JapansExperience

in
Decentralized Sanitation (Johkasou)
DecentralizedSanitation(Johkasou)

XinbiYang
JapanEducationCenterofEnvironmentalSanitation

Aizawl,INDIA
28Feb.2012

1
NightSoilandDomesticWastewaterTreatmentSystems
inJapan

2
 Population Served by Different Systems
PopulationServedbyDifferentSystems

Sewerage system
Rural sewerage system
Johkasou system
14% Night soil treatment

9%
74%
3%

(as of the end of FY 2009)

100
99.4 90.3 88.9
90 84.5
(as of the end of FY 2009) 80 78.0
71 0
71.0
70 S off major
Sum j domestic
d ti wastewater
t t ttreatment
t t systems
t
Perrcentage, % 60
50
40
30
20 16.9
13.9
7.5 9.6
10 5.9
0.5 Johkasou system
0
More than 500-1,000 300-500 100-300 50-100 Less than 50
1,000

Size of municipalities, thousand people

3
Number of Installed Johkasou

Johkasou2.9 million units

Tandoku-shori johkasou5.45 million units
(as of the end of FY 2009)

65.3%
34.7%

A small-scale johkasou

4
 Advantages
Ad t off JJohkasou
hk System
S t for
f
Decentralized Treatment

Low initial investment cost

Little topographic limitation, short installation time and early
realization of the effects
Invaluable contribution to maintaining sufficient water in small
rivers and aquatic environments near inhabited areas
Johkasou-treated water and sludge are easy to reuse
Less vulnerable to earthquakes and other disasters

5
Pollutant Loads for Johkasou Design
Determination of Johkasou Size in Buildings Classified
by Purpose of Use (Examples)
JIS A 3302 2000
Structure and Treatment Performance of Johkasou
Treatment Principles of Johkasou

9
 A small
small-scale
scale Johkasou (FRP)

Diffusion pipe
Effluent waterquality
BOD<=20mg/l

Anaerobic Contact Sedimentation Disinfection

Influent filter tank aeration tank tank Effluent
tank

Separated Sludge
sludge 10
Filter Media Used in Johkasou
 A Johkasou for BOD&N Removal
Pipe for recirculation
Intermittent p p
pump

Disinfection
tank

Anaerobic filter tank

(1st room)

Effluent waterquality

Anaerobic filter tank BOD<=20mg/l

( d room))
(2nd TN<=20mg/l
Contact Aeration
Diffusing pipe Sedimentation
tank tank
recirculation

Anaerobic Contact Sedimentation Disinfection

Influent filter tank aeration tank tank tank Effluent

Flow equalization Sludge

12
A Johkasou
J hk for
f BOD&N&P R
Removall

Cellbase

Cellbase

Cell
Cellbase
base
C t l
Controler

Cellbase

C
Cellbase
ll b


Relaybox

Connecters

base

Cell

Cellbase


Bolts

Electrodes

Effluent waterquality

BOD<=10mg/l
TN<=10mg/l
TP<=1mg/l
13
A Membrane Johkasou

Effluent waterquality
BOD<=5mg/l
TN<=10mg/l
14
Johkasou classified by the treatment capacity

Small-scale jjohkasou: for 5 to 50 NUD , or the average

g
amount of wastewater less than 10 m3/day.

Medium-scale johkasou: for 51 to 500 NUD, or the average

amount of wastewater less than 100 m3/day.

Large-scale johkasou: for 501 NUD or more, or the

average amount of wastewater more than 100 m3/day.
/day

NUD: number of user for design

IInstallation,
t ll ti O&M and
d Desludging
D l d i off
Johkasou system

Installation

OperationMaintenance

Desludging
16
Legislative Infrastructure Underpinning
Johkasou Systems

17
Operation,
O ti Maintenance
M i t and
d
Inspection of Johkasou

Framework of johkasou management under the Johkasou Law

18
Construction of
Johkasou

19
Details of Operation, Maintenance and
I
Inspection
ti off Johkasou
J hk

20
Johkasou Technicians and Vendors

(As of the end of FY 2007)

21
S b id Programs
Subsidy P for
f JJohkasou
hk Installation
I t ll ti

22
Johkasou has economical advantages and is effective for
decentralized sanitation in areas of low population density.

Johkasou is a system including hardware (treatment plants)

and software (O&M,
(O&M inspection under a legal framework) .
The latter issues is much more important in decentralized
sanitation.

The experience of Japan in decentralized sanitation with

j
johkasou is useful and applicable
pp to other countries as a
prevalent measure of sanitation.