean vector x.
 length or
magnitude

Euclidean norm
of

geometry
determinant
|A| means the determinant of the
determinant of
matrix A
matrix theory
cardinality
|X| means the cardinality of the set X.
cardinality of;
size of; |{3, 5, 7, 9}| = 4.
(# may be used instead as described
order of
below.)
set theory
norm

norm of; x means the norm of the element x x+yx+

length of of a normed vector space.[6] y

linear algebra
... nearest integer
function
x means the nearest integer to x.
1 = 1, 1.6 = 2,
nearest integer 2.4 = 2,
(This may also be written [x], x,
to 3.49 = 3
nint(x) or Round(x).)
numbers
set brackets
{a,b,c} means the set consisting of a,
{,} the set of ... = { 1, 2, 3, ... }
b, and c.[7]
set theory

{:} set builder

notation
{x : P(x)} means the set of all x for
{n : n2 < 20}
{|} the set of ...
such that
which P(x) is true.[7] {x | P(x)} is the
same as {x : P(x)}.
= { 1, 2, 3, 4 }

set theory
{;}
 floor
x means the floor of x, i.e. the largest
floor; integer less than or equal to x. 4 = 4, 2.1 = 2,
... greatest integer;
entier
2.9 = 2, 2.6
(This may also be written [x], floor(x) = 3
or int(x).)
numbers
x means the ceiling of x, i.e. the
ceiling
smallest integer greater than or equal
4 = 4, 2.1 = 3,
... ceiling
to x.
2.9 = 3, 2.6
= 2
(This may also be written ceil(x) or
numbers
ceiling(x).)
nearest integer
function
x means the nearest integer to x.
2 = 2, 2.6 = 3,
... nearest integer
(This may also be written [x], ||x||,
3.4 = 3,
to 4.49 = 4
nint(x) or Round(x).)
numbers
degree of a field
[(2) : ] = 2
extension
[K : F] means the degree of the
[:] [ : ] = 2
the degree of extension K : F.
[ : ] =
field theory
equivalence
[a] means the equivalence class of a,
class Let a ~ b be true
i.e. {x : x ~ a}, where ~ is an
iff a b (mod 5).
equivalence relation.
the equivalence
class of Then [2] = {...,
[a]R means the same, but with R as the
8, 3, 2, 7, ...}.
[] abstract algebra
equivalence relation.
floor [x] means the floor of x, i.e. the largest
integer less than or equal to x.
[,] floor; [3] = 3, [3.5] = 3,
greatest integer; (This may also be written x, floor(x) [3.99] = 3, [3.7]
entier or int(x). Not to be confused with the = 4
[,,] nearest integer function, as described
numbers below.)
[x] means the nearest integer to x.
nearest integer [2] = 2, [2.6] = 3,
function [3.4] = 3,
(This may also be written x, ||x||,
[4.49] = 4
nint(x) or Round(x). Not to be
 nearest integer confused with the floor function, as
to described above.)

numbers
Iverson bracket
[0=5]=0,
1 if true, 0
[S] maps a true statement S to 1 and a [7>0]=1, [2
otherwise
false statement S to 0. {2,3,4}]=1, [5
{2,3,4}]=0
propositional
logic
f[X] means { f(x) : x X }, the image
of the function f under the set X
image
dom(f).
image of ...
(This may also be written as f(X) if
under ...
there is no risk of confusing the image
of f under X with the function
everywhere
application f of X. Another notation is
Im f, the image of f under its domain.)
closed interval
0 and 1/2 are in
closed interval
. the interval [0,1].
order theory
commutator
xy = x[x, y] (group
[g, h] = g1h1gh (or ghg1h1), if g, h
theory).
the commutator G (a group).
of
[AB, C] = A[B,
[a, b] = ab ba, if a, b R (a ring or
C] + [A, C]B
group theory, commutative algebra).
(ring theory).
ring theory
triple scalar
product
[a, b, c] = a b c, the scalar product [a, b, c] = [b, c,
the triple scalar
of a b with c. a] = [c, a, b].
product of

