Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Technology in Society
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/techsoc
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: This study investigated two main research questions: 1) What is the degree of mobile
Received 18 February 2012 phone uses in Jordan? 2) Why do Jordanians buy mobile phones? This study shed light on
Received in revised form 12 November 2012 the social behavior of Jordanians with respect to mobile phone use and purchase. The
Accepted 5 March 2014
sample utilized 233 usable responses from diverse classes of people. The results showed
that Jordanians used mobile phones mainly for communication, as an alarm or watch, and
Keywords:
sending messages. In addition, they indicated that the most signicant reasons for buying
Mobile phones
phones were: the existence of phone camera, the easiness of using them, and because they
Jordan
Use and buy of mobile phones
were practical. Finally, 51 major reasons for buying mobile phones were clustered into 11
Grounded theory main categories. The most popular categories were reasons related to phones features,
Clustering techniques then reasons related to performance, and nally, reasons related to price. These clusters
depicted the social behavior of Jordanians in relation to using and purchasing mobile
phones. Conclusions and implications are stated at the end of this paper.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2014.03.001
0160-791X/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
104 E.A. Abu-Shanab, A.N. Abu-Baker / Technology in Society 38 (2014) 103110
understand the use patterns so that phones imported are more modern models inuenced by the desire to own
tailored to the needs of Jordanians. In addition, the devel- phones that contain new and modern features. The simi-
opment of techniques to illuminate the patterns of differ- larity between the Omani and Jordanian societies implies
ences between purchase and use would expand scholarly that dependent consumers will have similar behaviors and
understanding in the area. similar uses of phones.
Based on this, a mix between grounded theory method Zulkey and Baharudin surveyed a sample of 386 stu-
and a structured synthesis technique was adopted to dents from Putra University in Malaysia to investigate the
explore data instances and conclude to a pattern of extent of using mobile phone [13]. The study determined
behavior with respect to the buying behavior of Jordanian personal and family factors related to the mobile phone
citizens [10]. The method used in this study classied all use. Students spending rate on mobile services was
responses related to phone buying reasons into a short list, 18.7 USD and time spent was 6 h daily. Sending SMSs was
and then proposed a set of general category lists. the most used service. Depending on age and sex, voice
This paper tries to investigate mobile uses and purchase calls were the most commonly used among older students
patterns in Jordan as one of the most advanced developing and females preferred using SMSs. On the other hand,
countries in information and communication technology younger students and males preferred MMS & GPRS mobile
(ICT). The following section will review the literature related services. Moreover, students descending from high income
to mobile use and ownership patterns around the world, families spend more time and money on their mobile
specically in Jordan. Then, the research method and data phone use.
analysis and discussion will be reviewed. Finally, conclu- Another study at Yazd University in Iran was conducted
sions, limitations and future directions related to the com- using a sample of 309 students selected from medical sci-
mon factors affecting such use and purchase are presented. ences colleges [8]. The results of the distributed question-
naire showed that students average chatting was (28.3
2. Literature review 50.5) minutes daily. They also send (18.837) SMSs per day.
In addition, they listen to music on their mobile phones at a
2.1. Mobile phones use research in the world rate of (51.981.5) minutes each day. Depending on their
location, the percentage of mobile phones use has the
The mobile phone is considered an important commu- following distribution: at home (87.2%), street (79.6%),
nication tool. It has become very important in recent years classroom (37.6%), during driving (18.6%) and in the library
with the spread of wireless communication networks. (17.8%) [8]. Use patterns distilled from surveys and
Mobile phones can be considered as an emerging tool in e- measured by percentages are one type of indicators that
commerce for browsing and payment purposes. Mobile reects the degree of technology use within societies. Such
payment is closely related to trust in the technology and studies are important to better understand the societys
showed a signicant relationship with the intention to use development and economic transformation.
