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At
WBSEB
Sonarpur
(33 kV Sub-station)
SAIKAT ADAK
Netaji Subhash Engineering College
If this is the age of computer then electricity is the most important part of this age.
To generate electricity we have power generating station. To transmit the energy
from generation end to demand end distribution system is developed. Power is
needed in various heavy industries and houses that is why power generation and
transmission is most important need in this age.
In a sub-station various transformers are mounted for stepping up and stepping
down purposes. Sub-station plays a most important part in the distribution system.
West Bengal State Electricity Board (WBSEB) is a State Government undertaking.
WBSEB is the main power transmitter in rural areas. Sonarpur sub-station is part of
WBSEB. It is a 132 KV/33KV/25KV sub-station.
It was established in1962 primarily to supply eastern railway with 25 KV. Then it
had only two transformers (T1, T20 to cater the need of eastern railway. Later with
development of nearby areas it was used to supply various areas with 33 KV lines.
Now it has total five transformers and supplies power to Behala-Falta, Garia,
Mahinagar and Sonarpur areas.
INTERCONNECTION:
Interconnection is basically made for backup and efficient transmission. Sonarpur
sub-station is connected with three sub-stations Kasba, Behala-Falta and
Lakshmikantapur. Sonarpur sub-station is fed with 132 KV by these sub-station-
stations. Lakshmikantapur sub-station is connected to Sonarpur by Behala-Falta
double circuit. But the principle feeder of Sonarpur is Kasba through 132 KB. In
Sonarpur it is step down to 32 KV and sends to Garia, Sonarpur, Mahinagar. 25 KV
single phase power is sent to Easter Railway.
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
Lakshmikantapur Jeerat
Sonarpur
25 KV 33 KV
EQUIPMENTS:
In sub-station-station we came across a number of equipments, which are integral
parts and important for distribution of power. A brief analysis is done here about the
equipments shown in Sonarpur Sub-station.
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
Specification of CT:
Voltage class - 11 KV, 50 Hz
Outgoing - 200/100/1 Amp.
Incoming - 200/100/1 Amp.
Specification of PT:
Ratio - 33 KV / 100 V
Primary Winding - 33 KV
Type - Earthed
Secondary Winding - 100 V
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
TRANSFORMERS:
Transformers are the most essential part of a sub-station. In Sonarpur there are three
transformers; TR-1, TR-2, TR-3, all of which are 33/11 KV, 6.3 MVA. These
transformers supplies power to the local factories like Shalimer, Daubor etc.,
Railway Car-shade and residence of Sonarpur region.
Inside the transformer a high voltage windings are wound over low voltage winding
on a metallic core. There are three such arrangements each for a phase. These three
arrangements are inside the transformer tank, which is filled with transformer oil.
Transformer oil does the primary work of cooling the windings and core which tend
to release heat during operation.
Externally transformers have the appearance of a huge metallic container. We can
observe conservator tank, Bucholtz Relay, Breather, Oil and Winding temperature
meter etc. It also has large radiator grills to dissipate the heat from transformer oil
and cool it down. The bushings are present for taking in and out the power lines
from the transformer. Conservator tank helps in maintaining the oil level inside the
transformer. The vaporized oil is condensed to liquid form in that tank. Breather
serves the purpose of absorbing moisture from air that comes in contact with
Transformer Oil. Breather contains silica gel which absorbs moisture. In modern
transformers balloon arrangement is used. The balloon membrane is a porous
material which allows dry air to pass through and absorbs moisture which degrades
the Transformer Oil. Transformer also has a tap changing arrangement which helps
in varying the voltage in transformer. Tap changer is based on the H.V. winding
because precision is higher than low voltage winding and as H.V. winding is wound
outside, bringing the tap pointer is easier and mechanism is easier than tap changer
in L.V. winding, which is inside.
Tap changers are of two types:
i) ON Load tap changer
ii) OFF Load tap changer
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
During yearly maintenance the important tests are Transformer Oil Test and
Insulation Resistance test.
Specification of Transformers:
Transformer 1:
2V
Type: Three Phase
Volts at no load: HV 33000
LV - 11000
2V
Amps: HV 110.22
2N
LV 330.66
DYN-11
Frequency: 50 Hz. 2W
Transformer 2 and 3:
Type: Power transformer
KVA: 6300
Volts at no load: HV 33000
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
LV - 11000
Amps: HV 110.22
LV 330.66
Frequency: 50 Hz.
Cooling Type: ONAM
Vector group: DYN-11
Total amount of TFRS: 13620 Kg. 1U
LV 28 KV 1W
1V
(DYN-11)
Vector Diagram
CONDUCTORS:
Conductors carry electrical power from sending end to receiving end stations. They
are one of the most important as most of capital outlay is invested on them.
The distribution of current throughout the cross-section of a conductor is uniform
only when D.C is passing through it. When A.C flows through a conductor, the
current is non-uniformly distributed over the cross-section in a manner that current
density is higher at the surface compared to the centre of the conductor. This effect
becomes more pronounced with increase in frequency. This phenomenon is called
SKIN EFFECT. This causes large power loss in A.C transmission. To minimize this
effect stranded conductors are used which have added advantage of flexibility.
Aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) is most commonly used in overhead
transmission lines. Aluminium is used because it is cheaper and lighter than copper
but with less conductivity and tensile strength. To strengthen the conductor, it is
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
In Sonarpur sub-station 132kv lines were ACSR, the main bus was ACSR-moose and
transfer bus was ACSR-panther. The 220kv Jeerat Lakshmikantapur line has ACSR
- zebra while 33kv lines have ACSR-dog. The interconnections within the sub-station
are done with ACSR-panther. The aluminium bus pipes used in 132kv lines are 2.5
inches in diameter while in 33kv and 25kv lines it is 1.5 inches in diameter.
Specifications of Conductors:
ACSR-panther: 30 aluminium and 7steel wires.
ACSR-zebra : 54 aluminium and 7 steel wires.
ISOLATORS:
Isolators are used in breaking a circuit. Isolators can be both mechanically or
remotely operated. Isolators operate on no-load condition. It does not have specified
current breaking or current making capacity. While opening a circuit, the circuit
breaker is opened first, and then isolator and lastly earthing isolator is closed. While
closing a circuit, earthing isolator is opened first, and then isolator is closed followed
by circuit breaker.
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
Circuit breakers are of many types, but in Sonarpur sub-station we come across
vacuum circuit breakers and oil circuit breakers.
Specifications of VCB:
Ratings: Voltage- 36kv, Current- 1250amps, Frequency- 50hz, Poles- 3, Breaking
Capacity- 25ka, Making Capacity- 62.5ka, Short Time Current- 25ka, D.C
Component- 50%, Shunt Trip- 30vdc, Closing Coil- 30 VDC, Make- Crompton
Greaves.
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
Specifications of OCB:
Type: KAD, Mechanism: spring box (manual), Voltage: 12kv, Current: 800 Amps,
Phase: 3, Frequency: 50 Hz, Breaking Capacity: 18.4 KA, Making capacity: 46 KAP,
I.L.: 28 KV / 75 KVP, Short time rating: 18.4 KA for 3 seconds, Shunt trip: 30 VDC,
Make: Alstom.
LIGHTNING ARRESTOR:
A lightning arrestor or a surge diverter provides protection against lightning and
traveling waves. They are protective devices that conduct the high voltage surges on
the power system to the ground.
Lightning arrestors are composed of insulators with air gaps and non-linear
resistances in between them. Neal gapless arrestors have zinc sulfide which does the
work of both line gaps and non-linear resistance.
D.C. SYSTEM:
Protection scheme of transformers and circuit breakers are D.C based. It is such that
because this system is completely independent in operation from A.C supply except
charging of battery which are D.C sources. Moreover this system is free from any
voltage fluctuations which might affect the protection system adversely and even
cause failure.
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
The D.C system consists of power stack VRLA (Valve Regulated Lead Acid) batteries
and battery charger.
Power-stack batteries These are maintenance free type and work on oxygen
recombination principle. The oxygen gas generated at the positive plate is
transported in gaseous state through porous and highly absorbent mat separator to
negative plate where it gets reduced thus effectively reducing hydrogen evolution.
Battery charger Battery charger is charging the battery in various modes and at the
same time to supply load requirements. The system consists of two battery chargers-
1) Float charger, 2) Float cum boost charger (FCBC) with contactor interlocking
circuit and alarm indication circuit. They work on 415vac, 3-phase, and 50 Hz
supply.
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
SYSTEM LAYOUT:
Power is led to Sonarpur Transmission sub-station through two lines- one from
Kasba sub-station, another from Behala-Falta sub-station. The supply is of 132 KV
magnitudes which is step down by two 132/25 KV transformer and 132/33 KV
transformer. 25KV is supplied to eastern Railways and 32 KV is supplied to Garia,
Mahinagar and Sonarpur regions.
All the transformers are protected by current transformers (CT), Circuit Breakers
(CB) and lightning arrester (LA). Potential Transformer (PT) and Current
Transformers (CT) are both protection as well as measuring device which helps a
measuring inflow and outflow of energy.
Transfer Bas is provided in the sub-station so that for any occurrence of fault or
maintenance, the main bus is disconnected, power can be transmitted to the various
transformers. Power is transferred to the transferred bus with the help of a bus
coupler. CT and PT of the bus coupler are for safety purpose.
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
C OMMUNICATION :
Communication is essential in power system for better arrangement.
Communications are of following type.
Telephone Line:
This is very common way of communication and is in every sub-station.
SATCOM:
This method of communication is through the satellite with the help of SATCOM
and VSAT equipments. Till now it is under process.
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
Operation: the main job in operation is to measure the amount of energy flowing
in and out of substation, amount of load being supplied by the substation. According
to the load the need of changing of tap in the transformer is also the duty of
operation. Reporting and recording about winding and oil temperature,
maintaining the daily log chart is also the work of operation. If any anomaly or fault
is located it is duty of operation to report it to the maintenance and control room.
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Training at Sonarpur Sub Station (33 KV)
Submitted by Saikat Adak
reporting of transformers, C.T, P.T circuit breakers etc. They take readings of
different component (transformer, CB etc.) and check the trend of performance.
Maintenance department also has the job of taking care of towers under Sonarpur
sub-division jurisdiction. They are tower numbers 27 to 43 in Kasba-Sonarpur line,
16 to 56 in Joka - Sonarpur line and 165 to 254 in Jeerat - Lakshmikantapur line. They
do the work of line patrolling, clearing brush and prevent plants growing around the
towers. They also check whether tower legs and conductors insulation are in good
condition.
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