vector calculus
function
() application
If f(x) := x2 5,
f(x) means the value of the function f
then f(6) = 62 5
of at the element x.
= 36 5=31.
(,) set theory
 f(X) means { f(x) : x X }, the image
of the function f under the set X
image
dom(f).
image of ...
(This may also be written as f[X] if
under ...
there is a risk of confusing the image
of f under X with the function
everywhere
application f of X. Another notation is
Im f, the image of f under its domain.)
precedence
grouping
(8/4)/2 = 2/2 = 1,
Perform the operations inside the
but 8/(4/2) = 8/2
parentheses parentheses first.
= 4.
everywhere
An ordered list (or sequence, or (a, b) is an
tuple
horizontal vector, or row vector) of ordered pair (or
values. 2-tuple).
tuple; n-tuple;
ordered
(Note that the notation (a,b) is (a, b, c) is an
pair/triple/etc;
ambiguous: it could be an ordered ordered triple (or
row vector;
pair or an open interval. Set theorists 3-tuple).
sequence
and computer scientists often use
angle brackets instead of ( ) is the empty
everywhere
parentheses.) tuple (or 0-tuple).
highest common
factor
(a, b) means the highest common
highest common
factor of a and b. (3, 7) = 1 (they
factor;
are coprime);
greatest
(This may also be written hcf(a, b) or (15, 25) = 5.
common
gcd(a, b).)
divisor; hcf; gcd

number theory
4 is not in the
open interval .
(,) interval (4, 18).
open interval (Note that the notation (a,b) is
(0, +) equals
ambiguous: it could be an ordered
],[ order theory pair or an open interval. The notation
the set of positive
real numbers.
]a,b[ can be used instead.)
 left-open
interval
(,] half-open
(1, 7] and (,
interval;
. 1]
left-open
],] interval

order theory
right-open
interval
[,) half-open
[4, 18) and [1,
interval;
. +)
right-open
[,[ interval

order theory
u,v means the inner product of u and
v, where u and v are members of an
inner product space.

Note that the notation u, v may be

ambiguous: it could mean the inner
product or the linear span. The standard
inner product inner product
There are many variants of the between two
inner product of notation, such as u | v and (u | v), vectors x = (2, 3)
and y = (1, 5) is:
which are described below. For
linear algebra spatial vectors, the dot product x, y = 2 1 +
notation, x y is common. For 3 5 = 13
matrices, the colon notation A : B may
, be used. As and can be hard to
type, the more "keyboard friendly"
forms < and > are sometimes seen.
These are avoided in mathematical
texts.
for a time
average
let S be a subset of N for example, series :g(t) (t = 1,
2,...)
average of
represents the average of all the
elements in S. we can define the
statistics
structure
 functions Sq(
):

S means the span of S V. That is,

it is the intersection of all subspaces of
V which contain S.
u1, u2, ... is shorthand for {u1, u2,
linear span
...}.
(linear) span of;
linear hull of .
Note that the notation u, v may be
ambiguous: it could mean the inner
linear algebra
product or the linear span.

The span of S may also be written as

Sp(S).
subgroup
generated by a
set means the smallest subgroup of
G (where S G, a group) containing In S3, and
the subgroup every element of S.
generated by .
is shorthand for .
group theory

is an
tuple ordered pair (or
2-tuple).
An ordered list (or sequence, or
tuple; n-tuple;
horizontal vector, or row vector) of
ordered
values.
pair/triple/etc; is an
row vector; ordered triple (or
(The notation (a,b) is often used as
sequence 3-tuple).
well.)
everywhere
is the empty
tuple (or 0-tuple).
u | v means the inner product of u
| inner product
and v, where u and v are members of
an inner product space.[8] (u | v) means
inner product of
the same.
(|) linear algebra
Another variant of the notation is u,
 v which is described above. For
spatial vectors, the dot product
notation, x y is common. For
matrices, the colon notation A : B may
be used. As and can be hard to
type, the more "keyboard friendly"
forms < and > are sometimes seen.
These are avoided in mathematical
texts.

Other non-letter symbols[edit]

Symbol Symbol Name
in Read as Explanation Examples
in TeX
HTML Category
convolution

convolution;
f g means the
convolved with
convolution of f and g. .
functional
analysis
complex z means the complex
conjugate conjugate of z.