such service [11]. Research papers indicated that mobile In Hungary, a study utilized 1301 fourth grade school
phones use and adoption are positively correlated to the students discussing their mobile phone ownership and use
following factors: income, revenue from mobile phones, who are distributed in three Hungarian cities [14]. The
mobile network coverage, and digitalization of mobile study found that (76%) owned a mobile phone, (24%) used a
phones [4]. Such result is in alignment with the economic mobile phone daily for voice calls, (33%) used mobile
needs of developing countries, especially Jordan, where phones for voice calls several times a week, (5%) sent text
low income and the cost of new services are factors that messages daily. Moreover (24%) students sent text mes-
limit the use of mobile phones. sages several times a week [14]. Differences in use patterns,
Many studies have been conducted to investigate the reported in the previous mentioned studies, may result
use of mobile phones. Belwal and Belwal analyzed mobile from social and cultural characteristics of the society itself.
phone services use among 179 university level students in
Oman. In their research, they used survey and focused 2.2. Mobile propagation and ownership in Jordan
discussions [12]. Results showed that students have un-
comfortable feelings without their mobiles that they are Similar to all countries of the world, Jordan has wit-
switching on their mobile phones all the time because they nessed a huge rate of propagation and use of mobile
are fanatic of being always available. Moreover, group dis- phones. Despite its small population and humble economic
cussion demonstrated that the most common uses of mo- conditions, (86.6%) of Jordanians own mobile phones [15].
bile phones are: making calls, sending short messages According to ofcial reports issued by the Telecommuni-
(SMSs), watching videos, listening to music, exchanging cations Regulatory Commission in 2010, the number of
media using Bluetooth technology, using the phone as a cellular phone subscribers in Jordan reached (6.25) million
calculator, camera, and dictionary. It was found that stu- subscribers, and a penetration rate of 103% [16]. Jordanians
dents prefer prepaid subscriptions and they rely on their are using mobile phones as a way to keep in touch with
parents to pay their bills. Also, their monthly average their families, friends, colleagues and business associates.
money spending on mobile services was reported to be 10 Jordanian cellular market was ranked rst in the intensely
Omani Rials (25 USD). They make less than 10 phone calls, competitive index of the 19 Arab countries discussed by a
and send more than 10 short messages. Finally, Nokia was study conducted in 2010 [17].
the most popular brand used in Oman, even though stu- Department of Statistics survey conducted in Jordan
dents have a tendency to change their mobile devices to asserted that cell phone service surpassed all the services
E.A. Abu-Shanab, A.N. Abu-Baker / Technology in Society 38 (2014) 103110 105
related to the telecommunication technology in the critical services like emergency and health information
Kingdom. Mobile phone services entered the houses of services, and municipal services [2831].
most families in the Kingdom, where it reached (97%) in Use related to gender: Signicant differences related to
2009 compared to (94%) in the previous year [18]. In gender were observed in the use of mobile phones for
addition, the ofcial reports of the Department of Statistics common purposes such as: contacting family, scheduling
in Jordan showed that Jordanians spent 1.8 billion call purposes, emergency and safety needs, and collaborate
minutes and exchanged about 1.8 billion SMSs in 2009 [19]. with colleagues on education or job issues. For most fea-
Moreover, Jordanians spent a total of 622 million Jordan tures of mobile phones and for all use purposes, females are
Dinars on cellular services and its organs during the rst better users than males [6,22]. They physically decorate
nine months of 2010 [20]. their phones [32]; listen more hours to the radio [33]; use
A study in Jordan in 2006/2007 surveyed a sample of extensively mobile phone features and services such as
(993) students from nine public and private universities. SMS, alarm, camera and music; in addition, they record
The results showed that 87.2% of respondents own mobile sounds and take more photos [6,22,28,33].
phones. The study revealed signicant use differences Some researchers noticed that males make and receive
among respondents, due to the following variables: gender voice calls and send text messages more than females
(males more), age (more for (2426) and (27) age groups, [24,26]. On the other hand, others showed that females
college type (more for the faculties of Science)), and the appear to make more phone calls than males and they tend
academic level (higher for master students) [21]. to send/receive more messages to/from friends [23,3234].
