Project Management and Communication

Referencing task answers

1. References is a list of influences and citations, all referenced in the main body of the text.
Bibliography is a list of influences and citations which are may or may not referenced in the
main body of the text. It is a much broader list.
Laurea students should use references, not bibliography.
2. Why: writers need to demonstrate their knowledge about the professional literature of the
subject area. References also provide evidence for their opinions and arguments.
What: anything used in the production of the document in question. It can be a book,
article, web materials (video, picture, etc.) or even personal conversation, as long as the
source is trusted and retrievable. In case of personal conversation, permission is needed
from the other party prior referencing.
3. Plagiarism can result in the rejection of the given piece of work, or the creator of the
document could be expelled. Forms of plagiarism:
a. Quotation could be made without quotation marks, and/or referencing the source.
b. Ideas can be plagiarised as well. It is hard to explain how could it happen by
accident One should know the literature of its subject area.
c. Structure, phrases, metaphors are plagiarised, when others work (partially or as a
whole) was copied not word-by-word but with smaller modifications (few words
rephrased, order of paragraphs changed)
4. In-text reference is made in the text itself, in-closed by brackets, contains the family name
of the author(s) (or keywords of the title) and the year of publication/production.
End-text reference made at the end of the document and contains all the info about the
source: full name, title, edition number, year of publication, place of publication, name of
publisher company. And/or URL address depending on the type of the source
5. Et al. can be used when the referenced source has more than two authors and that source
was mentioned once before. Only the first name is written then followed by the et al.
6. Indentation of quotes is used when the quotation is several sentences or lines long.
7. Paraphrasing is re-writing or re-telling with ones own words. It should be done faithfully to
the content of the original text and the source should be referenced, as always.
8.
a. Strunk Jr., William & White, E. B. 1979. The Element od Style. 3rd edition. Boston:
Allyn and Bacon.
b. Cornelissen, Joep. 2011. Corporate Communication & sub-title: A Guide to Theory
and Practice. 3rd edition. London: Sage Publications
c. Schwartz, J. Matthew. 2014. Snowman Attack Campaign Targets IE10 Zero-Day Bug.
Dark Reading, 14 February. Accessed 17 February 2014.
http://www.darkreading.com/attacks-breaches/snowman-attack-campaign-targets-
ie10-zer/240166155
d. Et plagieringseventyr. 2010. University of Bergen, The University Library and
Department of Information Science and Media Studies of. Accessed 17 February
2014
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mwbw9KF-ACY
9.
a. Perhaps the best way to define corporate communication is to look at the way in
which the function has developed in companies. (Cornelissen 2011, 4).
b. Beware of a new watering-hole attack that targets a zero-day vulnerability in
Internet Explorer 10. (Snowman Attack 2014)
c. (Et plagieringseventyr 2010)