conjugate
.
( can also be used for
complex the conjugate of z, as
numbers described below.)
* R consists of the set of
group of units units of the ring R, along
with the operation of
the group of multiplication.
units of
This may also be written
ring theory R as described above, or
U(R).
hyperreal
numbers R means the set of

hyperreal numbers. Other N is the hypernatural

the (set of) sets can be used in place of numbers.
hyperreals R.
 non-standard
analysis
Hodge dual v means the Hodge dual
of a vector v. If v is a k-
Hodge dual; vector within an n- If are the standard basis
Hodge star dimensional oriented inner
product space, then v is vectors of ,
linear algebra an (nk)-vector.
Corresponds to the usage
Kleene star of * in regular expressions.
If = ('a', 'b', 'c') then *
If is a set of strings, then
includes '', 'a', 'ab', 'aba',
Kleene star * is the set of all strings
'abac', etc. The full set
that can be created by
cannot be enumerated here
computer concatenating members of
since it is countably infinite,
science, . The same string can be
but each individual string
mathematical used multiple times, and
must have finite length.
logic the empty string is also a
member of *.
proportionality

is proportional
y x means that y = kx for
to; if y = 2x, then y x.
some constant k.
varies as

everywhere
Karp reduction[9]
is Karp
reducible to;
is polynomial- A B means the problem
If L1 L2 and L2 P, then L1
time many-one A can be polynomially
P.
reducible to reduced to the problem B.

computational
complexity
theory
set-theoretic
complement A B means the set that
contains all those elements
minus; of A that are not in B.[5]
{1,2,3,4} {3,4,5,6} =
without;
throw out; ( can also be used for set-
{1,2}
not theoretic complement as
described above.)
set theory
 conditional
event P(A|B) means the
if X is a uniformly random
probability of the event A
day of the year P(X is May
given occurring given that B
25 | X is in May) = 1/31
occurs.
probability
restriction
f|A means the function f is
restriction of ... restricted to the set A, that The function f : R R
| to ...; is, it is the function with defined by f(x) = x2 is not
restricted to domain A dom(f) that injective, but f|R+ is injective.
agrees with f.
set theory
such that
S = {(x,y) | 0 < y < f(x)}
such that; | means "such that", see ":" The set of (x,y) such that y
so that (described below). is greater than 0 and less
than f(x).
everywhere
a b means a divides b.
a b means a does not
divide b.
divisor, divides
(The symbol can be Since 15 = 3 5, it is true
divides
difficult to type, and its that 3 15 and 5 15.
number theory
negation is rare, so a
regular but slightly shorter
vertical bar | character is
often used instead.)
exact divisibility
pa n means pa exactly
exactly divides divides n (i.e. pa divides n
but pa+1 does not).
23 360.

number theory
x y means x is parallel to
y.
x y means x is not
parallel parallel to y.
x y means x is equal and
is parallel to parallel to y. If l m and m n then l n.

geometry (The symbol can be

difficult to type, and its
negation is rare, so two
regular but slightly longer
 vertical bar || characters
are often used instead.)
incomparability

is incomparable x y means x is {1,2} {2,3} under set

to incomparable to y. containment.

order theory
cardinality
#X means the cardinality
cardinality of; of the set X.
size of; #{4, 6, 8} = 3
order of (|...| may be used instead as
described above.)
set theory
connected sum

connected sum A#B is the connected sum

of; of the manifolds A and B.
# knot sum of; If A and B are knots, then
A#Sm is homeomorphic to A,
for any manifold A, and the
knot this denotes the knot sum,
sphere Sm.
composition of which has a slightly
stronger condition.
topology, knot
theory
primorial
n# is product of all prime
12# = 2 3 5 7 11 =
primorial numbers less than or equal
2310
to n.
number theory
such that
: means "such that", and is
such that; used in proofs and the set-
n : n is even.
so that builder notation (described
below).
everywhere
field extension
K : F means the field K
: extends;
extends the field F.
:
over
This may also be written
as K F.
field theory
inner product of A : B means the Frobenius
matrices inner product of the
matrices A and B.
 inner product of
The general inner product
linear algebra is denoted by u, v, u | v
or (u | v), as described
below. For spatial vectors,
the dot product notation,
xy is common. See also
braket notation.
index of a
The index of a subgroup H
subgroup
in a group G is the
"relative size" of H in G:
index of
equivalently, the number
subgroup
of "copies" (cosets) of H
that fill up G
group theory
division

divided by A : B means the division of

10 : 2 = 5
over A with B (dividing A by B)

everywhere
Denotes that certain
vertical ellipsis
constants and terms are

missing out (e.g. for

vertical ellipsis
clarity) and that only the
important terms are being
everywhere
listed.
wreath product A H means the wreath
product of the group A by
is isomorphic to the

wreath product the group H.

automorphism group of the
of ... by ...
complete bipartite graph on
This may also be written A
(n,n) vertices.
group theory wr H.
x+4=x3

downwards
zigzag arrow Denotes that contradictory Statement: Every finite, non-
statements have been empty, ordered set has a
contradiction; inferred. For clarity, the largest element. Otherwise,
this contradicts exact point of
let's assume that is a
that contradiction can be
finite, non-empty, ordered
appended.
everywhere
set with no largest element.