The dominant use of mobile technology and the However, both groups search for reasons to reduce the use
extensive utilization of such service are well noticed in the of their mobiles. However males mention more reasons
Jordanian society. It seems that young dependents are than females since they believe that mobile phones waste
eager to own mobile phones and are using them in many time and cause addiction [33].
different ways. The Jordanian society is a young one, where Use related to income: Economic conditions affect mobile
the largest segment is the teenagers and youngsters. use patterns in developing countries. Such factors may play
a crucial role in the new use patterns in developing coun-
2.3. Mobile phone use differences in terms of age, gender and tries in the few coming years [35]. Nowadays, mobile users
income are connected to the best available mobile networks that t
their service needs. Therefore, they might switch between
Age, gender and income where all signicantly related different networks to get the best t to their service re-
to mobile phone use [22]. Such personal characteristics are quirements [36].
important in understanding the use and ownership There is a positive relationship between income, mobile
behavior of humans as predictors or as moderators. The adoption and use. High income increases the probability of
following sections review the literature related to three mobile phone adoption, mobile use and expenditure [37].
major demographic factors: age, gender and income. In addition, high income increases the probability of mobile
Use related to age: Mobile phone use is not limited to a ownership between teenagers from rich families [23]. A
specic age, as it was in the past. Today users age include study conducted to investigate students thoughts about
kids, teenagers, and adults. Teenagers (1217 years old) the importance and costs of mobile devices. It surveyed
were surveyed over several years about their mobile phone students (both males and females) in relation to the
use. In 2004 the survey showed that 45% of teens had a cell following features of their mobile phones: the mobile
phone. The proportion increased to 63% in 2006 and to 71% design, its battery life, and storage memory; the MP3 player
in early 2008, while it was 77% for adults in the same year feature; phone camera (video & photos); Bluetooth feature;
[23]. The age of the rst adoption of mobile phones could and other extra features like clock, calendar, organizer and
determine the current use intensity. Early adopters who are reminder. The study showed that students spend more
considered as pre-teens pay high monthly phone bills and money to have such features supported in their mobile
the average number of monthly outgoing and incoming call devices. On the other hand, they are reluctant to have many
and text messages were higher than 17 years old late important features on their phones such as: touch screen,
adopters [24]. voice commands, chat, teleconferencing, encryption and
There are differences in mobile use patterns related to cryptography, common use of les, and printing [38].
age differences for the following features: SMS, camera and Understanding the use and purchase patterns related to
music [25]. Some research papers showed that the older demographic factors is important for both the telecom-
the person, the more probability that he/she will use his/ munication industry and the academic domain. In partic-
her mobile phone frequently. Young adults (2123) make ular it is critical to ascertain whether there is alignment
and receive more voice calls and SMSs than others [26]. between the reasons for purchase and actual use. A
Older teens (17-years old) use their mobile phones on daily methodology providing insight into this alignment would
basis, while younger teens (1217 years old) use their enable future research to understand more about this type
mobile phones to make voice calls and send SMSs few of technology its social impacts as well as how society
times a week [23]. Finally, for elderly people, the use fre- contributes to the development of this technology in a
quency decreases. Elderly dont use all services offered by particular national context. The telecommunication sector
mobile phones extensively [27]. Mobile phone use patterns will benet from such information in order to apply suit-
for elderly can be categorized into one of the following two able segmentation and personalization techniques that will
areas: communication with relatives and references, attract buyers and consumers to the offered products and
106 E.A. Abu-Shanab, A.N. Abu-Baker / Technology in Society 38 (2014) 103110
by the 233 responses; Table 2 shows the mean and the types of reasons generated from the 233 surveys, which
frequency of each type of use indicated by respondents. The totaled 546 answers. Similar reasons were coded into the
highest used feature was communication, followed by same code level tentatively to guard for the need for new
using the phone as an alarm or watch, and nally, for reasons. The process of identifying the major reasons for
sending messages. On the other hand, the lowest used buying a certain mobile phone used a clustering technique.
features were using mobile phones as a dictionary, for Same reasons were clustered together either by wording or
playing video games, and for Internet access. obvious meaning and resulted in 51 major reasons. The
It is natural to see the highest use related to commu- clustering process used a coding system to conduct the
nication (making calls) and sending messages, but tasks backward and forward iterations on data. This step clus-
like using it as a camera doesnt t with their reported tered the 546 reasons into 51 major reasons. The number of
reasons of purchase. Also, results indicated that smart different reasons included in each major reason ranged
phones are not that common among the study sample. from 1 to 9 reasons. The major reasons collected (51 major
Such results were common in previous research [13,4446] reasons) were further clustered into 11 major categories
and in alignment with the economic conditions of Jordan (This process is shown in Table 3).
and the importance of phone prices. Accordingly, some The highest ve reasons reported by subjects with their
previous studies identied SMS use to be more dominating frequencies were: because of its camera (40), easy to use
among other services [13,25,46]. While in this study the (36), phone is practical (34), to use for communication (27),
most prevalent service was: to make phone calls and because the phone is cheap (25). On the other hand,
(communication), this nding also is supported by similar looking into the categories, the highest was related to
studies in the literature [12,33,47]. specic feature available in the phone (124); followed by
On the other hand, when asked about how much they two categories with similar frequency 89, style related
paid for their mobile phones, the reported mean of the paid reasons and performance related reasons.
prices by all respondents was (133.28 JDs), which included Earlier studies proclaimed that mobile phone prior-
used and new mobiles. When looking into Table 1, data purchase factors were: innovative services, multimedia,
indicates that 70% of respondents earned an income less design, brand and basic properties, outside inuence, price,
than JD500 (700 USD), which explains why such issue is and reliability [48]. Our results indicate an agreement with
important and why the mean of mobile prices is low. Karjaluoto et al. [47] ndings with respect to features and
Finally, data indicated that the major brand names sold in price related reasons. On the other hand, in this study
the Jordanian market are the following with the frequency performance came before price reasons. Many researchers
of responses related to each: Nokia (178), Samsung (23), indicated that the physical attributes inuence the choice
Sony Erickson (8), LG (4), I-Phone type (3), other types of mobile phones, which coincides with the ndings of this
(10), not reported (7). The brand familiarity is a major research [22,25,48]. While other research [4951,53] pro-
reason for mobile phone purchase [22,47,48,50]. Nokias posed that new technology features are driving customers
handsets were found to be the most popular handset brand, to buy new mobile phones, this study ranked phone fea-
which is aligned with the ndings of previous research tures rst (like camera, touch screen and style related
[12,34]. Such ndings, in their own limited manner, are features), which supports the results of this study.
distinctly a result of Nokias domination in the handset It seems surprising that the major reason for buying
market over other brands like Samsung, Sony Erickson, I- phones was the camera, but the camera was not the most
Phone type LG, Motorola, Panasonic, Siemens and Reliance. popular feature used (as seen in Table 2). Also, it might be
The second research question is related to the major expected to see less use of smart phones as the focus for
reasons for buying a certain mobile phone. Researchers buying was ease of use, being practical, its use for
used an open question, where respondents had the communication, and its low-price.