Then, for some , there

 exists an with , but

then there's also an with

, and so on. Thus,

are distinct elements in

. is finite.
exclusive or
The statement A B is
xor
true when either A or B, (A) A is always true, A
but not both, are true. A A is always false.
propositional
B means the same.
logic, Boolean
algebra
The direct sum is a special

way of combining several Most commonly, for vector
direct sum
objects into one general spaces U, V, and W, the
object. following consequence is
direct sum of
used:
(The bun symbol , or the U = V W (U = V + W)
abstract algebra
coproduct symbol , is (V W = {0})
used; is only for logic.)
Kulkarni Derived from the tensor
Nomizu product product of two symmetric
type (0,2) tensors; it has
Kulkarni the algebraic symmetries
Nomizu product of the Riemann tensor.

tensor algebra has components .

It is the generalisation of
the Laplace operator in the
D'Alembertian; sense that it is the
wave operator differential operator which
is invariant under the
non-Euclidean isometry group of the
Laplacian underlying space and it
reduces to the Laplace
vector calculus operator if restricted to
time independent
functions.

Letter-based symbols[edit]
Includes upside-down letters.

Letter modifiers[edit]

Also called diacritics.

Symbol Symbol Name

in Read as Explanation Examples
HTML in TeX Category
mean
(often read as "x bar")
overbar;
is the mean (average value of
... bar .
).
statistics
finite
sequence,
tuple
means the finite
finite
.
sequence, sequence/tuple .
tuple

model theory
algebraic The field of algebraic numbers
closure
a algebraic
is sometimes denoted as
is the algebraic closure because it is the algebraic
closure of of the field F. closure of the rational numbers

field theory .
complex
conjugate means the complex
conjugate of z.
conjugate
.
(z can also be used for the
complex conjugate of z, as described
numbers above.)
topological
is the topological In the space of the real
closure
closure of the set S.
numbers, (the rational
(topological)
numbers are dense in the real
closure of This may also be denoted as
numbers).
cl(S) or Cl(S).
 topology
vector

harpoon

linear algebra
unit vector
(pronounced "a hat") is
hat the normalized version of

geometry vector , having length 1.

estimator
The estimator produces a
is the estimator or the
estimator for estimate for the parameter
sample estimate for the
statistics .
mean .
f (x) means the derivative of
derivative the function f at the point x,
i.e., the slope of the tangent

... prime;
derivative of
to f at x.
If f(x) := x2, then f (x) = 2x.
(The single-quote character '
calculus is sometimes used instead,
especially in ASCII text.)
derivative

... dot; means the derivative of

time x with respect to time. That
If x(t) := t2, then .
derivative of
is .
calculus

Symbols based on Latin letters[edit]

Name
Symbo Symbo
Read as
l Explanatio
l Category Examples
in n
in TeX
HTML
universal quantification
x: P(x)
for all; means P(x) is n : n2 n.
for any; true for all x.
 for each;
for every

predicate logic
boolean domain
B;
means either
{0, 1}, {false,
the (set of) boolean values; true}, {F, T}, or (False)
the (set of) truth values;
B .
set theory, boolean algebra
complex numbers

C; means {a +
i = 1
the (set of) complex numbers b i : a,b }.
C numbers
The cardinality

cardinality of the continuum of is

denoted by
cardinality of the continuum;
c;
cardinality of the real numbers
or by the

symbol (a
set theory lowercase
Fraktur letter
C).
f/xi means the
partial derivative
partial
derivative of f
partial; If f(x,y) := x2y, then
with respect to
d f/x = 2xy,
xi, where f is a
function on (x1,
calculus
..., xn).
boundary
boundary of
M means the {x : ||x|| 2} = {x :
boundary of M ||x|| = 2}
topology
degree of a polynomial f means the
degree of the
degree of polynomial f. (x2 1) = 2

algebra (This may also

 be written deg
f.)
the value of a
random variable
one would
"expect" to find
expected value if one could
repeat the
expected value random variable
process an
E probability theory infinite number
of times and
take the average
of the values
obtained
existential quantification
x: P(x) means
there exists;
there is;
there are
there is at least
one x such that
n : n is even.
P(x) is true.
predicate logic
uniqueness quantification ! x: P(x)
means there is
! there exists exactly one exactly one x
such that P(x) is
! n : n + 5 = 2n.

predicate logic true.

set membership a S means a is
an element of
(1/2)1
is an element of; the set S;[7] a S
is not an element of means a is not
21
an element of
everywhere, set theory S.[7]
S e means the
set membership
same thing as e
S, where S is
does not contain as an element
a set and e is
not an element
set theory
of S.
often
such that symbol
abbreviated as Choose 2|

"s.t."; : and | are

such that
also used to and 3| . (Here | is
abbreviate used in the sense of
mathematical logic
"such that". The "divides".)
 use of goes
back to early
mathematical
logic and its
usage in this
sense is
declining. The

symbol
("back epsilon")
is sometimes
specifically
used for "such
that" to avoid
confusion with
set membership.
set membership S e means the
same thing as e
contains as an element S, where S is
a set and e is an
set theory element of S.
quaternions or Hamiltonian
quaternions
means {a + b
H; i+cj+dk:
the (set of) quaternions a,b,c,d }.
H
numbers
N means either
{ 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
or { 1, 2, 3, ...}.

The choice
depends on the
area of
natural numbers
mathematics
being studied; = {|a| : a } or
the (set of) natural numbers
e.g. number = {|a| > 0: a }
N numbers
theorists prefer
the latter;
analysts, set
theorists and
computer
scientists prefer
the former. To
avoid confusion,
 always check an
author's
definition of N.

Set theorists
often use the
notation (for
least infinite
ordinal) to
denote the set of
natural
numbers
(including
zero), along
with the
standard
ordering
relation .
For two
matrices (or
vectors) of the
same
dimensions

Hadamard product the

Hadamard
entrywise product product is a
matrix of the
linear algebra same
dimensions

with
elements given

by .
function composition
f g is the
if f(x) := 2x, and

function such
composed with g(x) := x + 3, then (f
that (f g)(x) =
g)(x) = 2(x + 3).
f(g(x)).[10]
set theory
The Big O
Big O notation
notation If f(x) = 6x4 2x3 + 5
describes the and g(x) = x4, then
O big-oh of
limiting
behavior of a
Computational complexity theory
function, when
 the argument
tends towards a
particular value
or infinity.

empty set
means the set
with no {n : 1 < n2 <
the empty set null set
elements.[7] { } 4} =
{} set theory
means the same.

set of primes
is often used
P; to denote the set
the set of prime numbers of prime
numbers.
arithmetic
projective space

P;
means a
the projective space;
space with a
the projective line; ,
point at infinity.
the projective plane

topology

(X) means the

probability of
probability the event X
occurring. If a fair coin is
P the probability of flipped, (Heads) =
This may also (Tails) = 0.5.
probability theory be written as
P(X), Pr(X),
P[X] or Pr[X].
Given a set S,
the power set of The power set P({0, 1,
S is the set of all 2}) is the set of all
Power set
subsets of the subsets of {0, 1, 2}.
set S. The Hence,
the Power set of
power set of S0
is P({0, 1, 2}) = {, {0},
Powerset
{1}, {2}, {0, 1}, {0,
denoted by 2}, {1, 2}, {0, 1, 2} }.
P(S).
 rational numbers
3.14000...
Q;
means {p/q :
the (set of) rational numbers;
p , q }.
the rationals
Q
numbers
real numbers

R;
means the set
the (set of) real numbers; (1)
of real numbers.
the reals
R
numbers
conjugate transpose A means the
transpose of the
conjugate transpose; complex
adjoint; conjugate of
If A = (aij) then A =
Hermitian A.[11]
(aji).
adjoint/conjugate/transpose/dagge
r This may also
be written AT,
matrix operations AT, A, AT or AT.
AT means A, but
with its rows
transpose
swapped for
T columns. If A = (aij) then AT =
transpose
(aji).
This may also
matrix operations
be written A, At
or Atr.
top element
means the
the top element largest element x : x =
of a lattice.
lattice theory
means the top
top type or universal
type; every type
the top type; top in the type types T, T <:
system of
type theory interest is a
subtype of top.
x y means x is If l m and m n in