freedom to write as many reasons as they can. Responses Data also indicated that durability reasons were not an
on this question ranged from no reasons (blank space) to issue even though (67) respondents indicated that they
six reasons for buying phones. The researchers collected all have a eld job. Phone brand was a major reason for buying
Table 2
Frequencies and means of responses related to mobile phone use patterns.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 Used for communication 6 0 4 7 9 15 13 11 168 8.034
2 Used as an alarm or a watch 12 10 8 3 9 11 16 30 134 7.455
3 For sending messages 36 12 27 19 23 19 18 22 54 5.365
4 To hear music, songs and Quran 65 11 15 9 23 21 18 17 53 4.948
5 For Bluetooth feature 63 13 22 16 16 11 21 14 52 4.789
6 Used for scheduling or diary 69 16 20 13 15 15 13 21 51 4.704
7 Used as a calculator 46 25 22 17 33 17 19 21 33 4.700
8 Used as a camera 66 20 14 26 28 28 14 9 23 4.110
9 Used for the internet access 144 9 11 10 12 12 8 7 16 2.721
10 Used for video games (gaming) 134 17 15 17 14 8 8 6 12 2.645
11 Used as a dictionary 150 12 10 11 8 13 4 6 14 2.491
108 E.A. Abu-Shanab, A.N. Abu-Baker / Technology in Society 38 (2014) 103110
Table 3
Clustering process results.
Numbers between parentheses are the frequencies of the reason reported by subjects.
phones, which indicates the dominance of Nokia phones in Jordanians (RQ1). The second was to identify the main
the Jordanian market. Finally, Jordanians have an equal reasons for buying mobile phones by Jordanians (RQ2).
level of importance for performance features compared to Ultimately, developing a methodology for understanding
style features. the alignment of these two was of interest.
The survey results showed high frequency in Jordanians
5. Conclusions use of mobile features and services like: using it for
communication; using the alarm or checking time; sending
This work had two main objectives: the rst aimed to messages; enjoying music, listening to songs or reciting
investigate the most popular uses of mobile phones by Holy Quran; using the Bluetooth feature; scheduling or
E.A. Abu-Shanab, A.N. Abu-Baker / Technology in Society 38 (2014) 103110 109
diary functions; using its calculator; using the camera; Mobile phones are the major tool for convergence, where
accessing the Internet; and playing games. computing and communication are converging to serve
Prevailing research papers have focused on the common humanity. Societies are inuenced by this phenomenon on
mobile phone uses and the differences in mobile phone use many levels. Yet there are still gaps in methodological ap-
based on: age, gender, income, etc. On the other hand, other proaches related to purchase and actual use.
research papers which discussed the major reasons for This study implies that using diverse methods and
buying specic mobile phone are rare. This gap in the samples would enhance the ndings and contributions of
literature urges us to explore the second research question research. The use of grounded theory and clustering tech-
and to see if we can develop a methodology to understand niques contributed to improve the rigor of the ndings and
whether there is alignment between the reasons for pur- opened new venues for research. Practically, rms working
chase and use. The researchers used a mix between the in the mobile phone industry (local retailers and distrib-
grounded theory and clustering concepts to cluster the uters) should pay attention to certain features related to
reasons for buying mobile phones in Jordan. The highest each country and carefully align the prices of different sorts
ve reasons in descending order were: the existence of of phones to certain segments of the society.
camera, the easiness of using them, because they are This work is still at an early stage, where some limita-
practical, its use for communication, and its low price. The tions can be avoided in the future. A more diversied
second step clustered the 51 reasons into 11 major ones; sample can be closer to reality, and a larger sample can
the highest were related to specic features available in the draw a more accurate picture of the Jordanian society,
phone, followed by two categories with same frequencies: which may improve the generalizability of the results.
reasons related to style and reasons related to phone Large samples will open doors for future research on the
performance. macro level to utilize more technical and in-depth analysis
This research illustrates an application of the grounded using techniques like data mining and information retrieval
theory. Using this method depicts some unique and pre- to conclude different categorizations or certain associa-
viously unobserved knowledge about customer mobile tions. However, the focus of this research study was to test a
phone choices. The use of a grounded theory approach methodology for gaining a deeper understanding of the
provides richer and deeper insights into customer choices connection between use and purchase building on estab-
than other methodologies. The ndings of this work are lished theory.
important to mobile manufacturers when studying the
Jordanian market. Although this study results indicated
References
that Nokia is dominating the Jordanian market, it is also
important to understand the common uses of mobile [1] Beardon H. Mobiles for development: how mobile technologies can
phone features and decision making factors for prior pur- enhance plan and partners work in Africa. Plan International; 2009.
chase. It is important to know the features that attract [2] Elaph Newspaper. Title in Arabic The number of mobile phone
users in the world increased to 5 billion. Retrieved January 13,
Jordanians to try to promote specic models in the market 2011 from Elaf website: http://www.elaph.com/Web/technology/
that t with their needs. 2010/2/534728.html; 2010.