perpendicular
perpendicular to the plane, then l || n.
 is perpendicular to y; or more
generally x is
geometry orthogonal to y.
W means the
orthogonal
orthogonal complement complement of
W (where W is a
orthogonal/ perpendicular subspace of the
complement of; inner product
Within , .
perp space V), the set
of all vectors in
linear algebra V orthogonal to
every vector in
W.
coprime
x y means x
has no factor
is coprime to 34 55
greater than 1 in
common with y.
number theory
A B means A
is an event
whose
probability is
independent of
event B. The
independent double
perpendicular If A B, then P(A|B)
is independent of
= P(A).
symbol ( )
probability is also
commonly used
for the purpose
of denoting this,
for instance:

bottom element
means the
smallest
the bottom element x : x =
element of a
lattice.
lattice theory
means the
bottom type bottom type
types T, <: T
(a.k.a. the zero
type or empty
 the bottom type; type); bottom is
bot the subtype of
every type in
type theory the type system.
comparability
{e, } {1, 2, e, 3, }
x y means that
under set containment.
is comparable to x is comparable
to y.
order theory
means "the
set of all
all numbers being considered elements being
considered."
= {,} includes all
U; It may represent
numbers.
the universal set; all numbers
the set of all numbers; both real and
If instead, = {,},
U all numbers considered complex, or any
subset of
then .
set theory thesehence
the term
"universal".
set-theoretic union A B means
the set of those

the union of ... or ...; elements which

A B (A B) = B
union are either in A,
or in B, or in
set theory both.[5]
A B means
set-theoretic intersection
the set that
contains all
{x : x2 = 1} =
intersected with;
intersect
those elements
that A and B
{1}
have in
set theory
common.[5]
The statement A
B is true if A
logical disjunction or join in a
or B (or both)
lattice
are true; if both
are false, the n4n2n3

or;
statement is when n is a natural
max;
false. number.
join
For functions
propositional logic, lattice theory
A(x) and B(x),
A(x) B(x) is
 used to mean
max(A(x),
B(x)).
The statement A
B is true if A
logical conjunction or meet in a and B are both
lattice true; else it is
false.
n<4n>2n=3
and;
when n is a natural
min; For functions
number.
meet A(x) and B(x),
A(x) B(x) is
propositional logic, lattice theory used to mean
min(A(x),
B(x)).
u v means the
wedge product
of any
multivectors u
wedge product
and v. In three-
dimensional
wedge product;
Euclidean space
exterior product
the wedge
product and the
exterior algebra
cross product of
two vectors are
each other's
Hodge dual.
3 4 means the
multiplication
of 3 by 4.
multiplication
(The symbol * is
times; generally used
7 8 = 56
multiplied by in programming
languages,
arithmetic where ease of
typing and use
of ASCII text is
preferred.)
Cartesian product X Y means the
set of all {1,2} {3,4} =
the Cartesian product of ... and ...; ordered pairs {(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4)
the direct product of ... and ... with the first }
element of each
 set theory pair selected
from X and the
second element
selected from
Y.
cross product
u v means the
(1,2,5) (3,4,1) =
cross cross product of
(22, 16, 2)
vectors u and v
linear algebra
R consists of
the set of units
of the ring R,
group of units along with the
operation of
the group of units of multiplication.

ring theory This may also

be written R as
described
below, or U(R).

means the
tensor product, tensor product of tensor product
modules of V and U.[12] {1, 2, 3, 4} {1, 1,

2} =
tensor product of means the {{1, 1, 2}, {2, 2, 4},
tensor product {3, 3, 6}, {4, 4, 8}}
linear algebra of modules V
and U over the
ring R.
N H is the
semidirect
product of N (a
normal
subgroup) and
semidirect product
H (a subgroup),
with respect to
the semidirect product of
. Also, if G =
group theory
N H, then G
is said to split
over N.

( may also be
written the
 other way
round, as , or
as .)
R S is the
semijoin of the
relations R and
semijoin
S, the set of all
tuples in R for R S= a1,..,an(R
the semijoin of
which there is a
tuple in S that is S)
relational algebra
equal on their
common
attribute names.
R S is the
natural join of
the relations R
natural join and S, the set of
all
the natural join of combinations of
tuples in R and
relational algebra S that are equal
on their
common
attribute names.
means {...,
3, 2, 1, 0, 1,
2, 3, ...}.

+ or > means
integers {1, 2, 3, ...} .
means {0, 1,
= {p, p : p
the (set of) integers 2, 3, ...} .
{0}}
* is used by
Z numbers some authors to
mean {0, 1, 2,
3, ...}[13] and
others to mean
{... -2, -1, 1, 2,
3, ... }[14] .
n means {[0],
n integers mod n
[1], [2],
...[n1]} with
the (set of) integers modulo n 3 = {[0], [1], [2]}
addition and
p numbers
multiplication
modulo n.
 Note that any
Zn letter may be
used instead of
n, such as p. To
Zp avoid confusion
with p-adic
numbers, use
/p or /(p)
instead.

p-adic integers
Note that any
the (set of) p-adic integers letter may be
used instead of
numbers p, such as n or
l.

Symbols based on Hebrew or Greek letters[edit]

Symbol Symbol Name

in Read as Explanation Examples
in TeX
HTML Category
aleph number
represents an infinite cardinality
|| = 0, which is
aleph (specifically, the -th one, where is
an ordinal).
called aleph-null.
set theory
beth number
represents an infinite cardinality
(similar to , but does not
beth
necessarily index all of the numbers
indexed by . ).
set theory
Dirac delta
function
(x)
Dirac delta of
hyperfunction
Kronecker
delta ij
 Kronecker
delta of

hyperfunction
Functional
derivative

Functional
derivative of

Differential
operators

symmetric
{1,5,6,8} {2,5,8}
difference A B (or A B) means the set of
= {1,2,6}
elements in exactly one of A or B.
symmetric
difference (Not to be confused with delta, ,
{3,4,5,6}
{1,2,5,6} =
described below.)
{1,2,3,4}
set theory

x means a (non-infinitesimal)
delta
change in x.
delta;
(If the change becomes infinitesimal, is the gradient
change in
and even d are used instead. Not to of a straight line.
be confused with the symmetric
calculus
difference, written , above.)
If is a twice-
Laplacian
differentiable real-
The Laplace operator is a second valued function,
Laplace
order differential operator in n- then the Laplacian
operator
dimensional Euclidean space of is defined by
vector calculus
gradient

del; If f (x,y,z) := 3xy +

f (x1, ..., xn) is the vector of partial
nabla; z, then f = (3y,
derivatives (f / x1, ..., f / xn).
gradient of 3x, 2z)

vector calculus
divergence
If , then .
 del dot;
divergence of

vector calculus
curl

curl of
If , then .
vector calculus
Pi Used in various formulas involving
circles; is equivalent to the amount
pi;
3.1415926...; of area a circle would take up in a A = R2 = 314.16
355113 square of equal width with an area of R = 10
4 square units, roughly 3.14159. It is
mathematical also the ratio of the circumference to
constant the diameter of a circle.
projection

Projection of
restricts to the attribute
set.
relational
algebra
Homotopy
group
consists of homotopy
the nth
equivalence classes of base point
Homotopy
preserving maps from an n-
group of
dimensional sphere (with base point)
into the pointed space X.
Homotopy
theory
product

product over ...

from ... to ... of means .

arithmetic
Cartesian
product
means the set of all (n+1)-tuples
the Cartesian
(y0, ..., yn).
product of;
 the direct
product of

set theory
A general construction which
coproduct
subsumes the disjoint union of sets
and of topological spaces, the free
coproduct over
product of groups, and the direct sum

... from ... to ...
of modules and vector spaces. The
of
coproduct of a family of objects is
essentially the "least specific" object
category
to which each object in the family
theory
admits a morphism.

The selection selects all those

tuples in for which holds

selection
between the and the
Selection of
attribute. The selection selects all
relational
algebra those tuples in for which

holds between the attribute and

the value .
summation

sum over ...

from ... to ... of means .

arithmetic

Variations[edit]
In mathematics written in Arabic, some symbols may be reversed to make right-to-left writing
and reading easier.[15]

See also[edit]
Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
Diacritic
ISO 31-11 (Mathematical signs and symbols for use in physical sciences and technology)
Latin letters used in mathematics
 List of mathematical abbreviations
List of mathematical symbols by subject
Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols (Unicode block)
Mathematical constants and functions
Mathematical notation
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
Notation in probability and statistics
Physical constants
Table of logic symbols
Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date
Typographical conventions in mathematical formulae