The surveyed subjects emphasized the importance of [3] ITU. World telecommunication/ICT development report 2010,
monitoring the WSIS targets, a mid-term review. Report issued by
the following features in their mobile phones: good mobile International Telecommunication Union. Available from: www.itu.
style; phone camera (video & photos); memory size; GPS; int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/ind/D-IND-WTDR-2010-PDF-E.pdf; 2010.
Internet access; Bluetooth feature; battery life; and other [4] Abu ST, Tsuji M. The determinants of the global mobile telephone
deployment: an empirical analysis. Inform Econ 2010;14(3):2133.
extra features like clock, calendar, organizer and reminder.
[5] Carroll J, Howard S, Peck J, Murphy J. A eld study of perceptions
These features should match the purchasing power of in- and use of mobile telephones by 16 to 22 year olds. J Inform Technol
dividuals in Jordan, because mobile phone cost was found Theor Appl (JITTA) 2002;4(2):4962.
to be a major factor affecting the choice of mobile phones, [6] Bar F, Pisani F, Weber M. Mobile technology appropriation in a
distant mirror: baroque inltration, creolization and cannibalism.
especially by younger people [51,52]. The survey shows that Accessed from the Internet in April 2007, http://arnic.info/Papers/
Jordanians can pay prices between 30 and 470 JDs for Bar_Pisani_Weber_appropriation-April07.pdf; 2007.
buying a mobile. The average paid price for all reported [7] Wajcman J, Bittman M, Johnstone L, Brown J, Jones P. The impact of
the mobile phone on work/life balance: preliminary report. Can-
respondents was (133.28 JDs), which indicates that Jorda- berra: Australian National University and the Australian Mobile
nians are buying low-priced phones. Telecommunications Association; 2007.
From a theoretical viewpoint, this study contributed to [8] Mahmoodabad SSM, Barkhordari A, Nadrian H, Moshiri O,
Yavari MT. Survey of ownership and use of mobile phones among
the factors that affect mobile phones buying decisions by medical science students in yazd. Pak J Biomed Sci 2009;12(21):
examining customer stimulants and the attributes affecting 14303.
the actual acquisition choices. This work improved our [9] Davie R, Panting C, Charlton T. Mobile phone ownership and usage
among pre-adolescents. Telematics Inform 2004;21:35973.
knowledge of such phenomenon as it utilized a diverse [10] Eaves Y. A synthesis technique for grounded theory data analysis. J
sample, rather than students. Also, using open questions in Adv Nurs 2001;35(5):65463.
this study gave more freedom to respondents to bring their [11] Yan A, Md-Nor K, Abu-Shanab E, Sutanonpaiboon J. Factors that
affect mobile telephone users to use mobile payment solution. Int J
reasons to the table and use their own language.
Econ Manage 2009;3(1):3749.
[12] Belwal R, Belwal S. Mobile phone usage behavior of university
6. Implications, limitations and future work students in Oman. In: 2009 International Conference on New Trends
in Information and Service Science; 2009. pp. 95462.
[13] Zulkey S, Baharudin R. Mobile phone use amongst students in a
ICT convergence is a predicted paradigm that made University in Malaysia: its correlates and relationship to psycho-
computing and communication a ubiquitous phenomenon. logical health. Eur J Sci Res 2009;37(2):20618.