References[edit]
1. Jump up ^ "Math is Fun website".
2. Jump up ^ Rnyai, Lajos (1998), Algoritmusok(Algorithms), TYPOTEX, ISBN 963-9132-16-0
3. Jump up ^ Deb, K.; Pratap, A.; Agarwal, S.; Meyarivan, T. (2002). "A fast and elitist
multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II". IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. 6
(2): 182. doi:10.1109/4235.996017.
4. Jump up ^ Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl (1990) [1953], "Chapter 8.3: Conditional Statements
and Material Implication", Introduction to Logic (8th ed.), New York: Macmillan Publishers
(United States), pp. 268269, ISBN 0-02-325035-6, LCCN 89037742
5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 4,
ISBN 0-412-60610-0
6. Jump up ^ Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum
Information, New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 66, ISBN 0-521-63503-9,
OCLC 43641333
7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 3,
ISBN 0-412-60610-0
8. Jump up ^ Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum
Information, New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 62, ISBN 0-521-63503-9,
OCLC 43641333
9. Jump up ^ Berman, Kenneth A; Paul, Jerome L. (2005), Algorithms: Sequential, Parallel, and
Distributed, Boston: Course Technology, p. 822, ISBN 0-534-42057-5
10. Jump up ^ Goldrei, Derek (1996), Classic Set Theory, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 5,
ISBN 0-412-60610-0
11. Jump up ^ Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum
Information, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 6970, ISBN 0-521-63503-9,
OCLC 43641333
12. Jump up ^ Nielsen, Michael A; Chuang, Isaac L (2000), Quantum Computation and Quantum
Information, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 7172, ISBN 0-521-63503-9,
OCLC 43641333
13. Jump up ^ Z^* from Wolfram MathWorld
14. Jump up ^ LK Turner, FJ BUdden, D Knighton, "Advanced Mathematics", Book 2, Longman
1975.
15. Jump up ^ M. Benatia, A. Lazrik, and K. Sami, "Arabic mathematical symbols in Unicode",
27th Internationalization and Unicode Conference, 2005.
External links[edit]
The complete set of mathematics Unicode characters
Jeff Miller: Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols
Numericana: Scientific Symbols and Icons
GIF and PNG Images for Math Symbols
Mathematical Symbols in Unicode
Using Greek and special characters from Symbol font in HTML
DeTeXify handwritten symbol recognition doodle a symbol in the box, and the
program will tell you what its name is
Handbook for Spoken Mathematics pronunciation guide to many commonly used
symbols

Some Unicode charts of mathematical operators and symbols:

Index of Unicode symbols

Range 2100214F: Unicode Letterlike Symbols
Range 219021FF: Unicode Arrows
Range 220022FF: Unicode Mathematical Operators
Range 27C027EF: Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical SymbolsA
Range 298029FF: Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical SymbolsB
Range 2A002AFF: Unicode Supplementary Mathematical Operators

Some Unicode cross-references:

Short list of commonly used LaTeX symbols and Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List
MathML Characters - sorts out Unicode, HTML and MathML/TeX names on one page
Unicode values and MathML names
Unicode values and Postscript names from the source code for Ghostscript

<img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title=""

width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" />
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mathematical_symbols&oldid=800430369"
Categories:

Mathematical notation
Mathematics-related lists
Mathematical symbols
Mathematical tables
Mathematical logic
Lists of symbols

Hidden categories:

Incomplete lists from March 2010

Navigation menu
Personal tools

Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in

Namespaces

Article
Talk

Variants

Views

Read
Edit
View history

More

Search

Navigation

Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store

Interaction

Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
 Recent changes
Contact page

Tools

What links here

Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page

Print/export

Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version

In other projects

Wikimedia Commons

Languages




Bosanski
Catal
etina
Cymraeg
Deutsch
Espaol
Euskara

Franais
Galego



Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano


Lumbaart
Magyar

Nederlands

Norsk
Norsk nynorsk

Polski
Portugus
Romn

Simple English
Slovenina
Soomaaliga
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Trke


Ting Vit
Vro

Edit links

This page was last edited on 13 September 2017, at 14:09.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy
Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-
profit organization.

Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

List of mathematical symbols by subject - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical...

o Cached

This list of mathematical symbols by subject shows a selection of the most common
symbols that are used in modern mathematical notation within ... Propositional calculus