110 E.A. Abu-Shanab, A.N. Abu-Baker / Technology in Society 38 (2014) 103110
[14] Mezei G, Benyi M, Muller A. Mobile phone ownership and use among [34] MACRO. Study of mobile phone usage among the teenagers and
school children in three Hungarian cities. Bioelectromagnetics 2007; youth. In: Mumbai. A report issued by MACRO (Market
28():30915. Analysis and Consumer Research Organization) in April/May-2004.
[15] UN E-Government Survey (2010). United Nations E-Government Accessed from the Internet from: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/
Survey 2010, leveraging E-government at a time of nancial and futuremobile/socialaspects/IndiaMacroMobileYouthStud.y04.pdf;
economic crisis. Report issued by Department of Economic and 2004.
Social Affairs, United Nations; 2011. [35] Donner J. Research approaches to mobile use in the developing
[16] Ammonnews.net. Title in Arabic Mobile Phones Subscriptions in world: a review of the literature. Inform Soc 2008;24(3).
Jordan exceeds its population of more than 3%. Retrieved January [36] Selvan C, Shanmugalakshmi R. Performance analysis of modern
13, 2011 from Ammon News website, http://www.ammonnews. handoff techniques provide QoS in mobile networks. IJCSNS Int J
net/article.aspx?articleNo72039; 2010. Comput Sci Netw Security 2010;10(8):28793.
[17] Arab Advisors Group. Jordans cellular phone market the most [37] Chabossou A, Stork C, Stork M, Zahonogo Z. Mobile telephony access
competitive in the Arab world. Arab Advisors Group Report, and usage in Africa. In: ICTD 2009 Proceedings of the Third Inter-
retrieved from: http://www.arabadvisors.com; June, 2010. national Conference on Information and Communication Technol-
[18] Department of Statistics. Information technology use indoors sur- ogies and Development, Carnegie Mellon Qatar, Doha, Qatar; April
vey. Analytical report. Jordan: Department of Statistics Report; 1719, 2009.
2009. [38] Economides AA, Grousopoulou A. Students thoughts about the
[19] Al-Mbaydeen E. 673 million dinars, total company revenues last importance and costs of their mobile devices features and services.
year, the center of cellular competition in the market. From Al-Gad Telematics Inform 2009;26:5784.
Newspaper, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2010 from: www.alghad. [39] Glaser B, Strauss A. The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for
com; June, 2010. qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company; 1967.
[20] Al-Mbaydeen E. Jordanians spent 622 million dinars on the cell [40] Abrahamson M. Social research methods. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
phone in 9 months. From Al-Gad Newspaper. Retrieved January 13, Prentice Hall; 1983. p. 413 (pages reviewed 258270).
2011 from: www.alghad.com; Jan, 2011. [41] Chen H, Boore J. Using a synthesised technique for grounded theory
[21] Al-Qudah K. Mobile phone ownership and usage among students at in nursing research. J Clin Nurs 2009;18:225160.
Jordanian Universities. J Human Soc Sci 2008;5(2):69100. [42] Johnson A, Egelkraut T, Grout C. Market intelligence utilization by
[22] Abdul Karim NS, Oyefolahan IO. Mobile phone appropriation: small food companies: an application of the grounded theory
exploring differences in terms of age, gender and occupation. In: method in exploratory research. J Food Distribut Res July 2010;
The 6th International Conference on Information Technology and 41(2):5872.
Applications (ICITA 2009); 2009. pp. 27681. [43] Thornberg R. A classmate in distress: schoolchildren as bystanders
[23] Lenhart A. Teens and mobile phones over the past ve years: Pew and their reasons for how they act. Soc Psychol Educ 2007;10:528.
Internet looks back. Report by Pew Internet, August 19, 2009. [44] Bina M, Karaiskos D, Giaglis GM. Investigating factors affecting
Available from: http:www.pewinternet.org; 2009. actual usage patterns of mobile data services. Retrieved March
[24] Geser H. Pre-teen cell phone adoption: consequences for later 2011, http://www.marshall.usc.edu/assets/006/5561.pdf; 2006.
patterns of phone use and involvement http://socio.ch/mobile/t_ [45] Carroll J, Howard S, Vetere F, Peck J, Murphy J. Just what do the
geser2.pdf; 2006. youth of today want? Technology appropriation by young people.
[25] Oyefolahan IO. An investigation of wireless phone technologies In: System Sciences, 2002. HICSS. Proceedings of the 35th Annual
usage patterns and impacts: a case study of IIUM staff. Unpublished Hawaii International Conference on; 2002. pp. 177785.
master dissertation. International Islamic University Malaysia; [46] Walsh S, White K, Young R. Young and connected: psychological
2008. inuences of mobile phone use amongst Australian youth. In:
[26] Iqbal Z. Gender differences in mobile phone use: what communi- Goggin Gerard, Hjorth Larissa, editors. Mobile Media 2007. Uni-
cation motives does it gratify? Eur J Sci Res 2010;46(10):51022. versity of Sydney; July 24, 2007.
[27] Roupa Z, Nikas M, Gerasimou E, Zafeiri V, Giasyrani L, Kazitori E, [47] Karjaluoto H, Karvonen J, Kesti M, Koivumki T, Manninen M,
et al. The use of technology by the elderly. Health Sci J 2010;4(2): Pakola J, et al. Factors affecting consumer choice of mobile phones:
11826. two studies from Finland. J Euromarket 2005;14(3):5981.
[28] Dunn HS, Dunn L. Genderstanding mobile telephony women, men [48] Carroll J, Howard S, Peck J, Murphy J. Appropriation of mobile phone
and their use of the cellular phones in the Caribbean. Retrieved by 16 to 22 year old: a eld study. In: System Sciences, 2002. HICSS.
December 20, 2010, from: http://www.dirsi.net/english/les/ Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference;
background%20papers/070216dunn.pdf; 2006. 2002.
[29] Mallenius S, Rossi M, Tuunainen VK. Factors affecting the adoption [49] In-Stat/MDR. The worldwide PDA market: the next generation of
and use of mobile devices and services by elderly people-results mobile computing. Research Report; September, 2002.
from a pilot study. Available from:. In: Proceeding of 6th Annual [50] Liu CM. The effects of promotional activities on brand decision in
Global Mobility Roundtable, Los Angeles. http://www.marshall.usc. the cellular telephone industry. J Prod Brand Manage 2002;11(1):
edu/ctm/Research; 2007. 4251.
[30] Md. Nasir MHN, Hassan H, Jomhari N. The use of mobile phones by [51] Karjaluoto H, Karvonen J, Pakola J, Pietil M, Salo J, Svento R.
elderly: a study in Malaysia perspectives. J Soc Sci 2008;4(2):1237. Exploring consumer motives in mobile phone industry: an investi-
[31] Hassan H, Md Nasir MHN. The use of mobile phones by older adults: gation of Finnish mobile phone users. Proc 1st Int Conf Bus Econ
a Malaysian study. Sigaccess Newslet Sep, 2008;92:116. Manag Mark (Athens, Greece) 2003;3:33542.
[32] Baron SN, Ling L. Emerging patterns of American mobile phone use: [52] Karjaluoto H, Pakola J, Pietil M, Svento R. An exploratory study on
electronically-mediated communication in transition. In: Mobile antecedents and consequences of mobile phone usage in Finland.
media 2007: Proceedings of an International Conference on Social Proc AMA Summer Mark Educators Conf (Chicago, USA) 2003;14:
and Cultural Aspects of Mobile Phones, Convergent Media and 1708.
Wireless Technologies. Sydney: University of Sydney; 2007. [53] OKeefe M. 2004 worldwide camera phone and photo messaging
pp. 21830. forecast. InfoTrends Research Group, Inc.; 2004. Research Report.
[33] Economides AA, Grousopoulou A. .Use of mobile phones by male Accessed from the Internet from: http://www.capv.com/public/
and female Greek students. Int J Mob Commun (IJMC) 2008;6(6): home.html.
72949.